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Nyagumbo E, Pote W, Shopo B, Nyirenda T, Chagonda I, Mapaya RJ, Maunganidze F, Mavengere WN, Mawere C, Mutasa I, Kademeteme E, Maroyi A, Taderera T, Bhebhe M. Medicinal plants used for the management of respiratory diseases in Zimbabwe: Review and perspectives potential management of COVID-19. PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH (2002) 2022; 128:103232. [PMID: 36161239 PMCID: PMC9489988 DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2022.103232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases have in the recent past become a health concern globally. More than 523 million cases of coronavirus disease (COVID19), a recent respiratory diseases have been reported, leaving more than 6 million deaths worldwide since the start of the pandemic. In Zimbabwe, respiratory infections have largely been managed using traditional (herbal) medicines, due to their low cost and ease of accessibility. This review highlights the plants' toxicological and pharmacological evaluation studies explored. It seeks to document plants that have been traditionally used in Zimbabwe to treat respiratory ailments within and beyond the past four decades. Extensive literature review based on published papers and abstracts retrieved from the online bibliographic databases, books, book chapters, scientific reports and theses available at Universities in Zimbabwe, were used in this study. From the study, there were at least 58 plant families comprising 160 medicinal plants widely distributed throughout the country. The Fabaceae family had the highest number of medicinal plant species, with a total of 21 species. A total of 12 respiratory ailments were reportedly treatable using the identified plants. From a total of 160 plants, colds were reportedly treatable with 56, pneumonia 53, coughs 34, chest pain and related conditions 29, asthma 25, tuberculosis and spots in lungs 22, unspecified respiratory conditions 20, influenza 13, bronchial problems 12, dyspnoea 7, sore throat and infections 5 and sinus clearing 1 plant. The study identified potential medicinal plants that can be utilised in future to manage respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Nyagumbo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - William Pote
- Ethnobiology-based Drug discovery, Research and Development Trust, Gweru, Zimbabwe
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
| | - Bridgett Shopo
- Department of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
- Ethnobiology-based Drug discovery, Research and Development Trust, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - Trust Nyirenda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
| | - Ignatius Chagonda
- Department of Agriculture Practice, Faculty of Agriculture, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - Ruvimbo J Mapaya
- Department of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - Fabian Maunganidze
- Ethnobiology-based Drug discovery, Research and Development Trust, Gweru, Zimbabwe
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - William N Mavengere
- Ethnobiology-based Drug discovery, Research and Development Trust, Gweru, Zimbabwe
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Harare Institute of Technology, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Cephas Mawere
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Harare Institute of Technology, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Ian Mutasa
- Ethnobiology-based Drug discovery, Research and Development Trust, Gweru, Zimbabwe
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
| | - Emmanuel Kademeteme
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
| | - Alfred Maroyi
- Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Tafadzwa Taderera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Physiology Unit, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Michael Bhebhe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
- Ethnobiology-based Drug discovery, Research and Development Trust, Gweru, Zimbabwe
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Muya K, Kalonji M, Kaponda A, Kaut M, Mboni MA, Wa Ilunga N, Kitambala M, Kamulete S, Amuri B, Mutombo K, Simbi L. [Acute and subacute toxicity of Garcinia huillensis Baker, a plant used against urogenital schistosomiasis in Haut-Katanga, DR Congo]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2020; 79:308-323. [PMID: 33309607 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This research evaluated acute and subacute toxicity of aqueous and methanolic extract from stem bark of Garcinia huillensis Baker, a plant used in Congolese traditional medicine against urogenital schistosomiasis. The acute toxicity is evaluated on guinea pigs by single oral administration of 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000 and 3500mg/kg of body weight of extracts based on the method described by protocol 423 of the Organization for Cooperation and Economic Development. Subacute toxicity is assessed after 28 days after daily administration of 4.5, 45, 450 and 1500mg/kg of body weight of extracts. Weight evolution, hematological and biochemical parameters of the guinea pigs that survived were analyzed and compared with those of the controls. Acute oral toxicity data were used to calculate the LD50 of 2717.39 and 2625.00mg/kg bw for the aqueous and methanolic extract, respectively. Some signs of intoxication were noted, and certain haematological and biochemical parameters analyzed in the treated guinea pigs sometimes presented statistically significant differences compared to those of the controls. The minimum tolerated dose (1652.17mg/kg bw) found for the aqueous extract is far greater than the therapeutic dose administered by traditional therapists (4.5mg). Thus, the study shows that the stem bark of G. huillensis would be moderately toxic and would present a good margin of safety under the conditions of our experimentation, which would justify the non-toxic use of the plant under the traditional conditions of preparation and oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Muya
- Laboratoire de pharmacognosie, faculté des sciences pharmaceutiques, université de Lubumbashi (UNILU), 27, avenue Kato, Commune Kampemba, Lubumbashi, République démocratique du Congo.
