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Molecular phylogeny reveals distinct evolutionary lineages of the banded krait, Bungarus fasciatus (Squamata, Elapidae) in Asia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2061. [PMID: 36739450 PMCID: PMC9899266 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The banded krait, Bungarus fasciatus is a widespread elapid snake, likely to comprise several distinct species in different geographic regions of Asia. Therefore, based on molecular phylogenetics and comparative morphology data, we present an overview of the systematic composition of the species to delimit potential biogeographic boundaries. Our phylogenetic analyses, based on four mitochondrial genes, reveal the existence of at least three evolutionary lineages within B. fasciatus, corresponding to Indo-Myanmar, Sundaic and eastern Asian lineages. We are convinced that there are at least three taxonomic entities within the nomen B. fasciatus and restrict the distribution of B. fasciatus sensu stricto to the Indo-Myanmar region. We also provide additional natural history data of the taxon from eastern India. Finally, we advocate further studies to establish the degree of reproductive isolation among these diverging evolutionary lineages and to reassess the systematic status of this species complex especially the Sundaic and eastern Asian lineages.
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Yuan FL, Prigge TL, Sung YH, Dingle C, Bonebrake TC. Two Genetically Distinct yet Morphologically Indistinct Bungarus Species (Squamata, Elapidae) in Hong Kong. CURRENT HERPETOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.5358/hsj.41.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Félix Landry Yuan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, CHINA
| | - Tracey-Leigh Prigge
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, CHINA
| | - Yik-Hei Sung
- Science Unit, Lingnan University, Hong Kong SAR, CHINA
| | - Caroline Dingle
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, CHINA
| | - Timothy C. Bonebrake
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, CHINA
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Kiheli H, Chérifi F, Ameziani M, Saoud S, Hariti G, Laraba-Djebari F. Isolation and Characterization of CD39-like Phosphodiesterase (Cc-PDE) from Cerastes cerastes Venom: Molecular Inhibitory Mechanism of Antiaggregation and Anticoagulation. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:426-441. [PMID: 32798364 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666200813200148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerastes cerastes venom contains several bioactive proteins with inhibitory potential of platelet aggregation and blood coagulation. OBJECTIVE The current study deals with purification, characterization and determination of structural properties of Cc-PDE, the first phosphodiesterase from Cerastes cerastes venom. MATERIAL AND METHODS The purification process consists of three successive chromatographies including G75-Sephadex size exclusion, DEAE exchange chromatography and affinity using Sildenafil as a main PDEs' specific inhibitor. The amino acid sequence of purified Cc-PDE was determined by liquid chromatography coupled off line to MALDI-TOF/TOF. Modeling and structural features were obtained using several bioinformatics tools. In vivo and in vitro antiplatelet aggregation and anticoagulant assays were performed. RESULTS Cc-PDE (73 506.42 Da) is a 654-residue single polypeptide with 1-22 signal peptide and it is characterized by the presence of predominant basic amino acids suitable to alkaline pI (8.17). Cc-PDE structure is composed of β-strands (17%) and α-helices (24%) and it shares a high identity with homologous snake venom PDEs. Cc-PDE hydrolyzes both Bis-p-nitrophenyl phosphate (Km = 2.60 ± 0.95 mM, Vmax = 0.017 ± 0.002569 μmol.min-1) and p-nitrophenyl phosphate (Km = 7.13 mM ± 0.04490 mM, Vmax = 0.053 ±0.012 μmol.min-1). Cc-PDE prevents ADP- and ATP-induced platelet aggregation by hydrolyzing ADP and ATP, reducing surface P-selectin expression and attenuating platelet function. In addition, Cc-PDE inhibits coagulation factors involved in the intrinsic pathway demonstrated by a significant prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time and in vivo long-lasting anticoagulation. CONCLUSION The obtained results revealed that Cc-PDE may have a therapeutic potential and could be a remedy for thromboembolic diseases as an alternative of anticoagulant and antiplatelet aggregation chemical origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamida Kiheli
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32 El-Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fatah Chérifi
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32 El-Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Meriem Ameziani
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32 El-Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Samah Saoud
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32 El-Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Ghania Hariti
- Unverisity of Benyoucef Benkheda Algiers 1, Faculty of Medicine, Centre de Transfusion Sanguine, CHU Bab El-Oued, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fatima Laraba-Djebari
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32 El-Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
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Timms M, Ganio K, Steel R. Extraction of α-neurotoxins from equine plasma by receptor based affinity purification. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:918-928. [PMID: 32246898 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Venoms were first identified as potential doping agents by the racing industry in 2007 when three vials of cobra venom were seized during an inspection of a stable at Keeneland Racecourse in the USA. Venoms are a complex mixture of proteins, peptides, and other substances with a wide range of biological effects, including inhibiting the transmission of nervous and muscular impulses. As an example of this, cobratoxin, an α-neurotoxin found in cobra venom, is claimed to be an effective treatment for pain. Recent analysis of seized samples identified venom from two different species of snake. Proteomic analysis identified the first sample as cobra venom, while the second sample, in a vial labeled "Conotoxin", was identified as venom from a many banded krait. Cobratoxin, conotoxins, and bungarotoxins (a component of krait venom) are all α-neurotoxins, suggesting a common application for all three venom proteins as potential pain blocking medications. Using a peptide based on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, a one-step affinity purification method was developed for the detection of α-neurotoxins in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Timms
