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Polidori MC. Embracing complexity of (brain) aging. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 38831254 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Aging is a multifactorial process occurring in a pathophysiological continuum which leads to organ and system functional loss. While aging is not a disease, its pathophysiological continuum predisposes to illness and multimorbidity clusters which share common biomolecular mechanisms-the pillars of aging. Brain aging and neurodegeneration share many hallmarks with other age-related diseases. The central nervous system is often the weakest link susceptible to the aging process and its deterioration, resulting in cognitive impairment and other symptoms; the aging process is associated with proteostasis collapse, stem cell exhaustion, repair mechanisms, altered brain nutrient sensing, endothelial changes, inflammation, oxidative distress, and energy unbalance, as well as other disturbances. These mechanisms are highly interwoven, and considerable research is aimed at their disentanglement and detection of their clinically relevant impact, particularly in order to identify pharmacological and non-pharmacological preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cristina Polidori
- Aging Clinical Research, Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress-Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University of Cologne, Germany
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Nielsen JE, Andreassen T, Gotfredsen CH, Olsen DA, Vestergaard K, Madsen JS, Kristensen SR, Pedersen S. Serum metabolic signatures for Alzheimer's Disease reveal alterations in amino acid composition: a validation study. Metabolomics 2024; 20:12. [PMID: 38180611 PMCID: PMC10770204 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is complex and novel approaches are urgently needed to aid in diagnosis. Blood is frequently used as a source for biomarkers; however, its complexity prevents proper detection. The analytical power of metabolomics, coupled with statistical tools, can assist in reducing this complexity. OBJECTIVES Thus, we sought to validate a previously proposed panel of metabolic blood-based biomarkers for AD and expand our understanding of the pathological mechanisms involved in AD that are reflected in the blood. METHODS In the validation cohort serum and plasma were collected from 25 AD patients and 25 healthy controls. Serum was analysed for metabolites using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, while plasma was tested for markers of neuronal damage and AD hallmark proteins using single molecule array (SIMOA). RESULTS The diagnostic performance of the metabolite biomarker panel was confirmed using sparse-partial least squares discriminant analysis (sPLS-DA) with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.73 (95% confidence interval: 0.59-0.87). Pyruvic acid and valine were consistently reduced in the discovery and validation cohorts. Pathway analysis of significantly altered metabolites in the validation set revealed that they are involved in branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and energy metabolism (glycolysis and gluconeogenesis). Additionally, strong positive correlations were observed for valine and isoleucine between cerebrospinal fluid p-tau and t-tau. CONCLUSIONS Our proposed panel of metabolites was successfully validated using a combined approach of NMR and sPLS-DA. It was discovered that cognitive-impairment-related metabolites belong to BCAAs and are involved in energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Ellegaard Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Trygve Andreassen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Central staff, St. Olavs Hospital HF, 7006, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Dorte Aalund Olsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Jonna Skov Madsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Søren Risom Kristensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Shona Pedersen
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, Qatar University, QU Health, Doha, Qatar.
- College of Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Science, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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Song M, Fan X. Systemic Metabolism and Mitochondria in the Mechanism of Alzheimer's Disease: Finding Potential Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098398. [PMID: 37176104 PMCID: PMC10179273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Elderly people over the age of 65 are those most likely to experience Alzheimer's disease (AD), and aging and AD are associated with apparent metabolic alterations. Currently, there is no curative medication against AD and only several drugs have been approved by the FDA, but these drugs can only improve the symptoms of AD. Many preclinical and clinical trials have explored the impact of adjusting the whole-body and intracellular metabolism on the pathogenesis of AD. The most recent evidence suggests that mitochondria initiate an integrated stress response to environmental stress, which is beneficial for healthy aging and neuroprotection. There is also an increasing awareness of the differential risk and potential targeting strategies related to the metabolic level and microbiome. As the main participants in intracellular metabolism, mitochondrial bioenergetics, mitochondrial quality-control mechanisms, and mitochondria-linked inflammatory responses have been regarded as potential therapeutic targets for AD. This review summarizes and highlights these advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiying Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Xiang Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
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Zebhauser PT, Berthele A, Goldhardt O, Diehl-Schmid J, Priller J, Ortner M, Grimmer T. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate levels along the Alzheimer’s disease continuum and associations with blood-brain barrier integrity, age, cognition, and biomarkers. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:61. [PMID: 35473756 PMCID: PMC9044672 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate levels have been suggested to be associated with disease severity and progression in several neurological diseases as an indicator of impaired energy metabolism, neuronal death, or microglial activation. Few studies have examined CSF lactate levels in dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and found higher values in AD patients compared to healthy controls (HC). However, these studies were mostly small in size, the inclusion criteria were not always well defined, and the diagnostic value and pathophysiological significance of CSF lactate in AD remain unclear.
Methods
We examined CSF lactate levels and potentially associated factors in a large (n=312), biologically and clinically well-defined sample of patients with AD at the stage of mild cognitive impairment (MCI-AD) and dementia (ADD), HC, and patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD).
Results
Contrary to previous studies, patients with ADD and HC did not differ in CSF lactate levels. However, we found higher values for patients with MCI-AD compared to those with ADD and to HC in univariate analysis, as well as for MCI-AD compared to ADD when controlling for age and blood-brain barrier integrity. CSF lactate levels were associated with age and blood-brain barrier integrity but not with clinical severity or CSF biomarkers of AD.
Conclusions
CSF lactate does not indicate biological or clinical disease severity in AD, nor does it differentiate between patients with AD and HC or patients with FTLD. However, higher CSF lactate levels were found in earlier stages of AD, which might be interpreted in the context of inflammatory processes.
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Sagües-Sesé E, Rioja J, Garzón-Maldonado FJ, Narváez M, García-Arnés JA, García-Casares N. Insulin-Related Biomarkers in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:1-13. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Glucose metabolism and insulin signaling alterations play an important role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. Researchers have extensively attempted to characterize the exact pathophysiological mechanisms in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as evidence concerning this fluid biomarkers is expected to enhance AD diagnosis’ specificity and accuracy and serve as an early disease detection tool. There is controversy about insulin levels in the CSF relationship with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. Objective: This systematic review provides an overview of the state-of-the-art knowledge about insulin-related CSF biomarkers in AD and MCI. Methods: We performed a qualitative systematic literature review of reported data of CSF glucose, insulin, or insulin-related molecules in humans with AD or MCI, consulting the electronic databases Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and BASE until May 2022. Results: We selected 19 studies, 10 of them reporting data on CSF insulin and 8 on insulin-related molecules like growth factors or their binding proteins. They predominantly found decreased levels of CSF insulin and increased levels of CSF insulin-related growth factors and their binding proteins. Conclusion: Due to the studies’ protocols and results heterogeneity, we recommend a larger database of clinical trials with similar characteristics for a better understanding of this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Rioja
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias (CIMES), Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Garzón-Maldonado
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Narváez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Natalia García-Casares
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias (CIMES), Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
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Effects of Combining Biofactors on Bioenergetic Parameters, Aβ Levels and Survival in Alzheimer Model Organisms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158670. [PMID: 35955803 PMCID: PMC9368976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased amyloid beta (Aβ) levels and mitochondrial dysfunction (MD) in the human brain characterize Alzheimer disease (AD). Folic acid, magnesium and vitamin B6 are essential micro-nutrients that may provide neuroprotection. Bioenergetic parameters and amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing products were investigated in vitro in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y-APP695 cells, expressing neuronal APP, and in vivo, in the invertebrate Caenorhabditis elegans (CL2006 & GMC101) expressing muscular APP. Model organisms were incubated with either folic acid and magnesium-orotate (ID63) or folic acid, magnesium-orotate and vitamin B6 (ID64) in different concentrations. ID63 and ID64 reduced Aβ, soluble alpha APP (sAPPα), and lactate levels in SH-SY5Y-APP695 cells. The latter might be explained by enhanced expression of lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA). Micronutrient combinations had no effects on mitochondrial parameters in SH-SY5Y-APP695 cells. ID64 showed a significant life-prolonging effect in C. elegans CL2006. Incubation of GMC101 with ID63 significantly lowered Aβ aggregation. Both combinations significantly reduced paralysis and thus improved the phenotype in GMC101. Thus, the combinations of the tested biofactors are effective in pre-clinical models of AD by interfering with Aβ related pathways and glycolysis.
