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Sahoo RK, Kumar H, Jain V, Sinha S, Gupta U. Angiopep-2 Grafted PAMAM Dendrimers for the Targeted Delivery of Temozolomide: In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of PEGylation in the Management of Glioblastoma Multiforme. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023. [PMID: 37307155 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to synthesize, characterize, and evaluate the angiopep-2 grafted PAMAM dendrimers (Den, G 3.0 NH2) with and without PEGylation for the targeted and better delivery approach of temozolomide (TMZ) for the management of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Den-ANG and Den-PEG2-ANG conjugates were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The PEGylated (TMZ@Den-PEG2-ANG) and non-PEGylated (TMZ@Den-ANG) drug loaded formulations were prepared and characterized for particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and drug loading. An in vitro release study at physiological (pH 7.4) and acidic pH (pH 5.0) was performed. Preliminary toxicity studies were performed through hemolytic assay in human RBCs. MTT assay, cell uptake, and cell cycle analysis were performed to evaluate the in vitro efficacy against GBM cell lines (U87MG). Finally, the formulations were evaluated in vivo in a Sprague-Dawley rat model for pharmacokinetics and organ distribution analysis. The 1H NMR spectra confirmed the conjugation of angiopep-2 to both PAMAM and PEGylated PAMAM dendrimers, as the characteristic chemical shifts were observed in the range of 2.1 to 3.9 ppm. AFM results revealed that the surface of Den-ANG and Den-PEG2-ANG conjugates were rough. The particle size and zeta potential of TMZ@Den-ANG were observed to be 229.0 ± 17.8 nm and 9.06 ± 0.4 mV, respectively, whereas the same for TMZ@Den-PEG2-ANG were found to be 249.6 ± 12.9 nm and 10.9 ± 0.6 mV, respectively. The entrapment efficiency of TMZ@Den-ANG and TMZ@Den-PEG2-ANG were calculated to be 63.27 ± 5.1% and 71.48 ± 4.3%, respectively. Moreover, TMZ@Den-PEG2-ANG showed a better drug release profile with a controlled and sustained pattern at PBS pH 5.0 than at pH 7.4. The ex vivo hemolytic study revealed that TMZ@Den-PEG2-ANG was biocompatible in nature as it showed 2.78 ± 0.1% hemolysis compared to 4.12 ± 0.2% hemolysis displayed by TMZ@Den-ANG. The outcomes of the MTT assay inferred that TMZ@Den-PEG2-ANG possessed maximum cytotoxic effects against U87MG cells with IC50 values of 106.62 ± 11.43 μM (24 h) and 85.90 ± 9.12 μM (48 h). In the case of TMZ@Den-PEG2-ANG, the IC50 values were reduced by 2.23-fold (24 h) and 1.36-fold (48 h) in comparison to pure TMZ. The cytotoxicity findings were further confirmed by significantly higher cellular uptake of TMZ@Den-PEG2-ANG. Cell cycle analysis of the formulations suggested that the PEGylated formulation halts the cell cycle at G2/M phase with S-phase inhibition. In the in vivo studies, the half-life (t1/2) values of TMZ@Den-ANG and TMZ@Den-PEG2-ANG were enhanced by 2.22 and 2.76 times, respectively, than the pure TMZ. After 4 h of administration, the brain uptake values of TMZ@Den-ANG and TMZ@Den-PEG2-ANG were found to be 2.55 and 3.35 times, respectively, higher than that of pure TMZ. The outcomes of various in vitro and ex vivo experiments promoted the use of PEGylated nanocarriers for the management of GBM. Angiopep-2 grafted PEGylated PAMAM dendrimers can be potential and promising drug carriers for the targeted delivery of antiglioma drugs directly to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Sahoo
- Nanopolymeric Drug Delivery Lab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Hitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India
| | - Vikas Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India
| | - Sonal Sinha
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka-Kurud Road, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh 490024, India
| | - Umesh Gupta
- Nanopolymeric Drug Delivery Lab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
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Cho HY, Swenson S, Thein TZ, Wang W, Wijeratne NR, Marín-Ramos NI, Katz JE, Hofman FM, Schönthal AH, Chen TC. Pharmacokinetic properties of the temozolomide perillyl alcohol conjugate (NEO212) in mice. Neurooncol Adv 2020; 2:vdaa160. [PMID: 33392507 PMCID: PMC7764505 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NEO212 is a novel small-molecule anticancer agent that was generated by covalent conjugation of the natural monoterpene perillyl alcohol (POH) to the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ). It is undergoing preclinical development as a therapeutic for brain-localized malignancies. The aim of this study was to characterize metabolism and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of NEO212 in preclinical models. Methods We used mass spectrometry (MS) and modified high-performance liquid chromatography to identify and quantitate NEO212 and its metabolites in cultured glioblastoma cells, in mouse plasma, brain, and excreta after oral gavage. Results Our methods allowed identification and quantitation of NEO212, POH, TMZ, as well as primary metabolites 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AIC) and perillic acid (PA). Intracellular concentrations of TMZ were greater after treatment of U251TR cells with NEO212 than after treatment with TMZ. The half-life of NEO212 in mouse plasma was 94 min. In mice harboring syngeneic GL261 brain tumors, the amount of NEO212 was greater in the tumor-bearing hemisphere than in the contralateral normal hemisphere. The brain:plasma ratio of NEO212 was greater than that of TMZ. Excretion of unaltered NEO212 was through feces, whereas its AIC metabolite was excreted via urine. Conclusions NEO212 preferentially concentrates in brain tumor tissue over normal brain tissue, and compared to TMZ has a higher brain:plasma ratio, altogether revealing favorable features to encourage its further development as a brain-targeted therapeutic. Its breakdown into well-characterized, long-lived metabolites, in particular AIC and PA, will provide useful equivalents for PK studies during further drug development and clinical trials with NEO212.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yeon Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Steve Swenson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Thu Zan Thein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Weijun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Neloni R Wijeratne
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nagore I Marín-Ramos
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jonathan E Katz
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Florence M Hofman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Pathology Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Axel H Schönthal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Thomas C Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Pathology Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Michels LR, Fachel FNS, Azambuja JH, Gelsleichter NE, Braganhol E, Teixeira HF. HPLC-UV method for temozolomide determination in complex biological matrices: Application for in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4615. [PMID: 31166608 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography method for temozolomide (TMZ) determination in complex biological matrices was developed and validated for application in in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies of new nanotechnology-based systems for TMZ nasal delivery. The method was able to quantify TMZ in nanoemulsions, following cellular uptake, in the porcine nasal mucosa and in mouse plasma and brain. Analyses were performed on a C18 column at 35°C, under UV detection at 330 nm. The mobile phase was methanol-acetic acid 0.5% (30:70, v/v), eluted at an isocratic flow rate of 1.1 mL/min. The method was found to be specific, precise, accurate, robust and linear (0.05 to 5 μg/mL) for TMZ determination in all matrices. No interference of TMZ degradation products was found under various stress conditions such as acidic, alkaline, oxidative, light and thermal exposure, demonstrating stability. The method was applied for the quantification of TMZ in different matrices, i.e. the efficiency of nanoemulsions in vitro in increasing TMZ cellular uptake, ex vivo TMZ permeation and retention in the porcine nasal mucosa tissue, and for in vivo TMZ quantification in mouse brain following intranasal nanoemulsion administration compared with free TMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana R Michels
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Flávia N S Fachel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana H Azambuja
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nicolly E Gelsleichter
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Elizandra Braganhol
