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Sana K, Monia L, Ameni BS, Haikel H, Imed BS, Walid C, Bouabdella H, Bassem BHM, Hafedh D, Samed B, Makram O, Atef BH, Mohsen B, Taib K, Ammar J, Chedia S, Habib JM. Serological survey and associated risk factors' analysis of Trypanosomiasis in camels from Southern Tunisia. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2021; 16:e00231. [PMID: 34917783 PMCID: PMC8669359 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2021.e00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Surra (Trypanosoma evansi infection) is one of the main causes of dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) abortion, besides generating severe economic losses in herds. A sero-epidemiological survey was carried out between December 2018 and December 2019 in Southern Tunisia to estimate the seroprevalence of Trypanosoma evansi infection in camels and to determine its possible associated risk factors. Two-stage sampling was conducted to select breeders and camels targeted in our study. A total of 1205 blood samples were collected from 277 randomly selected farms belonging to six governorates of southern Tunisia. Sera were tested with the card agglutination test for Trypanosoma evansi (CATT/T. evansi) to detect the presence of anti-Trypanosoma. evansi antibodies. The overall individual and herd seroprevalence were 30.8% (95%CI 27.9–33.1%), 64.9% (95%CI 61.7–73), respectively. The seroprevalence of T. evansi infection both at the animal (26.2% (95%CI 21.4–30.9%) and herd level (84.4 (95%CI 76.3–92.5)) was higher in Kebili than in other governorates (P = 0.003). At the animal level, the infection rate with T. evansi was significantly associated to the age group among camels (P = 0.0008), production system (P = 0.006), bioclimatic stage (P = 0.02), and herd size (P = 0.04) in the univariable analysis. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that only age group and herd size were potential risk factors associated with Trypanosoma evansi infection. However, no significant variation of the seroprevalence of T. evansi with the sex of camels, farm type, and previous trypanocidal treatment were detected (P > 0.05). The findings of this study are crucial for this disease surveillance and control. Further investigations on the efficacy of the treatment against surra are needed to explain the persistence of the disease in the south of Tunisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalthoum Sana
- National Center of Zoosanitary Vigilance, Ministère de l'agriculture et des ressources hydrauliques, Tunisia
| | - Lachtar Monia
- National Center of Zoosanitary Vigilance, Ministère de l'agriculture et des ressources hydrauliques, Tunisia
| | - Ben Salem Ameni
- National Center of Zoosanitary Vigilance, Ministère de l'agriculture et des ressources hydrauliques, Tunisia
| | - Hajlaoui Haikel
- National Center of Zoosanitary Vigilance, Ministère de l'agriculture et des ressources hydrauliques, Tunisia
| | - Ben Slimane Imed
- National Center of Zoosanitary Vigilance, Ministère de l'agriculture et des ressources hydrauliques, Tunisia
| | - Chendoul Walid
- Commissariat régional au développement agricole de Médenine, Tunisia
| | | | - Bel Haj Mohamed Bassem
- National Center of Zoosanitary Vigilance, Ministère de l'agriculture et des ressources hydrauliques, Tunisia
| | - Dabbek Hafedh
- Commissariat régional au développement agricole de Kebili, Tunisia
| | - Bennaceur Samed
- Commissariat régional au développement agricole de Kebili, Tunisia
| | - Ourabi Makram
- Commissariat régional au développement agricole de Tozeur, Tunisia
| | - Ben Houcine Atef
- Commissariat régional au développement agricole de Tozeur, Tunisia
| | - Bouajila Mohsen
- Commissariat régional au développement agricole de Tataouine, Tunisia
| | - Khelifi Taib
- Commissariat régional au développement agricole de Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Jamii Ammar
- Commissariat régional au développement agricole de Médenine, Tunisia
| | - Seghaier Chedia
- National Center of Zoosanitary Vigilance, Ministère de l'agriculture et des ressources hydrauliques, Tunisia
| | - Jemli Mohamed Habib
- Service de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Université de la Manouba, Tunisia
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Osório ALAR, Madruga CR, Desquesnes M, Soares CO, Ribeiro LRR, Costa SCGD. Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax: its biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and introduction in the New World--a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008; 103:1-13. [PMID: 18368231 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762008000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic techniques, and history of the introduction of Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax in the New World are reviewed. The two main immunological responses of trypanosome-infected animals - antibody production and immunodepression - are discussed in the context of how these responses play a role in disease tolerance or susceptibility. Isolation and purification of T. vivax are briefly discussed. The recent reports of bovine trypanosomiasis diagnosed in cattle on farms located in the Pantanal region of the states of Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso, Brazil, are also discussed.