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Benavides GA, Mueller T, Darley-Usmar V, Zhang J. Optimization of measurement of mitochondrial electron transport activity in postmortem human brain samples and measurement of susceptibility to rotenone and 4-hydroxynonenal inhibition. Redox Biol 2022; 50:102241. [PMID: 35066289 PMCID: PMC8792425 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is required to meet the energetic and metabolic requirements of the brain. Abnormalities in mitochondrial function, due to genetic or developmental factors, mitochondrial toxins, aging or insufficient mitochondrial quality control contribute to neurological and psychiatric diseases. Studying bioenergetics from postmortem human tissues has been challenging due to the diverse range of human genetics, health conditions, sex, age, and postmortem interval. Furthermore, fresh tissues that were in the past required for assessment of mitochondrial respiratory function were rarely available. Recent studies established protocols to use in bioenergetic analyses from frozen tissues using animal models and cell cultures. In this study we optimized these methods to determine the activities of mitochondrial electron transport in postmortem human brain. Further we demonstrate how these samples can be used to assess the susceptibility to the mitochondrial toxin rotenone and exposure to the reactive lipid species 4-hydroxynonenal. The establishment of such an approach will significantly impact translational studies of human diseases by allowing measurement of mitochondrial function in human tissue repositories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria A Benavides
- Department of Pathology, Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Toni Mueller
- Department of Pathology, Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Department of Pathology, Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Birmingham VA Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Dodson M, Benavides GA, Darley-Usmar V, Zhang J. Differential Effects of 2-Deoxyglucose and Glucose Deprivation on 4-Hydroxynonenal Dependent Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Primary Neurons. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:812810. [PMID: 35821809 PMCID: PMC9261388 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.812810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic decline are prevalent features of aging and age-related disorders, including neurodegeneration. Neurodegenerative diseases are associated with a progressive loss of metabolic homeostasis. This pathogenic decline in metabolism is the result of several factors, including decreased mitochondrial function, increased oxidative stress, inhibited autophagic flux, and altered metabolic substrate availability. One critical metabolite for maintaining neuronal function is glucose, which is utilized by the brain more than any other organ to meet its substantial metabolic demand. Enzymatic conversion of glucose into its downstream metabolites is critical for maintaining neuronal cell growth and overall metabolic homeostasis. Perturbation of glycolysis could significantly hinder neuronal metabolism by affecting key metabolic pathways. Here, we demonstrate that the glucose analogue 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) decreases cell viability, as well as both basal and maximal mitochondrial oxygen consumption in response to the neurotoxic lipid 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), whereas glucose deprivation has a minimal effect. Furthermore, using a cell permeabilization assay we found that 2DG has a more pronounced effect on HNE-dependent inhibition of mitochondrial complex I and II than glucose deprivation. Importantly, these findings indicate that altered glucose utilization plays a critical role in dictating neuronal survival by regulating the mitochondrial response to electrophilic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dodson
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Gloria A. Benavides
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham VA Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Jianhua Zhang,
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Austad SN, Ballinger S, Buford TW, Carter CS, Smith DL, Darley-Usmar V, Zhang J. Targeting whole body metabolism and mitochondrial bioenergetics in the drug development for Alzheimer's disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:511-531. [PMID: 35256932 PMCID: PMC8897048 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is by far the most prominent risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and both aging and AD are associated with apparent metabolic alterations. As developing effective therapeutic interventions to treat AD is clearly in urgent need, the impact of modulating whole-body and intracellular metabolism in preclinical models and in human patients, on disease pathogenesis, have been explored. There is also an increasing awareness of differential risk and potential targeting strategies related to biological sex, microbiome, and circadian regulation. As a major part of intracellular metabolism, mitochondrial bioenergetics, mitochondrial quality-control mechanisms, and mitochondria-linked inflammatory responses have been considered for AD therapeutic interventions. This review summarizes and highlights these efforts.
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Key Words
- ACE2, angiotensin I converting enzyme (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) 2
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- ADRD, AD-related dementias
- Aβ, amyloid β
- CSF, cerebrospinal fluid
- Circadian regulation
- DAMPs
- DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns
- Diabetes
- ER, estrogen receptor
- ETC, electron transport chain
- FCCP, trifluoromethoxy carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone
- FPR-1, formyl peptide receptor 1
- GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1
- HBP, hexoamine biosynthesis pathway
- HTRA, high temperature requirement A
- Hexokinase biosynthesis pathway
- I3A, indole-3-carboxaldehyde
- IRF-3, interferon regulatory factor 3
- LC3, microtubule associated protein light chain 3
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LRR, leucine-rich repeat
- MAVS, mitochondrial anti-viral signaling
- MCI, mild cognitive impairment
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- Mdivi-1, mitochondrial division inhibitor 1
- Microbiome
- Mitochondrial DNA
- Mitochondrial electron transport chain
- Mitochondrial quality control
- NLRP3, leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing protein (NLR)-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3
- NOD, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain
- NeuN, neuronal nuclear protein
- PET, fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography
- PKA, protein kinase A
- POLβ, the base-excision repair enzyme DNA polymerase β
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Reactive species
- SAMP8, senescence-accelerated mice
- SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids
- SIRT3, NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-3
- STING, stimulator of interferon genes
- STZ, streptozotocin
- SkQ1, plastoquinonyldecyltriphenylphosphonium
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- TCA, Tricarboxylic acid
- TLR9, toll-like receptor 9
- TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide
- TP, tricyclic pyrone
- TRF, time-restricted feeding
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- cGAS, cyclic GMP/AMP synthase
- hAPP, human amyloid precursor protein
- hPREP, human presequence protease
- i.p., intraperitoneal
- mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
- αkG, alpha-ketoglutarate
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven N. Austad
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Scott Ballinger
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Thomas W. Buford
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Christy S. Carter
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Daniel L. Smith