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Helder F Teixeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Jahandari S, Taher MA, Karimi-Maleh H, Khodadadi A, Faghih-Mirzaei E. A powerful DNA-based voltammetric biosensor modified with Au nanoparticles, for the determination of Temodal; an electrochemical and docking investigation. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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El Mubarak MA, Stylos EK, Chatziathanasiadou MV, Danika C, Alexiou GA, Tsekeris P, Renziehausen A, Crook T, Syed N, Sivolapenko GB, Tzakos AG. Development and validation of simple step protein precipitation UHPLC-MS/MS methods for quantitation of temozolomide in cancer patient plasma samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 162:164-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kapçak E, Şatana-Kara EH. Development and Full Validation of a Stability-indicating HPLC Method for the Determination of the Anticancer Drug Temozolomide in Pharmaceutical Form. Turk J Pharm Sci 2018; 15:271-277. [PMID: 32454670 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.43265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the present study, an accurate, precise and simple method has been developed for the determination of TMZ in its pharmaceutical form by using HPLC. MATERIALS AND METHODS An HPLC method with a DAD was validated according to ICH guidelines. A C18 column (150x4.6 mm. i.d., 5 µm particle size) and an aqueous acetate buffer (0.02 M)-acetonitrile (90:10, v/v) (pH 4.5) as a mobile phase were used. RESULTS The linear range and LOD value were 5-100 µg/mL and 0.02 µg/mL, respectively. The accuracy of the method was determined using a recovery test and found as 98.8-100.3%. In addition, forced degradation studies of the drug were also performed in bulk drug samples to demonstrate the specificity and stability-indicating. Degradation studies under acidic, basic, oxidative, and thermal degradation conditions were applied. CONCLUSION The proposed method could be applied successfully for the determination and identification of the degradation of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evin Kapçak
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey
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Khosa A, Krishna KV, Saha RN, Dubey SK, Reddi S. A simplified and sensitive validated RP-HPLC method for determination of temozolomide in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2018.1511803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Archana Khosa
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Ranendra N. Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Dubai, UAE
| | - Sunil K. Dubey
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Satish Reddi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
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Tavares‐Valente D, Granja S, Baltazar F, Queirós O. Bioenergetic modulators hamper cancer cell viability and enhance response to chemotherapy. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:3782-3794. [PMID: 29845734 PMCID: PMC6050502 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are characterized by a marked glycolytic metabolism with a consequent production of massive amounts of lactate, even in the presence of normal levels of oxygen, associated to increased invasion capacity and to higher resistance to conventional treatment. This work aimed to understand how the metabolic modulation can influence tumour aggressive features and its potential to be used as complementary therapy. We assessed the effect of bioenergetic modulators (BMs) targeting different metabolic pathways in glioma cell characteristics. The in vivo effect of BMs was evaluated using the chicken chorioallantoic membrane model. Additionally, the effect of pre-treatment with BMs in the response to the antitumour drug temozolomide (TMZ) was analysed in vitro. Cell treatment with the BMs induced a decrease in cell viability and in migratory/invasion abilities, as well as modifications in metabolic parameters (glucose, lactate and ATP) and increased the cytotoxicity of the conventional drug TMZ. Furthermore, all BMs decreased the tumour growth and the number of blood vessels in an in vivo model. Our results demonstrate that metabolic modulation has the potential to be used as therapy to decrease the aggressiveness of the tumours or to be combined with conventional drugs used in glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Tavares‐Valente
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS)School of MedicineUniversity of MinhoCampus de Gualtar4710‐057BragaPortugal
- Department of SciencesIINFACTS ‐ Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and TechnologiesCESPU, CRLUniversity Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS)GandraPortugal
| | - Sara Granja
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS)School of MedicineUniversity of MinhoCampus de Gualtar4710‐057BragaPortugal
| | - Fátima Baltazar
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS)School of MedicineUniversity of MinhoCampus de Gualtar4710‐057BragaPortugal
| | - Odília Queirós
- Department of SciencesIINFACTS ‐ Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and TechnologiesCESPU, CRLUniversity Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS)GandraPortugal
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Festuccia C, Mancini A, Colapietro A, Gravina GL, Vitale F, Marampon F, Delle Monache S, Pompili S, Cristiano L, Vetuschi A, Tombolini V, Chen Y, Mehrling T. The first-in-class alkylating deacetylase inhibitor molecule tinostamustine shows antitumor effects and is synergistic with radiotherapy in preclinical models of glioblastoma. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:32. [PMID: 29486795 PMCID: PMC5830080 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0576-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of alkylating agents such as temozolomide in association with radiotherapy (RT) is the therapeutic standard of glioblastoma (GBM). This regimen modestly prolongs overall survival, also if, in light of the still dismal prognosis, further improvements are desperately needed, especially in the patients with O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) unmethylated tumors, in which the benefit of standard treatment is less. Tinostamustine (EDO-S101) is a first-in-class alkylating deacetylase inhibitor (AK-DACi) molecule that fuses the DNA damaging effect of bendamustine with the fully functional pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, vorinostat, in a completely new chemical entity. Methods Tinostamustine has been tested in models of GBM by using 13 GBM cell lines and seven patient-derived GBM proliferating/stem cell lines in vitro. U87MG and U251MG (MGMT negative), as well as T98G (MGMT positive), were subcutaneously injected in nude mice, whereas luciferase positive U251MG cells and patient-derived GBM stem cell line (CSCs-5) were evaluated the orthotopic intra-brain in vivo experiments. Results We demonstrated that tinostamustine possesses stronger antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects than those observed for vorinostat and bendamustine alone and similar to their combination and irrespective of MGMT expression. In addition, we observed a stronger radio-sensitization of single treatment and temozolomide used as control due to reduced expression and increased time of disappearance of γH2AX indicative of reduced signal and DNA repair. This was associated with higher caspase-3 activation and reduction of RT-mediated autophagy. In vivo, tinostamustine increased time-to-progression (TTP) and this was additive/synergistic to RT. Tinostamustine had significant therapeutic activity with suppression of tumor growth and prolongation of DFS (disease-free survival) and OS (overall survival) in orthotopic intra-brain models that was superior to bendamustine, RT and temozolomide and showing stronger radio sensitivity. Conclusions Our data suggest that tinostamustine deserves further investigation in patients with glioblastoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13045-018-0576-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Festuccia
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Andrea Mancini
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandro Colapietro
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giovanni Luca Gravina
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.,Division of Radiotherapy, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Flora Vitale
- Division of Neurosciences, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Marampon
- Division of Radiotherapy, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Simona Delle Monache
- Division of Applied Biology, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Simona Pompili
- Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Loredana Cristiano
- Laboratory of Applied Biology, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonella Vetuschi
- Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tombolini
- Division of Radiotherapy, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Yi Chen
- Northlake International LLC, Pleasanton, CA, USA
