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Rossi GP, Barton M, Dhaun N, Rizzoni D, Seccia TM. Challenges in the evaluation of endothelial cell dysfunction: a statement from the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Endothelin and Endothelial Factors. J Hypertens 2023; 41:369-379. [PMID: 36728915 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cell function is mediated by different mechanisms in different vascular beds. Moreover, in humans, endothelial cell dysfunction triggers and accelerates the progression of cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases. Progression of such diseases can be in part mitigated by the control of cardiovascular risk factors and drugs targeting different systems, including endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs), renin-angiotensin aldosterone antagonists and agents affecting glucose metabolism, all of which were shown to improve endothelial cell function. In recent years, the microRNAs, which are endogenous regulators of gene expression, have been identified as transmitters of information from endothelial cells to vascular smooth muscle cells, suggesting that they can entail tools to assess the endothelial cell dysfunction in arterial hypertension and target for pharmacologic intervention. This article critically reviews current challenges and limitations of available techniques for the invasive and noninvasive assessment of endothelial cell function, and also discusses therapeutic aspects as well as directions for future research in the areas of endothelial cell biology and pathophysiology in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Paolo Rossi
- Emergency Medicine Unit and European Society of Hypertension Specialized Center of Excellence for Hypertension, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Matthias Barton
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, and Andreas Grüntzig Foundation, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Neeraj Dhaun
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Damiano Rizzoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia and Division of Medicine, Istituto Clinico Città di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Teresa M Seccia
- Emergency Medicine Unit and European Society of Hypertension Specialized Center of Excellence for Hypertension, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
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Huang J, Yamashiro Y, Papke CL, Ikeda Y, Lin Y, Patel M, Inagami T, Le VP, Wagenseil JE, Yanagisawa H. Angiotensin-converting enzyme-induced activation of local angiotensin signaling is required for ascending aortic aneurysms in fibulin-4-deficient mice. Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:183ra58, 1-11. [PMID: 23636094 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aortic aneurysms are life-threatening and often associated with defects in connective tissues and mutations in smooth muscle cell (SMC) contractile proteins. Despite recent advances in understanding altered signaling in aneurysms of Marfan syndrome, the underlying mechanisms and options for pharmacological treatment for other forms of aneurysms are still under investigation. We previously showed in mice that deficiency in the fibulin-4 gene in vascular SMCs (Fbln4(SMKO)) leads to loss of the SMC contractile phenotype, hyperproliferation, and ascending aortic aneurysms. We report that abnormal up-regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in SMCs and subsequent activation of angiotensin II (AngII) signaling are involved in the onset of aortic aneurysms in Fbln4(SMKO) mice. In this model, aneurysm formation was completely prevented by inhibition of the AngII pathway with losartan or captopril within a narrow therapeutic window during the first month of life, even though the altered mechanical properties of blood vessel walls were not reversed by the pharmacological treatment. The therapeutic effects of losartan in Fbln4(SMKO) mice do not require the AngII receptor type 2 (Agtr2) but likely require both type 1a (Agtr1a) and 1b (Agtr1b) receptors. The results indicate that fibulin-4 is a vascular matrix component required for regulation of local angiotensin signaling and development and maintenance of the SMC phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148
| | - Yoshito Yamashiro
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148
| | - Christina L Papke
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148
| | - Yuichi Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9050
| | - Yanling Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148
| | - Miteshkumar Patel
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148
| | - Tadashi Inagami
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Victoria P Le
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103-2010
| | - Jessica E Wagenseil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103-2010
| | - Hiromi Yanagisawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148
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Iizuka K, Machida T, Kawaguchi H, Hirafuji M. Pulsatile Mechanical Pressure Promotes Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Expression in Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2008; 22:383-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10557-008-6118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
High dietary fat intake is a major risk factor for the development of obesity, which is frequently associated with diseases such as hypertension and diabetes and thus accelerated atherosclerosis. Angiotensin II and endothelin-1 are powerful growth factors and vasoconstrictors implicated in regulating vascular tone, vascular structure, and inflammation. Reduced bioactivity of nitric oxide and increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been associated with obesity and high dietary fat intake. This article reviews the effects of high-fat diet on vascular functional changes in rodents and humans. Changes include alterations in vasoconstrictor function and receptor expression, and modulators of endothelium-dependent vascular tone (eg, nitric oxide- or endothelium-dependent contracting factor-mediated responses). Novel vasodilator effects of ROS and the anatomic heterogeneity of vascular responses are discussed. The beneficial effects of vasoactive mediators on vascular function could play a role for susceptibility to obesity-dependent hypertension, which is present in many, but not all, obese patients.
