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Campeau S, McNulty C, Stanley JT, Gerber AN, Sasse SK, Dowell RD. Determination of steady-state transcriptome modifications associated with repeated homotypic stress in the rat rostral posterior hypothalamic region. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1173699. [PMID: 37360161 PMCID: PMC10288150 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1173699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is epidemiologically correlated with physical and psychiatric disorders. Whereas many animal models of chronic stress induce symptoms of psychopathology, repeated homotypic stressors to moderate intensity stimuli typically reduce stress-related responses with fewer, if any, pathological symptoms. Recent results indicate that the rostral posterior hypothalamic (rPH) region is a significant component of the brain circuitry underlying response reductions (habituation) associated with repeated homotypic stress. To test whether posterior hypothalamic transcriptional regulation associates with the neuroendocrine modifications induced by repeated homotypic stress, RNA-seq was performed in the rPH dissected from adult male rats that experienced either no stress, 1, 3, or 7 stressful loud noise exposures. Plasma samples displayed reliable increases of corticosterone in all stressed groups, with the smallest increase in the group exposed to 7 loud noises, indicating significant habituation compared to the other stressed groups. While few or no differentially expressed genes were detected 24-h after one or three loud noise exposures, relatively large numbers of transcripts were differentially expressed between the group exposed to 7 loud noises when compared to the control or 3-stress groups, respectively, which correlated with the corticosterone response habituation observed. Gene ontology analyses indicated multiple significant functional terms related to neuron differentiation, neural membrane potential, pre- and post-synaptic elements, chemical synaptic transmission, vesicles, axon guidance and projection, glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. Some of the differentially expressed genes (Myt1l, Zmat4, Dlx6, Csrnp3) encode transcription factors that were independently predicted by transcription factor enrichment analysis to target other differentially regulated genes in this study. A similar experiment employing in situ hybridization histochemical analysis in additional animals validated the direction of change of the 5 transcripts investigated (Camk4, Gabrb2, Gad1, Grin2a and Slc32a) with a high level of temporal and regional specificity for the rPH. In aggregate, the results suggest that distinct patterns of gene regulation are obtained in response to a repeated homotypic stress regimen; they also point to a significant reorganization of the rPH region that may critically contribute to the phenotypic modifications associated with repeated homotypic stress habituation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Campeau
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Connor McNulty
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Jacob T. Stanley
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Anthony N. Gerber
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sarah K. Sasse
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Robin D. Dowell
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
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2
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Radley JJ, Herman JP. Preclinical Models of Chronic Stress: Adaptation or Pathology? Biol Psychiatry 2022:S0006-3223(22)01717-6. [PMID: 36631383 PMCID: PMC10166771 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The experience of prolonged stress changes how individuals interact with their environment and process interoceptive cues, with the end goal of optimizing survival and well-being in the face of a now-hostile world. The chronic stress response includes numerous changes consistent with limiting further damage to the organism, including development of passive or active behavioral strategies and metabolic adjustments to alter energy mobilization. These changes are consistent with symptoms of pathology in humans, and as a result, chronic stress has been used as a translational model for diseases such as depression. While it is of heuristic value to understand symptoms of pathology, we argue that the chronic stress response represents a defense mechanism that is, at its core, adaptive in nature. Transition to pathology occurs only after the adaptive capacity of an organism is exhausted. We offer this perspective as a means of framing interpretations of chronic stress studies in animal models and how these data relate to adaptation as opposed to pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Radley
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - James P Herman
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; Cincinnati Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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3
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Johnson SB, Lingg RT, Skog TD, Hinz DC, Romig-Martin SA, Viau V, Narayanan NS, Radley JJ. Activity in a prefrontal-periaqueductal gray circuit overcomes behavioral and endocrine features of the passive coping stress response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2210783119. [PMID: 36306326 PMCID: PMC9636920 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210783119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The question of how the brain links behavioral and biological features of defensive responses has remained elusive. The importance of this problem is underscored by the observation that behavioral passivity in stress coping is associated with elevations in glucocorticoid hormones, and each may carry risks for susceptibility to a host of stress-related diseases. Past work implicates the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the top-down regulation of stress-related behaviors; however, it is unknown whether such changes have the capacity to buffer against the longer-lasting biological consequences associated with aversive experiences. Using the shock probe defensive burying test in rats to naturalistically measure behavioral and endocrine features of coping, we observed that the active behavioral component of stress coping is associated with increases in activity along a circuit involving the caudal mPFC and midbrain dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG). Optogenetic manipulations of the caudal mPFC-to-dorsolateral PAG pathway bidirectionally modulated active (escape and defensive burying) behaviors, distinct from a rostral mPFC-ventrolateral PAG circuit that instead limited passive (immobility) behavior. Strikingly, under conditions that biased rats toward a passive coping response set, including exaggerated stress hormonal output and increased immobility, excitation of the caudal mPFC-dorsolateral PAG projection significantly attenuated each of these features. These results lend insight into how the brain coordinates response features to overcome passive coping and may be of importance for understanding how activated neural systems promote stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane B. Johnson
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Ryan T. Lingg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Timothy D. Skog
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Dalton C. Hinz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Sara A. Romig-Martin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Victor Viau
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - Nandakumar S. Narayanan
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Jason J. Radley
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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4
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Pereira Júnior AA, de Amorim GES, Garcia RCT, Ribeiro JM, Silva AO, Almeida CADF, Ceron CS, Ruginsk SG, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Elias LLK, Dias MVS, Marcourakis T, Torres LH. Nicotine exposure through breastfeeding affects BDNF and synaptic proteins levels in the brain of stressed adult female mice. Int J Dev Neurosci 2022; 82:759-771. [PMID: 36018565 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine has been used during pregnancy and lactation as a tobacco harm reduction strategy. However, it is unclear whether nicotine exposure during a critical development period negatively impacts stress responses in adulthood. This study investigated how nicotine, administered via breastfeeding, affects the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), synaptic proteins levels, and anxiety-like behavior in adult female mice subjected to stress. Female Swiss mice were exposed to saline or nicotine (8 mg/kg/day) through breastfeeding between their fourth and 17th postnatal days (P) via implanted osmotic mini pumps. The unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) protocol was performed during their adulthood (P65) for 10 consecutive days, followed by the elevated plus maze (EPM) test one day after the protocol. Animals were euthanized and their blood, collected for plasma corticosterone measurements and their brain structures, dissected for BDNF and synaptic proteins analyses. We found no significant differences in corticosterone levels between groups (Saline/Non-stress, Nicotine/Non-stress, Saline/Stress, and Nicotine/Stress). The UCMS protocol hindered weight gain. Mice exposed to nicotine through breastfeeding with or without the UCMS protocol in adulthood showed higher grooming and head dipping frequency; decreased BDNF levels in cerebellum and striatum; increased postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95), synapsin I, and synaptophysin levels in cerebellum; and decreased PSD-95 and synapsin I levels in brainstem. Our results indicate that nicotine exposure through breastfeeding leads to long-lasting behavioral effects and synaptic protein changes, most of which were independent of the UCMS protocol, even after a long nicotine-free period, highlighting the importance of further studies on nicotine exposure during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Alves Pereira Júnior
- Department of Food and Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Raphael Caio Tamborelli Garcia