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Guichard N, Guillarme D, Bonnabry P, Fleury-Souverain S. Antineoplastic drugs and their analysis: a state of the art review. Analyst 2017; 142:2273-2321. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00367f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We provide an overview of the analytical methods available for the quantification of antineoplastic drugs in pharmaceutical formulations, biological and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Guichard
- Pharmacy
- Geneva University Hospitals (HUG)
- Geneva
- Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Pascal Bonnabry
- Pharmacy
- Geneva University Hospitals (HUG)
- Geneva
- Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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Khan A, Imam SS, Aqil M, Sultana Y, Ali A, Khan K. Design of experiment based validated stability indicating RP-HPLC method of temozolomide in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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12
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The simulation of UV spectroscopy and electronic analysis of temozolomide and dacarbazine chemical decomposition to their metabolites. J Mol Model 2016; 22:270. [PMID: 27783227 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-3133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The electronic features of anti-tumor agent, temozolomide, and its degradation products (MTIC and metabolite AIC) have been traced by means of UV absorption spectroscopy in vacuo and aqueous media. For comparison, electronic spectra of related structures and drugs (e.g., dacarbazine) were also investigated. These investigations were carried out using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) method while the conductor like screening model (COSMO) were applied for the inclusion of solvent effects in electronic spectra. From functional benchmarking, two methods; B3LYP and O3LYP were selected among several other methods with 6-311+G(2d,p) basis set aiming to get the best results in accord with the experimental values. An assessment of the obtained spectra has shown that O3LYP functional gives a mean absolute error (MAE) from experimental absorption peaks of 4.3 nm compared to the 7.2 nm MAE value at B3LYP level in aqueous media. Furthermore, since the structural and tautomeric conformers affect the electronic spectra, conformational preferences have been analyzed in temozolomide, dacarbazine, and their related structures. Temozolomide structure possesses two rotamers that differ in the orientation of carboxamide moiety with a small energy difference (energy difference of 1.39 kcal mol-1 in vacuo and 0.35 kcal mol-1 in aqueous media at B3LYP/6-311++G(2df,3pd). The more stable and meta-stable TMZ rotamer have shown their absorption maxima at 329-334 nm, respectively, at O3LYP level in aqueous media. Applying statistical calculation according to Boltzmann population formula at 25 °C and computed weighed mean estimates the λmax of temozolomide at 331 nm, which is in notable agreement with the experimental value (330 nm). Moreover, molecular orbital composition analysis has been conducted in order to interpret these findings. Graphical Abstract Temozolomide and dacarbazine.
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Quantification of Temozolomide in Nonhuman Primate Fluids by Isocratic Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry to Study Brain Tissue Penetration Following Intranasal or Intravenous Delivery. SEPARATIONS 2016; 3. [PMID: 33313078 DOI: 10.3390/chromatography3010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A sensitive and selective ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for the quantification of temozolomide (TMZ) in nonhuman primate (NHP) plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain extracellular fluid (ECF) following microdialysis. Ethyl acetate was used to extract the plasma and CSF samples, using theophylline as the internal standard (IS). ECF samples were diluted with acetonitrile prior to analysis. TMZ was separated on a Waters UPLC® BEH C18 column with an isocratic mobile phase of ammonium acetate (10 mM)-0.1% formic acid/acetonitrile (30:70, v/v) in a positive-ion multi pie reaction monitoring mode (m/z 195.5 →137.6 for TMZ; m/z 181.5→124.2 for IS). The retention time of TMZ and theophylline was 0.45 min with a total run time of 2.5 min. The method was validated over the range from 5-2000 ng/mL in NHP plasma, CSF, and ECF with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, selectivity, and stability. This method was successfully applied toward the measurement of pharmacokinetic samples following various routes of drug administration.
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Altay C, Eksin E, Congur G, Erdem A. Electrochemical monitoring of the interaction between Temozolamide and nucleic acids by using disposable pencil graphite electrodes. Talanta 2015; 144:809-15. [PMID: 26452894 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is an anticancer drug used for the treatment of adult brain tumour and skin cancer. The biomolecular interaction between TMZ and DNA was investigated for the first time in this study using disposable pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) in combination with electrochemical techniques. The surface confined interactions between TMZ and different type of nucleic acids were performed. Before/after surface confined interaction process, the oxidation signals of TMZ, guanine and adenine were measured using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and PGE and accordingly, the changes at the oxidation signals were evaluated. The detection limit (DL) was also estimated based on the oxidation signal of TMZ. The interaction of TMZ with single stranded poly [A], poly [G], or double stranded poly [A]-poly[T] and poly [G]-poly[C] was also explored. Moreover, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were utilized for detection the interaction between TMZ and DNA. The features of this single-use electrochemical sensor was discussed in comparison to other reports that were developed for TMZ detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Altay
- Faculty Of Pharmacy, Analytical Chemistry Department, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey; The Institute Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Biomedical Technologies Department, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ece Eksin
- Faculty Of Pharmacy, Analytical Chemistry Department, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey; The Institute Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Biotechnology Department, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gulsah Congur
- Faculty Of Pharmacy, Analytical Chemistry Department, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey; The Institute Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Biotechnology Department, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Arzum Erdem
- Faculty Of Pharmacy, Analytical Chemistry Department, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey; The Institute Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Biomedical Technologies Department, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey; The Institute Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Biotechnology Department, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
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15
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Liu HL, Huang CY, Chen JY, Wang HYJ, Chen PY, Wei KC. Pharmacodynamic and therapeutic investigation of focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening for enhanced temozolomide delivery in glioma treatment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114311. [PMID: 25490097 PMCID: PMC4260869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Focused ultrasound (FUS) exposure with the presence of microbubbles has been shown to transiently open the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and thus has potential to enhance the delivery of various kinds of therapeutic agents into brain tumors. The purpose of this study was to assess the preclinical therapeutic efficacy of FUS-BBB opening for enhanced temozolomide (TMZ) delivery in glioma treatment. FUS exposure with microbubbles was delivered to open the BBB of nude mice that were either normal or implanted with U87 human glioma cells. Different TMZ dose regimens were tested, ranging from 2.5 to 25 mg/kg. Plasma and brain samples were obtained at different time-points ranging from 0.5 to 4 hours, and the TMZ concentration within samples was quantitated via a developed LC-MS/MS procedure. Tumor progression was followed with T2-MRI, and animal survival and brain tissue histology were conducted. Results demonstrated that FUS-BBB opening caused the local TMZ accumulation in the brain to increase from 6.98 to 19 ng/mg. TMZ degradation time in the tumor core was found to increase from 1.02 to 1.56 hours. Improved tumor progression and animal survival were found at different TMZ doses (up to 15% and 30%, respectively). In conclusion, this study provides preclinical evidence that FUS-BBB opening increases the local concentration of TMZ to improve the control of tumor progression and animal survival, suggesting the potential for clinical application to improve current brain tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Li Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (HLL); (KCW)