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Pathania A, Garg P, Sandhir R. Impaired mitochondrial functions and energy metabolism in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease: comparison of mice strains and dose regimens. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:2343-2357. [PMID: 34648126 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00840-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Heterogenous diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD) needs an efficient animal model to enhance understanding of the underlying mechanisms and to develop therapeutics. MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine), a neurotoxin, has been widely used to replicate the pathophysiology of PD in rodents, however, the knowledge about its effects on energy metabolism is limited. Moreover, susceptibility to different dose regimens of MPTP also varies among mice strains. Thus, the present study compares the effect of acute and sub-acute MPTP administration on mitochondrial functions in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. In addition, activity of enzymes involved in energy metabolism was also studied along with behavioural alterations. The findings show that acute dose of MPTP in C57BL/6 mice had more profound effect on the activity of electron transport chain complexes. Further, the activity of MAO-B was increased following acute and sub-acute MPTP administration in C57BL/6 mice. However, no significant change was observed in BALB/c mice. Acute MPTP treatment resulted in decreased mitochondrial membrane potential along with increased swelling of mitochondria in C57BL/6 mice. In addition, perturbations were observed in hexokinase, the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis and pyruvate dehydrogenase, the enzymes that connects glycolysis and TCA cycle. The activity of TCA cycle enzymes; citrate synthase, aconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and fumarase were also altered following MPTP intoxication. Furthermore, acute MPTP administration led to drastic reduction in dopamine levels in striatum of C57BL/6 as compared to BALB/c mice. Behavioral tests such as open field, narrow beam walk and footprint analysis revealed severe impairment in locomotor activity in C57BL/6 mice. These results clearly demonstrate that C57BL/6 strain is more vulnerable to MPTP-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions, perturbations in energy metabolism and motor defects as compared to BALB/c strain. Thus, the findings suggest that the dose and strain of mice need to be considered for pre-clinical studies using MPTP-induced model of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Pathania
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Basic Medical Science Block-II, Sector-25, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Priyanka Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Basic Medical Science Block-II, Sector-25, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Basic Medical Science Block-II, Sector-25, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Bonomi CG, De Lucia V, Mascolo AP, Assogna M, Motta C, Scaricamazza E, Sallustio F, Mercuri NB, Koch G, Martorana A. Brain energy metabolism and neurodegeneration: hints from CSF lactate levels in dementias. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 105:333-339. [PMID: 34171631 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is pivotal in the development of neurodegenerative dementias, causing cellular death alongside disease-specific pathogenic cascades. Holding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactates as an indirect measure of brain metabolic activity, we first compared CSF lactate levels from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD)-stratified according to the ATN system and epsilon genotype-frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and dementia with Lewy body (DLB) to findings from healthy controls. With respect to controls, we detected lower CSF lactates in patients with AD and FTD but comparable levels in patients with DLB. Second, a correlation analysis between CSF lactates and biomarkers of neurodegeneration identified an inverse correlation between lactates and levels of t-tau and p-tau only in the Alzheimer's continuum. The reduction of CSF lactate correlates to the advent of tauopathy and cellular death in AD, implying that Aβ pathology alone is not sufficient to induce neuronal metabolic impairment. The metabolic impairment in FTD patients has a similar explanation, as it is likely due to fast neuronal degeneration in the disease. The absence of CSF lactate reduction in patients with DLB may be related to the prevalent subcortical localization of the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincenzo De Lucia
- Memory Clinic, Policlinico Tor Vergata, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Martina Assogna
- Memory Clinic, Policlinico Tor Vergata, University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Motta
- Memory Clinic, Policlinico Tor Vergata, University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Giacomo Koch
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Human Physiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Zhou Y, Wang Y, Quan M, Zhao H, Jia J. Gut Microbiota Changes and Their Correlation with Cognitive and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:583-595. [PMID: 33814442 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota can influence human brain function and behavior. Recent studies showed that gut microbiota might play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE To investigate the composition of gut microbiota in AD patients and their association with cognitive function and neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS). METHODS The fecal samples from 60 AD patients (30 with NPS and 30 without NPS) and 32 healthy control subjects (HC) were collected and analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. The functional variations of gut microbiota were predicted using Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States. The correlation between different bacterial taxa and cognitive (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR)), and NPS measures were analyzed. RESULTS The fecal microbial composition of AD patients was quite distinct from HC. Bifidobacterium, Sphingomonas, Lactobacillus, and Blautia were enriched, while Odoribacter, Anaerobacterium, and Papillibacter were reduced. AD patients with NPS showed decreased Chitinophagaceae, Taibaiella, and Anaerobacterium compared with those without NPS. Functional pathways were different between AD and HC, and between AD patients with and without NPS. Correlation analysis showed that Sphingomonas correlated negatively with MMSE; Anaerobacterium and Papillibacter correlated positively with MMSE and negatively with CDR. Cytophagia, Rhodospirillaceae, and Cellvibrio correlated positively with NPS, while Chitinophagaceae, Taibaiella, and Anaerobacterium correlated negatively with NPS. CONCLUSION AD patients have gut microbiota alterations related to cognition, and differential taxa between AD patients with and without NPS associated differently with NPS domains, which helps further understand the pathogenesis of AD and explore potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhe Zhou
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Meina Quan
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Huiying Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, Shijiazhuang First Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
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13
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Ruiz-Iglesias A, Mañes S. The Importance of Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier in Cancer Cell Metabolism and Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071488. [PMID: 33804985 PMCID: PMC8037430 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The characteristic metabolic hallmark of cancer cells is the massive catabolism of glucose by glycolysis, even under aerobic conditions—the so-called Warburg effect. Although energetically unfavorable, glycolysis provides “building blocks” to sustain the unlimited growth of malignant cells. Aberrant glycolysis is also responsible for lactate accumulation and acidosis in the tumor milieu, which fosters hypoxia and immunosuppression. One of the mechanisms used by cancer cells to increase glycolytic flow is the negative regulation of the proteins that conform the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) complex, which transports pyruvate into the mitochondrial matrix to be metabolized in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Evidence suggests that MPC downregulation in tumor cells impacts many aspects of tumorigenesis, including cancer cell-intrinsic (proliferation, invasiveness, stemness, resistance to therapy) and -extrinsic (angiogenesis, anti-tumor immune activity) properties. In many cancers, but not in all, MPC downregulation is associated with poor survival. MPC regulation is therefore central to tackling glycolysis in tumors. Abstract Pyruvate is a key molecule in the metabolic fate of mammalian cells; it is the crossroads from where metabolism proceeds either oxidatively or ends with the production of lactic acid. Pyruvate metabolism is regulated by many enzymes that together control carbon flux. Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) is responsible for importing pyruvate from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix, where it is oxidatively phosphorylated to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and to generate intermediates used in multiple biosynthetic pathways. MPC activity has an important role in glucose homeostasis, and its alteration is associated with diabetes, heart failure, and neurodegeneration. In cancer, however, controversy surrounds MPC function. In some cancers, MPC upregulation appears to be associated with a poor prognosis. However, most transformed cells undergo a switch from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism, the so-called Warburg effect, which, amongst other possibilities, is induced by MPC malfunction or downregulation. Consequently, impaired MPC function might induce tumors with strong proliferative, migratory, and invasive capabilities. Moreover, glycolytic cancer cells secrete lactate, acidifying the microenvironment, which in turn induces angiogenesis, immunosuppression, and the expansion of stromal cell populations supporting tumor growth. This review examines the latest findings regarding the tumorigenic processes affected by MPC.