| | - M Kalonji
- Laboratoire de pharmacognosie, faculté des sciences pharmaceutiques, université de Lubumbashi (UNILU), 27, avenue Kato, Commune Kampemba, Lubumbashi, République démocratique du Congo
| | - A Kaponda
- Laboratoire de biologie clinique, faculté des sciences pharmaceutiques, UNILU, 27, avenue Kato, Commune Kampemba, Lubumbashi, République démocratique du Congo
| | - M Kaut
- École de santé publique, UNILU, 57, avenue Ndjamena, Commune Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, République démocratique du Congo
| | - M A Mboni
- Laboratoire de pharmacognosie, faculté des sciences pharmaceutiques, université de Lubumbashi (UNILU), 27, avenue Kato, Commune Kampemba, Lubumbashi, République démocratique du Congo
| | - N Wa Ilunga
- Laboratoire de pharmacognosie, faculté des sciences pharmaceutiques, université de Lubumbashi (UNILU), 27, avenue Kato, Commune Kampemba, Lubumbashi, République démocratique du Congo
| | - M Kitambala
- Laboratoire de chimie organique, faculté des sciences, université de Lubumbashi, 02, avenue de la Maternité, Commune Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, République démocratique du Congo
| | - S Kamulete
- Laboratoire de pharmacognosie, faculté des sciences pharmaceutiques, université de Lubumbashi (UNILU), 27, avenue Kato, Commune Kampemba, Lubumbashi, République démocratique du Congo
| | - B Amuri
- Laboratoire de pharmacognosie, faculté des sciences pharmaceutiques, université de Lubumbashi (UNILU), 27, avenue Kato, Commune Kampemba, Lubumbashi, République démocratique du Congo
| | - K Mutombo
- Laboratoire de chimie organique, faculté des sciences, université de Lubumbashi, 02, avenue de la Maternité, Commune Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, République démocratique du Congo
| | - L Simbi
- Laboratoire de chimie organique, faculté des sciences, université de Lubumbashi, 02, avenue de la Maternité, Commune Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, République démocratique du Congo
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Correlation between Antioxidant Activity and the Garcinol Content Released from Fruit Rinds of Endemic Garcinia quaesita Pierre on Different Cooking Conditions. J FOOD QUALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/7389714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant activity of garcinol has been identified as the basis for various bioactivities in it, and the genus Garcinia is the main source for the garcinol. G. quaesita, which is endemic to Sri Lanka, is a representative member of genus Garcinia, and the dried fruit rind of G. quaesita is used practically in all curry preparations to impart a sour flavor. In our study, garcinol was isolated (yield: 3.67%) from the dried fruit rind of G. quaesita, for the first time. Further, how cooking conditions enable the ingestion of garcinol during the consumption of curries was also examined. The garcinol content released in different cooking conditions was positively correlated with the antioxidant activity in vitro. The results revealed that boiling virgin coconut oil extract of G. quaesita, simulating the common practice of oil frying during cooking, is the best method for obtaining the highest amount of garcinol into the curry medium.
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Seethapathy GS, Tadesse M, Urumarudappa SKJ, V Gunaga S, Vasudeva R, Malterud KE, Shaanker RU, de Boer HJ, Ravikanth G, Wangensteen H. Authentication of Garcinia fruits and food supplements using DNA barcoding and NMR spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 30002410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Garcinia L. (Clusiaceae) fruits are a rich source of (-)-hydroxycitric acid, and this has gained considerable attention as an anti-obesity agent and a popular weight loss food supplement. In this study, we assessed adulteration of morphologically similar samples of Garcinia using DNA barcoding, and used NMR to quantify the content of (-)-hydroxycitric acid and (-)-hydroxycitric acid lactone in raw herbal drugs and Garcinia food supplements. DNA barcoding revealed that mostly G. gummi-gutta (previously known as G. cambogia) and G. indica were traded in Indian herbal markets, and there was no adulteration. The content of (-)-hydroxycitric acid and (-)-hydroxycitric acid lactone in the two species varied from 1.7% to 16.3%, and 3.5% to 20.7% respectively. Analysis of ten Garcinia food supplements revealed a large variation in the content of (-)-hydroxycitric acid, from 29 mg (4.6%) to 289 mg (50.6%) content per capsule or tablet. Only one product contained quantifiable amounts of (-)-hydroxycitric acid lactone. Furthermore the study demonstrates that DNA barcoding and NMR could be effectively used as a regulatory tool to authenticate Garcinia fruit rinds and food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalakrishnan Saroja Seethapathy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur Post, Bangalore, 560064, India
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Margey Tadesse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Santhosh Kumar J Urumarudappa
- Department of Crop Physiology, School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, Gandhi Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Srikanth V Gunaga
- Department of Forest Biology, College of Forestry, University of Agricultural Sciences, Sirsi, 581401, India
| | - Ramesh Vasudeva
- Department of Forest Biology, College of Forestry, University of Agricultural Sciences, Sirsi, 581401, India
| | - Karl Egil Malterud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ramanan Uma Shaanker
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur Post, Bangalore, 560064, India
- Department of Crop Physiology, School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, Gandhi Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Hugo J de Boer
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gudasalamani Ravikanth
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur Post, Bangalore, 560064, India.
| | - Helle Wangensteen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
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Authentication of Garcinia fruits and food supplements using DNA barcoding and NMR spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10561. [PMID: 30002410 PMCID: PMC6043575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Garcinia L. (Clusiaceae) fruits are a rich source of (−)-hydroxycitric acid, and this has gained considerable attention as an anti-obesity agent and a popular weight loss food supplement. In this study, we assessed adulteration of morphologically similar samples of Garcinia using DNA barcoding, and used NMR to quantify the content of (−)-hydroxycitric acid and (−)-hydroxycitric acid lactone in raw herbal drugs and Garcinia food supplements. DNA barcoding revealed that mostly G. gummi-gutta (previously known as G. cambogia) and G. indica were traded in Indian herbal markets, and there was no adulteration. The content of (−)-hydroxycitric acid and (−)-hydroxycitric acid lactone in the two species varied from 1.7% to 16.3%, and 3.5% to 20.7% respectively. Analysis of ten Garcinia food supplements revealed a large variation in the content of (−)-hydroxycitric acid, from 29 mg (4.6%) to 289 mg (50.6%) content per capsule or tablet. Only one product contained quantifiable amounts of (−)-hydroxycitric acid lactone. Furthermore the study demonstrates that DNA barcoding and NMR could be effectively used as a regulatory tool to authenticate Garcinia fruit rinds and food supplements.