| | - Chiung-Yin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Yu Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hay-Yan Jack Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chen Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (HLL); (KCW)
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16
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Jain D, Athawale R, Bajaj A, Shrikhande S. Double-salting out assisted liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE) HPLC method for estimation of temozolomide from biological samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 970:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Anai S, Hide T, Takezaki T, Kuroda JI, Shinojima N, Makino K, Nakamura H, Yano S, Kuratsu JI. Antitumor effect of fibrin glue containing temozolomide against malignant glioma. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:583-91. [PMID: 24673719 PMCID: PMC4317836 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ), used to treat glioblastoma and malignant glioma, induces autophagy, apoptosis and senescence in cancer cells. We investigated fibrin glue (FG) as a drug delivery system for the local administration of high-concentration TMZ aimed at preventing glioma recurrence. Our high-power liquid chromatography studies indicated that FG containing TMZ (TMZ-FG) manifested a sustained drug release potential. We prepared a subcutaneous tumor model by injecting groups of mice with three malignant glioma cell lines and examined the antitumor effect of TMZ-FG. We estimated the tumor volume and performed immunostaining and immunoblotting using antibodies to Ki-67, cleaved caspase 3, LC3 and p16. When FG sheets containing TMZ (TMZ-FGS) were inserted beneath the tumors, their growth was significantly suppressed. In mice treated with peroral TMZ plus TMZ-FGS the tumors tended to be smaller than in mice whose tumors were treated with TMZ-FGS or peroral TMZ alone. The TMZ-FGS induced autophagy, apoptosis and senescence in subcutaneous glioma tumor cells. To assess the safety of TMZ-FG for normal brain, we placed it directly on the brain of living mice and stained tissue sections obtained in the acute and chronic phase immunohistochemically. In both phases, TMZ-FG failed to severely damage normal brain tissue. TMZ-FG may represent a safe new drug delivery system with sustained drug release potential to treat malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Anai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Science, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
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18
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Lopes IC, de Oliveira SCB, Oliveira-Brett AM. Temozolomide chemical degradation to 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide – Electrochemical study. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Jedynak Ł, Puchalska M, Zezula M, Łaszcz M, Łuniewski W, Zagrodzka J. Stability of sample solution as a crucial point during HPLC determination of chemical purity of temozolomide drug substance. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 83:19-27. [PMID: 23702563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An HPLC method for determination of related substances in temozolomide drug substance was developed. Particular attention was paid to the stability studies due to the fact that temozolomide is unstable in a solution and quickly decomposes to its main degradation product 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide (AIC). A mixture of diluted acetic acid and acetonitrile (4:1, v/v) as a diluent guaranteed lowering the decomposition of temozolomide in the solution. As it is not practically possible to fully eliminate the decomposition of temozolomide during an analysis, the mathematical correction of the results was proposed which allows to analyse almost five times more samples per week, comparing to the procedure without the application of the correction. The accuracy of the correction procedure was proved by investigating the recovery of AIC spiked to temozolomide solutions at different levels. Recoveries equalled 90-108% for AIC concentrations contained in the range of 0.30-1.80 μg ml(-1). The developed method was validated according to the current guidelines, proving the suitability of the method for its intended purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Jedynak
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, R&D Analytical Chemistry Department, Rydygiera 8, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland.
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20
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Wei KC, Chu PC, Wang HYJ, Huang CY, Chen PY, Tsai HC, Lu YJ, Lee PY, Tseng IC, Feng LY, Hsu PW, Yen TC, Liu HL. Focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening to enhance temozolomide delivery for glioblastoma treatment: a preclinical study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58995. [PMID: 23527068 PMCID: PMC3602591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to assess the preclinical therapeutic efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-monitored focused ultrasound (FUS)-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption to enhance Temozolomide (TMZ) delivery for improving Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) treatment. MRI-monitored FUS with microbubbles was used to transcranially disrupt the BBB in brains of Fisher rats implanted with 9L glioma cells. FUS-BBB opening was spectrophotometrically determined by leakage of dyes into the brain, and TMZ was quantitated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma by LC-MS\MS. The effects of treatment on tumor progression (by MRI), animal survival and brain tissue histology were investigated. Results demonstrated that FUS-BBB opening increased the local accumulation of dyes in brain parenchyma by 3.8-/2.1-fold in normal/tumor tissues. Compared to TMZ alone, combined FUS treatment increased the TMZ CSF/plasma ratio from 22.7% to 38.6%, reduced the 7-day tumor progression ratio from 24.03 to 5.06, and extended the median survival from 20 to 23 days. In conclusion, this study provided preclinical evidence that FUS BBB-opening increased the local concentration of TMZ to improve the control of tumor progression and animal survival, suggesting its clinical potential for improving current brain tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Chen Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung University and Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (H-LL); (K-CW)
| | - Po-Chun Chu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hay-Yan Jack Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung University and Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung University and Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung University and Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung University and Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yun Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - I-Chou Tseng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung University and Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ying Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung University and Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Wei Hsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung University and Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chen Yen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Center, Chang-Gung University and Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Li Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (H-LL); (K-CW)
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21
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Goldwirt L, Zahr N, Farinotti R, Fernandez C. Development of a new UPLC-MSMS method for the determination of temozolomide in mice: application to plasma pharmacokinetics and brain distribution study. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:889-93. [PMID: 23436249 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and accurate liquid chromatography method with mass spectrometry detection was developed and validated for the quantification of temozolomide in mouse plasma and brain. Theophyllin was used as the internal standard. A single-step protein precipitation was used for plasma and brain sample preparation. The method was validated with respect to selectivity, extraction recovery, linearity, intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy, limit of quantification and stability. The method has a limit of quantification of 50 ng/mL for temozolomide in plasma and 125 ng/g in brain. This method was used successfully to perform brain and plasma pharmacokinetic studies of temozolomide in mice after intraperitoneal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Goldwirt
- Clinical Pharmacy Department - EA 4123, College of Pharmacy, Paris 11 University, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clement, 92296, Chatenay Malabry, France.