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Reid SA, Husein A, Copeman DB. Evaluation and improvement of parasitological tests for Trypanosoma evansi infection. Vet Parasitol 2001; 102:291-7. [PMID: 11731072 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00539-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Research was undertaken to critically evaluate parasitological tests for the detection of Trypanosoma evansi in blood. The relative sensitivity of mouse inoculation (MI), the haematocrit centrifugation technique (HCT) and a modified miniature anion-exchange centrifugation technique (MAECT) were compared using blood and buffy coat. The effect that storage of blood prior to inoculation into mice has on the reliability of the MI test was also evaluated. The tests may be ranked in increasing order of sensitivity: HCT, MAECT with whole blood, MI with whole blood, MAECT with buffy coat and MI with buffy coat. The latter was able to detect 1.25 T. evansi per 4ml of blood. The reliability of the MI test was not reduced with storage of blood containing at least 25 T. evansi per ml for up to 21h prior to inoculation into mice. These results demonstrate that sensitivity of the MI and MAECT are increased approximately 10-fold through the use of buffy coat in place of whole blood. Although, the MI is marginally more sensitive MAECT is better suited to field use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Reid
- Australian Institute of Tropical Veterinary and Animal Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
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Reyna-Bello A, García FA, Rivera M, Sansó B, Aso PM. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of anti-Trypanosoma evansi equine antibodies. Vet Parasitol 1998; 80:149-57. [PMID: 9870367 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(98)00199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The standardization of ELISA for the detection of anti-Trypanosoma evansi antibodies in naturally and experimentally infected horses is described. Bayesian analysis was used to establish the cutoff between positive and negative sera. In order to determine the assessment of the ELISA test, the results obtained were compared with those from an IFA. A relative sensibility of 98.39%, a specificity of 95.12% and a predictive value of 96.83% were determined. The standardized technique was used to evaluate the antibody production against trypanosome in an experimentally infected equine, in which the sera converted 15 days after infection. The test was also used for a study of sera prevalence in a non-random sample from two different populations. A prevalence of 81.7% in workhorse and 57.14% in stable horses was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Reyna-Bello
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos y Veterinarios, Universidad Simón Rodríguez, Caracas, Venezuela.