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Bisht I, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. An integrated approach to unravel a putative crosstalk network in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Neuropeptides 2020; 83:102078. [PMID: 32807513 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Integration of multiple profiling data and construction of functional regulatory networks provide a powerful approach to uncover functional relationships and significant molecular entities from transcriptomic data, highlighting the molecular mechanisms of complex diseases. Despite having an overlap in the neuropathologies of AD and PD, the molecular entities overlapped and mechanisms behind them are less known. Here we used an integrated strategy to analyze miRNA and gene transcriptomic data to understand the role of miRNAs and genes in regulatory activities taking place in cells, and find transcriptomic signatures linking AD and PD. We preprocessed and analyzed publicly available microarray datasets and identified 97 DEGs and 21 DEmiRs that may be involved in the overlapped mechanisms between these two disorders. Among the DEGs, we found HSPA9, PGK1, SDHC, FH, DLD, YWHAZ and ACLY as the major protein-coding genes involved in the crosstalk for AD-PD pathogenesis. Further we integrated these DEGs and DEmiRs with regulatory TFs to construct an overlapped dysregulated network of AD and PD. In the network, miR-27a-3p, miR-148a-3p and miR-15a-5p were found to be the most relevant with maximum interactions, describing their significance in the potential crosstalk. We also looked into the dysregulated biological processes and pathways overlapped in AD and PD. In conclusion, we highlighted the DEGs, DEmiRs, their interactions and related pathways overlapped in AD and PD pathogenesis, also describing a potential crosstalk at molecular level. Besides, our findings can further be used for molecular studies to reveal an assured AD-PD crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Bisht
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, 110042, India.
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15
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Pizzo P, Basso E, Filadi R, Greotti E, Leparulo A, Pendin D, Redolfi N, Rossini M, Vajente N, Pozzan T, Fasolato C. Presenilin-2 and Calcium Handling: Molecules, Organelles, Cells and Brain Networks. Cells 2020; 9:E2166. [PMID: 32992716 PMCID: PMC7601421 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Presenilin-2 (PS2) is one of the three proteins that are dominantly mutated in familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). It forms the catalytic core of the γ-secretase complex-a function shared with its homolog presenilin-1 (PS1)-the enzyme ultimately responsible of amyloid-β (Aβ) formation. Besides its enzymatic activity, PS2 is a multifunctional protein, being specifically involved, independently of γ-secretase activity, in the modulation of several cellular processes, such as Ca2+ signalling, mitochondrial function, inter-organelle communication, and autophagy. As for the former, evidence has accumulated that supports the involvement of PS2 at different levels, ranging from organelle Ca2+ handling to Ca2+ entry through plasma membrane channels. Thus FAD-linked PS2 mutations impact on multiple aspects of cell and tissue physiology, including bioenergetics and brain network excitability. In this contribution, we summarize the main findings on PS2, primarily as a modulator of Ca2+ homeostasis, with particular emphasis on the role of its mutations in the pathogenesis of FAD. Identification of cell pathways and molecules that are specifically targeted by PS2 mutants, as well as of common targets shared with PS1 mutants, will be fundamental to disentangle the complexity of memory loss and brain degeneration that occurs in Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.B.); (R.F.); (E.G.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (N.R.); (M.R.); (N.V.); (T.P.)
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Emy Basso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.B.); (R.F.); (E.G.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (N.R.); (M.R.); (N.V.); (T.P.)
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Riccardo Filadi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.B.); (R.F.); (E.G.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (N.R.); (M.R.); (N.V.); (T.P.)
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Greotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.B.); (R.F.); (E.G.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (N.R.); (M.R.); (N.V.); (T.P.)
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandro Leparulo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.B.); (R.F.); (E.G.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (N.R.); (M.R.); (N.V.); (T.P.)
| | - Diana Pendin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.B.); (R.F.); (E.G.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (N.R.); (M.R.); (N.V.); (T.P.)
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Nelly Redolfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.B.); (R.F.); (E.G.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (N.R.); (M.R.); (N.V.); (T.P.)
| | - Michela Rossini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.B.); (R.F.); (E.G.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (N.R.); (M.R.); (N.V.); (T.P.)
| | - Nicola Vajente
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.B.); (R.F.); (E.G.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (N.R.); (M.R.); (N.V.); (T.P.)
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Tullio Pozzan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.B.); (R.F.); (E.G.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (N.R.); (M.R.); (N.V.); (T.P.)
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Via G. Orus 2B, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Cristina Fasolato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.B.); (R.F.); (E.G.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (N.R.); (M.R.); (N.V.); (T.P.)
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Di Costanzo A, Paris D, Melck D, Angiolillo A, Corso G, Maniscalco M, Motta A. Blood biomarkers indicate that the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease present overlapping molecular features. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15612. [PMID: 32973179 PMCID: PMC7515866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71832-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is still debated whether non-specific preclinical symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) can have diagnostic relevance. We followed the evolution from cognitively normal to AD by NMR-based metabolomics of blood sera. Multivariate statistical analysis of the NMR profiles yielded models that discriminated subjective memory decline (SMD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. We validated a panel of six statistically significant metabolites that predicted SMD, MCI and AD in a blind cohort with sensitivity values ranging from 88 to 95% and receiver operating characteristic values from 0.88 to 0.99. However, lower values of specificity, accuracy and precision were observed for the models involving SMD and MCI, which is in line with the pathological heterogeneity indicated by clinical data. This excludes a "linear" molecular evolution of the pathology, pointing to the presence of overlapping "gray-zones" due to the reciprocal interference of the intermediate stages. Yet, the clear difference observed in the metabolic pathways of each model suggests that pathway dysregulations could be investigated for diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Di Costanzo
- 1Centre for Research and Training in Medicine for Aging, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Debora Paris
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.
| | - Dominique Melck
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Angiolillo
- 1Centre for Research and Training in Medicine for Aging, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Gaetano Corso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Mauro Maniscalco
- Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit, ICS Maugeri SpA SB, Institute of Telese Terme, 82037, Telese Terme, Benevento, Italy
| | - Andrea Motta
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.