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22
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Analysis of anticancer drugs: a review. Talanta 2011; 85:2265-89. [PMID: 21962644 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, the number of patients receiving chemotherapy has considerably increased. Given the toxicity of cytotoxic agents to humans (not only for patients but also for healthcare professionals), the development of reliable analytical methods to analyse these compounds became necessary. From the discovery of new substances to patient administration, all pharmaceutical fields are concerned with the analysis of cytotoxic drugs. In this review, the use of methods to analyse cytotoxic agents in various matrices, such as pharmaceutical formulations and biological and environmental samples, is discussed. Thus, an overview of reported analytical methods for the determination of the most commonly used anticancer drugs is given.
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Determination of temozolomide in serum and brain tumor with micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:2229-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Wu W, Shen J, Banerjee P, Zhou S. Chitosan-based responsive hybrid nanogels for integration of optical pH-sensing, tumor cell imaging and controlled drug delivery. Biomaterials 2010; 31:8371-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Wu W, Shen J, Banerjee P, Zhou S. Core–shell hybrid nanogels for integration of optical temperature-sensing, targeted tumor cell imaging, and combined chemo-photothermal treatment. Biomaterials 2010; 31:7555-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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26
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Ghalkhani M, Fernandes IPG, Oliveira SCB, Shahrokhian S, Oliveira-Brett AM. Electrochemical Redox Behaviour of Temozolomide Using a Glassy Carbon Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Andrasi M, Bustos R, Gaspar A, Gomez FA, Klekner A. Analysis and stability study of temozolomide using capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1801-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Stupp R, Hegi ME, Neyns B, Goldbrunner R, Schlegel U, Clement PM, Grabenbauer GG, Ochsenbein AF, Simon M, Dietrich PY, Pietsch T, Hicking C, Tonn JC, Diserens AC, Pica A, Hermisson M, Krueger S, Picard M, Weller M. Phase I/IIa Study of Cilengitide and Temozolomide With Concomitant Radiotherapy Followed by Cilengitide and Temozolomide Maintenance Therapy in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:2712-8. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.26.6650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Invasion and migration are key processes of glioblastoma and are tightly linked to tumor recurrence. Integrin inhibition using cilengitide has shown synergy with chemotherapy and radiotherapy in vitro and promising activity in recurrent glioblastoma. This multicenter, phase I/IIa study investigated the efficacy and safety of cilengitide in combination with standard chemoradiotherapy in newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Patients and Methods Patients (age ≥ 18 to ≤ 70 years) were treated with cilengitide (500 mg) administered twice weekly intravenously in addition to standard radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide. Treatment was continued until disease progression or for up to 35 weeks. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS) at 6 months. Results Fifty-two patients (median age, 57 years; 62% male) were included. Six- and 12-month PFS rates were 69% (95% CI, 54% to 80%) and 33% (95% CI, 21% to 46%). Median PFS was 8 months (95% CI, 6.0 to 10.7 months). Twelve- and 24-month overall survival (OS) rates were 68% (95% CI, 53% to 79%) and 35% (95% CI, 22% to 48%). Median OS was 16.1 months (95% CI, 13.1 to 23.2 months). PFS and OS were longer in patients with tumors with O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation (13.4 and 23.2 months) versus those without MGMT promoter methylation (3.4 and 13.1 months). The combination of cilengitide with temozolomide and radiotherapy was well tolerated, with no additional toxicity. No pharmacokinetic interactions between temozolomide and cilengitide were identified. Conclusion Compared with historical controls, the addition of concomitant and adjuvant cilengitide to standard chemoradiotherapy demonstrated promising activity in patients with glioblastoma with MGMT promoter methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Stupp
- From the Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Department of Neurosurgery, Service de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne; Institute of Medical Oncology, University of Bern, Bern; Division d'Oncologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels; Department of Clinical Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit
| | - Monika E. Hegi
- From the Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Department of Neurosurgery, Service de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne; Institute of Medical Oncology, University of Bern, Bern; Division d'Oncologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels; Department of Clinical Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit
| | - Bart Neyns
- From the Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Department of Neurosurgery, Service de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne; Institute of Medical Oncology, University of Bern, Bern; Division d'Oncologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels; Department of Clinical Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit
| | - Roland Goldbrunner
- From the Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Department of Neurosurgery, Service de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne; Institute of Medical Oncology, University of Bern, Bern; Division d'Oncologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels; Department of Clinical Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit
| | - Uwe Schlegel
- From the Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Department of Neurosurgery, Service de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne; Institute of Medical Oncology, University of Bern, Bern; Division d'Oncologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels; Department of Clinical Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit
| | - Paul M.J. Clement
- From the Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Department of Neurosurgery, Service de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne; Institute of Medical Oncology, University of Bern, Bern; Division d'Oncologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels; Department of Clinical Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit
| | - Gerhard G. Grabenbauer
- From the Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Department of Neurosurgery, Service de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne; Institute of Medical Oncology, University of Bern, Bern; Division d'Oncologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels; Department of Clinical Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit
| | - Adrian F. Ochsenbein
- From the Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Department of Neurosurgery, Service de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne; Institute of Medical Oncology, University of Bern, Bern; Division d'Oncologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels; Department of Clinical Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit
| | - Matthias Simon
- From the Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Department of Neurosurgery, Service de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne; Institute of Medical Oncology, University of Bern, Bern; Division d'Oncologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels; Department of Clinical Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit
| | - Pierre-Yves Dietrich
- From the Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Department of Neurosurgery, Service de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne; Institute of Medical Oncology, University of Bern, Bern; Division d'Oncologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels; Department of Clinical Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit
| | - Torsten Pietsch
- From the Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Department of Neurosurgery, Service de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne; Institute of Medical Oncology, University of Bern, Bern; Division d'Oncologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels; Department of Clinical Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit
| | - Christine Hicking
- From the Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Department of Neurosurgery, Service de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne; Institute of Medical Oncology, University of Bern, Bern; Division d'Oncologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels; Department of Clinical Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit
