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Cojutti PG, Heffernan AJ, Tängdén T, Della Siega P, Tascini C, Roberts JA, Pea F. Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Valganciclovir for Optimizing Preemptive Therapy of Cytomegalovirus Infections in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0166522. [PMID: 36815856 PMCID: PMC10019259 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01665-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model of valganciclovir for preemptive therapy of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in kidney transplant patients. A population PK/PD model was developed with Monolix. Ganciclovir concentrations and CMV viral loads were obtained retrospectively from kidney transplant patients receiving routine clinical care. Ten thousand Monte Carlo simulations were performed with the licensed dosages adjusted for renal function to assess the probability of attaining a viral load target of ≤290 and ≤137 IU/mL. Fifty-seven patients provided 343 ganciclovir concentrations and 328 CMV viral loads for PK/PD modeling. A one-compartment pharmacokinetic model coupled with an indirect viral turnover growth model with stimulation of viral degradation pharmacodynamic model was devised. Simulations showed that 1- and 2-log10 reduction of CMV viral load mostly occurred between a median of 5 to 6 and 12 to 16 days, respectively. The licensed dosages achieved a probability of reaching the viral load target ≥90% at days 35 to 49 and 42 to 56 for the thresholds of ≤290 and ≤137 IU/mL, respectively. Simulations indicate that in patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 10 to 24 mL/min/1.73m2, a dose increase to 450 mg every 36 h may reduce time to optimal viral load target to days 42 and 49 from a previous time of 49 and 56 days for the thresholds of ≤290 and ≤137 IU/mL, respectively. Currently licensed dosages of valganciclovir for preemptive therapy of CMV infection may achieve a viral load reduction within the first 2 weeks, but treatment should continue for ≥35 days to ensure viral load suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giorgio Cojutti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Aaron J. Heffernan
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Tängdén
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paola Della Siega
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital of Udine, ASUFC, Udine, Italy
| | - Carlo Tascini
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital of Udine, ASUFC, Udine, Italy
| | - Jason A. Roberts
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Herston Infectious Diseases Institute (HeIDI), Metro North Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Division of Anaesthesiology Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nîmes, France
| | - Federico Pea
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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2
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Abstract
Ganciclovir is synthetic nucleoside analog of guanine closely related to acyclovir but has greater activity against cytomegalovirus. This comprehensive profile on ganciclovir starts with a description of the drug: nomenclature, formulae, chemical structure, elemental composition, and appearance. The uses and application of the drug are explained. The methods that were used for the preparation of ganciclovir are described and their respective schemes are outlined. The methods which were used for the physical characterization of the dug are: ionization constant, solubility, X-ray powder diffraction pattern, crystal structure, melting point, and differential scanning calorimetry. The chapter contains the spectra of the drug: ultraviolet spectrum, vibrational spectrum, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, and the mass spectrum. The compendial methods of analysis of ganciclovir include the United States Pharmacopeia methods. Other methods of analysis that were reported in the literature include: high-performance liquid chromatography alone or with mass spectrometry, electrophoresis, spectrophotometry, voltammetry, chemiluminescence, and radioimmunoassay. Biological investigation on the drug includes: pharmacokinetics, metabolism, bioavailability, and biological analysis. Reviews on the methods used for preparation or for analysis of the drug are provided. The stability of the drug in various media and storage conditions is reported. More than 240 references are listed at the end of the chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Al-Badr
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq D S Ajarim
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Valganciclovir Pharmacokinetics in Patients Receiving Oral Prophylaxis Following Kidney Transplantation and Model-Based Predictions of Optimal Dosing Regimens. Clin Pharmacokinet 2018; 57:1399-1405. [DOI: 10.1007/s40262-018-0638-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Shetti NP, Malode SJ, Nandibewoor ST. Electrochemical behavior of an antiviral drug acyclovir at fullerene-C(60)-modified glassy carbon electrode. Bioelectrochemistry 2012; 88:76-83. [PMID: 22796504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation of acyclovir at fullerene-C(60)-modified glassy carbon electrode has been investigated using cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. In pH 7.4 phosphate buffer, acyclovir showed an irreversible oxidation peak at about 0.96V. The cyclic voltammetric results showed that fullerene-C(60)-modified glassy carbon electrode can remarkably enhance electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of acyclovir. The electrocatalytic behavior was further exploited as a sensitive detection scheme for the acyclovir determination by differential pulse voltammetry. Effects of anodic peak potential (E(p)/V), anodic peak current (I(p)/μA) and heterogeneous rate constant (k(0)) have been discussed. Under optimized conditions, the concentration range and detection limit were 9.0×10(-8) to 6.0×10(-6)M and 1.48×10(-8)M, respectively. The proposed method was applied to acyclovir determination in pharmaceutical samples and human biological fluids such as urine and blood plasma as a real sample. This method can also be employed in quality control and routine determination of drugs in pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraj P Shetti