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Inoue T, Yokoyoma T, Koike H. CS-088, an angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist, ameliorated the impaired blood flow in the optic nerve head of rabbits. Ophthalmic Res 2003; 35:351-4. [PMID: 14688427 DOI: 10.1159/000074076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2003] [Accepted: 09/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of CS-088, an angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist, on optic nerve head (ONH) circulation was investigated in anesthetized rabbits. ONH blood flow was measured for 3 h using laser Doppler flowmetry. ONH blood flow disturbance was induced by intravenous injection of endothelin-1. Blood flow was decreased by 30%; this decrease was reversed by the injection of CS-088. A single injection of CS-088, however, did not alter the baseline ONH blood flow. It is concluded that CS-088 can have a beneficial effect on disturbed ONH blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Inoue
- Pharmacology and Molecular Biology Research Laboratories, Sankyo Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan.
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Elmarakby AA, Morsing P, Pollock DM. Enalapril attenuates endothelin-1-induced hypertension via increased kinin survival. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 284:H1899-903. [PMID: 12574005 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00027.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors attenuate endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced hypertension, but the mechanisms for this effect have not been clarified. Initial experiments were conducted to contrast the effect of the ACE inhibitor enalapril, the combined ACE-neutral endopeptidase inhibitor omapatrilat, and the angiotensin II receptor antagonist candesartan on the hypertensive and renal response to ET-1 in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Acute intravenous infusion of ET-1 (10 pmol x kg(-1) x min(-1)) for 60 min significantly increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 125 +/- 8 to 145 +/- 8 mmHg (P < 0.05) and significantly decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from 0.31 +/- 0.09 to 0.13 +/- 0.05 ml x min(-1) x 100 g kidney wt(-1). Pretreatment with enalapril (10 mg/kg iv) before ET-1 infusion inhibited the increase in MAP (121 +/- 4 vs. 126 +/- 4 mmHg) before and during ET-1 infusion, respectively (P < 0.05) without blocking the effect of ET-1 on GFR. In contrast, neither omapatrilat (30 mg/kg) nor candesartan (10 mg/kg) had any effect on ET-1-induced increases in MAP or decreases in GFR. To determine whether the effect of enalapril was due to the decrease in angiotensin II or increase in kinin formation, rats were given REF-000359 (1 mg/kg iv), a selective B(2) receptor antagonist, with or without enalapril before ET-1 infusion. REF-000359 completely blocked the effect of enalapril on ET-1 infusion (MAP was 117 +/- 5 vs. 135 +/- 5 mmHg before and during ET-1 infusion, respectively, P < 0.05). REF-000359 alone had no effect on the response to ET-1 infusion (MAP was 117 +/- 4 vs. 144 +/- 4 mmHg before and during ET-1 infusion, respectively, P < 0.05). REF-000359 with or without enalapril had no significant effect on the ability of ET-1 infusion to decrease GFR. These findings support the hypothesis that decreased catabolism of bradykinin and its subsequent vasodilator activity oppose the actions of ET-1 to increase MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Elmarakby
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912, USA
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Beaucage P, Yamaguchi N, Larivière R, Moreau P. Heterogeneity in the acute control of vascular protein synthesis in vivo. J Vasc Res 2003; 40:123-31. [PMID: 12808348 DOI: 10.1159/000070709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2002] [Accepted: 12/13/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to both hemodynamic and neurohumoral changes, the cardiovascular system remodels and this process could contribute to end organ damage. The aim of this study was to determine the early in vivo interactions between 3 systems known to contribute to vascular hypertrophic remodeling, in conduit and resistance arteries. Exogenous angiotensin II, norepinephrine and endothelin 1 administration elevated protein synthesis in the aorta and in small mesenteric arteries. In small arteries, the effect of angiotensin II was blocked by angiotensin II type 1, alpha-adrenergic and endothelin