| | - Joerg-Christian Tonn
- From the Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Department of Neurosurgery, Service de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne; Institute of Medical Oncology, University of Bern, Bern; Division d'Oncologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels; Department of Clinical Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit
| | - Annie-Claire Diserens
- From the Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Department of Neurosurgery, Service de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne; Institute of Medical Oncology, University of Bern, Bern; Division d'Oncologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels; Department of Clinical Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit
| | - Alessia Pica
- From the Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Department of Neurosurgery, Service de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne; Institute of Medical Oncology, University of Bern, Bern; Division d'Oncologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels; Department of Clinical Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit
| | - Mirjam Hermisson
- From the Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Department of Neurosurgery, Service de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne; Institute of Medical Oncology, University of Bern, Bern; Division d'Oncologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels; Department of Clinical Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit
| | - Stefan Krueger
- From the Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Department of Neurosurgery, Service de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne; Institute of Medical Oncology, University of Bern, Bern; Division d'Oncologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels; Department of Clinical Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit
| | - Martin Picard
- From the Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Department of Neurosurgery, Service de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne; Institute of Medical Oncology, University of Bern, Bern; Division d'Oncologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels; Department of Clinical Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit
| | - Michael Weller
- From the Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Department of Neurosurgery, Service de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne; Institute of Medical Oncology, University of Bern, Bern; Division d'Oncologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels; Department of Clinical Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit
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29
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In vivo assessment of temozolomide local delivery for lung cancer inhalation therapy. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 39:402-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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30
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Wu W, Aiello M, Zhou T, Berliner A, Banerjee P, Zhou S. In-situ immobilization of quantum dots in polysaccharide-based nanogels for integration of optical pH-sensing, tumor cell imaging, and drug delivery. Biomaterials 2010; 31:3023-31. [PMID: 20106519 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a class of polysaccharide-based hybrid nanogels that can integrate the functional building blocks for optical pH-sensing, cancer cell imaging, and controlled drug release into a single nanoparticle system, which can offer broad opportunities for combined diagnosis and therapy. The hybrid nanogels were prepared by in-situ immobilization of CdSe quantum dots (QDs) in the interior of the pH and temperature dual responsive hydroxypropylcellulose-poly(acrylic acid) (HPC-PAA) semi-interpenetrating polymer networks. The-OH groups of the HPC chains are designed to sequester the precursor Cd(2+) ions into the nanogels as well as stabilize the in-situ formed CdSe QDs. The pH-sensitive PAA network chains are designed to induce a pH-responsive volume phase transition of the hybrid nanogels. The developed HPC-PAA-CdSe hybrid nanogels combine a strong trap emission at 741nm for sensing physicochemical environment in a pH dependent manner and a visible excitonic emission at 592nm for mouse melanoma B16F10 cell imaging. The hybrid nanogels also provide excellent stability as a drug carrier, which cannot only provide a high drug loading capacity for a model anticancer drug temozolomide, but also offer a pH-triggered sustained-release of the drug molecules in the gel network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitai Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The City University of New York, College of Staten Island, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
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31
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Meany HJ, Warren KE, Fox E, Cole DE, Aikin AA, Balis FM. Pharmacokinetics of temozolomide administered in combination with O6-benzylguanine in children and adolescents with refractory solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2009; 65:137-42. [PMID: 19430790 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-009-1015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Temozolomide pharmacokinetics were evaluated in children receiving concurrent O(6)-benzylguanine (O(6)BG), which enhanced the hematological toxicity of temozolomide. METHODS Temozolomide was administered orally, daily for 5 days starting at 28 mg/m(2) per day with escalations to 40, 55, 75 and 100 mg/m(2) per day with O(6)BG intravenously daily for 5 days at doses of 60, 90 or 120 mg/m(2) per day. Plasma samples were drawn over 48 h after the day 5 dose. Temozolomide was quantified with a validated HPLC/tandem mass spectroscopic assay. RESULTS Temozolomide was rapidly absorbed (mean T (max), 2.1 h). The mean apparent clearance (CL/F) (96 mL/min/m(2)) was similar to the CL/F for temozolomide alone and was not age- or gender-dependent. There was minimal inter-patient variability. CONCLUSIONS The enhanced hematologic toxicity resulting from combining O(6)BG with temozolomide does not appear to be the result of a pharmacokinetic interaction between the agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly J Meany
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bldg. 10 CRC/Rm. 1-5750, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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32
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Horton TM, Thompson PA, Berg SL, Adamson PC, Ingle AM, Dolan ME, Delaney SM, Hedge M, Weiss HL, Wu MF, Blaney SM. Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of temozolomide in pediatric patients with refractory or recurrent leukemia: a Children's Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:4922-8. [PMID: 17971589 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.12.0667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and mechanisms of temozolomide resistance in children with relapsed or refractory leukemia. PATIENTS AND METHODS Cohorts of three to six patients received 200 or 260 mg/m2/d of temozolomide by mouth daily for 5 days every 28 days. Toxicities, clinical response, and pharmacokinetics were evaluated. Pretreatment leukemia cell O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) activity, tumor and plasma MGMT promoter methylation, and microsatellite instability (MSI) were examined in 14 of 16 study patients and in tissue bank samples from children with acute leukemia not treated with temozolomide (MGMT, n = 67; MSI, n = 65). RESULTS Sixteen patients (nine female, seven male; acute lymphoblastic leukemia [ALL], n = 8; acute myeloid leukemia [AML], n = 8), median age 11 years (range, 1 to 19 years), received either 200 mg/m2/d (nine enrolled, three assessable for toxicity) or 260 mg/m2/d (seven enrolled, three assessable for toxicity) of temozolomide. Temozolomide was well tolerated and no dose-limiting toxicities occurred. The mean clearance of temozolomide was 107 mL/min/m2, with a volume of distribution of 20 L/m2 and half-life of 109 minutes. MGMT activity in leukemia cells was quite variable and was highest in patients with relapsed ALL. Only one patient had MSI. Two patients had a partial response. Both of these patients had no detectable MGMT activity; both also had methylated MGMT promoters and were MSI stable. CONCLUSION Temozolomide was well tolerated at doses as high as 260 mg/m2/d for 5 days in children with relapsed or refractory leukemia. Increased MGMT activity may account for the temozolomide resistance in children with relapsed leukemia. Leukemia cell MGMT activity was higher in pediatric ALL than AML (P < .0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Terzah M Horton
- Texas Children's Cancer Center/Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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33