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jéssyca Milene Ribeiro
- Department of Food and Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Oliveira Silva
- Department of Food and Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Carla Speroni Ceron
- Department of Food and Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Silvia Graciela Ruginsk
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Antunes-Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucila Leico Kagohara Elias
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Tania Marcourakis
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Larissa Helena Torres
- Department of Food and Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Trofimova IN, Gaykalova AA. Emotionality vs. Other Biobehavioural Traits: A Look at Neurochemical Biomarkers for Their Differentiation. Front Psychol 2021; 12:781631. [PMID: 34987450 PMCID: PMC8720768 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.781631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the differential contributions of multiple neurochemical systems to temperament traits related and those that are unrelated to emotionality, even though these systems have a significant overlap. The difference in neurochemical biomarkers of these traits is analysed from the perspective of the neurochemical model, Functional Ensemble of Temperament (FET) that uses multi-marker and constructivism principles. Special attention is given to a differential contribution of hypothalamic-pituitary hormones and opioid neuropeptides implicated in both emotional and non-emotional regulation. The review highlights the role of the mu-opioid receptor system in dispositional emotional valence and the role of the kappa-opioid system in dispositional perceptual and behavioural alertness. These opioid receptor (OR) systems, microbiota and cytokines are produced in three neuroanatomically distinct complexes in the brain and the body, which all together integrate dispositional emotionality. In contrast, hormones could be seen as neurochemical biomarkers of non-emotional aspects of behavioural regulation related to the construction of behaviour in fast-changing and current situations. As examples of the role of hormones, the review summarised their contribution to temperament traits of Sensation Seeking (SS) and Empathy (EMP), which FET considers as non-emotionality traits related to behavioural orientation. SS is presented here as based on (higher) testosterone (fluctuating), adrenaline and (low) cortisol systems, and EMP, as based on (higher) oxytocin, reciprocally coupled with vasopressin and (lower) testosterone. Due to the involvement of gonadal hormones, there are sex and age differences in these traits that could be explained by evolutionary theory. There are, therefore, specific neurochemical biomarkers differentiating (OR-based) dispositional emotionality and (hormones-based) body's regulation in fast-changing events. Here we propose to consider dispositional emotionality associated with OR systems as emotionality in a true sense, whereas to consider hormonal ensembles regulating SS and EMP as systems of behavioural orientation and not emotionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina N. Trofimova
- Laboratory of Collective Intelligence, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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6
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Varul J, Eskla KL, Piirsalu M, Innos J, Philips MA, Visnapuu T, Plaas M, Vasar E. Dopamine System, NMDA Receptor and EGF Family Expressions in Brain Structures of Bl6 and 129Sv Strains Displaying Different Behavioral Adaptation. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11060725. [PMID: 34072341 PMCID: PMC8227283 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
C57BL/6NTac (Bl6) and 129S6/SvEvTac (129Sv) mice display different coping strategies in stressful conditions. Our aim was to evaluate biomarkers related to different adaptation strategies in the brain of male 129Sv and Bl6 mice. We focused on signaling pathways related to the dopamine (DA) system, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, shown as the key players in behavioral adaptation. Mice from Bl6 and 129Sv lines were divided into either home cage controls (HCC group) or exposed to repeated motility testing and treated with saline for 11 days (RMT group). Distinct stress responses were reflected in severe body weight loss in 129Sv and the increased exploratory behavior in Bl6 mice. Besides that, amphetamine caused significantly stronger motor stimulation in Bl6. Together with the results from gene expression (particularly Maob), this study supports higher baseline activity of DA system in Bl6. Interestingly, the adaptation is reflected with opposite changes of DA markers in dorsal and ventral striatum. In forebrain, stress increased the gene expressions of Egf-Erbb1 and Nrg1/Nrg2-Erbb4 pathways more clearly in 129Sv, whereas the corresponding proteins were significantly elevated in Bl6. We suggest that not only inhibited activity of the DA system, but also reduced activity of EGF family and NMDA receptor signaling underlies higher susceptibility to stress in 129Sv. Altogether, this study underlines the better suitability of 129Sv for modelling neuropsychiatric disorders than Bl6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Varul
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.-L.E.); (M.P.); (J.I.); (M.-A.P.); (T.V.); (M.P.); (E.V.)
- Center of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Correspondence:
| | - Kattri-Liis Eskla
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.-L.E.); (M.P.); (J.I.); (M.-A.P.); (T.V.); (M.P.); (E.V.)
- Center of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maria Piirsalu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.-L.E.); (M.P.); (J.I.); (M.-A.P.); (T.V.); (M.P.); (E.V.)
- Center of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jürgen Innos
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.-L.E.); (M.P.); (J.I.); (M.-A.P.); (T.V.); (M.P.); (E.V.)
- Center of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari-Anne Philips
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.-L.E.); (M.P.); (J.I.); (M.-A.P.); (T.V.); (M.P.); (E.V.)
- Center of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tanel Visnapuu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.-L.E.); (M.P.); (J.I.); (M.-A.P.); (T.V.); (M.P.); (E.V.)
- Center of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mario Plaas
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.-L.E.); (M.P.); (J.I.); (M.-A.P.); (T.V.); (M.P.); (E.V.)
- Center of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Laboratory Animal Center, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 14B Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.-L.E.); (M.P.); (J.I.); (M.-A.P.); (T.V.); (M.P.); (E.V.)
- Center of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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7
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Bhatia N, Kumar A, Kaur P, George B, Kaur N, Khan MU, Dhawan RK. Protective effect of Prunus amygdalus nut extract on chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) induced memory deficits and biochemical alterations in rats. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-020-00545-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Dopaminergic Signaling in the Nucleus Accumbens Modulates Stress-Coping Strategies during Inescapable Stress. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7241-7254. [PMID: 32847967 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0444-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Maladaptation to stress is a critical risk factor in stress-related disorders, such as major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) has been shown to modulate behavior by reinforcing learning and evading aversive stimuli, which are important for the survival of animals under environmental challenges such as stress. However, the mechanisms through which dopaminergic transmission responds to stressful events and subsequently regulates its downstream neuronal activity during stress remain unknown. To investigate how dopamine signaling modulates stress-coping behavior, we measured the subsecond fluctuation of extracellular dopamine concentration and pH using fast scanning cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) in the NAc, a postsynaptic target of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, in male mice engaged in a tail suspension test (TST). The results revealed a transient decrease in dopamine concentration and an increase in pH levels when the animals changed behaviors, from being immobile to struggling. Interestingly, optogenetic inhibition of dopamine release in NAc, potentiated the struggling behavior in animals under the TST. We then addressed the causal relationship of such a dopaminergic transmission with behavioral alterations by knocking out both the dopamine receptors, i.e., D1 and D2, in the NAc using viral vector-mediated genome editing. Behavioral analyses revealed that male D1 knock-out mice showed significantly more struggling bouts and longer struggling durations during the TST, while male D2 knock-out mice did not. Our results therefore indicate that D1 dopaminergic signaling in the NAc plays a pivotal role in the modulation of stress-coping behaviors in animals under tail suspension stress.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The tail suspension test (TST) has been widely used as a despair-based behavioral assessment to screen the antidepressant so long. Despite its prevalence in the animal studies, the neural substrate underlying the changes of behavior during the test remains unclear. This study provides an evidence for a role of dopaminergic transmission in the modulation of stress-coping behavior during the TST, a despair test widely used to screen the antidepressants in rodents. Taking into consideration the fact that the dopamine metabolism is upregulated by almost all antidepressants, a part of which acts directly on the dopaminergic transmission, current results would uncover the molecular mechanism through which the dopaminergic signaling mediates antidepressant effect with facilitation of the recovery from the despair-like behavior in the TST.