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Garabadu D, Agrawal N, Sharma A, Sharma S. Mitochondrial metabolism: a common link between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Behav Pharmacol 2020; 30:642-652. [PMID: 31625975 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders have been considered as a growing health concern for decades. Increasing risk of neurodegenerative disorders creates a socioeconomic burden to both patients and care givers. Mitochondria are organelle that are involved in both neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. There are few reports on the effect of mitochondrial metabolism on the progress of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Therefore, the present review summarizes the potential contribution of mitochondrial metabolic pathways in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. However, there its potential contribution in other neurodegenerative disorders is as yet unproven. The mitochondrial pyruvate carrier and pyruvate dehydrogenase can modulate mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism to attenuate neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Further, it has been observed that the mitochondrial citric acid cycle can regulate the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Additional research should be undertaken to target tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes to minimize the progress of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. It has also been observed that the mitochondrial urea cycle can potentially contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, targeting this pathway may control the mitochondrial dysfunction-induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Furthermore, the mitochondrial malate-aspartate shuttle could be another target to control mitochondrial dysfunction-induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debapriya Garabadu
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
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18
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Wang H, Tan X, Xu J, Li H, Wang M, Chen S, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang F. Negative correlation between CSF lactate levels and MoCA scores in male Chinese subjects. Psychiatry Res 2017; 255:49-51. [PMID: 28528240 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lactate is a product of glycolysis by astrocytes and can be generated as a primary metabolic energy source by neurons. Lactate plays multifunctional role in human brain energy metabolism and cognitive function. However, no direct evidence demonstrated the link between lactate and cognition in normal condition. In the present study, concentrations of lactate in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood were measured to investigate the association of lactate with cognitive ability, which was assessed by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), in 99 male Chinese subjects. Correlation analyses revealed that serum lactate levels were negatively correlated with age, and CSF lactate levels were negatively correlated with MoCA scores after Box-Cox transformations. But no correlation was found between serum lactate levels and MoCA scores after Box-Cox transformations. In conclusion, the results indicate that CSF lactate levels were negatively correlated with MoCA scores in male Chinese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Xiaohua Tan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jinzhong Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; The Affiliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling 317500, China
| | - Hui Li
- Psychosomatic Medicine Research Division, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot 010110, China
| | - Meiling Wang
- Psychosomatic Medicine Research Division, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot 010110, China
| | - Suling Chen
- The Seventh People's Hospital of Wenzhou, Wenzhou 325005, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Fan Wang
- Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100035, China; Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830028, China.
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19
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Association of NKAPL, TSPAN18, and MPC2 gene variants with schizophrenia based on new data and a meta-analysis in Han Chinese. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2017; 29:87-94. [PMID: 27460766 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2016.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia (SZ) is suggested to be a complex polygenetic disorder with high heritability. Genome-wide association studies have found that the rs1635, rs11038167, and rs10489202 polymorphisms are associated with SZ in Han Chinese. However, results of validation studies are inconsistent. This study aimed to test the association between the NKAPL rs1635, TSPAN18 rs11038167, and MPC2 rs10489202 polymorphisms and SZ in a Chinese population. METHODS This study contained 700 unrelated SZ patients (300 Zhuang and 400 Han) and 700 gender- and age-matched controls (300 Zhuang and 400 Han). The polymorphisms in TSPAN18 (rs11038167), NKAPL (rs1635), and MPC2 (rs10489202) were genotyped using the Sequenom MassARRAY method. Statistical analyses were performed with PLINK program and SPSS l6.0 for Windows. STATA11.1 was used for meta-analysis. RESULTS No statistically significant difference was found in different allele and genotype frequencies of rs1635, rs11038167, and rs10489202 between SZ cases and controls of Zhuang and Han ethnicities and the total samples (all p>0.05). Further meta-analysis suggested that single-nucleotide polymorphism rs10489202 was significantly associated with SZ in a Han Chinese population (p OR=0.002). CONCLUSIONS Our case-control study failed to validate the significant association of NKAPL rs1635, TSPAN18 rs11038167, and MPC2 rs10489202 polymorphisms with SZ susceptibility in the southern Zhuang or Han Chinese population. However, meta-analysis showed a significant association between MPC2 variant rs10489202 and SZ susceptibility in Han Chinese.
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20
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Liguori C, Chiaravalloti A, Sancesario G, Stefani A, Sancesario GM, Mercuri NB, Schillaci O, Pierantozzi M. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate levels and brain [18F]FDG PET hypometabolism within the default mode network in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 43:2040-9. [PMID: 27221635 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-016-3417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been suggested that neuronal energy metabolism may be involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this view, the finding of increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate levels in AD patients has been considered the result of energetic metabolism dysfunction. Here, we investigated the relationship between neuronal energy metabolism, as measured via CSF lactate levels, and cerebral glucose metabolism, as stated at the 2-deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography ([18F]FDG PET) in AD patients. METHODS AD patients underwent lumbar puncture to measure CSF lactate levels and [18F]FDG PET to assess brain glucose metabolism. CSF and PET data were compared to controls. Since patients were studied at rest, we specifically investigated brain areas active in rest-condition owing to the Default Mode Network (DMN). We correlated the CSF lactate concentrations with the [18F]FDG PET data in brain areas owing to the DMN, using sex, age, disease duration, Mini Mental State Examination, and CSF levels of tau proteins and beta-amyloid as covariates. RESULTS AD patients (n = 32) showed a significant increase of CSF lactate levels compared to Control 1 group (n = 28). They also showed brain glucose hypometabolism in the DMN areas compared to Control 2 group (n = 30). Within the AD group we found the significant correlation between increased CSF lactate levels and glucose hypometabolism in Broadman areas (BA) owing to left medial prefrontal cortex (BA10, mPFC), left orbitofrontal cortex (BA11, OFC), and left parahippocampal gyrus (BA 35, PHG). CONCLUSION We found high CSF levels of lactate and glucose hypometabolism within the DMN in AD patients. Moreover, we found a relationship linking the increased CSF lactate and the reduced glucose consumption in the left mPFC, OFC and PHG, owing to the anterior hub of DMN. These findings could suggest that neural glucose hypometabolism may affect the DMN efficiency in AD, also proposing the possible role of damaged brain energetic machine in impairing DMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Liguori
- Neurophysiopathology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy. .,Neurology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Agostino Chiaravalloti
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.,IRCSS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sancesario
- Neurology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Stefani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Biagio Mercuri
- Neurophysiopathology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Orazio Schillaci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.,IRCSS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Mariangela Pierantozzi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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Liguori C, Stefani A, Sancesario G, Sancesario GM, Marciani MG, Pierantozzi M. CSF lactate levels, τ proteins, cognitive decline: a dynamic relationship in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015; 86:655-9. [PMID: 25121572 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-308577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate, in patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD), the possible interplay linking alteration of neuronal energy metabolism, as measured via cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate concentration, to severity of AD neurodegenerative processes and impairment of cognitive abilities. METHODS In this study we measured and correlated CSF lactate concentrations, AD biomarker levels (τ-proteins and β-amyloid) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score in a population of drug-naïve patients with AD ranging from mild (MMSE≥21/30) to moderate-severe (MMSE<21/30) cognitive decline. They were compared to healthy controls and patients with vascular dementia (VaD). RESULTS Patients with AD (n=145) showed a significant increase of CSF lactate concentration compared to controls (n=80) and patients with VaD (n=44), which was higher in mild (n=67) than in patients with moderate-severe AD (n=78). Moreover, we found, in either the whole AD population or both subgroups, a CSF profile in which higher CSF levels of t-τ and p-τ proteins corresponded to lower concentrations of lactate. CONCLUSIONS We verified the occurrence of high CSF lactate levels in patients with AD, which may be ascribed to mitochondria impairment. Hypothesising that τ proteins may exert a detrimental effect on the entire cellular energy metabolism, the negative correlation found between lactate and τ-protein levels may allow speculation that τ toxicity, already demonstrated to have affected mitochondria, could also impair glycolytic metabolism with a less evident increase of lactate levels in more severe AD. Thus, we suggest a dynamic relationship between neuronal energy metabolism, τ proteins and cognitive decline in AD and propose the clinical potential of assessing CSF lactate levels in patients with AD to better define the neuronal brain metabolism damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liguori
- Department of Systems Medicine, Neurophysiopathology Unit, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy Department of Systems Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - A Stefani
- Department of Systems Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - G Sancesario
- Department of Systems Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - G M Sancesario
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - M G Marciani
- Department of Systems Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - M Pierantozzi
- Department of Systems Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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22
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Mitochondrial pyruvate transport: a historical perspective and future research directions. Biochem J 2015; 466:443-54. [PMID: 25748677 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate is the end-product of glycolysis, a major substrate for oxidative metabolism, and a branching point for glucose, lactate, fatty acid and amino acid synthesis. The mitochondrial enzymes that metabolize pyruvate are physically separated from cytosolic pyruvate pools and rely on a membrane transport system to shuttle pyruvate across the impermeable inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). Despite long-standing acceptance that transport of pyruvate into the mitochondrial matrix by a carrier-mediated process is required for the bulk of its metabolism, it has taken almost 40 years to determine the molecular identity of an IMM pyruvate carrier. Our current understanding is that two proteins, mitochondrial pyruvate carriers MPC1 and MPC2, form a hetero-oligomeric complex in the IMM to facilitate pyruvate transport. This step is required for mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation and carboxylation-critical reactions in intermediary metabolism that are dysregulated in several common diseases. The identification of these transporter constituents opens the door to the identification of novel compounds that modulate MPC activity, with potential utility for treating diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and other common causes of morbidity and mortality. The purpose of the present review is to detail the historical, current and future research investigations concerning mitochondrial pyruvate transport, and discuss the possible consequences of altered pyruvate transport in various metabolic tissues.