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Plummer ER, Middleton MR, Jones C, Olsen A, Hickson I, McHugh P, Margison GP, McGown G, Thorncroft M, Watson AJ, Boddy AV, Calvert AH, Harris AL, Newell DR, Curtin NJ. Temozolomide Pharmacodynamics in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma: DNA Damage and Activity of Repair EnzymesO6-Alkylguanine Alkyltransferase and Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:3402-9. [PMID: 15867241 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-2353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Temozolomide, a DNA methylating agent used to treat melanoma, induces DNA damage, which is repaired by O6-alkylguanine alkyltransferase (ATase) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1)-dependent base excision repair. The current study was done to define the effect of temozolomide on DNA integrity and relevant repair enzymes as a prelude to a phase I trial of the combination of temozolomide with a PARP inhibitor. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Temozolomide (200 mg/m2 oral administration) was given to 12 patients with metastatic malignant melanoma. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were analyzed for PARP activity, DNA single-strand breakage, ATase levels, and DNA methylation. PARP activity was also measured in tumor biopsies from 9 of 12 patients and in PBLs from healthy volunteers. RESULTS Temozolomide pharmacokinetics were consistent with previous reports. Temozolomide therapy caused a substantial and sustained elevation of N7-methylguanine levels, a modest and sustained reduction in ATase activity, and a modest and transient increase in DNA strand breaks and PARP activity in PBLs. PARP-1 activity in tumor homogenates was variable (828 +/- 599 pmol PAR monomer/mg protein) and was not consistently affected by temozolomide treatment. CONCLUSIONS The effect of temozolomide reported here are consistent with those documented in previous studies with temozolomide and similar drug, dacarbazine, demonstrating that a representative patient population was investigated. Furthermore, PARP activity was not inhibited by temozolomide treatment and this newly validated pharmacodynamic assay is therefore suitable for use in a proof-of-principle phase I trial a PARP-1 inhibitor in combination with temozolomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ruth Plummer
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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34
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Ostermann S, Csajka C, Buclin T, Leyvraz S, Lejeune F, Decosterd LA, Stupp R. Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid Population Pharmacokinetics of Temozolomide in Malignant Glioma Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:3728-36. [PMID: 15173079 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Scarce information is available on the brain penetration of temozolomide (TMZ), although this novel methylating agent is mainly used for the treatment of malignant brain tumors. The purpose was to assess TMZ pharmacokinetics in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) along with its inter-individual variability, to characterize covariates and to explore relationships between systemic or cerebral drug exposure and clinical outcomes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN TMZ levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography in plasma and CSF samples from 35 patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent malignant gliomas. The population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed with nonlinear mixed-effect modeling software. Drug exposure, defined by the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) in plasma and CSF, was estimated for each patient and correlated with toxicity, survival, and progression-free survival. RESULTS A three-compartment model with first-order absorption and transfer rates between plasma and CSF described the data appropriately. Oral clearance was 10 liter/h; volume of distribution (V(D)), 30.3 liters; absorption constant rate, 5.8 h(-1); elimination half-time, 2.1 h; transfer rate from plasma to CSF (K(plasma-->CSF)), 7.2 x 10(-4)h(-1) and the backwards rate, 0.76 h(-1). Body surface area significantly influenced both clearance and V(D), and clearance was sex dependent. The AUC(CSF) corresponded to 20% of the AUC(plasma). A trend toward an increased K(plasma-->CSF) of 15% was observed in case of concomitant radiochemotherapy. No significant correlations between AUC in plasma or CSF and toxicity, survival, or progression-free survival were apparent after deduction of dose-effect. CONCLUSIONS This is the first human pharmacokinetic study on TMZ to quantify CSF penetration. The AUC(CSF)/AUC(plasma) ratio was 20%. Systemic or cerebral exposures are not better predictors than the cumulative dose alone for both efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Ostermann
- Multidisciplinary Oncology Center, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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35
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Paci A, Rieutord A, Brion F, Prognon P. Separation methods for alkylating antineoplastic compounds. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 764:255-87. [PMID: 11817031 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00280-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The separating method for alkylating neoplastic compounds were reviewed based on the classification of the Merck Index (12th Edition). Each section, whenever available or relevant, was subdivided according to the following approach: stability studies, extraction methods, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. At the end of each chapter a separate table summarizing the main characteristics of the separating method were established. In particular LODs and/or LOQs were expressed as quantity to facilitate comparison between methods. This review highlights the problems to measure trace levels of these compounds into biological fluids with respect to their instability, adsorption to glass and plastic or derivatization requirements. Over the last decades, HPLC seems to be more popular than GC for separating the alkylating agents. The development of narrow- or microbore LC coupled to MS is certainly the way to further improve both separation and sensitivity obtained in the different papers surveyed for this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paci
- Service de Pharmacie et Laboratoire de Toxico-Pharmacologie, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France.
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36
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Kim H, Likhari P, Parker D, Statkevich P, Marco A, Lin CC, Nomeir AA. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis and stability of anti-tumor agent temozolomide in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 24:461-8. [PMID: 11199225 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Temozolomide (SCH 52365; TEMODAL) is an antineoplastic agent with activity against a broad spectrum of murine tumors. This compound is currently marketed in the European Union for the treatment of patients with glioblastoma multiforme and anaplastic astrocytoma, which are serious and aggressive types of brain cancers. It has been postulated that temozolomide exerts its in vivo activity via the decomposition product MTIC, which is believed to alkylate nucleophiles, and in the process is converted to AIC. A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed and validated for the analysis of temozolomide in human plasma. The determination of temozolomide involved extraction with ethyl acetate followed by separation on a reversed phase C-18 column and quantification by UV absorbance at 316 nm. The calibration curve was linear over a concentration range of 0.1-20 microg/ml. The limit of quantitation was 0.1 microg/ml, where the coefficient of variation (CV) was 0% and the bias was 10.0%. The method was precise with a coefficient of variation ranging from 2.5 to 6.9% and accurate with a bias ranging from 5.0 to 10.0%. Temozolomide was unstable at 37 degrees C in human plasma with a degradation t1/2 of 15 min; however, it was stable at 4 degrees C for at least 30 min. Temozolomide was stable in acidified human plasma (pH < 4) for at least 24 h at 25 degrees C, and for at least 30 days at -20 degrees C. Moreover, temozolomide was stable in acidified human plasma after being subjected to three freeze thaw cycles. The assay was shown to be specific, accurate, precise, and reliable for use in pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kim
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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37