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, K.L.E. Society's K.L.E. Institute of Technology, Hubli 580 030, India
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5
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Ramesh PJ, Basavaiah K, Xavier CM, Prashanth KN, Raghu MS, Vinay KB. Titrimetric and Spectrophotometric Assay of Ganciclovir in Pharmaceuticals Using Cerium(IV) Sulphate as the Oxidimetric Agent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/818405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Titrimetric and spectrophotometric assay of ganciclovir (GNC) is described using cerium(IV) sulphate as the oxidimetric reagent. The methods are based on the oxidation of GNC with a measured excess of cerium(IV) sulphate in acid medium followed by determination of the unreacted oxidant by two different reaction schemes. In titrimetry, the unreacted oxidant was determined by back titration with ferrous ammonium sulphate (FAS) in sulphuric acid medium, and spectrophotometry involves the reaction of residual cerium(IV) with p-DMAB to form brownish-coloured p-dimethylamino quinoneimine whose absorbance was measured at 460 nm. In both methods, the amount of cerium(IV) sulphate reacted corresponds to GNC concentration. Titrimetry is applicable over 3–10 mg range where as, in spcetrophotometry, the calibration graph is linear over the range of 2–10 μg mL−1 and the calculated molar absorptivity value is L mol−1 cm−1. The validity of the proposed methods was tested by analyzing pure and dosage forms containing GNC. Statistical treatment of the results reflects that the proposed procedures are precise, accurate, and easily applicable for the determination of GNC pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavagada J. Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570 006, India
| | - Kanakapura Basavaiah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570 006, India
| | - Cijo M. Xavier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570 006, India
| | - Kudige N. Prashanth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570 006, India
| | - Madihalli S. Raghu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570 006, India
| | - Kanakapura B. Vinay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570 006, India
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Simultaneous determination of aciclovir, ganciclovir, and penciclovir in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 867:270-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2007] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Kajiwara E, Kawano K, Hattori Y, Fukushima M, Hayashi K, Maitani Y. Long-circulating liposome-encapsulated ganciclovir enhances the efficacy of HSV-TK suicide gene therapy. J Control Release 2007; 120:104-10. [PMID: 17509714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2006] [Revised: 03/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To enhance the efficacy of ganciclovir/herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (GCV/HSV-TK) suicide gene therapy for nasopharyngeal cancer KB, we developed long-circulating liposome-encapsulated GCV, and evaluated cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. PEGylated liposome-encapsulated GCV (PEG-GCV-lipo) was prepared by the freeze-thawing method. In vitro experiments demonstrated that GCV from liposomes was gradually released over a period of 3 days. The in vitro cytotoxicity of PEG-GCV-lipo was similar to that of GCV solution in human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells expressing HSV-TK. Pharmacokinetics studies in mice showed that, compared with GCV solution, intravenous and intraperitoneal injection of PEG-GCV-lipo (10 mg/kg) led to long circulation in plasma; the area under the curve was 36-fold or 32-fold higher than that of GCV solution, respectively. In GCV/HSV-TK suicide gene therapy, the HSV-TK gene complexed with nanoparticle vector was directly injected into KB xenografts, and PEG-GCV-lipo or GCV solution was injected intravenously in mice once a day (25 mg/kg/day every 2nd day, 4 times). PEG-GCV-lipo was significantly 3-fold more effective than GCV solution in inhibiting tumor growth and produced durable complete tumor remissions on day 11 after injection. These findings demonstrate that long-circulating liposome-encapsulated GCV is a new approach to drug carriers to enhance the efficacy of suicide gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Kajiwara
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Stagni G, Ali ME, Weng D. Pharmacokinetics of acyclovir in rabbit skin after i.v.-bolus, ointment, and iontophoretic administrations. Int J Pharm 2004; 274:201-11. [PMID: 15072796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2003] [Revised: 12/16/2003] [Accepted: 01/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the pharmacokinetics of acyclovir (ACV) in skin and plasma after iontophoresis, i.v.-bolus, and ointment administrations in rabbit. On five occasions, each separated by at least 1-week washout, rabbits received a 10 mg/kg dose of ACV as i.v.-bolus, ACV iontophoresis for 1 h at different current densities (100, 200, 300 microA/cm2) or a commercially available ointment for two hours. Blood samples were collected serially up to 6 h. Skin ACV concentrations were monitored via microdialysis using linear microdialysis probes (1 cm window). Cathodic iontophoresis was performed using commercially available patches (10 cm2 contact area). Following i.v.-bolus, C(max) in skin occurred with a delay of 38 +/- 4 min compared with plasma. No quantifiable concentration of ACV was detected in the skin on passive drug delivery. Following iontophoresis, skin exposure to ACV was 40, 22, and 11% of that following i.v.-bolus. Conversely, systemic exposure to ACV was negligible and plasma concentrations were below the limit of quantification at any time-point. In skin dialysate, C(max), AUC, and half-life increased with current density. During ointment application, ACV in dermis was detectable only for the first 30 min thereafter ACV skin concentrations were below the LOQ (30 ng/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Stagni
