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Sönmez VZ, Akarsu C, Sivri N. The new era hypothesis of coastal degradation: G(s) elements-gallium, gadolinium, and germanium. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:8803-8822. [PMID: 37755578 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01743-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Mining of precious metals contributes to environmental pollution, especially in coastal areas, and conventional treatment methods are not always effective in removing metal contaminants. Some of these metals, such as gadolinium, germanium and gallium, have caused increasing concern worldwide, as little is known about their current concentrations in the aquatic environment and their biological significance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine for the first time the variation of average G(s) concentrations (gallium, gadolinium and germanium) by month/season/site differences along the coast of Istanbul. The ecological risk index was calculated to assess the contamination of seawater and to serve as a diagnostic tool for the mitigation of water pollution. The average distribution G(s) in seawater was in the following order: Ga > Gd > Ge. In addition, the potential ecological risk in the sampling areas ranged from 68 to 1049. Of the three metals, Gd poses the highest ecological risk (grade III). In the spatial distribution of ecological risks, Gd mainly originated from discharges from wastewater treatment plants. Therefore, the sources of the anthropogenic Gd anomaly in wastewater should be identified, as this indicates the possibility of human exposure to potentially harmful anthropogenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vildan Zülal Sönmez
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ceyhun Akarsu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nüket Sivri
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Kurt MŞ, Arslan ME, Yazici A, Mudu İ, Arslan E. Tribological, biocompatibility, and antibiofilm properties of tungsten-germanium coating using magnetron sputtering. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2021; 32:6. [PMID: 33471227 PMCID: PMC7817579 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-06477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, borosilicate glass and 316 L stainless steel were coated with germanium (Ge) and tungsten (W) metals using the Magnetron Sputtering System. Surface structural, mechanical, and tribological properties of uncoated and coated samples were examined using SEM, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and tribometer. The XRD results showed that WGe2 chemical compound observed in (110) crystalline phase and exhibited a dense structure. According to the tribological analyses, the adhesion strength of the coated deposition on 316 L was obtained 32.8 N, and the mean coefficient of friction was around 0.3. Biocompatibility studies of coated metallic biomaterials were analyzed on fibroblast cell culture (Primary Dermal Fibroblast; Normal, Human, Adult (HDFa)) in vitro. Hoescht 33258 fluorescent staining was performed to investigate the cellular density and chromosomal abnormalities of the HDFa cell line on the borosilicate glasses coated with germanium-tungsten (W-Ge). Cell viabilities of HDFa cell line on each surface (W-Ge coated borosilicate glass, uncoated borosilicate glass, and cell culture plate surface) were analyzed by using (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) cytotoxicity assay. The antibiofilm activity of W-Ge coated borosilicate glass showed a significant reduction effect on Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) adherence compared to control groups. In the light of findings, tungsten and germanium, which are some of the most common industrial materials, were investigated as biocompatible and antimicrobial surface coatings and recommended as bio-implant materials for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Şükrü Kurt
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Enes Arslan
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ayşenur Yazici
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - İlkan Mudu
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Elif Arslan