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9
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Steece-Collier K, Collier TJ, Lipton JW, Stancati JA, Winn ME, Cole-Strauss A, Sellnow R, Conti MM, Mercado NM, Nillni EA, Sortwell CE, Manfredsson FP, Bishop C. Striatal Nurr1, but not FosB expression links a levodopa-induced dyskinesia phenotype to genotype in Fisher 344 vs. Lewis hemiparkinsonian rats. Exp Neurol 2020; 330:113327. [PMID: 32387398 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Numerous genes, and alterations in their expression, have been identified as risk factors for developing levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). However, our understanding of the complexities of molecular changes remains insufficient for development of clinical treatment. In the current study we used gene array, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and microdialysis to provide a unique compare and contrast assessment of the relationship of four candidate genes to LID, employing three genetically distinct rat strains (Sprague-Dawley (SD), Fischer-344 (F344) and Lewis-RT.1) showing differences in dyskinesia susceptibility and 'first-ever LID' versus 'chronic LID' expression in subjects displaying equal dyskinesia severity. In these studies, rat strains were easily distinguishable for their LID propensity with: 1) a majority of SD rats expressing LID (LID+) and a subset being resistant (LID-); 2) all F344 rats readily developing (LID+); and 3) all Lewis rats being LID-resistant (LID-). Following chronic levodopa, LID+ SD rats showed significant increases in candidate gene expression: Nr4a2/(Nurr1) > > Trh > Inhba = Fosb. However, SD rats with long-standing striatal dopamine (DA) depletion treated with first-ever versus chronic high-dose levodopa revealed that despite identical levels of LID severity: 1) Fosb and Nurr1 transcripts but not protein were elevated with acute LID expression; 2) FOSB/ΔFOSB and NURR1 proteins were elevated only with chronic LID; and 3) Trh transcript and protein were elevated only with chronic LID. Strikingly, despite similar levodopa-induced striatal DA release in both LID-expressing F344 and LID-resistant Lewis rats, Fosb, Trh, Inhba transcripts were significantly elevated in both strains; however, Nurr1 mRNA was significantly increased only in LID+ F344 rats. These findings suggest a need to reevaluate currently accepted genotype-to-phenotype relationships in the expression of LID, specifically that of Fosb, a transcription factor generally assumed to play a causal role, and Nurr1, a transcription factor that has received significant attention in PD research linked to its critical role in the survival and function of midbrain DA neurons but who's striatal expression, generally below levels of detection, has remained largely unexplored as a regulator of LID. Finally these studies introduce a novel 'model' (inbred F344 vs inbred Lewis) that may provide a powerful tool for investigating the role for 'dyskinesia-resistance' genes downstream of 'dyskinesia-susceptibility' genes in modulating LID expression, a concept that has received considerably less attention and offers a new ways of thinking about antidyskinetic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Steece-Collier
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
| | - Timothy J Collier
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jack W Lipton
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jennifer A Stancati
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Mary E Winn
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Allyson Cole-Strauss
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Rhyomi Sellnow
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Melissa M Conti
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA
| | - Natosha M Mercado
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Eduardo A Nillni
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- Parkinson's Disease Research Unit, Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Christopher Bishop
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA
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10
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Anderson EM, McFadden LM, Matuszewich L. Interaction of stress and stimulants in female rats: Role of chronic stress on later reactivity to methamphetamine. Behav Brain Res 2019; 376:112176. [PMID: 31449910 PMCID: PMC6783376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous research in humans and animals suggests that prior exposure to stress alters responsivity to drugs of abuse, including psychostimulants. Male rats show an augmented striatal dopamine response to methamphetamine following exposure to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). Compared to males, female rats have been shown to be highly sensitive to the effects of stimulants and stress independently, however few studies have examined the interaction between stress and stimulants in female rats. Therefore, the current study investigated whether prior exposure to chronic stress potentiated the behavioral and neurochemical responses to an acute injection of methamphetamine in female rats. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were either exposed to CUS or left undisturbed (control) and then two weeks later received an injection of 1.0 or 7.5 mg/kg methamphetamine. Based on open field findings, a subsequent group of rats were exposed to CUS or left undisturbed and then two weeks later received 7.5 mg/kg methamphetamine and either dopamine efflux in the dorsal striatum or nucleus accumbens was measured or methamphetamine and amphetamine levels were measured in the brain and plasma. Female rats exposed to CUS traveled greater distances in the open field immediately following an injection of 7.5 mg/kg, but not 1.0 mg/kg, of methamphetamine and then showed high levels or stereotypy similar to control rats. Animals exposed to CUS had significantly greater increases in dorsal striatum dopamine following an acute injection of 7.5 mg/kg methamphetamine compared to control rats, but not in the nucleus accumbens. These differences were not due to group differences in levels of methamphetamine or amphetamine in the brain or plasma. The current findings demonstrate stress-augmented neurochemical responses to a dose of methamphetamine, similar to that self-administered, which increases understanding of the cross-sensitization between stress and methamphetamine in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden M Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Lisa M McFadden
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Leslie Matuszewich
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA.
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11
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Firmino EMS, Kuntze LB, Lagatta DC, Dias DPM, Resstel LBM. Effect of chronic stress on cardiovascular and ventilatory responses activated by both chemoreflex and baroreflex in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.204883. [PMID: 31558591 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.204883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress results in physiological and somatic changes. It has been recognized as a risk factor for several types of cardiovascular dysfunction and changes in autonomic mechanisms, such as baroreflex and chemoreflex activity. However, the effects of different types of chronic stress on these mechanisms are still poorly understood. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated, in adult male rats, the effect of repeated restraint stress (RRS) or chronic variable stress (CVS) on baroreflex, chemoreflex and heart rate variability in a protocol of 14 days of stress sessions. Exposure to RRS and CVS indicated no changes in the basal level of either arterial pressure or heart rate. However, RRS and CVS were able to attenuate sympathovagal modulation and spontaneous baroreflex gain. Additionally, only RRS was able to increase the power of the low-frequency band of the systolic blood pressure spectrum, as well as the slope of linear regression of baroreflex bradycardic and tachycardic responses induced by vasoactive compounds. Additionally, our study is one of the first to show that exposure to RRS and CVS decreases the magnitude of the pressor response and potentiates respiratory responses to chemoreflex activation, which can trigger cardiovascular and respiratory pathologies. Furthermore, the basal respiratory parameters, such as minute ventilation and tidal volume, were significantly decreased by both protocols of chronic stress. However, only CVS increased the basal respiratory frequency. In this way, the findings of the present study demonstrate the impact of chronic stress in terms of not only depressive-like behavior but also alterations of the autonomic baroreflex responses and cardiocirculatory variability (systolic blood pressure and pulse interval).Our results provide evidence that chronic stress promotes autonomic dysregulation, and impairment of baroreflex, chemoreflex and heart rate variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egidi Mayara Silva Firmino
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14090-090, Brazil
| | - Luciana Bärg Kuntze
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14090-090, Brazil
| | - Davi Campos Lagatta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14090-090, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Barbosa Moraes Resstel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14090-090, Brazil
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McCormick EM, McElwain NL, Telzer EH. Alterations in adolescent dopaminergic systems as a function of early mother-toddler attachment: A prospective longitudinal examination. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019; 78:122-129. [PMID: 31254598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Early experiences have the potential for outsized influence on neural development across a wide number of domains. In humans, many of the most important such experiences take place in the context of the mother-child attachment relationship. Work from animal models has highlighted neural changes in dopaminergic systems as a function of early care experiences, but translational research in humans has been limited. Our goal was to fill this gap by examining the longitudinal associations between early attachment experiences (assessed at 2.5 years) and neural responses to risk and rewards during adolescence (assessed at 13 years). Adolescence is a developmental period where sensitivity to rewards has important implications for behavior and long-term outcomes, providing an important window to study potential influences of early attachment experiences on reward processing. In order to address this question, 50 adolescents completed a risk and reward task during an fMRI scan, allowing us to assess differences in neural sensitivity to changes in risk level and reward amount as a function of early attachment experiences. Adolescents with insecure attachment histories showed blunted sensitivity to increasing risk levels in regions of the dorsal striatum, while also showing heightened sensitivity to increasing reward levels in the same region. These results highlight the importance of early attachment experiences for long-term neural development. Specifically, early exposure to more maladaptive relationships with caregivers may confer dual risks prospectively for adolescents, sensitizing them to rewarding outcomes while de-sensitizing them to potential risks associated with those behaviors, perhaps due to stress-related dopaminergic changes early in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M McCormick