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, 75 DeKalb Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
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9
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Scott JC, Partovi N, Ensom MHH. Ganciclovir in solid organ transplant recipients: is there a role for clinical pharmacokinetic monitoring? Ther Drug Monit 2004; 26:68-77. [PMID: 14749553 DOI: 10.1097/00007691-200402000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The authors use a previously published decision-making algorithm to address the role of clinical pharmacokinetic monitoring of ganciclovir, the drug of choice for prophylaxis and treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in solid organ transplant recipients. Ganciclovir pharmacokinetics have been studied in solid organ transplant recipients with a wide range of peak and trough concentrations reported. Numerous assays are available to measure plasma concentrations of ganciclovir, but no clear correlation has been established between peak or trough concentrations and either efficacy or toxicity of the drug. For patients receiving treatment, the pharmacological response of ganciclovir is assessed initially by clinical response. Monitoring prophylactic therapy in asymptomatic patients poses a greater challenge. Although monitoring of antigenemia or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is not yet part of routine clinical practice, studies have shown a role for these techniques in monitoring response to antiviral therapy. Studies of subpopulations of renal failure patients show a prolonged ganciclovir half-life that requires dosage adjustments. However, ganciclovir clearance is closely correlated with creatinine clearance, which is an appropriate approach to adjusting dosages. Studies in pediatric patients also demonstrate a close correlation between dose per kilogram and AUC, suggesting that monitoring of ganciclovir levels may not be necessary. Based on the evidence presented in this review, routine clinical pharmacokinetic monitoring of ganciclovir does not appear to be warranted in solid organ transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Cates Scott
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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10
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Chu F, Kiang CH, Sung ML, Huang B, Reeve RL, Tarnowski T. A rapid, sensitive HPLC method for the determination of ganciclovir in human plasma and serum. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 21:657-67. [PMID: 10701434 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A method for ganciclovir determination in human serum and plasma has been developed and validated. The method has a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) adequate for sensitive pharmacokinetic studies ( < or = 0.05 microg/ml), has run times of < or = 15 min, and uses aliquot volumes adequate for pediatric studies (0.25 ml). In the method, proteinaceous material in serum or plasma is precipitated by trichloroacetic acid. An aliquot of the supernatant is analyzed by HPLC; automated column switching removes late-eluting materials that might interfere with the analyte peak in subsequent runs. Detection and quantification of ganciclovir is by fluorescence (lambda(ex) = 278 nm; lambda(em) = 380 nm). The method has a validated range of 0.0400-4.00 microg/ml and an LLOQ of 0.0400 microg/ml. All intra- and inter-assay % C.V. values were < 8%; all recoveries (accuracy) were within 7% of nominal values. No interference was observed by mycophenolic acid or its glucuronide metabolite, by AZT, salicylic acid, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen prednisone, acyclovir, or cyclosporine. Ganciclovir is very stable in the samples and the extract during storage and sample processing. Both serum and plasma methods have been validated for use and have been successfully used to analyze samples from clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chu
- Roche Bioscience, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Engelmann C, Panis Y, Bolard J, Diquet B, Fabre M, Nagy H, Soubrane O, Houssin D, Klatzmann D. Liposomal encapsulation of ganciclovir enhances the efficacy of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase suicide gene therapy against hepatic tumors in rats. Hum Gene Ther 1999; 10:1545-51. [PMID: 10395379 DOI: 10.1089/10430349950017879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Suicide gene therapy based on ganciclovir (GCV) metabolism by transgene herpes simplex thymidine kinase (HSV-1 TK) has been used to selectively kill proliferating cells in clinical settings such as cancer, vascular restenosis, and immunological disorders. We investigated whether encapsulation of ganciclovir (GCV) into liposomes would improve its efficacy, especially against hepatic tumors. Large unilamellar liposomes containing GCV were prepared by reversed-phase evaporation. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats showed that, compared with free GCV, the intravenous injection of liposome-encapsulated GCV (lip-GCV) led to a faster decrease in GCV plasma concentrations, but higher liver-blood ratios. After treatment of syngeneic HSV-1 TK+ liver metastases in rats, histologically active tumors were found in 95% of the transplanted lesions when physiological saline had been given and in 50% when free GCV had been given at 90.2 microM/kg twice daily. This dose is known to be insufficient for the eradication of HSV-1 TK+ tumors. In contrast, only 5% viable tumors were found in rats receiving lip-GCV at this same concentration. Average tumor volumes were 19 +/- 15, 7 +/- 9, and <1 mm3 for the control, free GCV, and lip-GCV groups, respectively. GCV-related toxicity was no longer observed. The results demonstrate that liposomal encapsulation of GCV is feasible and significantly enhances its efficacy against HSV-1 TK+ hepatic tumors.