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Monzón CM, Mancebo OA, Roux JP. Comparison between six parasitological methods for diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi in the subtropical area of Argentina. Vet Parasitol 1990; 36:141-6. [PMID: 2382382 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(90)90102-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In a total of 165 blood samples from horses in the Province of Formosa (Argentina), the diagnosis for equine trypanosomiasis (T. evansi) was made using Giemsa-stained smears (GSS), wet blood films (WBF), Strout's concentration method (SCM), haematocrit centrifuge technique (HCT), buffy coat method (BCM) and mouse inoculation of blood (MBI). Trypanosoma evansi was demonstrated in 52 samples. Mouse inoculation gave a sensitivity of 88.2%; HCT 71.1%; BCM 63.4%; WBF 53.8%; SCM 46.1% and GSS 45.6%. No single method alone was totally effective. The haematocrit centrifuge technique, mouse inoculation of blood and Giemsa-stained smears were proposed as the most effective diagnostic combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Monzón
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Argentina CEDIVEF, Formosa
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Kalu AU, Edeghere HU, Lawani FA. Comparison of diagnostic techniques during subclinical single infections of trypanosomiasis in goats. Vet Parasitol 1986; 22:37-47. [PMID: 3788024 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(86)90005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Parasitological diagnostic techniques were compared in caprine hosts in which single subclinical infection with Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma congolense or Trypanosoma brucei brucei had been established. The haematocrit centrifuge technique (HCT) was the most sensitive for the diagnosis of T. vivax and T. b. brucei while the buffy coat method (BCM) proved superior to all other techniques for T. congolense. Except with the miniature anion-exchange/centrifugation technique (mAEC), each of the concentration methods proved as sensitive as a combination of the Standard Trypanosome Detection Methods (STDM) and could detect trypanosomes at concentrations which were five times lower than those required by the STDM. The HCT diagnosed 60.8-90%, with a mean of 78.8%. Corresponding figures for other methods were: wet film, 33.3-50.8 (39.8); mouse inoculation, 0.0-82.5 (47.8); thin film, 43.3-73.3 (52.6); mAEC, 42.4-60.0 (53.2); thick film, 52.9-60.0 (56.2); silicone centrifugation 60.8-77.7 (67.3), and BCM, 60.0-78.4 (71.6). A combination of the HCT and BCM is suggested for routine diagnosis of caprine trypanosome infections.
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Anosa VO. Diseases produced by Trypanosoma vivax in ruminants, horses and rodents. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1983; 30:717-41. [PMID: 6367315 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1983.tb01898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Wells EA, Ramirez LE, Betancourt A. Trypanosoma vivax in Colombia: interpretation of field results. Trop Anim Health Prod 1982; 14:141-50. [PMID: 6126943 DOI: 10.1007/bf02242144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of the indirect fluorescent antibody test and complementary blood smear examinations in Colombia has shown that Trypanosoma vivax infections of cattle may be considered to be distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical areas of the country. However within this distribution the prevalence showed wide variations between herds and localised epidemic situations could occur at the herd and village level. the examination of sequential serum samples from 2 localities has given additional information on incidence and on transmission patterns.
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Leach TM, Roberts CJ. Present status of chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis of animal trypanosomiasis in the Eastern hemisphere. Pharmacol Ther 1981; 13:91-147. [PMID: 7022488 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(81)90069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Luckins AG, Boid R, Rae P, Mahmoud MM, el Malik KH, Gray AR. Serodiagnosis of infection with Trypanosoma evansi in camels in the Sudan. Trop Anim Health Prod 1979; 11:1-12. [PMID: 375518 DOI: 10.1007/bf02237757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Five diagnostic tests for infection with Trypanosoma evansi have been compared in groups of camels experimentally infected or exposed to natural infection in the Sudan. The correlation of positive results obtained by assays of IgM levels, the mercuric chloride test and the formol gel test with the presence of active infection was unsatisfactory, but there was a good correlation between results obtained using IFAT and ELISA and proven infection. Sera from a high proportion of apparently uninfected camels from endemic areas gave positive reactions with all 5 tests, possibly indicating inadequate parasitological diagnosis or persistence of antibody after unsatisfactory chemotherapy. It was concluded that serological tests using trypanosomal antigens to detect antibodies were more sensitive for diagnosis than indirect tests based on raised euglobulin levels. Serodiagnostic tests may therefore have a place in future programmes for surveillance and control of T. evansi infections in camels.
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Leeflang P, Buys J, Blotkamp C. Studies on Trypanosoma vivax: comparison of parasitological diagnostic methods. Int J Parasitol 1978; 8:15-8. [PMID: 344244 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(78)90045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Murray M, Murray PK, McIntyre WI. An improved parasitological technique for the diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1977; 71:325-6. [PMID: 563634 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(77)90110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Light microscopic examination of the buffy coat zone of a microhaematocrit capillary tube expressed on to a slide was found to be consistently more reliable than other standard techniques in detecting trypanosomes in the circulation of cattle. This method alaos allowed identification of different trypanosome species. Optimal results were obtained using darkground illumination.
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