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Nancy L McElwain
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, United States.,The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, United States
| | - Eva H Telzer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
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13
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Bambico FR, Li Z, Oliveira C, McNeill S, Diwan M, Raymond R, Nobrega JN. Rostrocaudal subregions of the ventral tegmental area are differentially impacted by chronic stress. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1917-1929. [PMID: 30796492 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-5177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is implicated in the pathophysiology of depression and addictive disorders and is subject to the detrimental effects of stress. Chronic stress may differentially alter the activity pattern of its different subregions along the rostrocaudal and dorsoventral axes, which may relate to the variable behavioral sensitivity to stress mediated by these subregions. OBJECTIVES Here, chronic stress-exposed rats were tested for depressive-like reactivity. In situ hybridization for zif268 as a marker of neuronal activation was combined with in vivo single-unit recording of dopaminergic neurons to assess modifications in the activity of the rostral VTA (rVTA) and caudal VTA (cVTA). Changes in the expression of stress-responsive glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were also assessed. RESULTS Stress-induced anhedonia-like, hyper-anxious, and passive-like responding were associated with reductions in dopaminergic burst activity in the cVTA and an increase in local GABAergic activity, particularly in GABAA receptor sensitivity. On the other hand, stress increased single-spiking activity, burst activity, and zif268 mRNA levels in the rVTA, which were associated with increased glutamatergic tonus and enhanced GR and AMPA receptor (AMPAR) expression. rVTA and cVTA activity differentially correlated with sucrose preference and passivity measures. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that the rVTA and cVTA respond differently to stress and suggest that while cVTA activity may be related to passivity-like states, the activity of both subregions appears to be related to anhedonia and the processing of incentive value. These region-dependent abnormalities indicate the multi-modular composition of the VTA, which could provide multiple substrates for different symptom features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Rodriguez Bambico
- Behavioural Neurobiology Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute and Research Imaging Center, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R82, Canada. .,Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada.
| | - Zhuoliang Li
- Behavioural Neurobiology Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute and Research Imaging Center, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R82, Canada
| | - Caio Oliveira
- Behavioural Neurobiology Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute and Research Imaging Center, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R82, Canada
| | - Sean McNeill
- Behavioural Neurobiology Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute and Research Imaging Center, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R82, Canada
| | - Mustansir Diwan
- Behavioural Neurobiology Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute and Research Imaging Center, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R82, Canada
| | - Roger Raymond
- Behavioural Neurobiology Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute and Research Imaging Center, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R82, Canada
| | - José N Nobrega
- Behavioural Neurobiology Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute and Research Imaging Center, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R82, Canada
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14
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Ovarian failure induced by 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide worsens the autonomic cardiovascular response to chronic unpredictable stress in rats. Life Sci 2019; 226:130-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Barr HJ, Woolley SC. Developmental auditory exposure shapes responses of catecholaminergic neurons to socially-modulated song. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11717. [PMID: 30082796 PMCID: PMC6079043 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental sensory experience is critical to the tuning of sensory systems and can shape perceptual abilities and their neural substrates. Neuromodulators, including catecholamines, contribute to sensory plasticity in both older and younger individuals and provide a mechanism for translating sensory experience into changes in brain and behavior. Less well known, however, is whether developmental sensory experience has lasting effects on the neuromodulatory neurons themselves. Here, we used female zebra finches to investigate the degree to which developmental auditory experience can have lasting effects on the density and sensory responsiveness of catecholamine-synthesizing neuron populations. We found that hearing courtship, but not non-courtship, song increased expression of the activity-dependent immediate early gene cFOS in dopamine neurons of the caudal ventral tegmental area (VTA) and this increase was dependent on whether females heard adult song during development. Developmental song exposure also affected the density of dopamine producing neurons in the rostral VTA. In contrast, song-evoked responses in noradrenergic neurons of the Locus Coeruleus were not affected by either developmental song exposure or the social context of the stimulus. These data highlight the lasting effects that developmental auditory experience can have in shaping both the density and sensory responsiveness of dopamine neuron populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena J Barr
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Center for Research on Brain, Language, and Music, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah C Woolley
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Center for Research on Brain, Language, and Music, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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16
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Effectiveness of memantine on depression-like behavior, memory deficits and brain mRNA levels of BDNF and TrkB in rats subjected to repeated unpredictable stress. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:600-606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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17
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Morris LS, Voon V, Leggio L. Stress, Motivation, and the Gut-Brain Axis: A Focus on the Ghrelin System and Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:10.1111/acer.13781. [PMID: 29797564 PMCID: PMC6252147 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery, the gut hormone, ghrelin, has been implicated in diverse functional roles in the central nervous system. Central and peripheral interactions between ghrelin and other hormones, including the stress-response hormone cortisol, govern complex behavioral responses to external cues and internal states. By acting at ventral tegmental area dopaminergic projections and other areas involved in reward processing, ghrelin can induce both general and directed motivation for rewards, including craving for alcohol and other alcohol-seeking behaviors. Stress-induced increases in cortisol seem to increase ghrelin in the periphery, suggesting a pathway by which ghrelin influences how stressful life events trigger motivation for rewards. However, in some states, ghrelin may be protective against the anxiogenic effects of stressors. This critical review brings together a dynamic and growing literature, that is, at times inconsistent, on the relationships between ghrelin, central reward-motivation pathways, and central and peripheral stress responses, with a special focus on its emerging role in the context of alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel S. Morris
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Valerie Voon
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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18
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Santos-Rocha JB, Rae M, Teixeira AMA, Teixeira SA, Munhoz CD, Muscará MN, Marcourakis T, Szumlinski KK, Camarini R. Involvement of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in cross-sensitization between chronic unpredictable stress and ethanol in adolescent and adult mice. Alcohol 2018; 68:71-79. [PMID: 29525685 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The peculiar neurochemical profile of the adolescent brain renders it differently susceptible to several stimuli, including stress and/or drug exposure. Among several stress mediators, nitric oxide (NO) has a role in stress responses. We have demonstrated that adolescent mice are less sensitive to ethanol-induced sensitization than adult mice. The present study investigated whether chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) induces behavioral sensitization to ethanol in adolescent and adult Swiss mice, and investigated the influence of Ca2+-dependent nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in the phenomenon. Adolescent and adult mice were exposed to repeated 1.8 g/kg ethanol or CUS and challenged with saline or ethanol. A neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (7NI), was administered along with ethanol and CUS to test its effects on behavioral sensitization. Both adolescent and adult mice displayed cross-sensitization between CUS and ethanol in adult mice, with adolescents showing a lower degree of sensitization than adults. nNOS inhibition by 7NI reduced both ethanol sensitization and cross-sensitization. All age differences in the Ca2+-dependent NOS activity in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were in the direction of greater activity in adults than in adolescents. Adolescents showed lower sensitivity to cross-sensitization between CUS and ethanol, and the nitric oxide (NO) system seems to have a pivotal role in ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization and cross-sensitization in both adolescent and adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Rae
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Aparecida Teixeira
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Carolina Demarchi Munhoz
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Nicolas Muscará
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Tania Marcourakis
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Karen K Szumlinski
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, United States
| | - Rosana Camarini
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