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González-Domínguez R, García-Barrera T, Gómez-Ariza JL. Metabolite profiling for the identification of altered metabolic pathways in Alzheimer's disease. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 107:75-81. [PMID: 25575172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry is the most frequent tool for metabolomic profiling of low molecular weight metabolites. Its suitability in health survey is beyond doubt, given that primary metabolites involved in central pathways of metabolism are usually altered in diseases. The objective of this work is to investigate metabolic differences in serum between Alzheimer's disease patients and healthy controls in order to elucidate pathological mechanisms underlying to disease. Alterations in levels of 23 metabolites were detected, including increased lactic acid, α-ketoglutarate, isocitric acid, glucose, oleic acid, adenosine and cholesterol, as well as decreased urea, valine, aspartic acid, pyroglutamate, glutamine, phenylalanine, asparagine, ornithine, pipecolic acid, histidine, tyrosine, palmitic and uric acid, tryptophan, stearic acid and cystine. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed the involvement of multiple affected pathways, such as energy deficiencies, oxidative stress, hyperammonemia, and others. Moreover, it is noteworthy that some of these compounds have not been previously described in AD research, such as α-ketoglutarate, isocitrate pipecolic acid, pyroglutamate and adenosine, confirming the potential of this metabolomic approach in the search of novel potential markers for early detection of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl González-Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry and CC.MM, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain; Campus of Excellence International ceiA3, University of Huelva, Spain; Research Center of Health and Environment (CYSMA), University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Tamara García-Barrera
- Department of Chemistry and CC.MM, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain; Campus of Excellence International ceiA3, University of Huelva, Spain; Research Center of Health and Environment (CYSMA), University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
| | - José Luis Gómez-Ariza
- Department of Chemistry and CC.MM, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain; Campus of Excellence International ceiA3, University of Huelva, Spain; Research Center of Health and Environment (CYSMA), University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
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Metabolomic screening of regional brain alterations in the APP/PS1 transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease by direct infusion mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 102:425-35. [PMID: 25459942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The identification of pathological mechanisms underlying to Alzheimer's disease is of great importance for the discovery of potential markers for diagnosis and disease monitoring. In this study, we investigated regional metabolic alterations in brain from the APP/PS1 mice, a transgenic model that reproduces well some of the neuropathological and cognitive deficits observed in human Alzheimer's disease. For this purpose, hippocampus, cortex, cerebellum and olfactory bulbs were analyzed using a high-throughput metabolomic approach based on direct infusion mass spectrometry. Metabolic fingerprints showed significant differences between transgenic and wild-type mice in all brain tissues, being hippocampus and cortex the most affected regions. Alterations in numerous metabolites were detected including phospholipids, fatty acids, purine and pyrimidine metabolites, acylcarnitines, sterols and amino acids, among others. Furthermore, metabolic pathway analysis revealed important alterations in homeostasis of lipids, energy management, and metabolism of amino acids and nucleotides. Therefore, these findings demonstrate the potential of metabolomic screening and the use of transgenic models for understanding pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Djukic M, Schulz D, Schmidt H, Lange P, Nau R. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in geriatric patients from 2008 to 2011. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2014; 46:353-7. [PMID: 22903361 DOI: 10.1007/s00391-012-0380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemical composition of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is age-dependent. METHODS Routine CSF parameters, the indications for lumbar puncture (LP), and the most frequent complications were retrospectively studied in patients older (n = 167) and younger (n = 36) than 65 years. RESULTS In the absence of meningeal inflammation, the mean CSF lactate level of patients older than 65 years was slightly but significantly higher than the mean CSF lactate level of younger patients. The lactate level of patients with otherwise normal CSF findings correlated significantly with the age of the patients. In the absence of meningeal inflammation, the CSF-to-serum albumin ratio (QAlbumin) was significantly higher in older patients than in younger ones. The most frequent indication for LP, suspected infection of the central nervous system (CNS) (n = 110), was confirmed in 12.7% of patients. The only LP complication documented was headache in two patients. CONCLUSIONS Elevations of QAlbumin and CSF lactate levels appear to be nonspecific findings in elderly patients. Suspected infections, the most frequent indication for LP, were confirmed by CSF analysis in more than 10% of patients. The very low complication rate of LP makes it a very valuable tool in the diagnostic routine for older patients with CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Djukic
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
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Gray LR, Tompkins SC, Taylor EB. Regulation of pyruvate metabolism and human disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:2577-604. [PMID: 24363178 PMCID: PMC4059968 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1539-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate is a keystone molecule critical for numerous aspects of eukaryotic and human metabolism. Pyruvate is the end-product of glycolysis, is derived from additional sources in the cellular cytoplasm, and is ultimately destined for transport into mitochondria as a master fuel input undergirding citric acid cycle carbon flux. In mitochondria, pyruvate drives ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation and multiple biosynthetic pathways intersecting the citric acid cycle. Mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism is regulated by many enzymes, including the recently discovered mitochondria pyruvate carrier, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate carboxylase, to modulate overall pyruvate carbon flux. Mutations in any of the genes encoding for proteins regulating pyruvate metabolism may lead to disease. Numerous cases have been described. Aberrant pyruvate metabolism plays an especially prominent role in cancer, heart failure, and neurodegeneration. Because most major diseases involve aberrant metabolism, understanding and exploiting pyruvate carbon flux may yield novel treatments that enhance human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence R Gray
- Department of Biochemistry, Fraternal Order of the Eagles Diabetes Research Center, and François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd, 4-403 BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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27
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Sultana R, Robinson RAS, Di Domenico F, Mohmmad Abdul H, St. Clair DK, Markesbery WR, Cai J, Pierce WM, Butterfield DA. Proteomic identification of specifically carbonylated brain proteins in APP(NLh)/APP(NLh) × PS-1(P264L)/PS-1(P264L) human double mutant knock-in mice model of Alzheimer disease as a function of age. J Proteomics 2011; 74:2430-40. [PMID: 21726674 PMCID: PMC3199338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and is characterized pathologically by the presence of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), senile plaques (SPs), and loss of synapses. The main component of SP is amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ), a 39 to 43 amino acid peptide, generated by the proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the action of beta- and gamma-secretases. The presenilins (PS) are components of the γ-secretase, which contains the protease active center. Mutations in PS enhance the production of the Aβ42 peptide. To date, more than 160 mutations in PS1 have been identified. Many PS mutations increase the production of the β-secretase-mediated C-terminal (CT) 99 amino acid-long fragment (CT99), which is subsequently cleaved by γ-secretase to yield Aβ peptides. Aβ has been proposed to induce oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. Previous studies from our laboratory and others showed an age-dependent increase in oxidative stress markers, loss of lipid asymmetry, and Aβ production and amyloid deposition in the brain of APP/PS1 mice. In the present study, we used APP (NLh)/APP(NLh) × PS-1(P246L)/PS-1(P246L) human double mutant knock-in APP/PS-1 mice to identify specific targets of brain protein carbonylation in an age-dependent manner. We found a number of proteins that are oxidatively modified in APP/PS1 mice compared to age-matched controls. The relevance of the identified proteins to the progression and pathogenesis of AD is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukhsana Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - Renã A. S. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Hafiz Mohmmad Abdul
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - Daret K. St. Clair