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Brada M, Judson I, Beale P, Moore S, Reidenberg P, Statkevich P, Dugan M, Batra V, Cutler D. Phase I dose-escalation and pharmacokinetic study of temozolomide (SCH 52365) for refractory or relapsing malignancies. Br J Cancer 1999; 81:1022-30. [PMID: 10576660 PMCID: PMC2362937 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide, an oral cytotoxic agent with approximately 100% bioavailability after one administration, has demonstrated schedule-dependent clinical activity against highly resistant cancers. Thirty patients with minimal prior chemotherapy were enrolled in this phase I trial to characterize the drug's safety, pharmacokinetics and anti-tumour activity, as well as to assess how food affects oral bioavailability. To determine dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), temozolomide 100-250 mg m(-2) was administered once daily for 5 days every 28 days. The DLT was thrombocytopenia, and the MTD was 200 mg m(-2) day(-1). Subsequently, patients received the MTD to study how food affects the oral bioavailability of temozolomide. When given orally once daily for 5 days, temozolomide was well tolerated and produced a non-cumulative, transient myelosuppression. The most common non-haematological toxicities were mild to moderate nausea and vomiting. Clinical activity was observed against several advanced cancers, including malignant glioma and metastatic melanoma. Temozolomide demonstrated linear and reproducible pharmacokinetics and was rapidly absorbed (mean Tmax approximately 1 h) and eliminated (mean t1/2 = 1.8 h). Food produced a slight reduction (9%) in absorption of temozolomide. Temozolomide 200 mg m(-2) day(-1) for 5 days, every 28 days, is recommended for phase II studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brada
- The Royal Marsden NHS Trust, and the Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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38
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Hammond LA, Eckardt JR, Baker SD, Eckhardt SG, Dugan M, Forral K, Reidenberg P, Statkevich P, Weiss GR, Rinaldi DA, Von Hoff DD, Rowinsky EK. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of temozolomide on a daily-for-5-days schedule in patients with advanced solid malignancies. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17:2604-13. [PMID: 10561328 DOI: 10.1200/jco.1999.17.8.2604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the principal toxicities, characterize the pharmacokinetics (PKs) and pharmacodynamics (PDs) of temozolomide (TMZ) on a daily-for-5-days schedule, and recommend a dose for subsequent disease-directed studies in both minimally pretreated (MP) and heavily pretreated (HP) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients received TMZ as a single oral dose daily for 5 consecutive days every 28 days. TMZ doses were escalated from 100 to 150, and 150 to 200 mg/m(2)/d in separate cohorts of MP and HP patients. PK plasma was sampled on days 1 and 5. TMZ concentrations were analyzed and pertinent PK parameters were related to the principal toxicities of TMZ in PD analyses. RESULTS Twenty-four patients were treated with 85 courses of TMZ. Thrombocytopenia and neutropenia were the principal dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) of TMZ on this schedule. The cumulative rate of severe myelosuppressive effects was unacceptably high at TMZ doses exceeding 150 mg/m(2)/d in both MP and HP patients. TMZ was absorbed rapidly with maximum concentrations achieved in 0.90 hours, on average, and elimination was rapid, with a half-life and systemic clearance rate (Cl(S/F)) averaging 1.8 hours and 115 mL/min/m(2), respectively. When clearance was normalized to body-surface area (BSA), interpatient variability in Cl(S/F) was reduced from 20% to 13% on day 1 and from 16% to 10% on day 5. Patients who experienced DLT had significantly higher maximum drug concentration( )(median 16 v 9.5 microg/mL, P =. 0084) and area under the concentration-time curve (median 36 v 23 microg-h/mL, P =.0019) values on day 5. CONCLUSION Prior myelosuppressive therapy was not a determinant of toxicity. TMZ 150 mg/m(2)/d administered as a single oral dose daily for 5 days every 4 weeks is well tolerated by MP and HP patients, with higher doses resulting in unacceptably high rates of severe hematologic toxicity. TMZ doses should be individualized according to BSA rather than use of a prespecified oral dose for all individuals. TMZ is an optimal agent to develop in combination with other cytotoxic, biologic, and targeted therapeutics for patients with relevant malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Hammond
- Institute for Drug Development, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX 78829, USA.
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Gander M, Leyvraz S, Decosterd L, Bonfanti M, Marzolini C, Shen F, Liénard D, Perey L, Colella G, Biollaz J, Lejeune F, Yarosh D, Belanich M, D'Incalci M. Sequential administration of temozolomide and fotemustine: depletion of O6-alkyl guanine-DNA transferase in blood lymphocytes and in tumours. Ann Oncol 1999; 10:831-8. [PMID: 10470431 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008304032421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The DNA repair protein O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyl transferase (AT) mediates resistance to chloroethylnitrosoureas. Agents depleting AT such as DTIC and its new analogue temozolomide (TMZ) can reverse resistance to chloroethylnitrosoureas. We report the results of a dose finding study of TMZ in association with fotemustine. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-four patients with metastatic melanoma or recurrent glioma were treated with escalating dose of oral or intravenous TMZ ranging from 300 to 700 mg/m2, divided over two days. Fotemustine 100 mg/m2 was given intravenously on day 2, 4 hours after TMZ. AT depletion was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in selected cases in melanoma metastases and was compared to TMZ pharmacokinetics. RESULTS The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of TMZ was 400 mg/m2 (200 mg/m2/d) when associated with fotemustine the 2nd day with myelosuppression as dose limiting toxicity. The decrease of AT level in PBMCs was progressive and reached 34% of pretreatment values on day 2. There was however wide interindividual variability. AT reduction was neither dose nor route dependent and did not appear to be related to TMZ systemic exposure (AUC). In the same patients, AT depletion in tumour did not correlate with the decrease of AT observed in PBMCs. CONCLUSIONS PBMCs may not be used as a surrogate of tumour for AT depletion. Further study should concentrate on the pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic relationship in tumour to provide the basis for individually tailored therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gander
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kim HK, Lin CC, Parker D, Veals J, Lim J, Likhari P, Statkevich P, Marco A, Nomeir AA. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination and stability of 5-(3-methyltriazen-1-yl)-imidazo-4-carboximide, the biologically active product of the antitumor agent temozolomide, in human plasma. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 703:225-33. [PMID: 9448080 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
5-(3-Methyltriazen-1-yl)-imidazo-4-carboximide (MTIC) is a highly unstable compound which is believed to be the biologically active degradation product of the antitumor agent temozolomide. An HPLC method has been developed and validated for the analysis of MTIC in human plasma. Because of the instability of MTIC, sample processing was kept to minimal. The method involved precipitation of plasma protein with methanol followed by analysis of the supernatant using reversed-phase column and UV detection at 316 nm. The linearity (r>0.99), precision (C.V.<9%) and accuracy (bias<5%) were satisfactory. The lower limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 10 ng/ml. The recovery of MTIC and internal standard was > or = 86.7%. MTIC was stable in plasma though three freeze-thaw cycles, and was stable at 4 degrees C for 1 h and at -80 degrees C for at least 70 days. MTIC may be unstable at 10 degrees C in processed samples; therefore, samples were placed in the autosampler (10 degrees C) immediately prior to injection. By using this analytical method, MTIC was quantified in plasma of cancer patients (n=12) within 0.25-12 h after oral administration of temozolomide at 150 mg/m2. The mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was 211 ng/ml which was observed at a mean Tmax of 1.88 h post dose. MTIC disappeared rapidly from plasma with an apparent in vivo half-life (t1/2) of 1.9 h similar to that of temozolomide. Following in vitro incubation of MTIC in human plasma at 25 degrees C, MTIC disappearance was bioexponential with estimated t1/2 values of 25 and 60 min for the first and second phases, respectively. Therefore, the elimination t1/2 of MTIC in human in vivo (1.9 h) was controlled by the rate of its formation from temozolomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Kim
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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