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Ryu YK, Park HY, Go J, Kim YH, Hwang JH, Choi DH, Noh JR, Rhee M, Han PL, Lee CH, Kim KS. Effects of histone acetyltransferase inhibitors on L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in a murine model of Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:1319-1331. [PMID: 29998409 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Histone acetylation is a key regulatory factor for gene expression in cells. Modulation of histone acetylation by targeting of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) effectively alters many gene expression profiles and synaptic plasticity in the brain. However, the role of HATs on L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia of Parkinson's disease (PD) has not been reported. Our aim was to determine whether HAT inhibitors such as anacardic acid, garcinol, and curcumin from natural plants reduce severity of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia using a unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned PD mouse model. Anacardic acid 2 mg/kg, garcinol 5 mg/kg, or curcumin 100 mg/kg co-treatment with L-DOPA significantly reduced the axial, limb, and orofacial (ALO) score indicating less dyskinesia with administration of HAT inhibitors in 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. Additionally, L-DOPA's efficacy was not altered by the compounds in the early stage of treatment. The expression levels of c-Fos, Fra-2, and Arc were effectively decreased by administration of HAT inhibitors in the ipsilateral striatum. Our findings indicate that HAT inhibitor co-treatment with L-DOPA may have therapeutic potential for management of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Kyoung Ryu
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Gwahak-ro 125, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- College of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yeon Park
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Gwahak-ro 125, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Woman's University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Go
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Gwahak-ro 125, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Gwahak-ro 125, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Hwang
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Gwahak-ro 125, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Choi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Gwahak-ro 125, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ran Noh
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Gwahak-ro 125, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungchull Rhee
- College of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyung-Lim Han
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Woman's University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Gwahak-ro 125, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Shim Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Gwahak-ro 125, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Malekar SA, Sarode AL, Bach AC, Worthen DR. The Localization of Phenolic Compounds in Liposomal Bilayers and Their Effects on Surface Characteristics and Colloidal Stability. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:1468-1476. [PMID: 26842800 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0483-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions with and effects of five chemically distinct, bioactive phenolic compounds on the lipid bilayers of model dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) liposomes were investigated. Complementary analytical techniques, including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and phosphorus and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), were employed in order to determine the location of the compounds within the bilayer and to correlate location with their effects on bilayer characteristics and liposomal stability. As compared to the phenolic compounds localized in the glycerol region of the DPPC head group within the bilayer, which enhanced the colloidal stability of the liposomes, compounds located closer to the center of the bilayer reduced vesicle stability as a function of time. Molecules present in the upper region of liposomal DPPC acyl chains (C1-C10) inhibited liposomal aggregation and size increase, perhaps due to tighter packing of adjoining DPPC molecules and increased surface exposure of DPPC phosphate head groups. These data may be useful for designing liposomal systems containing hydrophobic phenols and other small molecules, selecting appropriate analytical methods for determining their location within liposomal bilayers, and predicting their effects on liposome characteristics early in the liposome formulation development process.
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Hao F, Jia LH, Li XW, Zhang YR, Liu XW. Garcinol Upregulates GABAA and GAD65 Expression, Modulates BDNF-TrkB Pathway to Reduce Seizures in Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-Induced Epilepsy. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:4415-4425. [PMID: 27855137 PMCID: PMC5117238 DOI: 10.12659/msm.897579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy is the most predominant neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. Despite treatment with antiepileptic drugs, epilepsy still is a challenge to treat, due to the associated adverse effects of the drugs. Previous investigations have shown critical roles of BDNF-TrkB signalling and expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) and GABAA in the brain during epilepsy. Thus, drugs that could modulate BDNF-TrkB signal and expression of GAD65 and GABAA could aid in therapy. Recent experimental data have focussed on plant-derived compounds in treatments. Garcinol (camboginol), is a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derived from the fruit of Garcinia indica. We investigated the effects of garcinol in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced epileptic models. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seizure scores were measured in epilepsy kindled mice. Neuronal degeneration and apoptosis were assessed by Nissl staining, TUNEL assay, and Fluoro-Jade B staining. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate cleaved caspase-3 expressions. Expression of BDNF, TrkB, GABAA, GAD65, Bad, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Bax were determined by western blots. RESULTS Significantly reduced seizure scores and mortality rates were observed with pretreatment with garcinol. Elevated expression of apoptotic proteins and caspase-3 in kindled mice were effectively downregulated by garcinol. Epileptogenic mice presented increased BDNF and TrkB with considerably decreased GABAA and GAD65 expression. Garcinol significantly enhanced GABAA and GAD65 while it suppressed BDNF and TrkB. Garcinol enhanced the performance of mice in Morris water maze tests. CONCLUSIONS Garcinol exerts neuroprotective effects via supressing apoptosis and modulating BDNF-TrkB signalling and GAD65/GABAA expressions and also enhanced cognition and memory of the mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Hao
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Li-Hua Jia
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Wan Li
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Rui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Wu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
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13,14-Dihydroxy groups are critical for the anti-cancer effects of garcinol. Bioorg Chem 2015; 60:123-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Evaluation of Benzophenone-N-ethyl Morpholine Ethers as Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities. J CHEM-NY 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/941074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are closely associated with the health and welfare of human beings. Whereas some microorganisms are beneficial, others are detrimental. Bacterial infections often produce inflammation and pains and in some instances, infections result in high mortality. Any subtle change in the drug molecule, which may not be detected by chemical methods, can be revealed by a change in the antimicrobial activity and hence microbiological assays are very useful. A series of substituted hydroxy benzophenones and benzophenone-N-ethyl morpholine ethers were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Antibacterial activity againstS. aureus,E. aerogenes,M. luteus,K. pneumonia, andS. typhimurium,S. paratyphi-BandP. vulgarisbacterial strains and antifungal activity againstC. albicans,B. cinerea,M. pachydermatis,C. kruseifungal strains were carried out. The bioassays indicated that most of the synthesized compounds showed potential antibacterial and antifungal agents.