- Graduate Center of Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | | | - Jian Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292
| | - William M. Pierce
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292
| | - D. Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
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Owen L, Sunram-Lea SI. Metabolic agents that enhance ATP can improve cognitive functioning: a review of the evidence for glucose, oxygen, pyruvate, creatine, and L-carnitine. Nutrients 2011; 3:735-55. [PMID: 22254121 PMCID: PMC3257700 DOI: 10.3390/nu3080735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past four or five decades, there has been increasing interest in the neurochemical regulation of cognition. This field received considerable attention in the 1980s, with the identification of possible cognition enhancing agents or "smart drugs". Even though many of the optimistic claims for some agents have proven premature, evidence suggests that several metabolic agents may prove to be effective in improving and preserving cognitive performance and may lead to better cognitive aging through the lifespan. Aging is characterized by a progressive deterioration in physiological functions and metabolic processes. There are a number of agents with the potential to improve metabolic activity. Research is now beginning to identify these various agents and delineate their potential usefulness for improving cognition in health and disease. This review provides a brief overview of the metabolic agents glucose, oxygen, pyruvate, creatine, and L-carnitine and their beneficial effects on cognitive function. These agents are directly responsible for generating ATP (adenosine triphosphate) the main cellular currency of energy. The brain is the most metabolically active organ in the body and as such is particularly vulnerable to disruption of energy resources. Therefore interventions that sustain adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels may have importance for improving neuronal dysfunction and loss. Moreover, recently, it has been observed that environmental conditions and diet can affect transgenerational gene expression via epigenetic mechanisms. Metabolic agents might play a role in regulation of nutritional epigenetic effects. In summary, the reviewed metabolic agents represent a promising strategy for improving cognitive function and possibly slowing or preventing cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Owen
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia;
| | - Sandra I. Sunram-Lea
- Department of Psychology, Fylde College University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YW, England, UK
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Ahmed SS, Santosh W, Kumar S, Christlet HTT. Metabolic profiling of Parkinson's disease: evidence of biomarker from gene expression analysis and rapid neural network detection. J Biomed Sci 2009; 16:63. [PMID: 19594911 PMCID: PMC2720938 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-16-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder. The diagnosis of Parkinsonism is challenging because currently none of the clinical tests have been proven to help in diagnosis. PD may produce characteristic perturbations in the metabolome and such variations can be used as the marker for detection of disease. To test this hypothesis, we used proton NMR and multivariate analysis followed by neural network pattern detection. Methods & Results 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis was carried out on plasma samples of 37 healthy controls and 43 drug-naive patients with PD. Focus on 22 targeted metabolites, 17 were decreased and 5 were elevated in PD patients (p < 0.05). Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed that pyruvate is the key metabolite, which contributes to the separation of PD from control samples. Furthermore, gene expression analysis shows significant (p < 0.05) change in expression of PDHB and NPFF genes leading to increased pyruvate concentration in blood plasma. Moreover, the implementation of 1H- NMR spectral pattern in neural network algorithm shows 97.14% accuracy in the detection of disease progression. Conclusion The results increase the prospect of a robust molecular definition in detection of PD through the early symptomatic phase of the disease. This is an ultimate opening for therapeutic intervention. If validated in a genuinely prospective fashion in larger samples, the biomarker trajectories described here will go a long way to facilitate the development of useful therapies. Moreover, implementation of neural network will be a breakthrough in clinical screening and rapid detection of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiek Ssj Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603 203, India.
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30
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Comparison of high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection versus enzymatic assay to measure blood pyruvate in clinical practice. Clin Biochem 2009; 42:1099-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Boyd-Kimball D, Sultana R, Poon HF, Lynn BC, Casamenti F, Pepeu G, Klein JB, Butterfield DA. Proteomic identification of proteins specifically oxidized by intracerebral injection of amyloid beta-peptide (1-42) into rat brain: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2005; 132:313-24. [PMID: 15802185 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein oxidation has been shown to result in loss of protein function. There is increasing evidence that protein oxidation plays a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid beta-peptide (1-42) [Abeta(1-42)] has been implicated as a mediator of oxidative stress in AD. Additionally, Abeta(1-42) has been shown to induce cholinergic dysfunction when injected into rat brain, a finding consistent with cholinergic deficits documented in AD. In this study, we used proteomic techniques to examine the regional in vivo protein oxidation induced by Abeta(1-42) injected into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) of rat brain compared with saline-injected control at 7 days post-injection. In the cortex, we identified glutamine synthetase and tubulin beta chain 15/alpha, while, in the NBM, we identified 14-3-3 zeta and chaperonin 60 (HSP60) as significantly oxidized. Extensive oxidation was detected in the hippocampus where we identified 14-3-3 zeta, beta-synuclein, pyruvate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and phosphoglycerate mutase 1. The results of this study suggest that a single injection of Abeta(1-42) into NBM can have profound effects elsewhere in the brain. The results further suggest that Abeta(1-42)-induced oxidative stress in rat brain mirrors some of those proteins oxidized in AD brain and leads to oxidized proteins, which when inserted into their respective biochemical pathways yields insight into brain dysfunction that can lead to neurodegeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boyd-Kimball
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA
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Pugliese M, Carrasco JL, Andrade C, Mas E, Mascort J, Mahy N. Severe cognitive impairment correlates with higher cerebrospinal fluid levels of lactate and pyruvate in a canine model of senile dementia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005; 29:603-10. [PMID: 15866364 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of dementia of the Alzheimer's type depends on clinical criteria and exclusion of other disorders because, at this time, a validated biological marker, aside from histological brain examination, remains to be established. The canine counterpart of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (ccSDAT) is considered a promising model for examining behavioral, cellular and molecular processes involved in early phases of human brain aging and Alzheimer disease (AD). In order to investigate the first events taking place in canine cognitive dysfunction, in this paper we established a new and rapid behavioral test that finely discriminates the degrees of cognitive impairment. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was performed to determine the relationship between each disease stage and modification of cerebral energy metabolism. Our results demonstrate a parallel increase of lactate, pyruvate and potassium concentrations in the severe cognitive deficit. These differences are discussed in view of the neuroprotective role presently given to lactate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pugliese
- Unitat de Bioquímica, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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de Arriba SG, Loske C, Meiners I, Fleischer G, Lobisch M, Wessel K, Tritschler H, Schinzel R, Münch G. Advanced glycation endproducts induce changes in glucose consumption, lactate production, and ATP levels in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells by a redox-sensitive mechanism. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2003; 23:1307-13. [PMID: 14600438 DOI: 10.1097/01.wcb.0000090622.86921.0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) accumulate on long-lived proteins, including beta-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease, and are suggested to contribute to neuronal dysfunction and cell death. We have investigated the effects of a model AGE upon glucose metabolism and energy production in a neuroblastoma cell line. AGEs decrease cellular ATP levels and increase glucose consumption and lactate production. All of the AGE-induced metabolic changes can be attenuated by antioxidants such as (R+)-alpha-lipoic acid and 17beta-estradiol. These antioxidants may become useful drugs against (AGE-mediated) effects in neurodegeneration through their positive effects on cellular energy metabolism.