- Biological Research Unit, Racing Analytical Services Ltd, 400 Epsom Road, Flemington, Victoria, Australia, 3031
| | - Katherine Ganio
- Biological Research Unit, Racing Analytical Services Ltd, 400 Epsom Road, Flemington, Victoria, Australia, 3031
| | - Rohan Steel
- Biological Research Unit, Racing Analytical Services Ltd, 400 Epsom Road, Flemington, Victoria, Australia, 3031
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Li R, Cao F, Chen Y, Zhang P, Huang C, Xin H, Wang J, Wang X. Metal–Organic Framework and Hydrogel Based Strategy as a Universal First-Aid Treatment of Three Different Typical Snake Bites. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:6265-6273. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruolei Li
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies: Institition of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330088, China
- College of Queen Mary, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Fei Cao
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies: Institition of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330088, China
| | - Yutong Chen
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies: Institition of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330088, China
| | - Peixin Zhang
- College of Resource, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Chunhong Huang
- College of Basic Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Hongbo Xin
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies: Institition of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330088, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resource, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies: Institition of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330088, China
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
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Venomics of Bungarus caeruleus (Indian krait): Comparable venom profiles, variable immunoreactivities among specimens from Sri Lanka, India and Pakistan. J Proteomics 2017; 164:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Saoud S, Chérifi F, Benhassine T, Laraba-Djebari F. Purification and characterization of a platelet aggregation inhibitor and anticoagulant Cc 5_NTase, CD 73-like, from Cerastes cerastes venom. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2016; 31. [PMID: 27925690 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The present study is the first attempt to report the characterization of a nucleotidase from Cerastes cerastes venom. A 70 kDa 5'-nucleotidase (Cc-5'NTase) was purified to homogeneity. The amino acid sequence of Cc-5'NTase displayed high homology with many nucleotidases. Its activity was optimal at pH 7 with a specific hydrolytic activity toward mono-, di-, and triphosphate adenylated nucleotides. Cc-5'NTase preferentially hydrolyzed ADP and obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Among the metals and inhibitors tested, Ni2+ and Mg2+ completely potentiated enzyme activity, whereas EGTA, PMSF, iodoacetamide, vanillic acid, vanillyl mandelic acid, and 1,10-phenanthroline partially abolished its activity. Cc-5'NTase was not lethal for mice at 5 mg/kg and exhibited in vivo anticoagulant effect. It also dose-dependently inhibited adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation by converting adenosine diphosphate to adenosine and prohibited arachidonic acid-induced aggregation but was not effective on fibrinogen-induced aggregation. Cc-5'NTase could be a good tool as pharmacological molecule in thrombosis diagnostic and/or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Saoud
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, BP 32 El-Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fatah Chérifi
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, BP 32 El-Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Traki Benhassine
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, BP 32 El-Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fatima Laraba-Djebari
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, BP 32 El-Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
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Mitra J, Bhattacharyya D. Phosphodiesterase from Daboia russelli russelli venom: purification, partial characterization and inhibition of platelet aggregation. Toxicon 2014; 88:1-10. [PMID: 24932740 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) belong to a super-family of enzymes that have multiple roles in the metabolism of extracellular nucleotides and regulation of nucleotide-based intercellular signalling. A PDE from Russell's viper (Daboia russelli russelli) venom (DR-PDE) was purified by gel filtration, ion exchange and affinity chromatographies. Homogeneity of the preparation was verified by SDS-PAGE, SE-HPLC and mass spectrometry. It was free from 5'-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphatase and protease activities. Identity of the enzyme was ensured from partial sequence homology with other PDEs. DR-PDE was inactivated by polyvalent anti-venom serum and metal chelators. The enzyme was partially inhibited by the root extracts of four medicinal plants but remained unaffected by inhibitors of intracellular PDEs. DR-PDE hydrolyses ADP and thus, strongly inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation in human platelet rich plasma. This study leads to better understanding of a component of Russell's viper venom that affects homoeostatic system of the victim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmoy Mitra
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Debasish Bhattacharyya
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India.