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Thakur T, Gulati K, Rai N, Ray A. Experimental studies on possible regulatory role of nitric oxide on the differential effects of chronic predictable and unpredictable stress on adaptive immune responses. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 50:236-242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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20
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Liu J, Lv YW, Shi JL, Ma XJ, Chen Y, Zheng ZQ, Wang SN, Guo JY. Anti-Anxiety Effect of (-)-Syringaresnol-4-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside from Albizzia julibrissin Durazz (Leguminosae). Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081331. [PMID: 28800105 PMCID: PMC6152026 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Albizzia julibrissin Durazz, a Chinese Medicine, is commonly used for its anti-anxiety effects. (−)-syringaresnol-4-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside (SAG) is the main ingredient of Albizzia julibrissin Durazz. The present study investigated the anxiolytic effect and potential mechanisms on the HPA axis and monoaminergic systems of SAG on acute restraint-stressed rats. The anxiolytic effect of SAG was examined through an open field test and an elevated plus maze test. The concentration of CRF, ACTH, and CORT in plasma was examined by an enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) kit while neurotransmitters in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the brain were examined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). We show that repeated treatment with SAG (3.6 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly increased the number and time spent on the central entries in the open-field test when compared to the vehicle/stressed group. In the elevated plus maze test, 3.6 mg/kg SAG could increase the percentage of entries into and time spent on the open arms of the elevated plus maze. In addition, the concentration of CRF, ACTH, and CORT in plasma and neurotransmitters (NE, 5-HT, DA and their metabolites 5-HIAA, DOPAC, and HVA) in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the brain were decreased after SAG treatment, as compared to the repeated acute restraint-stressed rats. These results suggest that SAG is a potential anti-anxiety drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11ANorth Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yue-Wei Lv
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11ANorth Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jin-Li Shi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11ANorth Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xiao-Jie Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11ANorth Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yi Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11ANorth Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zhi-Quan Zheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11ANorth Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Sheng-Nan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11ANorth Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jian-You Guo
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 4ADatun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
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21
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Kishor B, Rai P, Bharatia R, Kumar S, Gupta SK, Sinha A. Adaptogenic potential of Oxitard in experimental chronic stress and chronic unpredictable stress induced dysfunctional homeostasis in rodents. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2017; 8:169-176. [PMID: 28693955 PMCID: PMC5607385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxitard, a polyherbal formulation comprising the extracts of Withania somnifera, Mangifera indica, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Daucus carota, Vitis vinifera, powders of Syzygium aromaticum, Yashada bhasma and Emblica officinalis; and oils of Triticum sativum. Objective Current study deals with the assessment of Oxitard (a marketed polyherbal formulation) for its adaptogenic potential in chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) and chronic stress (CS) induced dysfunctional homeostasis in rodents. Materials & methods Animals were immobilized for 2 h every day for ten days to induce CS. In order to induce CUS, animals were employed in a battery of stressors of variable value and duration for ten days. Following administration of Oxitard, stress was induced in the animals. Stress-induced efficient changes were evaluated by assessing organ (adrenal gland) weights, ulcer index, hematological parameters and biochemical levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and catalase (CAT). Results CS and CUS significantly modified the oxidative stress parameters (increased MDA and decreased GSH). Furthermore, CS and CUS lead to weight reduction, adrenal hypertrophy and gastric ulceration. Pre-treatment with Oxitard (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly modified CS and CUS induced hematological changes, oxidative stress parameters and pathological effects. Conclusion In conclusion, Oxitard-intervened antioxidant actions are accountable for its adaptogenic effects in stress-induced dysfunctional homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brajnandan Kishor
- Department of Pharmacology, Hygia Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Lucknow 226020, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pooja Rai
- Department of Pharmacology, Hygia Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Lucknow 226020, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh Bharatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Hygia Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Lucknow 226020, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Hygia Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Lucknow 226020, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sujeet Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Hygia Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Lucknow 226020, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anshuman Sinha
- Department of Pharmacology, Hygia Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Lucknow 226020, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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22
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Azogu I, Plamondon H. Inhibition of TrkB at the nucleus accumbens, using ANA-12, regulates basal and stress-induced orexin A expression within the mesolimbic system and affects anxiety, sociability and motivation. Neuropharmacology 2017; 125:129-145. [PMID: 28705440 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Repeated stress exposure can lead to the development of anxiety and mood disorders. An emerging biological substrate of depression and associated pathology is the nucleus accumbens (NAc), which through interactions with limbic, cognitive and motor circuits can regulate a variety of stress responses. Within these circuits, orexin neurons are involved in arousal and stress adaptability, effects proposed mediated via brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling. This study tested the hypotheses that 1) repeated exposure to heterotypic stress alters social ability and preference and passive avoidant behaviors, 2) TrkB receptors at the NAc shell regulates stress-induced behavioral responses and orexin expression within the mesocorticolimbic system. Our findings indicate that ANA-12 (0.25 μg/0.5 μl) enhanced sociability during the social interaction test, although treatment had no effect on social preference. The development of conditioned place preference, and fear retention in the passive avoidance test were also facilitated by ANA-12. Biochemical assessments on brain tissues collected within 2 h of a forced swim exposure revealed that ANA-12 increased orexin A immunoreactivity (ir) in the hypothalamic perifornical area, while expression was reduced in the ventral portion of the hippocampal CA1 layer, irrespective of the stress condition. This contrasts changes at the VTA characterized by elevated versus reduced orexin A-ir in ANA-12-treated stress and non-stress rats, respectively. Colocalized orexin A- and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-ir at the VTA supports a different temporal expression post stress, TH-ir being unaffected 9 days post stress. These findings support a role for TrkB receptors in regulating basal and stress-induced social, cognitive and motivational behavior, and modulatory actions of BDNF, via TrkB signaling, on orexin A signaling upon stress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idu Azogu
- Behavioral Neuroscience Group, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Helene Plamondon
- Behavioral Neuroscience Group, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Gao Y, Zhou JJ, Zhu Y, Kosten T, Li DP. Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Induces Loss of GABA Inhibition in Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone-Expressing Neurons through NKCC1 Upregulation. Neuroendocrinology 2017; 104:194-208. [PMID: 27077366 PMCID: PMC5065755 DOI: 10.1159/000446114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prolonged and repeated stresses cause hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)-expressing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) are an essential component of the HPA axis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats. GABA reversal potentials (EGABA) were determined by using gramicidin-perforated recordings in identified PVN-CRH neurons through expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein driven by the CRH promoter. Plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels were measured in rats implanted with a cannula targeting the lateral ventricles and PVN. RESULTS Blocking the GABAA receptor in the PVN with gabazine significantly increased plasma CORT levels in unstressed rats but did not change CORT levels in CUMS rats. CUMS caused a depolarizing shift in EGABA in PVN-CRH neurons compared with EGABA in PVN-CRH neurons in unstressed rats. Furthermore, CUMS induced a long-lasting increase in expression levels of the cation chloride cotransporter Na+-K+-Cl--Cl- (NKCC1) in the PVN but a transient decrease in expression levels of K+-Cl--Cl- in the PVN, which returned to the basal level 5 days after CUMS treatment. The NKCC1 inhibitor bumetanide decreased the basal firing activity of PVN-CRH neurons and normalized EGABA and the gabazine-induced excitatory effect on PVN-CRH neurons in CUMS rats. In addition, central administration of bumetanide decreased basal circulating CORT levels in CUMS rats. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that chronic stress impairs GABAergic inhibition, resulting in HPA axis hyperactivity through upregulation of NKCC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Jing-Jing Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Yun Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | | | - De-Pei Li
- Department of Critical Care, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