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Microstructure, mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and in vitro corrosion and degradation behavior of a new Zn-5Ge alloy for biodegradable implant materials. Acta Biomater 2018; 82:197-204. [PMID: 30316837 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn)-based alloys are considered a new class of biodegradable implant materials due to their superior chemical stability and processability compared to biodegradable magnesium (Mg) alloys. In this study, we report a new biodegradable Zn-5Ge alloy with highly desirable mechanical, corrosion, and biological properties. Microstructural characterization revealed the effective grain-refining effect of germanium (Ge) on the Zn alloy. Tensile test results indicated that the hot-rolled Zn-5Ge alloy showed an ultimate tensile strength of 237.0 MPa, a yield strength of 175.1 MPa, and an elongation of 21.6%; while as-cast pure Zn showed an ultimate tensile strength of 33.6 MPa, a yield strength of 29.3 MPa, and an elongation of 1.2%. The corrosion rates measured by potentiodynamic polarization tests in Hank's solution in ascending order are: as-cast Zn-5Ge (0.1272 mm/y) < as-cast pure Zn (0.1567 mm/y) < hot-rolled Zn-5Ge (0.2255 mm/y) < hot-rolled pure Zn (0.3057 mm/y). Immersion tests revealed that the degradation rate of as-cast Zn-5Ge is 0.042 mm/y, less than half of that of hot-rolled pure Zn and ∼62% of that of as-cast pure Zn. Moreover, the Zn-5Ge alloy showed excellent in vitro hemocompatibility and the addition of 5% Ge effectively enhanced the hemocompatibility of pure Zn. CCK-8 assay using murine preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells indicated that the diluted extracts at a concentration <12.5% of both the as-cast Zn-5Ge alloy and pure Zn showed grade 0 cytotoxicity; the diluted extracts at the concentrations of 50% and 25% of Zn-5Ge alloy showed a significantly higher cell viability than those of pure Zn. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Zinc (Zn)-based alloys are currently considered a new class of biodegradable implant materials due to their excellent processability. Here, we report a novel Zn-5Ge alloy with highly desirable mechanical, corrosion and biological properties. The tensile test results indicated that the hot-rolled Zn-5Ge alloy showed an ultimate tensile strength of 237.0 MPa, a yield strength of 175.1 MPa and an elongation of 21.6%; while as-cast pure Zn showed an ultimate tensile strength of 33.6 MPa, a yield strength of 29.3 MPa and an elongation of 1.2%. The corrosion rate measured by potentiodynamic polarization tests in Hank's solution in the ascending order is: as-cast Zn-5Ge (0.1272 mm/y) < as-cast pure Zn (0.1567 mm/y) < hot-rolled Zn-5Ge (0.2255 mm/y) < hot-rolled pure Zn (0.3057 mm/y). Immersion tests revealed that the degradation rate of the as-cast Zn-5Ge is 0.042 mm/y, less than half of that of the hot-rolled pure Zn, ∼62% of that of as-cast pure Zn. Moreover, the Zn-5Ge alloy showed excellent in vitro biocompatibility.
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Dobrzyński D, Boguszewska-Czubara A, Sugimori K. Hydrogeochemical and biomedical insights into germanium potential of curative waters: a case study of health resorts in the Sudetes Mountains (Poland). ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:1355-1375. [PMID: 29299858 PMCID: PMC6061135 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-0061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Germanium is considered to be a non-essential element; however, little is still known about its significance for living organisms. It exerts prophylactic and therapeutic effects in the treatment of serious diseases such as cancer, HIV infection, and others. Germanium does not exhibit acute toxicity, but, as it tends to accumulate in various organs and tissues, undesirable and even dangerous side effects have been reported after prolonged and/or high dosage application. In general, inorganic compounds of germanium are more toxic than its organic compounds. Further studies should be performed to elucidate the exact molecular mechanism of germanium action, to determine the safe and effective dose of germanium via curative/mineral waters, and to understand the applications and benefits of using germanium-enriched waters in balneotherapy. The geochemistry of curative (cold CO2-rich, thermal) waters from spas in the Sudetes (Poland) was clarified in terms of components and mineral phases which might govern germanium. Germanium and silicon in thermal (above 20 °C) waters presumably result from the solubility of silicates in crystalline (granites, gneisses) aquifer rocks and might be controlled by neo-formed quartz. The cold CO2-rich waters revealed a significant diversity of