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Rusmili MRA, Yee TT, Mustafa MR, Hodgson WC, Othman I. Proteomic characterization and comparison of Malaysian Bungarus candidus and Bungarus fasciatus venoms. J Proteomics 2014; 110:129-44. [PMID: 25154052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Kraits (Bungarus spp.) are highly venomous elapids that are only found in Asia. In the current study, 103 and 86 different proteins were identified from Bungarus candidus and Bungarus fasciatus venoms, respectively. These proteins were classified into 18 different venom protein families. Both venoms were found to contain a high percentage of three finger toxins, phospholipase A2 enzymes and Kunitz-type inhibitors. Smaller number of high molecular weight enzymes such as L-amino acid oxidase, hyaluronidases, and acetylcholinesterase were also detected in the venoms. We also detected some unique proteins that were not known to be present in these venoms. The presence of a natriuretic peptide, vespryn, and serine protease families was detected in B. candidus venom. We also detected the presence of subunit A and B of β-bungarotoxin and α-bungarotoxin which had not been previously found in B. fasciatus venom. Understanding the proteome composition of Malaysian krait species will provide useful information on unique toxins and proteins which are present in the venoms. This knowledge will assist in the management of krait envenoming. In addition, these proteins may have potential use as research tools or as drug-design templates. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study has revealed the proteome composition of Malaysian B. candidus and B. fasciatus venoms, two medically important snake species in Asia. Information on the venom proteome of these species will provide useful information for krait bite management and aid in antivenom selection. Venom proteome profiles of these venoms showed that there are significant differences in the venom protein family compositions. Detection of proteins and peptides that have not been documented in these species such as natriuretic peptides, vespryn and serine proteases provides new knowledge on the composition of these venoms. The roles of these new proteins and peptides in krait envenoming are still unknown. Discovery of these proteins and peptides may also be useful for future research tool and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Rusdi Ahmad Rusmili
- Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, 3168 Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 46150 Bandar Sunway, Malaysia; Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan Campus, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Tee Ting Yee
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 46150 Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rais Mustafa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wayne C Hodgson
- Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, 3168 Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 46150 Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.
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In-vitro neurotoxicity of two Malaysian krait species (Bungarus candidus and Bungarus fasciatus) venoms: neutralization by monovalent and polyvalent antivenoms from Thailand. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1036-48. [PMID: 24625762 PMCID: PMC3968375 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6031036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bungarus candidus and Bungarus fasciatus are two species of krait found in Southeast Asia. Envenoming by these snakes is often characterized by neurotoxicity and, without treatment, causes considerable morbidity and mortality. In this study, the in vitro neurotoxicity of each species, and the effectiveness of two monovalent antivenoms and a polyvalent antivenom, against the neurotoxic effects of the venoms, were examined in a skeletal muscle preparation. Both venoms caused concentration-dependent inhibition of indirect twitches, and attenuated responses to exogenous nicotinic receptor agonists, in the chick biventer preparation, with B. candidus venom being more potent than B. fasciatus venom. SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis indicated different profiles between the venoms. Despite these differences, most proteins bands were recognized by all three antivenoms. Antivenom, added prior to the venoms, attenuated the neurotoxic effect of the venoms. Interestingly, the respective monovalent antivenoms did not neutralize the effects of the venom from the other Bungarus species indicating a relative absence of cross-neutralization. Addition of a high concentration of polyvalent antivenom, at the t90 time point after addition of venom, partially reversed the neurotoxicity of B. fasciatus venom but not B. candidus venom. The monovalent antivenoms had no significant effect when added at the t90 time point. This study showed that B. candidus and B. fasciatus venoms display marked in vitro neurotoxicity in the chick biventer preparation and administration of antivenoms at high dose is necessary to prevent or reverse neurotoxicity.