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Kumar S, Sharma S, Chattopadhyay SK. The potential health benefit of polyisoprenylated benzophenones from Garcinia and related genera: Ethnobotanical and therapeutic importance. Fitoterapia 2013; 89:86-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tang W, Pan MH, Sang S, Li S, Ho CT. Garcinol from Garcinia indica: Chemistry and Health Beneficial Effects. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2013-1129.ch008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Tang
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Min-Hsiung Pan
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Shiming Li
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
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Chen X, Zhang X, Lu Y, Shim JY, Sang S, Sun Z, Chen X. Chemoprevention of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster cheek pouch carcinogenesis by a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, garcinol. Nutr Cancer 2012; 64:1211-1218. [PMID: 23137051 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.718032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that aberrant arachidonic acid metabolism, especially the 5-lipoxygenase (5-Lox) pathway, is involved in oral carcinogenesis and can be targeted for cancer prevention. To develop potent topical agents for oral cancer chemoprevention, 5 known 5-Lox inhibitors from dietary and synthetic sources (Zileuton, ABT-761, licofelone, curcumin, and garcinol) were evaluated in silico for their potential efficacy. Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone from the fruit rind of Garcinia spp., was found to be a promising agent based on the calculation of a theoretical activity index. Computer modeling showed that garcinol well fit the active site of 5-Lox, and potentially inhibited enzyme activity through interactions between the phenolic hydroxyl groups and the non-heme catalytic iron. In a short-term study on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-treated hamster cheek pouch, topical garcinol suppressed leukotriene B4 (LTB4) biosynthesis and inhibited inflammation and cell proliferation in the oral epithelium. In a long-term carcinogenesis study, topical garcinol significantly reduced the size of visible tumors, the number of cancer lesions, cell proliferation, and LTB4 biosynthesis. These results demonstrated that topical application of a 5-Lox inhibitor, garcinol, had chemopreventive effect on DMBA-induced hamster cheek pouch carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical & Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Xinyan Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, 4 Tiantanxili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China.,Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Ye Lu
- Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, 4 Tiantanxili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Joong-Youn Shim
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina A&T State University, North Carolina Research Campus, UNC Nutrition Research Building, Kannapolis, NC 28081
| | - Zheng Sun
- Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, 4 Tiantanxili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
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Dibwe DF, Awale S, Kadota S, Tezuka Y. Damnacanthal from the Congolese medicinal plant Garcinia huillensis has a potent preferential cytotoxicity against human pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells. Phytother Res 2012; 26:1920-6. [PMID: 22447631 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Screening of eight Congolese medicinal plants showed that the CHCl(3) and MeOH extracts of Aframomum melegueta (PC(50) = 47.8 µg/mL and 13.8 µg/mL, respectively) and CHCl(3) extracts of Garcinia huillensis (PC(50) = 17.8 µg/mL) and Securidaca longepedunculata (PC(50) = 23.4 µg/mL) had preferential cytotoxicity against human pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells under nutrient-deprived conditions. The active constituents of the CHCl(3) extract of G. huillensis were examined and 12 known anthraquinones were identified. Among them, damnacanthal (1) caused preferential necrotic cell death of PANC-1 and PSN-1 cells under nutrient-deprived and serum-sensitive conditions (PC(50) = 4.46 µm and 3.77 µm, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dya Fita Dibwe
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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15
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Negi PS. Plant extracts for the control of bacterial growth: efficacy, stability and safety issues for food application. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 156:7-17. [PMID: 22459761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The microbial safety of foods continues to be a major concern to consumers, regulatory agencies and food industries throughout the world. Many food preservation strategies have been used traditionally for the control of microbial spoilage in foods but the contamination of food and spoilage by microorganisms is a problem yet to be controlled adequately. Although synthetic antimicrobials are approved in many countries, the recent trend has been for use of natural preservatives, which necessitates the exploration of alternative sources of safe, effective and acceptable natural preservatives. Plants contain innumerable constituents and are valuable sources of new and biologically active molecules possessing antimicrobial properties. Plants extracts either as standardized extracts or as a source of pure compounds provide unlimited opportunities for control of microbial growth owing to their chemical diversity. Many plant extracts possess antimicrobial activity against a range of bacteria, yeast and molds, but the variations in quality and quantity of their bioactive constituents is the major detriments in their food use. Further, phytochemicals added to foods may be lost by various processing techniques. Several plant extracts or purified compounds intended for food use have been consumed by humans for thousands of years, but typical toxicological information is not available for them. Although international guidelines exist for the safety evaluation of food additives, owing to problems in standardization of plant extracts, typical toxicological values have not been assigned to them. Development of cost effective isolation procedures that yield standardized extracts as well as safety and toxicology evaluation of these antimicrobials requires a deeper investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Singh Negi
- Human Resource Development Department, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India.