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D'Souza S, Thompson JMD, Slykerman R, Marlow G, Wall C, Murphy R, Ferguson LR, Mitchell EA, Waldie KE. Environmental and genetic determinants of childhood depression: The roles of DAT1 and the antenatal environment. J Affect Disord 2016; 197:151-8. [PMID: 26991370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Research on adolescent and adult populations has linked depression to variation in several monoaminergic genes, but genetic association studies on depression in children are limited. Additionally, few studies have investigated whether stressors occurring very early in development moderate the influence of certain genes on depression. The aim of this study was to investigate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from monoaminergic genes interacted with measures of early life stress to influence depressive symptoms in children. Participants were members of the Auckland Birthweight Collaborative cohort. Small for gestational age (SGA) and maternal stress during pregnancy were measured at birth and used as indicators of early life stress. At age 11, depressive symptoms were measured using the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC) and DNA samples were collected for genotyping. A two-way ANOVA revealed that SGA and a SNP from the dopamine transporter gene DAT1 had an interactive effect on children's depressive symptoms. Specifically, symptoms were greater in children born SGA who are T homozygous for the rs1042098 SNP. These findings suggest that adverse intrauterine environments leading to low birth weight also seem to exacerbate the effects of certain DAT1 variants on depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie D'Souza
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - John M D Thompson
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Rebecca Slykerman
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Gareth Marlow
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Clare Wall
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Rinki Murphy
- Department of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Lynnette R Ferguson
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Edwin A Mitchell
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Karen E Waldie
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Shen MYF, Perreault ML, Bambico FR, Jones-Tabah J, Cheung M, Fan T, Nobrega JN, George SR. Rapid anti-depressant and anxiolytic actions following dopamine D1-D2 receptor heteromer inactivation. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:2437-48. [PMID: 26431907 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A role for the mesolimbic dopaminergic system in the pathophysiology of depression has become increasingly evident. Specifically, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been shown to be elevated in the nucleus accumbens of depressed patients and to positively contribute to depression-like behaviour in rodents. The dopamine D1-D2 receptor heteromer exhibits significant expression in NAc and has also been shown to enhance BDNF expression and signalling in this region. We therefore examined the effects of D1-D2 heteromer stimulation in rats by SKF 83959, or its inactivation by a selective heteromer-disrupting TAT-D1 peptide on depression- and anxiety-like behaviours in non-stressed animals and in animals exposed to chronic unpredictable stress. SKF 83959 treatment significantly enhanced the latency to immobility in the forced swim test, increased the latency to drink condensed milk and reduced total milk consumption in the novelty-induced hypophagia test, and additionally reduced the total time spent in the open arms in the elevated plus maze test. These pro-depressant and anxiogenic effects of SKF 83959 were consistently abolished or attenuated by TAT-D1 peptide pre-treatment, signifying the behaviours were mediated by the D1-D2 heteromer. More importantly, in animals exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS), TAT-D1 peptide treatment alone induced significant and rapid anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects in two tests for CUS-induced anhedonia-like reactivity and in the novelty-suppressed feeding test. Together these findings indicate a positive role for the D1-D2 heteromer in mediating depression- and anxiety-like behaviours and suggest its possible value as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Y F Shen
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa L Perreault
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francis R Bambico
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jace Jones-Tabah
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marco Cheung
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theresa Fan
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - José N Nobrega
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan R George
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Hasan S, Suhail N, Bilal N, Ashraf GM, Zaidi SK, AlNohair S, Banu N. Chronic unpredictable stress deteriorates the chemopreventive efficacy of pomegranate through oxidative stress pathway. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:5999-6006. [PMID: 26596837 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4469-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) can influence the risk and progression of cancer through increased oxidative stress. Pomegranate is known to protect carcinogenesis through its anti-oxidative properties. This study is carried out to examine whether CUS affects the chemopreventive potential of pomegranate through oxidative stress pathway. Role of CUS on early stages of 7, 12 dimethyl benz(a) anthracene (DMBA) induced carcinogenesis, and its pre-exposure effect on chemopreventive efficacy of pomegranate juice (PJ) was examined in terms of in vivo antioxidant and biochemical parameters in Swiss albino rats. Rats were divided in various groups and were subjected to CUS paradigm, DMBA administration (65 mg/kg body weight, single dose), and PJ treatment. Exposure to stress (alone) and DMBA (alone) led to increased oxidative stress by significantly decreasing the antioxidant enzymes activities and altering the glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) levels. A significant increase in DNA damage demonstrated by comet assay was seen in the liver cells. Stress exposure to DMBA-treated rats further increased the oxidative stress and disturbed the biochemical parameters as compared to DMBA (alone)-treated rats. Chemoprevention with PJ in DMBA (alone)-treated rats restored the altered parameters. However, in the pre-stress DMBA-treated rats, the overall antioxidant potential of PJ was significantly diminished. Our results indicate that chronic stress not only increases the severity of carcinogenesis but also diminishes the anti-oxidative efficacy of PJ. In a broader perspective, special emphasis should be given to stress management and healthy diet during cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Nida Suhail
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nayeem Bilal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Kashif Zaidi
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan AlNohair
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Naheed Banu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- College of Medical Rehabilitation, Qassim University, P.O. Box 2100, Buraydah, 51451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Greenberg GD, Steinman MQ, Doig IE, Hao R, Trainor BC. Effects of social defeat on dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area in male and female California mice. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:3081-94. [PMID: 26469289 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have important functions related to rewards but are also activated in aversive contexts. Electrophysiology studies suggest that the degree to which VTA dopamine neurons respond to noxious stimuli is topographically organized across the dorsal-ventral extent. We used c-fos immunohistochemistry to examine the responses of VTA dopamine neurons in contexts of social defeat and social approach. Studying monogamous California mice (Peromyscus californicus) allowed us to observe the effects of social defeat on both males and females. Females exposed to three episodes of defeat, but not a single episode, had more tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)/c-fos-positive cells in the ventral (but not dorsal) VTA compared with controls. This observation suggests that repeated exposure to aversive contexts is necessary to trigger activation of VTA dopamine neurons. Defeat did not affect TH/c-fos colocalizations in males. We also examined the long-term effects of defeat on c-fos expression in a social interaction test. As previously reported, defeat reduced social interaction in females but not males. Surprisingly, there were no effects of defeat stress on TH/c-fos colocalizations in any subregion of the VTA. However, females had more TH/c-fos-positive cells than males across the entire VTA, and also had greater c-fos-positive cell counts in posterior subregions of the nucleus accumbens shell. Our results show that dopamine neurons in the VTA are more responsive to social contexts in females and that the ventral VTA in particular is sensitive to aversive contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian D Greenberg
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Michael Q Steinman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ian E Doig
- Department of Psychology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Rebecca Hao
- Department of Psychology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Brian C Trainor
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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28
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Antidepressant Effects of Ketamine Are Not Related to 18F-FDG Metabolism or Tyrosine Hydroxylase Immunoreactivity in the Ventral Tegmental Area of Wistar Rats. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1153-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1576-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
Chronic stress can influence behaviors associated with medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) function, such as cognition and emotion regulation. Dopamine in the mPFC is responsive to stress and modulates its behavioral effects. The current study tested whether exposure to 10 days of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) altered the effects of acute elevation stress on dopamine release in the mPFC and on spatial recognition memory. Male rats previously exposed to CUS or nonstressed controls were tested behaviorally, underwent microdialysis to assess mPFC dopamine levels or underwent blood sampling for corticosterone analysis. Dopamine in the mPFC significantly increased in both groups during acute elevation stress compared with baseline levels, but the level was attenuated in CUS rats compared with controls. Control rats exposed to elevation stress immediately before the T-maze test showed impaired performance, whereas CUS rats did not. No group differences were observed in general motor activity or plasma corticosterone levels following elevation stress. The present results indicate that prior exposure to this CUS procedure reduced dopamine release in the mPFC during acute elevation stress and prevented the impairment of performance on a spatial recognition test following an acute stressor. These findings may contribute to an understanding of the complex behavioral consequences of stress.