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Aird SD. Taxonomic distribution and quantitative analysis of free purine and pyrimidine nucleosides in snake venoms. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 140:109-26. [PMID: 15621516 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Revised: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The nucleoside content of 32 elapid and viperid venoms was examined. Free purines, principally adenosine (ADO), inosine (INO), and guanosine (GUA), comprised as much as 8.7% of the solid components of some venoms. Thus, purines are far more abundant in some venoms than many proteinaceous toxins. Hypoxanthine (HYP) was found in about half of elapid and viperine venoms, in which it is a relatively minor constituent (<60 microg/g). Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) was tentatively identified in only three elapid and two viperid venoms. The pyrimidines, uridine (URI) and cytidine (CYT), were also found in most elapid and viperine venoms. In most of these, the amount of uridine was substantially greater than that of cytidine. Thymidine (THY) was not found in any venom, indicating that DNA from disintegration of glandular cells is not the source of venom nucleosides. In contrast to elapid and viperine venoms, most crotaline venoms are devoid of free nucleosides. Elapid and viperine venoms also contained other minor, low molecular weight constituents that could not be positively identified. Some had spectra identical to those of adenosine, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), inosine, xanthosine (XAN), and guanosine, while others had unique spectra. There is no apparent correlation between quantities of venom nucleosides and literature values for the three dominant venom enzymes that release endogenous nucleosides, 5'-nucleotidase (5NUC), phosphodiesterase (PDE), and alkaline phosphomonoesterase (PME).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Aird
- Department of Chemistry, Norfolk State University, 700 Park Avenue, WSB 224A, Norfolk, VA 23504, USA.
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Valério AA, Corradini AC, Panunto PC, Mello SM, Hyslop S. Purification and characterization of a phosphodiesterase from Bothrops alternatus snake venom. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2002; 21:495-503. [PMID: 12638651 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022414503995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A phosphodiesterase was purified from the venom of the snake Bothrops alternatus by a combination of gel filtration and ion exchange chromatographies. In SDS-PAGE, the enzyme gave a single band with a molecular mass of 105 kDa, which was unaltered in the presence of beta-mercaptoethanol, indicating that the protein contained no subunits. A single protein band was also observed in native PAGE. There were no contaminating 5'-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphatase and protease activities. The enzyme was recognized by commercial bothropic antiserum and gave a single band in immunoblotting. The enzyme had a pH optimum in the range of 7.5-9.5 and the optimum temperature was 60 degrees C, with activity being rapidly lost within 1 min at > or = 70 degrees C. The Km of the enzyme was 2.69 mM. PDE activity was potentiated by cobalt and, to a lesser extent, by calcium, whereas copper, manganese, zinc, EDTA, and beta-mercaptoethanol were inhibitory. These properties show that this enzyme is very similar to that isolated from other snake venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Valério
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6111, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Tsai IH, Hsu HY, Wang YM. A novel phospholipase A(2) from the venom glands of Bungarus candidus: cloning and sequence-comparison. Toxicon 2002; 40:1363-7. [PMID: 12220723 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(02)00150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) in the venom of Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus) and its structure were studied. The PLA(2) cDNAs from the venom gland of B. candidus (Indonesia origin) were amplified by the polymerase chain reactions (PCR) and cloned. The primers used were based on the cDNA sequences of several homologous B. multicinctus venom PLA(2)s. In addition to the A-chains of beta-bungarotoxins, a novel B. candidus PLA(2) was cloned and its full amino acid sequence deduced. Having totally 125 amino acid residues, the PLA(2) contains a pancreatic loop and is 61% identical to the acidic PLA(2) of king cobra venom. However, the enzyme was not detected from the venom sample. Its structural relationships to other elapid venom PLA(2)s were analyzed with a phylogenetic tree and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inn-Ho Tsai
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, and College of Sciences, National Taiwan University, PO Box 23-106, 106, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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