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Baliga MS, Bhat HP, Pai RJ, Boloor R, Palatty PL. The chemistry and medicinal uses of the underutilized Indian fruit tree Garcinia indica Choisy (kokum): A review. Food Res Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Lorenz N, Haarmann T, Pazoutová S, Jung M, Tudzynski P. The ergot alkaloid gene cluster: functional analyses and evolutionary aspects. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1822-32. [PMID: 19695648 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids and their derivatives have been traditionally used as therapeutic agents in migraine, blood pressure regulation and help in childbirth and abortion. Their production in submerse culture is a long established biotechnological process. Ergot alkaloids are produced mainly by members of the genus Claviceps, with Claviceps purpurea as best investigated species concerning the biochemistry of ergot alkaloid synthesis (EAS). Genes encoding enzymes involved in EAS have been shown to be clustered; functional analyses of EAS cluster genes have allowed to assign specific functions to several gene products. Various Claviceps species differ with respect to their host specificity and their alkaloid content; comparison of the ergot alkaloid clusters in these species (and of clavine alkaloid clusters in other genera) yields interesting insights into the evolution of cluster structure. This review focuses on recently published and also yet unpublished data on the structure and evolution of the EAS gene cluster and on the function and regulation of cluster genes. These analyses have also significant biotechnological implications: the characterization of non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) involved in the synthesis of the peptide moiety of ergopeptines opened interesting perspectives for the synthesis of ergot alkaloids; on the other hand, defined mutants could be generated producing interesting intermediates or only single peptide alkaloids (instead of the alkaloid mixtures usually produced by industrial strains).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lorenz
- Westf. Wilhelms-Universität, Institut für Botanik, Münster, Germany
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Padhye S, Ahmad A, Oswal N, Sarkar FH. Emerging role of Garcinol, the antioxidant chalcone from Garcinia indica Choisy and its synthetic analogs. J Hematol Oncol 2009; 2:38. [PMID: 19725977 PMCID: PMC2743703 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-2-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Garcinol, harvested from Garcinia indica, has traditionally been used in tropical regions and appreciated for centuries; however its biological properties are only beginning to be elucidated. There is ample data to suggest potent antioxidant properties of this compound which have been used to explain most of its observed biological activities. However, emerging evidence suggests that garcinol could be useful as an anti-cancer agent, and it is increasingly being realized that garcinol is a pleiotropic agent capable of modulating key regulatory cell signaling pathways. Here we have summarized the progress of our current research knowledge on garcinol and its observed biological activities. We have also provided an explanation of observed properties based on its chemical structure and provided an insight into the structure and properties of chalcones, the precursors of garcinol. The available data is promising but more detailed investigations into the various properties of this compound, particularly its anti-cancer activity are urgently needed, and it is our hope that this review will stimulate further research for elucidating and appreciating the value of this nature's wonder agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Padhye
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Center and Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Castro ML, Vilela WR, Zauli RC, Ikegaki M, Rehder VLG, Foglio MA, de Alencar SM, Rosalen PL. Bioassay guided purification of the antimicrobial fraction of a Brazilian propolis from Bahia state. Altern Ther Health Med 2009; 9:25. [PMID: 19643008 PMCID: PMC2731721 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-9-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Brazilian propolis type 6 (Atlantic forest, Bahia) is distinct from the other types of propolis especially due to absence of flavonoids and presence of other non-polar, long chain compounds, but presenting good in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity. Several authors have suggested that fatty acids found in this propolis might be responsible for its antimicrobial activity; however, so far no evidence concerning this finding has been reported in the literature. The goals of this study were to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the main pure fatty acids in the ethanolic extract and fractions and elucidate the chemical nature of the bioactive compounds isolated from Brazilian propolis type 6. Methods Brazilian propolis type 6 ethanolic extract (EEP), hexane fraction (H-Fr), major fatty acids, and isolated sub-fractions were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high resolution gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (HRGC-FID), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Three sub-fractions of H-Fr were obtained through preparative HPLC. Antimicrobial activity of EEP, H-Fr, sub-fractions, and fatty acids were tested against Staphyloccus aureus ATCC 25923 and Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt 1600 using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Results EEP and H-Fr inhibited the growth of the microorganisms tested; nevertheless, no antimicrobial activity was found for the major fatty acids. The three sub-fractions (1, 2, and 3) were isolated from H-Fr by preparative HPLC and only sub-fraction 1 showed antimicrobial activity. Conclusion a) The major fatty acids tested were not responsible for the antimicrobial activity of propolis type 6; b) Sub-fraction 1, belonging to the benzophenone class, was responsible for the antimicrobial activity observed in the present study. The identification of the bioactive compound will improve the development of more efficient uses of this natural product.
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Identification of a bioactive compound isolated from Brazilian propolis type 6. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5332-5. [PMID: 19497755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A prenylated benzophenone, hyperibone A, was isolated from the hexane fraction of Brazilian propolis type 6. Its structure was determined by spectral analysis including 2D NMR. This compound exhibited cytotoxic activity against HeLa tumor cells (IC(50)=0.1756microM), strong antimicrobial activity (MIC range-0.73-6.6microg/mL; MBC range-2.92-106microg/mL) against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus oralis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Actinomyces naeslundii, and the results of its cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities were considered good.
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Severi JA, Lima ZP, Kushima H, Monteiro Souza Brito AR, Campaner dos Santos L, Vilegas W, Hiruma-Lima CA. Polyphenols with antiulcerogenic action from aqueous decoction of mango leaves (Mangifera indica L.). Molecules 2009; 14:1098-110. [PMID: 19305363 PMCID: PMC6254050 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14031098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the gastroprotective effect of a Mangifera indica leaf decoction (AD), on different experimental models in rodents. The administration of AD up to a dose of 5 g/kg (p.o.) did not produce any signs or symptoms of toxicity in the treated animals, while significantly decreasing the severity of gastric damage induced by several gastroprotective models. Oral pre-treatment with AD (250, 500 or 1000 mg/kg) in mice and rats with gastric lesions induced by HCl/ethanol, absolute ethanol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) or stress-induced gastric lesions resulted in a significant decrease of said lesions. Phytochemical analyses of AD composition demonstrated the presence of bioactive phenolic compounds that represent 57.3% of total phenolic content in this extract. Two main phenolic compounds were isolated, specifically mangiferin (C-glucopyranoside of 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone) and C-glucosyl-benzophenone (3-C-β-D-glucopyranosyl-4’,2,4,6-tetrahydroxybenzophenone). These findings indicate the potential gastroprotective properties of aqueous decoction from M. indica leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Aparecida Severi
- Pharmacos and Drugs Department, Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, São Paulo State University-UNESP, c.p.355, Zip Code: 14801-902, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; E-mail: (J-A.S.)
| | - Zeila Pinheiro Lima
- Physiology Department, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University-UNESP, c.p. 510, Zip Code: 18618-000, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; E-mail: (Z-P.L.), (H.K.)
| | - Hélio Kushima
- Physiology Department, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University-UNESP, c.p. 510, Zip Code: 18618-000, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; E-mail: (Z-P.L.), (H.K.)
| | - Alba Regina Monteiro Souza Brito
- Physiology and Biophysics Department, Biology Institute, Campinas State University-UNICAMP, c.p. 6109, Zip Code: 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; E-mail: (A-R.M.)
| | - Lourdes Campaner dos Santos
- Organic Chemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, São Paulo State University-UNESP, c.p. 355, Zip Code: 14800-900, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; E-mail: (W.V.), (L-C.S.)
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Organic Chemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, São Paulo State University-UNESP, c.p. 355, Zip Code: 14800-900, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; E-mail: (W.V.), (L-C.S.)
| | - Clélia Akiko Hiruma-Lima
- Physiology Department, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University-UNESP, c.p. 510, Zip Code: 18618-000, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; E-mail: (Z-P.L.), (H.K.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail:
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Negi P, Jayaprakasha G, Jena B. Antibacterial activity of the extracts from the fruit rinds of Garcinia cowa and Garcinia pedunculata against food borne pathogens and spoilage bacteria. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Almeida LSB, Murata RM, Yatsuda R, Dos Santos MH, Nagem TJ, Alencar SM, Koo H, Rosalen PL. Antimicrobial activity of Rheedia brasiliensis and 7-epiclusianone against Streptococcus mutans. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 15:886-891. [PMID: 18276126 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This in vitro study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of extracts obtained from Rheedia brasiliensis fruit (bacupari) and its bioactive compound against Streptococcus mutans. Hexane, ethyl-acetate and ethanolic extracts obtained (concentrations ranging from 6.25 to 800 microg/ml) were tested against S. mutans UA159 through MIC/MBC assays. S. mutans 5-days-old biofilms were treated with the active extracts (100 x MIC) for 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4h (time-kill) and plated for colony counting (CFU/ml). Active extracts were submitted to exploratory chemical analyses so as to isolate and identify the bioactive compound using spectroscopic methods. The bioactive compound (concentrations ranging from 0.625 to 80 microg/ml) was then tested through MIC/MBC assays. Peel and seed hexane extracts showed antimicrobial activity against planktonic cells at low concentrations and were thus selected for the time kill test. These hexane extracts reduced S. mutans biofilm viability after 4h, certifying of the bioactive compound presence. The bioactive compound identified was the polyprenylated benzophenone 7-epiclusianone, which showed a good antimicrobial activity at low concentrations (MIC: 1.25-2.5 microg/ml; MBC: 10-20 microg/ml). The results indicated that 7-epiclusianone may be used as a new agent to control S. mutans biofilms; however, more studies are needed to further elucidate the mechanisms of action and the anticariogenic potential of such compound found in R. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S B Almeida
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Hong J, Kwon SJ, Sang S, Ju J, Zhou JN, Ho CT, Huang MT, Yang CS. Effects of garcinol and its derivatives on intestinal cell growth: Inhibitory effects and autoxidation-dependent growth-stimulatory effects. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 42:1211-21. [PMID: 17382202 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Revised: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone, from the Garcinia indica fruit rind, has been suggested to be an anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agent. To explore the possible use of this redox-sensitive compound as a colon cancer preventive agent, we investigated the effects of garcinol and its oxidative derivatives, cambogin, garcim-1, and garcim-2, on the growth of HT-29 and HCT-116 colon cancer cells, as well as IEC-6 and INT-407 normal immortalized intestinal cells. Garcinol and its derivatives showed potent growth-inhibitory effects on all intestinal cells, showing IC50 of 3.2-21.4 microM after a 3-day treatment. Garcim-1 exhibited the strongest effect with IC50 of 3.2-5.9 microM. Garcinol was more effective in inhibiting growth of cancer cells than that of normal immortalized cells. Flow-cytometric analysis showed increased sub-G1 cells by treatment with garcinol and cambogin. Induction of apoptosis by garcinol and cambogin (2-10 microM) was also observed based on caspase-3 activation and enhanced annexin V staining. The inhibitory effect of garcinol on cell growth was much more pronounced in the absence of fetal bovine serum (FBS), decreasing IC50 to 1.5 from 11.8 microM in 72-h incubations and to 3 from 38 microM in 24-h incubations, possibly due to the binding of garcinol to FBS, which markedly reduced cellular levels of garcinol. Under these conditions, redox reactions seem not to be involved in the inhibition. In contrast to the inhibitory effect, low concentrations (<1 microM) of garcinol and cambogin stimulated the growth of both normal and cancer cells by 10-100%, and the activity seemed to be mediated by reactive oxygen species. In the presence of superoxide dismutase/catalase or N-acetyl cysteine, low concentrations of garcinol (<1 microM) decreased cell growth. Garcinol (0.5-1 microM) also increased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 and AKT and the level of survivin, and the effects were abolished in the presence of superoxide dismutase/catalase. Our results indicate that garcinol and its derivatives can inhibit intestinal cell growth, but low concentrations of garcinol can stimulate cell growth. It remains to be determined whether the currently observed stimulatory and inhibitory effects of garcinol on colon cell growth occur in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungil Hong
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Hamed W, Brajeul S, Mahuteau-Betzer F, Thoison O, Mons S, Delpech B, Nguyen VH, Sévenet T, Marazano C. Oblongifolins A-D, polyprenylated benzoylphloroglucinol derivatives from Garcinia oblongifolia. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2006; 69:774-7. [PMID: 16724839 DOI: 10.1021/np050543s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Oblongifolins A-D (2-5), four new polyprenylated 3,4-dihydroxybenzoylphloroglucinol compounds, were isolated from the bark of Garcinia oblongifolia collected in Vietnam. The bark was also found to contain the known compounds camboginol and guttiferone B. Extraction of the leaves gave 2 and camboginol. Details of the structure elucidation of 2-5 and stereochemical comparisons with known natural derivatives of general formula 1a,b are presented. The biological activity of these compounds concerning interactions with tubulin was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa Hamed
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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Khanum SA, Shashikanth S, Umesha S, Kavitha R. Synthesis and antimicrobial study of novel heterocyclic compounds from hydroxybenzophenones. Eur J Med Chem 2005; 40:1156-62. [PMID: 15935518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2005.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2004] [Revised: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The triazolothiadiazine analogues 6a-e were obtained via a multistep synthesis sequences beginning with the hydroxybenzophenones 1a-e. Hydroxybenzophenones on reaction with ethyl chloroacetate affords ethyl (2-aroylaryloxy)acetates 2a-e which on treatment with hydrazine hydrate yields 2-(2-aroylaryloxy)acetohydrazides 3a-e. Intramolecular cyclization of 3a-e with carbon disulfide affords 5-(2-aroylaryloxy)methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-(3H)thiones 4a-e, which on treatment with hydrazine hydrate yields 4-amino-5-(2-aroyl aryloxy)methyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-(2H)thiones 5a-e. Condensation of 5a-e with alpha-halocarbonyl compound results in 3-(2-aroylaryloxy)methyl-6-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4] thiadiazine 6a-e analogues. The compounds 4a-e, 5a-e and 6a-e were tested against variety of fungal and bacterial strains in comparison to fluconazole and chloramphenicol, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaukath A Khanum
- Department of Chemistry, Yuvaraja's College, University of Mysore, Mysore 570005, India
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Hong J, Sang S, Park HJ, Kwon SJ, Suh N, Huang MT, Ho CT, Yang CS. Modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism and nitric oxide synthesis by garcinol and its derivatives. Carcinogenesis 2005; 27:278-86. [PMID: 16093250 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone, from the fruit rind of Garcinia spp., has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic activities. To study its mechanism of action, we analyzed the effects of garcinol and its derivatives, including cambogin, garcim-1 and garcim-2, on arachidonic acid metabolism and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages as well as in three intestinal cell lines. We also examined the effect of garcinol on cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and related upstream signaling. At 1 microM, garcinol and its derivatives, added 1 h after LPS stimulation, significantly inhibited the release of arachidonic acid and its metabolites in macrophages; garcinol was the most effective, showing >50% inhibition. Similar inhibitory activity was also observed in intestinal cells, HT-29, HCT-116 and IEC-6 cells, showing 40-50% inhibition by 1 microM garcinol. In LPS-stimulated macrophages, garcinol inhibited the phosphorylation of cPLA2 without altering its protein level, and the effect was related to the inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Garcinol inhibited NFkappaB activation and COX-2 expression only when it was added to the cells before LPS stimulation. Garcinol (1 microM) also significantly decreased iNOS expression and NO release from LPS-stimulated macrophages; this is probably due to the inhibition of the signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT-1), an upstream event in the activation of iNOS synthesis. The results suggest that garcinol modulates arachidonic acid metabolism by blocking the phosphorylation of cPLA2 and decreases iNOS protein level by inhibiting STAT-1 activation. These activities may contribute to the anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic actions of garcinol and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungil Hong
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
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Chagonda LS, Chalchat JC. The essential oil of the fruit ofGarcinia huillensis Welw. ex. Oliv. from Zimbabwe. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Baggett S, Mazzola EP, Kennelly EJ. The benzophenones: Isolation, structural elucidation and biological activities. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS (PART L) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(05)80067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Khanum SA, Shashikanth S, Sudha BS, Deepak SA, Shetty HS. Synthesis and anti-mildew activity of 5-(2-aroyl)aryloxymethyl-2-phenyl-1 ,3,4-oxadiazoles against downy mildew of pearl millet. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2004; 60:1119-1124. [PMID: 15532687 DOI: 10.1002/ps.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A manipulatively simple, rapid, high-yielding and environmentally benign method for the integration of a heterocyclic ring, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, at the benzophenone nucleus has been achieved through intramolecular cyclization of substituted aroylaryloxyacetohydrazides to substituted 5-(2-aroyl)aryloxymethyl-2-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles under solventless 'dry' conditions using montmorillonite K10 clay and microwave irradiation. A comparison is made of the microwave-accelerated reaction with conventional heating conditions. Certain of the derivatives tested showed significant anti-mildew activity against Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc) Schroeter, the downy mildew pathogen of pearl millet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaukath A Khanum
- Department of Chemistry, Yuvaraja's College, University of Mysore, Mysore-570 005, India
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Khanum SA, Shashikanth S, Sudha BS. Microwave-assisted synthesis of 2-amino and 2-azetidinonyl 5-(2-benzoyl-phenoxymethyl) 1,3,4-oxadiazoles. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.10210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Chemical studies on antioxidant mechanism of garcinol: analysis of radical reaction products of garcinol with peroxyl radicals and their antitumor activities. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)01411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sang S, Pan MH, Cheng X, Bai N, Stark RE, Rosen RT, Lin-Shiau SY, Lin JK, Ho CT. Chemical studies on antioxidant mechanism of garcinol: analysis of radical reaction products of garcinol and their antitumor activities. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)01015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pan MH, Chang WL, Lin-Shiau SY, Ho CT, Lin JK. Induction of apoptosis by garcinol and curcumin through cytochrome c release and activation of caspases in human leukemia HL-60 cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2001; 49:1464-1474. [PMID: 11312881 DOI: 10.1021/jf001129v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone, was purified from Garcinia indica fruit rind. The effects of garcinol and curcumin on cell viability in human leukemia HL-60 cells were investigated. Garcinol and curcumin displayed strong growth inhibitory effects against human leukemia HL-60 cells, with estimated IC(50) values of 9.42 and 19.5 microM, respectively. Garcinol was able to induce apoptosis in a concentration- and time-dependent manner; however, curcumin was less effective. Treatment with garcinol caused induction of caspase-3/CPP32 activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner, but not caspase-1 activity, and induced the degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Pretreatment with caspase-3 inhibitor inhibited garcinol-induced DNA fragmentation. Treatment with garcinol (20 microM) caused a rapid loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into cytosol, and subsequent induction of procaspase-9 processing. The cleavage of D4-GDI, an abundant hematopoietic cell GDP dissociation inhibitor for the Ras-related Rho family GTPases, occurred simultaneously with the activation of caspase-3 but preceded DNA fragmentation and the morphological changes associated with apoptotic cell death. Of these, Bcl-2, Bad, and Bax were studied. The level of expression of Bcl-2 slightly decreased, while the levels of Bad and Bax were dramatically increased in cells treated with garcinol. These results indicate that garcinol allows caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease to enter the nucleus and degrade chromosomal DNA and induces DFF-45 (DNA fragmentation factor) degradation. It is suggested that garcinol-induced apoptosis is triggered by the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, procaspase-9 processing, activation of caspase-3 and caspase-2, degradation of PARP, and DNA fragmentation caused by the caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease through the digestion of DFF-45. The induction of apoptosis by garcinol may provide a pivotal mechanism for its cancer chemopreventive action.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Pan
- Institutes of Biochemistry and Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Yamaguchi F, Saito M, Ariga T, Yoshimura Y, Nakazawa H. Free radical scavenging activity and antiulcer activity of garcinol from Garcinia indica fruit rind. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2000; 48:2320-2325. [PMID: 10888544 DOI: 10.1021/jf990908c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative, was purified from Garcinia indica fruit rind, and its free radical scavenging activity was studied using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry. In the hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase system, emulsified garcinol suppressed superoxide anion to almost the same extent as DL-alpha-tocopherol by weight. In the Fenton reaction system, garcinol also suppressed hydroxyl radical more strongly than DL-alpha-tocopherol. In the H(2)O(2)/NaOH/DMSO system, garcinol suppressed superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, and methyl radical. It was thus confirmed that this derivative is a potent free radical scavenger and able to scavenge both hydrophilic and hydrophobic ones including reactive oxygen species. Orally administered garcinol prevented acute ulceration in rats induced by indomethacin and water immersion stress caused by radical formation. These results suggested garcinol might have potential as a free radical scavenger and clinical application as an antiulcer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yamaguchi
- Research and Development Division of Kikkoman Corporation, Noda-shi, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.
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Yamaguchi F, Ariga T, Yoshimura Y, Nakazawa H. Antioxidative and anti-glycation activity of garcinol from Garcinia indica fruit rind. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2000; 48:180-185. [PMID: 10691613 DOI: 10.1021/jf990845y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative, was purified from Garcinia indica fruit rind, and its antioxidative activity, chelating activity, free radical scavenging activity, and anti-glycation activity were studied. Garcinol exhibited moderate antioxidative activity in the micellar linoleic acid peroxidation system and also exhibited chelating activity at almost the same level as citrate. It also showed nearly 3 times greater DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity than DL-alpha-tocopherol by weight in aqueous ethanol solution. In a phenazine methosulfate/NADH-nitroblue tetrazolium system, garcinol exhibited superoxide anion scavenging activity and suppressed protein glycation in a bovine serum albumin/fructose system. Thus, garcinol might be beneficial as a potent antioxidant and a glycation inhibitor under specified conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yamaguchi
- Research and Development Division, Kikkoman Corporation, Noda 399, Noda-shi, Chiba Pref. 278-0037, Japan.
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Hypericum Perforatum - St. John's Wort Chemical, Pharmacological and Clinical Aspects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(00)80037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Gustafson KR, Blunt JW, Munro MH, Fuller RW, McKee TC, Cardellina JH, McMahon JB, Cragg GM, Boyd MR. The guttiferones, HIV-inhibitory benzophenones from Symphonia globulifera, Garcinia livingstonei, Garcinia ovalifolia and Clusia rosea. Tetrahedron 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)89039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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