Studies of the necrotic actions of the venoms of several Australian spiders

‘Partitagin’ a hemorrhagic metalloprotease from Hippasa partita spider venom: Role in tissue necrosis

The poisonous bite by Hippasa partita, a funnel web spider from the Indian subcontinent has been demonstrated to give rise to severe dermo- and myonecrosis. In this work a hemorrhagic metalloprotease, Partitagin was purified from H. partita venom by successive chromatography on Sephadex G-100, DEAE Sephadex A-50 and Biosep DEAE columns. SDS-PAGE, reversed phase HPLC on a C(4) column, N-terminal amino acid sequencing and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry confirmed the homogeneity. Partitagin was assayed using fat free casein as substrate. EDTA, 1,10-phenanthroline and cyanide, inactivated it irreversibly while, EGTA, PMSF, leupeptin, pepstatin and aprotinin did not inhibit. The presence of Zn(+2) was confirmed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Partitagin caused hemorrhage when tested in a mouse model. Light microscopy of skin tissue sections at the site of injection revealed extensive damage of extracellular matrix (ECM) in which the basement membrane surrounding blood vessels and capillaries showing signs of extensive destruction and also loss of vessel wall integrity. Similar intense damage was also noticed in the ECM of muscle tissue sections but with no damage caused to myocytes. Partitagin showed specificity of action on the components of ECM and degraded collagen type-IV and fibronectin but not collagen type-I. Partitagin was devoid of edema, myotoxicity and lethality. This is the first report on the isolation and characterization of a toxin from spider venom in the Indian subcontinent.

White-tail spider bite: a prospective study of 130 definite bites by Lampona species

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the circumstances and clinical effects of bites by white-tail spiders, including the two species Lampona cylindrata and L. murina commonly encountered by humans, and the incidence of necrotic lesions.

DESIGN

Prospective cohort study of definite white-tail spider bites. Cases were only included if there was a clear history of bite, the spider was caught and was identified by an expert.

SETTING

Calls to Australian poisons information centres and emergency departments.

PATIENTS

130 patients with a definite bite by a white-tail spider from February 1999 to April 2002.

RESULTS

There were 79 bites by L. cylindrata and 51 by L. murina. Bites occurred in warmer months, 95% indoors and 75% between 16: 00 and 08: 00. The activity at the time of the bite was characteristic and the spider was encountered between bedclothes, towels or clothing. 25% of bites occurred on distal limbs. Pain/discomfort occurred in all cases, and was severe in 27%. Other effects included puncture marks (17%), redness/red mark (83%) and itchiness (44%). Systemic effects occurred in 9%. There were no cases of necrotic ulcers (97.5% CI, 0-2.8%) or confirmed infections. Median duration of effects was 24 hours (interquartile range, 1-168 hours). There were three distinct clinical patterns: pain only (21%), pain and red mark for < 24 hours (35%), and a persistent painful or irritating red lesion (44%).

CONCLUSIONS

Bites by Lampona spp. cause minor effects in most cases, or a persistent painful red lesion in almost half the cases. White-tail spider bites are very unlikely to cause necrotic ulcers, and other diagnoses must be sought.

A prospective study of definite bites by spiders of the family Sparassidae (huntsmen spiders) with identification to species level

Spiders of the family Sparassidae occur on most continents in tropical and temperate regions of the world. They are large Araneomorphae (modern spiders) which are often feared. There are few reports of confirmed sparassid bites and some suggest that particular genera (Neosparassus) can cause severe effects. This study investigated the circumstances and clinical effects of bites by Australian sparassid spiders with correlation to taxonomic species level. Cases were recruited prospectively from calls to Australian poison information centres and two emergency departments. Patients were included if there was a clear history of bite and the spider was caught, and were followed up over a week. There were 173 patients with spider injuries and 168 with definite bites by sparassid spiders over a 27 month period. Ninety-five percent of bites were by spiders from four genera: Isopeda (32%), Isopedella (21%), Neosparassus (27%) and Heteropoda (14%); other genera included Delena and Holconia. The seasonal and diurnal distribution of bites differed between genera, although the majority occurred in warmer months in daylight hours. Seventy-six percent of bites occurred because the spider was interfered with (picked up, dressing or picked up an object with the spider) consistent with the behaviour of most of the family requiring provocation to bite. Ninety-five percent of bites occurred on limbs, 82% on distal limbs, again consistent with handling the spider. Pain/discomfort occurred in all cases, and was severe in 27%. The median duration of pain was 5 min which was significantly less than other spiders. Puncture marks (40%) or localised initial bleeding (35%) occurred in 54% of bites, and both occurred significantly more often in all sparassid bites compared to all other spider bites (p<0.0001). Swelling occurred in 16%, itchiness in 14% and redness/red mark in 57% of cases, the latter significantly less common than other spiders (p=0.0002). Systemic effects occurred in 4% of bites and were minor (nausea and/or headache). There were no cases of necrotic ulcers or allergic reactions. There were four cases with features consistent with local infection. Bites by sparassid spiders cause minor effects, characterised by immediate and transient pain, associated with bleeding, puncture marks and local redness. The mechanism of effects appeared to be trauma rather than envenoming. There were no major differences between genera, and Neosparassus spp. did not cause major effects.

An examination of the potential role of spider digestive proteases as a causative factor in spider bite necrosis

Tissue necrosis following spider bites is a widespread problem. In the continental United States, the brown recluse (Loxosceles reclusa), hobo spider (Tegenaria agrestis), garden spider (Argiope aurantia) and Chiracanthium species, among others, reportedly cause such lesions. The exact mechanism producing such lesions is controversial. There is evidence for both venom sphingomyelinase and spider digestive collagenases. We have examined the role of spider digestive proteases in spider bite necrosis. The digestive fluid of A. aurantia was assayed for its ability to cleave a variety of connective tissue proteins, including collagen. Having confirmed that the fluid has collagenases, the digestive fluid was injected into the skin of rabbits to observe whether it would cause necrotic lesions. It did not. The data do not support the suggestions that spider digestive collagenases have a primary role in spider bite necrosis.