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Campanero MA, Sadaba B, García-Quetglas E, Azanza JR. Development and validation of a sensitive method for the determination of ganciclovir in human plasma samples by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 706:311-7. [PMID: 9551818 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00666-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive, specific liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of therapeutic levels of ganciclovir in human plasma. Plasma (1 ml) and acyclovir (I.S.) were treated with 50% trichloroacetic acid. The supernatant was neutralized with 2 M NaOH and purified with chloroform. The aqueous phase (80 microl) was analyzed by a 3-microm Hypersil ODS C18 column with 0.04 M triethylamine-0.1 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate as the mobile phase (1 ml/min) and ultraviolet detection at 254 nm. Calibration was linear from 50 to 10000 ng/ml. Intra- and inter-day C.V. did no exceed 6.65%. The detection limit was about 10 ng/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Campanero
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinical of Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Cociglio M, Peyrière H, Hillaire-Buys D, Alric R. Application of a standardized coextractive cleanup procedure to routine high-performance liquid chromatography assays of teicoplanin and ganciclovir in plasma. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 705:79-85. [PMID: 9498673 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00499-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Deproteinization of plasma samples with acetonitrile followed by coextracting acetonitrile and lipophilic solutes with chloroform, as already proposed for methotrexate, is stressed as a general sample cleanup procedure for liquid chromatography of highly polar drugs, and was validated for two more applications: teicoplanin and ganciclovir. A dedicated "prevalidation" experimental design was used to assess performances of both assays, including sample preparation. Deviations from linearity were less than 10% over the ranges of 3.1 to 50 mg/l (teicoplanin) and 0.2 to 15 mg/l (ganciclovir), respectively, and limits of quantitation were 0.09 and 0.01 mg/l, respectively. Mean chromatographic measurement R.S.D.s were 4.6% and 1.9%, respectively, with an additional mean cleanup R.S.D. of 2% for both. Mean analyte losses ascribable to cleanup were 6% and 2.5%, respectively from water, and 18% and 12%, respectively from the plasma matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cociglio
- Service de Pharmacologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Montpellier, France
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- R Boulieu
- Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques (ISPB), Laboratoire de Pharmacie Clinique, Lyon, France
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15
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Koel M, Nebinger P. HPLC determination of serum ganciclovir using ultrafiltration, ultraviolet and fluorescence detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1994; 12:429-32. [PMID: 8031946 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(94)90022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Koel
- Medizinisches Labor Dr. Enzenauer & Dr. Wilhelm, Osnabrück, Germany
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Bastien O, Boulieu R, Bleyzac N, Estanove S. Clinical use of ganciclovir during renal failure and continuous hemodialysis. Intensive Care Med 1994; 20:47-8. [PMID: 8163759 DOI: 10.1007/bf02425056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Data is scarce concerning ganciclovir, used in CMV-related diseases in transplant patient with renal failure, especially when dialysis is necessary. DESIGN Prospective trial. SETTING Intensive care unit in a university hospital, and pharmacy laboratory. PATIENTS pharmacokinetics were obtained in 3 patients undergoing continuous veno-venous hemodialysis (CVVHD) (PAN 69). INTERVENTIONS HPLC measurements of plasmatic and ultrafiltrated ganciclovir were determined at 17 times intervals after a 5 mg/kg every 48 h dosage. RESULTS Peak and trough concentrations were respectively 16.1 +/- 2.4 and 5.5 +/- 0.5 mg/l, sieving coefficient 0.75-0.95, and volume of distribution at steady state 0.64 +/- 0.09 l/kg, half life (beta phase) 18.6 +/- 1.8 h. No direct toxicity, or CMV-related death occurred. CONCLUSION Plasma concentrations were higher than the ID 90. A dosage of 5 mg/kg/48 h of ganciclovir could be used during CVVHD, and ideally adjusted to monitoring of plasma drug levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Bastien
- DAR-Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Cardiologique et Pneumologique, Lyon, France
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Boulieu R, Bleyzac N, Ferry S. Modified high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of ganciclovir in plasma from patients with severe renal impairment. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1991; 571:331-3. [PMID: 1810965 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(91)80464-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Using the rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method previously described for the analysis of ganciclovir in plasma, we have observed an interfering peak which co-elutes with the peak of ganciclovir in plasma samples from heart-transplant patients with severe renal insufficiency. A slight modification of this method allows the separation of the two peaks. The modified HPLC method, presented in this paper, is suitable for the accurate determination of ganciclovir in plasma from patients with severe renal impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Boulieu
- Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Laboratoire de Pharmacie Clinique, Lyon, France
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