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Mandybur GT, Miyagi Y, Yin W, Perkins E, Zhang JH. Cytotoxicity of ventricular cerebrospinal fluid from Parkinson patients: correlation with clinical profiles and neurochemistry. Neurol Res 2003; 25:104-11. [PMID: 12564136 DOI: 10.1179/016164103101201021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Other investigators have reported that the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) might contain endogenous dystrophic factors. Using CSF samples drawn from individual PD patients during surgery, we investigated the toxic effect of ventricular CSF (vCSF) on the growth of PC12 cells and the correlation between the clinical profiles of the patients and CSF neurochemistry. Ventricular CSF samples from 28 patients with PD or essential tremor (ET) were collected during ventriculography for stereotactic pallidotomy or thalamotomy. PC12 cells were incubated with 20% vCSF from both clinical groups for up to 72 h. Microdialysis was used to analyze four neurochemical parameters (glucose, lactate, pyruvate, and glutamate) in each vCSF sample. We observed that vCSF drawn from PD patients exerted nonspecific growth inhibition on PC12 cells in a time-dependent manner. The growth inhibitory action of PD-vCSF decreased significantly after heat treatment. Microdialysis demonstrated no statistical differences between PD and ET samples among the four parameters studied. In addition, PC12 cell survival after 72 h incubation with PD-vCSF correlated with no neurochemical parameter or individual clinical profile (age, onset age, duration of disease, Hoehn & Yahr stage, disease progression rate), except for a slight correlation between vCSF and disease progression rate in heat treated samples from female patients. One or more endogenous cytotoxic factors in PD-vCSF inhibit PC12 cell growth. This factor or factors are partially sensitive to heat which suggests proteins or peptides as possible agents. The cytotoxic effect of PD-vCSF did not directly correlate with any clinical profiles studied or energy metabolism of PD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- George T Mandybur
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, Mississippi 39216-4505, USA.
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Choi SH, Park CH, Koo JW, Seo JH, Kim HS, Jeong SJ, Lee JH, Kim SS, Suh YH. Memory impairment and cholinergic dysfunction by centrally administered Abeta and carboxyl-terminal fragment of Alzheimer's APP in mice. FASEB J 2001; 15:1816-8. [PMID: 11481240 DOI: 10.1096/fj.00-0859fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S H Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Creative Research Initiative Centre for Alzheimer's Dementia and Neuroscience Research Institute, MRC, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
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Bancher C, Jellinger K, Wichart I. Biological markers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 1998; 53:185-97. [PMID: 9700657 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6467-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A diagnostic test for Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on biochemical markers in the cerebrospinal fluid can help improve diagnostic accuracy, which currently is approximately 90%, leaving every tenth AD patient undiagnosed or falsely diagnosed as having the disease. From all biochemical abnormalities described in AD patients, those related to the hallmark neuropathologic lesions, deposition of amyloid and formation of paired helical filaments mainly consisting of abnormally phosphorylated tau protein, are the most promising and the best documented, even though other markers bear some potential and remain to be further studied. Determining an increase of tau and a reduction of A beta 42 bears satisfactory, even though not absolute specificity for AD and represents a true aid for clinicians in diagnosing AD during the patients lifetime. It remains open if these markers will be helpful for the most challenging goal, diagnosing AD in the preclinical phase, when, according to morphological data, high amounts of these pathological proteins are already deposited in the brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bancher
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Lainz Hospital, Wien, Austria
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Affiliation(s)
- A Robles
- Division of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Abstract
In common with other organ systems, the cerebrospinal fluid circulatory system is subject to senescence. Cerebrospinal fluid production and turnover rates decline. The choroid plexus calcifies and its blood supply falters. Microvascular disease violates the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. The arachnoid membranes thicken. Arachnoid villi occlude and degenerate. The consequent functional losses are exacerbated by the deterioration of other interacting organ systems. Eventually, the cerebrospinal fluid circulatory system may fail, resulting in stagnation, contamination, compositional deficiencies, and impaired clearance of noxious substances. The hypothesis is that senescence of the cerebrospinal fluid circulatory system plays a part in some dementias of the aged.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rubenstein
- Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA.
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Brewer GJ. Effects of acidosis on the distribution of processing of the beta-amyloid precursor protein in cultured hippocampal neurons. MOLECULAR AND CHEMICAL NEUROPATHOLOGY 1997; 31:171-86. [PMID: 9376023 DOI: 10.1007/bf02815241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Reported increases in brain lactate production in Alzheimer disease led us to test the hypothesis that lactic acid acidosis alters the processing of the beta-amyloid precursor protein, beta PP, in neurons. To test this proposition, embryonic rat hippocampal neurons were first cultures for 4 d in serum-free B27/neurobasal medium. Lactic acid at 0.5 and 1 mg/mL (pH 7.1 and, 6.9, respectively) caused a dose-dependent increase in cellular beta-amyloid immunoreactivity detected with antibody 4G8. Acidosis did not affect secretion of beta PP or its derivatives into the medium. The cytoplasmic production of beta PP was slightly reduced by acidosis without a differential effect on maturation or proteolytic processing. In the substrate-bound material, which was insoluble in nonionic detergent, acidosis caused increases in an N-terminal 75-kDa band, a C-terminal 72-kDa band, and potentially amyloidogenic bands at 35 and 38 kDa. Processing to the 4-kDa amyloid beta protein was not observed in these early pure rat neuronal cultures. These results suggest that mild acidosis id sufficient to alter neuronal processing to the amyloid precursor protein into potentially amyloidogenic forms and increase certain beta PP fragments bound to the substrate. If a similar process occurs in the presence of other cell types in the aging brain, acidosis may stimulate an extracellular deposition of amyloid and contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Brewer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield 62794-1220, USA.
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