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30
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Lee YA, Goto Y. Chronic stress effects on working memory: association with prefrontal cortical tyrosine hydroxylase. Behav Brain Res 2015; 286:122-7. [PMID: 25746453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress causes deficits in cognitive function including working memory, for which transmission of such catecholamines as dopamine and noradrenaline transmission in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are crucial. Since catecholamine synthesis depends on the rate-limiting enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), TH is thought to play an important role in PFC function. In this study, we found that two distinct population existed in Sprague-Dawley rats in terms of working memory capacity, one with higher working memory capacity, and the other with low capacity. This distinction of working memory capacity became apparent after rats were exposed to chronic stress. In addition, such working memory capacity and alterations of working memory function by chronic stress were associated with TH expression in the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-A Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yukiori Goto
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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31
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Guo F, Zhang Q, Zhang B, Fu Z, Wu B, Huang C, Li Y. Burst-firing patterns in the prefrontal cortex underlying the neuronal mechanisms of depression probed by antidepressants. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:3538-47. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medical; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medical; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medical; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Zhiwen Fu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medical; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Bin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medical; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Chenggang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medical; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medical; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 201203 China
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32
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Xu Y, Pan J, Sun J, Ding L, Ruan L, Reed M, Yu X, Klabnik J, Lin D, Li J, Chen L, Zhang C, Zhang H, O'Donnell JM. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 2 reverses impaired cognition and neuronal remodeling caused by chronic stress. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:955-70. [PMID: 25442113 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress and neuronal vulnerability have recently been recognized as factors contributing to cognitive disorders. One way to modify neuronal vulnerability is through mediation of phosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2), an enzyme that exerts its action on cognitive processes via the control of intracellular second messengers, cGMP and, to a lesser extent, cAMP. This study explored the effects of a PDE2 inhibitor, Bay 60-7550, on stress-induced learning and memory dysfunction in terms of its ramification on behavioral, morphologic, and molecular changes. Bay 60-7550 reversed stress-induced cognitive impairment in the Morris water maze, novel object recognition, and location tasks (object recognition test and/or object location test), effects prevented by treatment with 7-NI, a selective inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase; MK801, a glutamate receptor (NMDAR) inhibitor; myr-AIP, a CaMKII inhibitor; and KT5823, a protein kinase G inhibitor. Bay 60-7550 also ameliorated stress-induced structural remodeling in the CA1 of the hippocampus, leading to increases in dendritic branching, length, and spine density. However, the neuroplasticity initiated by Bay 60-7550 was not seen in the presence of 7-NI, MK801, myr-AIP, or KT5823. PDE2 inhibition reduced stress-induced extracellular-regulated protein kinase activation and attenuated stress-induced decreases in transcription factors (e.g., Elk-1, TORC1, and CREB phosphorylation) and plasticity-related proteins (e.g., Egr-1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor). Pretreatment with inhibitors of NMDA, CaMKII, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and protein kinase G (or protein kinase A) blocked the effects of Bay 60-7550 on cGMP or cAMP signaling. These findings indicate that the effect of PDE2 inhibition on stress-induced memory impairment is potentially mediated via modulation of neuroplasticity-related NMDAR-CaMKII-cGMP/cAMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- Brain Institute, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Jianchun Pan
- Brain Institute, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiao Sun
- Brain Institute, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lianshu Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lina Ruan
- Brain Institute, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Miranda Reed
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Xuefeng Yu
- Brain Institute, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jonathan Klabnik
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Dan Lin
- Brain Institute, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianxin Li
- Brain Institute, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Brain Institute, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Hanting Zhang
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - James M O'Donnell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Ruffle JK. Molecular neurobiology of addiction: what's all the (Δ)FosB about? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2014; 40:428-37. [PMID: 25083822 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2014.933840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor ΔFosB is upregulated in numerous brain regions following repeated drug exposure. This induction is likely to, at least in part, be responsible for the mechanisms underlying addiction, a disorder in which the regulation of gene expression is thought to be essential. In this review, we describe and discuss the proposed role of ΔFosB as well as the implications of recent findings. The expression of ΔFosB displays variability dependent on the administered substance, showing region-specificity for different drug stimuli. This transcription factor is understood to act via interaction with Jun family proteins and the formation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) complexes. Once AP-1 complexes are formed, a multitude of molecular pathways are initiated, causing genetic, molecular and structural alterations. Many of these molecular changes identified are now directly linked to the physiological and behavioral changes observed following chronic drug exposure. In addition, ΔFosB induction is being considered as a biomarker for the evaluation of potential therapeutic interventions for addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Ruffle
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
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Alò R, Mele M, Avolio E, Fazzari G, Canonaco M. Distinct Amygdalar AMPAergic/GABAergic Mechanisms Promote Anxiolitic-Like Effects in an Unpredictable Stress Model of the Hamster. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:541-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Perrine SA, Ghoddoussi F, Michaels MS, Sheikh IS, McKelvey G, Galloway MP. Ketamine reverses stress-induced depression-like behavior and increased GABA levels in the anterior cingulate: an 11.7 T 1H-MRS study in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 51:9-15. [PMID: 24246571 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter in the brain and is primarily responsible for modulating excitatory tone. Clinical neuroimaging studies show decreased GABA levels in the anterior cingulate of patients with mood disorders, including major depressive disorder. Chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) is an animal model thought to mimic the stressful events that may precipitate clinical depression in humans. In this study male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a modified CUS paradigm that used a random pattern of unpredictable stressors twice daily for 10 days to explore the early developmental stages of depression-like endophenotypes. Control rats were handled daily for 10 days. Some rats from each treatment group received an injection of ketamine (40 mg/kg) after the final stressor. One day following the final stressor rats were tested for behavioral effects in the forced swim test and then euthanized to collect trunk blood and anterior cingulate brain samples. GABA levels were measured in anterior cingulate samples ex vivo using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) at 11.7 T. Animals subjected to CUS had lower body weights, higher levels of blood corticosterone, and increased immobility in the forced swim test; all of which suggest that the stress paradigm induced a depression-like phenotype. GABA levels in the anterior cingulate were significantly increased in the stressed animals compared to controls. Administration of ketamine on the last day of treatment blunted the depression-like behavior and increased GABA levels in the anterior cingulate following CUS. These data indicate that stress disrupts GABAergic signaling, which may over time lead to symptoms of depression and ultimately lower basal levels of cortical (1)H-MRS GABA that are seen in humans with depression. Furthermore, the data suggests that ketamine modulates cortical GABA levels as a mechanism of its antidepressant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A Perrine