aqueous chemistry and relationships of germanium with iron, silicon, or arsenic. Locally, both in sedimentary (sandstones) and metamorphic (gneisses) aquifer rocks, primary (silicates) and/or secondary (oxides) iron-containing minerals likely release germanium into solution. In the CO2-rich waters of the western part of the Kłodzko Region, germanium distinctly correlates with arsenic. It is hypothesized that both elements are co-sourced from crystalline basement and/or migration of substances of post-magmatic origin along deep-seated dislocations related to the seismically active Poříčí-Hronov fault zone. This area was proposed as the most prospective one for finding waters rich in germanium in the Sudetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Dobrzyński
- Department of Hydrogeochemistry and Groundwater Dynamics, Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Boguszewska-Czubara
- Department of Medical Chemistry, I Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kenji Sugimori
- Department of Biology, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, 5-21-16, Oomori-nishi, Oota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
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Matsumoto H, Iwafuji H, Yamane J, Takeuchi R, Utsunomiya T, Fujii A. Restorative effect of organic germanium compound (Ge-132) on dermal injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wndm.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Organogermanium compound, Ge-132, forms complexes with adrenaline, ATP and other physiological cis-diol compounds. Future Med Chem 2016; 7:1233-46. [PMID: 26144262 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mammals, adrenaline and ATP are life-essential vicinal diol and cis-diol functional groups. Here, we show that interactions between a safe organogermanium compound and these cis-diol compounds have the potential to regulate physiological functions. In addition, we represent a possible new druggable target for controlling the action of cis-diol compounds. RESULTS We analyzed a single crystal structure of organogermanium 3-(trihydroxygermyl)propanoic acid (THGPA), a hydrolysate of safe Ge-132, in complex with catecholamine (adrenaline and noradrenaline), and evaluated the affinity between several cis-diol compounds and THGPA by NMR. An in vitro study using normal human epidermal keratinocytes was performed to investigate the inhibition of cis-diol compound-stimulated receptors by THGPA. At high concentration, THGPA inhibited the calcium influx caused by adrenaline and ATP. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that THGPA can modify cis-diol-mediated cell-to-cell signaling.
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Dermience M, Lognay G, Mathieu F, Goyens P. Effects of thirty elements on bone metabolism. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 32:86-106. [PMID: 26302917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The human skeleton, made of 206 bones, plays vital roles including supporting the body, protecting organs, enabling movement, and storing minerals. Bones are made of organic structures, intimately connected with an inorganic matrix produced by bone cells. Many elements are ubiquitous in our environment, and many impact bone metabolism. Most elements have antagonistic actions depending on concentration. Indeed, some elements are essential, others are deleterious, and many can be both. Several pathways mediate effects of element deficiencies or excesses on bone metabolism. This paper aims to identify all elements that impact bone health and explore the mechanisms by which they act. To date, this is the first time that the effects of thirty minerals on bone metabolism have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dermience
- University of Liège - Gembloux Agro Bio Tech, Unit Analyzes, Quality, Risks, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Passage des Déportés, 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Georges Lognay
- University of Liège - Gembloux Agro Bio Tech, Unit Analyzes, Quality, Risks, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Passage des Déportés, 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Françoise Mathieu
- Kashin-Beck Disease Fund asbl-vzw, Rue de l'Aunee, 6, B-6953 Forrieres, Belgium.
| | - Philippe Goyens
- Kashin-Beck Disease Fund asbl-vzw, Rue de l'Aunee, 6, B-6953 Forrieres, Belgium; Department and Laboratory of Pediatric, Free Universities of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.
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Karatutlu A, Song M, Wheeler AP, Ersoy O, Little WR, Zhang Y, Puech P, Boi FS, Luklinska Z, Sapelkin AV. Synthesis and structure of free-standing germanium quantum dots and their application in live cell imaging. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01529d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Colloidally synthesized free-standing Ge qdots with a unique core–shell structure were demonstrated to be a viable bio-imaging probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Karatutlu
- Centre
- for Condensed Matter and Materials Physics
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- Queen Mary, University of London
- London
| | - Mingying Song
- Centre
- for Condensed Matter and Materials Physics
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- Queen Mary, University of London
- London
| | - Ann P. Wheeler
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Sciences
- Barts and the Royal London Hospital School of Medicine and Dentistry
- Queen Mary, University of London
- UK
| | - Osman Ersoy
- Centre
- for Condensed Matter and Materials Physics
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- Queen Mary, University of London
- London
| | - William R. Little
- Centre
- for Condensed Matter and Materials Physics
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- Queen Mary, University of London
- London
| | - Yuanpeng Zhang
- Centre
- for Condensed Matter and Materials Physics
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- Queen Mary, University of London
- London
| | - Pascal Puech
- CEMES-CNRS
- University of Toulouse
- 31055 Toulouse
- France
| | - Filippo S. Boi
- School of Engineering and Materials Science
- Queen Mary, University of London
- London
- UK
| | - Zofia Luklinska
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Sichuan University
- People's Republic of China
| | - Andrei V. Sapelkin
- Centre
- for Condensed Matter and Materials Physics
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- Queen Mary, University of London
- London
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Nakamura T, Saito M, Shimada Y, Fukaya H, Shida Y, Tokuji Y. Induction of aminolevulinic acid synthase gene expression and enhancement of metabolite, protoporphyrin IX, excretion by organic germanium. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 653:75-81. [PMID: 21167148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kluska M, Pypowski K, Chrzaścik I, Gadzała-Kopciuch R, Witkowska-Krajewska E. Problems Associated with the Chromatographic Determination of Chlorobenzylgermanium Derivatives Using an Octadecyl Stationary Phase. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340903153317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Nakamura T, Nagura T, Akiba M, Sato K, Tokuji Y, Ohnishi M, Osada K. Promotive Effects of the Dietary Organic Germanium Poly-trans-[(2-carboxyethyl) germasesquioxane] (Ge-132) on the Secretion and Antioxidative Activity of Bile in Rodents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.56.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakamura
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd
| | | | | | | | - Yoshihiko Tokuji
- Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Masao Ohnishi
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University
- Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Kyoichi Osada
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Meiji University
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Kluska M. Some Aspects of the Analysis of Biologically Active Organogermanium Substances. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340701804459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Jiang G, Matsumoto H, Yamane J, Kuboyama N, Akimoto Y, Fujii A. Prevention of trabecular bone loss in the mandible of ovariectomized rats. J Oral Sci 2004; 46:75-85. [PMID: 15287540 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.46.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The effect of therapeutic agents on trabecular bone loss in the mandible was investigated in ovariectomized rats. Eighty-seven Wistar SPF female rats were ovariectomized (OVX) or given a sham operation (Sham), and maintained on a diet containing 0.1% calcium. Four weeks later, groups of OVX rats were treated with estriol (E3), calcitonin (CT), etidronate, or 2-carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide (Ge-132). The Basal group was maintained on a diet containing 1.0% calcium, and the OVX and sham groups on a diet containing 0.1% calcium. The trabecular bone mineral density (BMD) and trabecular bone mineral content (BMC) in 11 mandibular slices from 0.5 mm at the mesial margin of the first molar to 0.5 mm at the distal margin of the third molar, were measured using peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQCT). The BMD in the OVX group was lower than that in the Sham group, and decreased BMC was observed only in the molar region. BMD and BMC were increased in the etidronate-treated group, but only BMC was increased in the CT group. E3 treatment increased BMD and BMC; significant increases were also observed beneath the molar. Ge-132 treatment increased both BMD and BMC, especially the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhen Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
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Effect of Organic Germanium Compound (Ge-132) on Experimental Osteoporosis in Rats: The Relationship Between Transverse Strength and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) or Bone Mineral Content (BMC). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.5466/ijoms.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Garcı́a-Campaña A, Barrero F, González A, Ceba M. Non-ionic micellar solubilization — spectrofluorimetric determination of trace of germanium(IV) with quercetin in real samples. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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