receptor antagonists, while only the alpha-adrenergic and endothelin receptor antagonists inhibited the effect of norepinephrine. Moreover, only the endothelin receptor antagonist significantly blunted the effect of exogenous endothelin on protein synthesis. In the aorta, the stimulation of angiotensin II on protein synthesis was also inhibited by the 3 antagonists. However, only the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist blunted the response to norepinephrine, and the 3 antagonists prevented the endothelin-induced elevation of protein synthesis. The blood pressure effects of the drugs did not correlate with their capacity to stimulate or inhibit vascular protein synthesis. In conclusion, interactions in the control of protein synthesis are heterogeneous along the vascular tree. In small arteries, the interaction is linear with endothelin as the downstream effector. In the aorta, the local sympathetic nervous system appears to control protein synthesis. The heterogeneity in downstream effectors should be considered in studies investigating signaling events related to protein synthesis, which is used as an early marker of hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Beaucage
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Barton M, Carmona R, Morawietz H, d'Uscio LV, Goettsch W, Hillen H, Haudenschild CC, Krieger JE, Münter K, Lattmann T, Lüscher TF, Shaw S. Obesity is associated with tissue-specific activation of renal angiotensin-converting enzyme in vivo: evidence for a regulatory role of endothelin. Hypertension 2000; 35:329-36. [PMID: 10642320 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.35.1.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In the C57BL/6J mice model, we investigated whether obesity affects the function or expression of components of the tissue renin-angiotensin system and whether endothelin (ET)-1 contributes to these changes. ACE activity (nmol. L His-Leu. mg protein(-1)) was measured in lung, kidney, and liver in control (receiving standard chow) and obese animals treated for 30 weeks with a high-fat, low cholesterol diet alone or in combination with LU135252, an orally active ET(A) receptor antagonist. ACE mRNA expression was measured in the kidney, and the effects of LU135252 on purified human ACE were determined. Aortic and renal tissue ET-1 protein content was measured, and the vascular contractility to angiotensin II was assessed. Obesity was associated with a tissue-specific increase in ACE activity in the kidney (55+/-4 versus 33+/-3 nmol/L) but not in the lung (34+/-2 versus 32+/-2 nmol/L). Long-term LU135252 treatment completely prevented this activation (13.3+/-0.3 versus 55+/-4 nmol/L, P<0.05) independent of ACE mRNA expression, body weight, or renal ET-1 protein but did not affect pulmonary or hepatic ACE activity. Obesity potentiated contractions in response to angiotensin II in the aorta (from 6+/-2% to 33+/-5% KCl) but not in the carotid artery (4+/-1% to 3.6+/-1% KCl), an effect that was completely prevented with LU135252 treatment (6+/-0.4% versus 33+/-5% KCl). No effect of LU135252 on purified ACE was observed. Thus, obesity is associated with the activation of renal ACE in vivo independent of its mRNA expression and enhanced vascular contractility to angiotensin II. These effects are regulated by ET in an organ-specific manner, providing novel mechanisms by which ET antagonists may exert organ protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barton
- Cardiology Section, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, and Cardiovascular Research Laborator, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Switzerland.matthiasbarton@compuser ve.com
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Kurbel S, Kurbel B, Zanić-Matanić D. Minoxidil and male-pattern alopecia: a potential role for a local regulator of sebum secretion with vasoconstrictive effects? Med Hypotheses 1999; 53:402-6. [PMID: 10616041 DOI: 10.1054/mehy.1998.0793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the hair cycle takes place at the pilo-sebaceous unit with the sebaceous gland as a sex hormone-dependent part. Although minoxidil stimulates proliferation of follicular cells and activation of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-1, it was suggested that other mechanisms, such as an increase in the local blood flow, might mediate the drug effect on hair growth. If that is the case, it is possible that minoxidil counteracts some vasoconstrictive mediator of male-pattern alopecia. This hypothetical vasoconstrictive mediator X would have to meet some criteria: (I) vasoconstriction both in the general circulation and in the hair-growing skin; (II) local vasoconstrictive activity in the hair growing skin should be related to the circulating testosterone level; (III) only an increase in the local mediator X activity causes male-pattern alopecia, since hypertensive patients are not balder than expected. The sebaceous gland is a possible place of the mediator X secretion since it is a sex-hormone-dependent part of the pilo-sebaceous unit. ET-1 might be a suitable candidate for the mediator X, since male hormones raise ET-1 plasma levels and female hormones lower them. The speculation presented here is that ET-1, beside vasoconstriction in the general circulation, might also regulate the sebum secretion, by triggering contractions of the myoepithelial cells. This hypothetical mechanism would normally remain confined to the sebaceous gland. During puberty, sex hormones stimulate growth of sebaceous glands in both sexes. In women hypertrophied sebaceous glands under estrogen control would not increase its ET-1 content, while in men, testosterone would increase ET-1 secretion that might affect the neighboring arterioles. Induced vasoconstriction might reduce the hair growth and promote hair loss. If ET-1 plays the described role, then an ET-1 antagonist, i.e. bosentane, should also have some hair-growing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kurbel
- Department of Physiology, Osijek Clinical Hospital, Croatia.
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Maeso R, Rodrigo E, Muñoz-Garcia R, Navarro-Cid J, Ruilope LM, Lahera V, Cachofeiro V. Losartan reduces constrictor responses to endothelin-1 and the thromboxane A2 analogue in aortic rings from spontaneously hypertensive rats: role of nitric oxide. J Hypertens 1997; 15:1677-84. [PMID: 9488222 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-199715120-00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our study was designed to investigate whether angiotensin II subtype 1 (AT1) receptors are involved in the constrictor responses evoked by endothelin-1 and the thromboxane A2 analogue U46619 in aortic rings from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), by studying the effect of the AT1 receptor antagonist losartan. In addition, since nitric oxide seems to participate in the mechanism of action of losartan, we studied the effect of the nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), on the action of losartan. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dose-response curves of either endothelin-1 (10(-10) to 10(-7) mol/l) or U46619 (10(-10) to 10(-6) mol/l) were studied in the presence or absence of losartan (10(-5) mol/l) in aortic rings from SHR. Likewise, similar experiments were done in aortic rings pretreated with the nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor, L-NAME (10(-4) mol/l). RESULTS Pre-incubation with losartan significantly reduced the contractile response to endothelin-1 compared with control rings, without modifying the value represented by 50% of the maximal response (pD2). The concentration-response curve to U46619 was shifted to the right in the presence of losartan, reducing the pD2 compared with control rings. The presence of captopril (10(-5) mol/l) in the incubation media did not alter the response to either endothelin-1 or U46619. The diminished response to both endothelin-1 and U46619 in the presence of losartan was reversed in L-NAME-pretreated rings. CONCLUSIONS Angiotensin II seems to participate in the vasoconstriction induced by both endothelin-1 and the thromboxane A2 analogue through the stimulation of AT1 receptors in SHR aortic rings, because losartan inhibited this effect. Moreover, nitric oxide appears to be involved in this action of losartan.
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MESH Headings
- 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacology
- Aorta, Thoracic/cytology
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelin-1/pharmacology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Losartan/pharmacology
- Male
- NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred SHR
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2
- Receptors, Angiotensin/drug effects
- Receptors, Angiotensin/physiology
- Thromboxane A2/analogs & derivatives
- Thromboxane A2/pharmacology
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- R Maeso
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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