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Farhad Ghoddoussi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mark S Michaels
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Imran S Sheikh
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George McKelvey
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Matthew P Galloway
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Nuber S, Tadros D, Fields J, Overk CR, Ettle B, Kosberg K, Mante M, Rockenstein E, Trejo M, Masliah E. Environmental neurotoxic challenge of conditional alpha-synuclein transgenic mice predicts a dopaminergic olfactory-striatal interplay in early PD. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:477-94. [PMID: 24509835 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory bulb (OB) is one of the first brain regions in Parkinson's disease (PD) to contain alpha-synuclein (α-syn) inclusions, possibly associated with nonmotor symptoms. Mechanisms underlying olfactory synucleinopathy, its contribution to progressive aggregation pathology and nigrostriatal dopaminergic loss observed at later stages, remain unclear. A second hit, such as environmental toxins, is suggestive for α-syn aggregation in olfactory neurons, potentially triggering disease progression. To address the possible pathogenic role of olfactory α-syn accumulation in early PD, we exposed mice with site-specific and inducible overexpression of familial PD-linked mutant α-syn in OB neurons to a low dose of the herbicide paraquat. Here, we found that olfactory α-syn per se elicited structural and behavioral abnormalities, characteristic of an early time point in models with widespread α-syn expression, including hyperactivity and increased striatal dopaminergic marker. Suppression of α-syn reversed the dopaminergic phenotype. In contrast, paraquat treatment synergistically induced degeneration of olfactory dopaminergic cells and opposed the higher reactive phenotype. Neither neurodegeneration nor behavioral abnormalities were detected in paraquat-treated mice with suppressed α-syn expression. By increasing calpain activity, paraquat induced a pathological cascade leading to inhibition of autophagy clearance and accumulation of calpain-cleaved truncated and insoluble α-syn, recapitulating biochemical and structural changes in human PD. Thus our results underscore the primary role of proteolytic failure in aggregation pathology. In addition, we provide novel evidence that olfactory dopaminergic neurons display an increased vulnerability toward neurotoxins in dependence to presence of human α-syn, possibly mediating an olfactory-striatal dopaminergic network dysfunction in mouse models and early PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Nuber
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MTF 344, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624, USA,
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Protective effects of phosphodiesterase 2 inhibitor on depression- and anxiety-like behaviors: involvement of antioxidant and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Behav Brain Res 2014; 268:150-158. [PMID: 24694839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stress occurs in everyday life, but the relationship between stress and the onset or development of depression/anxiety remains unknown. Increasing evidence suggests that the impairment of antioxidant defense and the neuronal cell death are important in the process of emotional disorders. Chronic stress impairs the homeostasis of antioxidants/oxidation, which results in the aberrant stimulation of the cell cycle proteins where cGMP-PKG signaling is thought to have an inhibitory role. Phosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2) is linked to cGMP-PKG signaling and highly expressed in the limbic brain regions including hippocampus and amygdala, which may play important roles in the treatment of depression and anxiety. To address the possible effects of PDE2 inhibitors on depression-/anxiety-like behaviors and the underlying mechanisms, Bay 60-7550 (0.75, 1.5 and 3 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 30 min before chronic stress. The results suggested that Bay 60-7550 not only restored the behavioral changes but also regulated Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels differentially in hippocampus and amygdala, which were increased in the hippocampus while decreased in the amygdala. It was also significant that Bay 60-7550 regulated the abnormalities of pro- and anti-apoptotic components, such as Bax, Caspase 3 and Bcl-2, and the indicator of PKG signaling characterized by pVASP(ser239), in these two brain regions. The results suggested that Bay 60-7550 is able to alleviate oxidative stress and mediate part of the apoptotic machinery in neuronal cells possibly through SOD-cGMP/PKG-anti-apoptosis signaling and that inhibition of PDE2 may represent a novel therapeutic target for psychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety.
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Kermani HR, Hoboubati H, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Asadi-Shekaari M. Induction of intervertebral disc cell apoptosis and degeneration by chronic unpredictable stress. J Neurosurg Spine 2014; 20:578-84. [PMID: 24605996 DOI: 10.3171/2014.1.spine13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of chronic unpredictable stress on the intervertebral discs of rats. METHODS The cellular events involved in injury- and stress-induced disc degeneration were investigated in male Wistar rats. Disc degeneration and apoptosis were evaluated using microscopic (light and electron) and molecular (immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry) methods. Corticosterone levels were used as markers of stress and measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS The data gathered in this study showed that chronic unpredictable stress can significantly increase corticosterone levels. Furthermore, biochemical markers of apoptosis (that is, increases in the Bax/Bcl2 ratio and TUNEL reactivity [p < 0.05]) were observed in the stressed animals. Electron and light microscopy also showed disc degeneration and apoptotic cells in the experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data demonstrated that chronic stress is most likely to be a risk factor for creating intervertebral disc degeneration and that programmed cell death may be one of the mechanisms of stress-induced disc degeneration.
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Peña CJ, Neugut YD, Calarco CA, Champagne FA. Effects of maternal care on the development of midbrain dopamine pathways and reward-directed behavior in female offspring. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:946-956. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Jensen Peña
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute; Mount Sinai School of Medicine; New York NY USA
| | - Yael D. Neugut
- Department of Psychology; Columbia University; 406 Schermerhorn Hall, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue New York NY 10027 USA
| | | | - Frances A. Champagne
- Department of Psychology; Columbia University; 406 Schermerhorn Hall, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue New York NY 10027 USA
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Cocaine self-administration differentially modulates the expression of endogenous cannabinoid system-related proteins in the hippocampus of Lewis vs. Fischer 344 rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:1277-93. [PMID: 23217608 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145712001186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG) are modulators of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), two transmitters involved in cocaine addiction. However, little is known on the effects of cocaine on the enzymes that produce and degrade endocannabinoids. The present work addresses the effects of cocaine self-administration on the immunohistochemical expression of endocannabinoid signalling (ECS)-related proteins in the hippocampus. The study has been performed on two different strains of rats, Lewis (Lew) and Fischer 344 (F344), which are characterized for displaying a differential sensitivity to cocaine, thus making them suitable in the study of vulnerability to drug addiction. Both strains showed differences in the expression of ECS-related proteins in the hippocampus, i.e. Lew rats exhibited lower CB1 expression but higher CB2 expression than F344 rats. After setting similar cocaine self-administration, both strains showed clear differences in the expression of ECS-related proteins, which were differentially restricted to either the 2-AG or anandamide signalling pathways in a self-administration training/drug-dependent manner. The decreases observed in CB1 expression and N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D:fatty acid amino hydrolase ratio after saline self-administration were enhanced only in cocaine self-administered Lew rats. CB2 expression increase and diacylglycerol lipase α:monoacylglycerol lipase ratio decrease detected after saline self-administration were blocked only in cocaine self-administered F344 rats. These findings indicate that cocaine may regulate hippocampal GABA/glutamate synapses by directly modulating endocannabinoid production/degradation enzymes and that these actions are strain-dependent. This differential response suggests that the endogenous cannabinoid system might contribute to genotype/strain differences on the sensitivity to self-administration training and cocaine addiction.
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Hasan S, Fatima N, Bilal N, Suhail N, Fatima S, Morgan EN, