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Li J, Liu Q, Liu J, Wu X, Lei Y, Li S, Zhao D, Li Z, Luo L, Peng S, Ou Y, Yang H, Jin J, Li Y, Peng Y. An mRNA-based rabies vaccine induces strong protective immune responses in mice and dogs. Virol J 2022; 19:184. [PMID: 36371169 PMCID: PMC9652961 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01919-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRabies is a lethal zoonotic disease that is mainly caused by the rabies virus (RABV). Although effective vaccines have long existed, current vaccines take both time and cost to produce. Messenger RNA (mRNA) technology is an emergent vaccine platform that supports rapid vaccine development on a large scale. Here, an optimized mRNA vaccine construct (LVRNA001) expressing rabies virus glycoprotein (RABV-G) was developed in vitro and then evaluated in vivo for its immunogenicity and protective capacity in mice and dogs. LVRNA001 induced neutralizing antibody production and a strong Th1 cellular immune response in mice. In both mice and dogs, LVRNA001 provided protection against challenge with 50-fold lethal dose 50 (LD50) of RABV. With regards to protective efficiency, an extended dosing interval (14 days) induced greater antibody production than 3- or 7-day intervals in mice. Finally, post-exposure immunization against RABV was performed to evaluate the survival rates of dogs receiving two 25 μg doses of LVRNA001 vs. five doses of inactivated vaccine over the course of three months. Survival rate in the LVRNA001 group was 100%, whereas survival rate in the inactivated vaccine control group was only 33.33%. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that LVRNA001 induced strong protective immune responses in mice and dogs, which provides a new and promising prophylactic strategy for rabies.
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Luo DS, Zhou ZJ, Ge XY, Bourhy H, Shi ZL, Grandadam M, Dacheux L. Genome Characterization of Bird-Related Rhabdoviruses Circulating in Africa. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112168. [PMID: 34834974 PMCID: PMC8622386 DOI: 10.3390/v13112168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdoviridae is the most diverse family of the negative, single-stranded RNA viruses, which includes 40 ecologically different genera that infect plants, insects, reptiles, fishes, and mammals, including humans, and birds. To date, only a few bird-related rhabdoviruses among the genera Sunrhavirus, Hapavirus, and Tupavirus have been described and analyzed at the molecular level. In this study, we characterized seven additional and previously unclassified rhabdoviruses, which were isolated from various bird species collected in Africa during the 1960s and 1970s. Based on the analysis of their genome sequences obtained by next generation sequencing, we observed a classical genomic structure, with the presence of the five canonical rhabdovirus genes, i.e., nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G), and polymerase (L). In addition, different additional open reading frames which code putative proteins of unknown function were identified, with the common presence of the C and the SH proteins, within the P gene and between the M and G genes, respectively. Genetic comparisons and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that these seven bird-related rhabdoviruses could be considered as putative new species within the genus Sunrhavirus, where they clustered into a single group (named Clade III), a companion to two other groups that encompass mainly insect-related viruses. The results of this study shed light on the high diversity of the rhabdoviruses circulating in birds, mainly in Africa. Their close relationship with other insect-related sunrhaviruses raise questions about their potential role and impact as arboviruses that affect bird communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sheng Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (D.-S.L.); (Z.-L.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Zhi-Jian Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; (Z.-J.Z.); (X.-Y.G.)
| | - Xing-Yi Ge
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; (Z.-J.Z.); (X.-Y.G.)
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (D.-S.L.); (Z.-L.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Marc Grandadam
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Bretigny-sur-Orge, France;
- National Reference Center for Arboviruses, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Dacheux
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-140613303
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Liu SQ, Gao X, Xie Y, Wang Q, Zhu WY. Rabies viruses of different virulence regulates inflammatory responses both in vivo and in vitro via MAPK and NF-κB pathway. Mol Immunol 2020; 125:70-82. [PMID: 32652362 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses and central nervous system dysfunction are two main factors to be considered during rabies virus (RABV) infection. However, the mechanisms by which RABV strains of different virulence regulate with chemokine expression and the signaling pathways responsible for the immune responses in the terminal stage of infection both in vivo and in vitro have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we found low expression levels of proinflammatory chemokines in the mouse brain upon infection with street RABV strains (CXZ17 and HN10) at the late stage of infection. We also examined the difference in inflammatory response upon infection with RABV strains of different virulence in a mouse model. We found that the expression of proinflammatory chemokines increased to a varying degree upon infection with street RABV (CXZ17 and HN10) or laboratory-fixed RABV (CVS-11, aG, and CTN); CXCL10, CCL5, and CCL2 were the most significantly upregulated chemokines in brain tissue and microglial BV-2 cells in response to infection with RABV strains of different virulence. Our data also demonstrate significant activation of the MAPK and NF-κB pathways in mouse brain tissue at the late stage of RABV infection. We also found (i) low phosphorylation signals of MAPK and NF-κB p65 in neuronal cells upon infection with CXZ17 and HN10 in the mouse brain and (ii) strong phosphorylation signals in cerebrovascular endothelial cells and neuronal cells upon CTN or aG infection. Moreover, we quantified the nuclear localization status of MAPK signals and NF-κB p65 upon infection with CVS-11, aG, and CTN in BV-2 cells in vitro. We also found (i) that the activation of the p38, ERK1/2, and NF-κB p65 pathway, which stimulates CXCL10, CCL5, and CCL2 expression upon infection with RABV strains of different virulence (aG, CTN, and CVS-11), is triggered after virus entry into BV-2 cells and (ii) that the expression of CXCL10, CCL5, and CCL2 is required for the activation of NF-κB, p38, and ERK1/2, but not JNK. Overall, our study provides insight into the regulation of inflammatory responses mediated by MAPK and NF-κB in the mouse brain and in microglial cells upon RABV infection of different virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Xin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China; Pathogenic Microbiology Institute, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China
| | - Yuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China; College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wu Yang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Status of antiviral therapeutics against rabies virus and related emerging lyssaviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 35:1-13. [PMID: 30753961 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) constitutes a major social and economic burden associated with 60 000 deaths annually worldwide. Although pre-exposure and post-exposure treatment options are available, they are efficacious only when initiated before the onset of clinical symptoms. Aggravating the problem, the current RABV vaccine does not cross-protect against the emerging zoonotic phylogroup II lyssaviruses. A requirement for an uninterrupted cold chain and high cost of the immunoglobulin component of rabies prophylaxis generate an unmet need for the development of RABV-specific antivirals. We discuss desirable anti-RABV drug profiles, past efforts to address the problem and inhibitor candidates identified, and examine how the rapidly expanding structural insight into RABV protein organization has illuminated novel druggable target candidates and paved the way to structure-aided drug optimization. Special emphasis is given to the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex as a promising target for direct-acting broad-spectrum RABV inhibitors.
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Australian bat lyssavirus infection in two horses. Vet Microbiol 2014; 173:224-31. [PMID: 25195190 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In May 2013, the first cases of Australian bat lyssavirus infections in domestic animals were identified in Australia. Two horses (filly-H1 and gelding-H2) were infected with the Yellow-bellied sheathtail bat (YBST) variant of Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV). The horses presented with neurological signs, pyrexia and progressing ataxia. Intra-cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Negri bodies) were detected in some Purkinje neurons in haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained sections from the brain of one of the two infected horses (H2) by histological examination. A morphological diagnosis of sub-acute moderate non-suppurative, predominantly angiocentric, meningo-encephalomyelitis of viral aetiology was made. The presumptive diagnosis of ABLV infection was confirmed by the positive testing of the affected brain tissue from (H2) in a range of laboratory tests including fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and real-time PCR targeting the nucleocapsid (N) gene. Retrospective testing of the oral swab from (H1) in the real-time PCR also returned a positive result. The FAT and immunohistochemistry (IHC) revealed an abundance of ABLV antigen throughout the examined brain sections. ABLV was isolated from the brain (H2) and oral swab/saliva (H1) in the neuroblastoma cell line (MNA). Alignment of the genome sequence revealed a 97.7% identity with the YBST ABLV strain.
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Abstract
Recently, 11 cases of animal rabies were reported in the southern region (Suwon and Hwaseong cities) of Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. The cases were temporally separated into two cases in dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) in spring 2012 and nine cases in domestic animals and wildlife in winter 2012-13. All carcasses were submitted for histopathologic examination and viral antigen identification. Sequences of the glycoprotein, nucleoprotein, and glycoprotein-large polymerase protein intergenic noncoding loci of the 11 strains were determined and compared with published reference sequences. All rabies strains were closely related to the Gangwon strains isolated in 2008-09, suggesting that the rabies virus strains isolated in Gyeonggi were introduced from Gangwon Province.
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Zhao P, Yang Y, Feng H, Zhao L, Qin J, Zhang T, Wang H, Yang S, Xia X. Global gene expression changes in BV2 microglial cell line during rabies virus infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 20:257-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Oem JK, Kim SH, Kim YH, Lee MH, Lee KK. Complete genome sequences of three rabies viruses isolated from rabid raccoon dogs and a cow in Korea. Virus Genes 2013; 47:563-8. [PMID: 23975690 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-0923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The complete genomes of three rabies viruses (BD0406CC, BV9901PJ, and 08F40) of two raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis) and a cow were determined. The genomic organization is typical of rabies viruses, and the open reading frames of the N, P, M, G, and L genes are 1,353, 894, 609, 1,575, and 6,384 bases in length, respectively. The full genome length of the three strains was 11,928 nucleotides, and the sequence similarity between the rabies viruses at the nucleotide level was 98.5-99.5%. Sequence comparisons indicated that these rabies viruses belong to the "Arctic and Arctic-like" group, with high homology to the Eurasian cluster. All Korean strains were clustered with the Mongolia strains, which belong to Arctic-like 1 clade. The 08F40 and BD0406CC strains were constructed with rabies virus strains isolated in Gangwon province. The BV9901PJ strain was closely related to strains isolated in Gyeonggi province in Korea. Three strains were more dependent upon geographical distribution and time period than host species. Complete genome sequencing of different host-origin rabies viruses will provide information that should contribute to understanding the transmission cycle and genetic variability of rabies from different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ku Oem
- Viral Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, 480 Anyang-6-Dong, Anyang, 430-824, Republic of Korea
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Zhao P, Zhao L, Zhang K, Feng H, Wang H, Wang T, Xu T, Feng N, Wang C, Gao Y, Huang G, Qin C, Yang S, Xia X. Infection with street strain rabies virus induces modulation of the microRNA profile of the mouse brain. Virol J 2012; 9:159. [PMID: 22882874 PMCID: PMC3549733 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies virus (RABV) causes a fatal infection of the central nervous systems (CNS) of warm-blooded animals. Once the clinical symptoms develop, rabies is almost invariably fatal. The mechanism of RABV pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Recent studies have shown that microRNA (miRNA) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of viral infections. Our recent findings have revealed that infection with laboratory-fixed rabies virus strain can induce modulation of the microRNA profile of mouse brains. However, no previous report has evaluated the miRNA expression profile of mouse brains infected with RABV street strain. Results The results of microarray analysis show that miRNA expression becomes modulated in the brains of mice infected with street RABV. Quantitative real-time PCR assay of the differentially expressed miRNAs confirmed the results of microarray assay. Functional analysis showed the differentially expressed miRNAs to be involved in many immune-related signaling pathways, such as the Jak-STAT signaling pathway, the MAPK signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, and Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis. The predicted expression levels of the target genes of these modulated miRNAs were found to be correlated with gene expression as measured by DNA microarray and qRT-PCR. Conclusion RABV causes significant changes in the miRNA expression profiles of infected mouse brains. Predicted target genes of the differentially expression miRNAs are associated with host immune response, which may provide important information for investigation of RABV pathogenesis and therapeutic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingsen Zhao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
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Zhao P, Zhao L, Zhang T, Qi Y, Wang T, Liu K, Wang H, Feng H, Jin H, Qin C, Yang S, Xia X. Innate immune response gene expression profiles in central nervous system of mice infected with rabies virus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 34:503-12. [PMID: 22005334 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study was focused on the modulation of innate immune response genes in CNS of mouse in response to rabies virus (RABV) infection. The global gene expression changes in brains of RABV- or mock-infected mice were investigated using DNA microarray analysis and quantitative real-time PCR. Then functional enrichment of the differentially expressed mRNAs was performed. Microarray analysis showed that 390 genes in brain were significantly (P<0.01) regulated in response to RABV infection, with obviously up-regulated genes like interferon (IFN) stimulated genes (ISGs), IFN inducible transcription factors, cytokines and complement, etc. The significant pathways of differentially expressed genes are mainly involved in JAK-STAT signaling pathway, antigen processing and presentation, ubiquitin mediated proteolysis and complement cascades. The results suggest that the modulated genes in infected CNS were possibly involved in pathogenesis of rabies. Conversely, they may have protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingsen Zhao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
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11
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Zhao P, Zhao L, Zhang T, Wang H, Qin C, Yang S, Xia X. Changes in microRNA expression induced by rabies virus infection in mouse brains. Microb Pathog 2011; 52:47-54. [PMID: 22015383 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA (≈ 22 nt) molecules expressed endogenously in cells. They are involved in the regulation of gene expression. Recently, evidence has shown that cellular miRNAs have key regulatory roles in virus-host interactions. The rabies virus (RABV) causes a fatal infection of the central nervous systems (CNS) of warm-blooded animals, yet its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. To gain more insight into the pathogenesis of RABV, a miRNA microarray was performed as part of an investigation of changes in host miRNA expression in the brains of mice infected with RABV. The results showed that RABV infection induced modulation of the expression of sixteen miRNA molecules. These data were verified by real-time PCR. Functional analysis showed the differentially expressed miRNAs to be involved in many immune-related signaling pathways, such as the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, JAK-STAT signaling pathway, chemokine signaling pathway, T-cell receptor signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, leukocyte transendothelial migration, and natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity. The predicted expression levels of the target genes of these modulated miRNAs correlated with measurements of gene expression measured by DNA microarray and qRT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingsen Zhao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, PR China.
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Matta G, Nociti D, Carvalho A, Samara S, Ito F, Sakai T, Itou T, Sato G, Kobayashi Y, Mochizuki N. CARACTERIZAÇÃO GENÉTICA E DISTRIBUIÇÃO GEOGRÁFICA DO VÍRUS RÁBICO ISOLADO DE BOVINOS NO ESTADO DE MATO GROSSO, BRASIL. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657v77p0192010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Foram caracterizados, geneticamente e geograficamente, o sequenciamento parcial da nucleoproteína (gene N) de 53 isolados do vírus da raiva (VR) originários do Estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Os isolados de bovinos, que se encontravam no grupo do VR relacionado a morcegos hematófagos, foram posteriormente subdivididos em sete subgrupos genéticos. Estes subgrupos foram distribuídos em regiões de terras planas, com alguns subgrupos separados por formações de pequenas montanhas e hidrografia. Estes resultados indicam que a raiva em bovinos é derivada de diversas variantes regionalmente definidas, o que sugere que sua distribuição geográfica está relacionada as populações de morcegos hematófagos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - F.H Ito
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
| | - T Sakai
- Universidade de Nihon, Japão
| | - T Itou
- Universidade de Nihon, Japão
| | - G Sato
- Universidade de Nihon, Japão
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Houimel M, Dellagi K. Peptide mimotopes of rabies virus glycoprotein with immunogenic activity. Vaccine 2009; 27:4648-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV), first identified in 1996, has been associated with two human fatalities. ABLV is genetically and serologically distinct from, but is closely related to, classical rabies. It has a bullet-shaped morphology by electron microscopy. There are two strains of ABLV known: one circulates in frugivorous bats, sub-order Megachiroptera, and the other circulates in the smaller, mainly insectivorous bats, sub-order Microchiroptera. Each strain has been associated with one human fatality. Surveillance indicates infected bats are widespread at a low frequency on the Australian mainland. It is unclear how long ABLV has been present in Australia, although molecular clock studies suggest the two strains separated 950 or 1,700 years ago based on synonymous or non-synonymous nucleotide changes, respectively. Recent serological surveys suggest a closely related virus may exist in the Philippines. Due to demonstrated cross-protection in mice, rabies vaccine is used to prevent infection. Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) protocols have been adopted for when a human is scratched or bitten by a suspect bat. A long-term commitment to public health programs that test bats that have been involved in scratch or bite incidents, followed by PEP if appropriate, will be necessary to minimise further human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Warrilow
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Queensland Health Scientific Services, 39 Kessels Rd, 4108 Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.
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Hyun BH, Lee KK, Kim IJ, Lee KW, Park HJ, Lee OS, An SH, Lee JB. Molecular epidemiology of rabies virus isolates from South Korea. Virus Res 2005; 114:113-25. [PMID: 16051390 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Revised: 06/07/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A molecular epidemiological study was performed on 13 Korean virus isolates, which were collected from wild and domestic animals diagnosed as rabid between 1998 and 2004. Seven samples were from domestic animals such as dogs and cattle infected by rabid raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis), and the rest of the six samples were from raccoon dogs in the wild. The study was carried out based on the comparison of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of nucleoprotein (N) and glycoprotein (G) coding regions and nucleotide sequence of the G-L intergenic (Psi) non-coding region of the isolates. The similarities of nucleotide and amino acid sequence were at least 97.8 and 98.5%, respectively, between all Korean isolates. Phylogenetic analyses of the isolate showed that they formed a monophyletic group closely related to the Arctic strains but distant from other Asian strains, including Chinese strains. The fact that the raccoon dog is the main epidemic carrier of rabies in Korea and the results of these studies supported the conclusion of previous studies (Kuzmin et al.) that the raccoon dogs take part in the circulation of rabies virus within their natural territories in the Far East. The Korean isolates can be divided into two subgroups. All the topology of the most likelihood tree of Korean isolates using nucleotide and amino acid sequences of N, G and G-L region reflected not the species but the year of isolation and geographical location of the virus isolates. This study presents the detailed description of the molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Hun Hyun
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Services, 480 Anyang 6 dong, Manan-gu, Anyang, Gyenggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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Warrilow D, Smith IL, Harrower B, Smith GA. Sequence analysis of an isolate from a fatal human infection of Australian bat lyssavirus. Virology 2002; 297:109-19. [PMID: 12083841 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2002.1417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV), which occurs in pteropid and insectivorous bat populations, causes a rabies-like encephalitis in infected humans. We report the first complete sequence of an ABLV isolate obtained from a human who developed symptoms 27 months after being bitten by an infected flying fox. This isolate is the smallest lyssavirus to be sequenced, with a size of 11,918 nucleotides. Analyses of previously unsequenced regions and the complete genome confirm its close relationship with classical rabies viruses. In addition, a leucine zipper-like motif, not present in the other lyssaviruses, was found in the conserved domain I of the polymerase protein. This is the first report of a lyssavirus to vary in an 11-nucleotide, strictly conserved, complementary terminal sequence. This region is thought to encode important cis-acting regulatory signals; ABLV variation indicates a greater degree of flexibility than was thought for lyssaviruses in this region. A comparison of the pteropid and insectivorous isolates of ABLV indicates considerable differences between the two viruses. If the divergence of the two occurred on the Australian mainland, ABLV may have been endemic to Australia well before European colonisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Warrilow
- Queensland Health Scientific Services, Archerfield, Australia.
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Abstract
Recent advances in research into rabies, based on the technological process of the biological sciences mainly molecular biology and genetic engineering, are mentioned. The current knowledge of the characteristics, properties pathogeny and immunology of the rabies views is presented, as well as the development of new diagnostic and vaccine evaluation techniques. The epidemiological importance of the identification of different immunogenic rabies virus strains and the role in immunoprophylaxis of the production of highly immunogenic vaccines, are set out.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Germano
- Departamento de Prática de Saúde Pública da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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Sacramento D, Bourhy H, Tordo N. PCR technique as an alternative method for diagnosis and molecular epidemiology of rabies virus. Mol Cell Probes 1991; 5:229-40. [PMID: 1714538 DOI: 10.1016/0890-8508(91)90045-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the PCR amplification technique of viral nucleic acids as an alternative protocol for diagnosis and epidemiological studies of rabies virus. A primer set mapping in the nucleoprotein cistron allowed a specific and sensitive amplification of infected brain material, fulfilling the diagnosis requirements. One hundred samples checked by Southern or dot-blot analysis using both radioactive and non-radioactive probes showed identical results in parallel with routine techniques. For molecular epidemiological studies we selected another set of conserved primers flanking the highly evolutive pseudogene (psi gene) region. This set was found to be efficient for all tested fixed rabies virus strains or wild rabies virus isolates as well as the rabies-related Mokola virus. We describe a progressive characterization of the strain that could be extended from rapid typing by a limited panel of restriction enzymes, to the ultimate identification of the nucleotide sequence by an original direct sequencing technique of amplified segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sacramento
- Unité de la Rage, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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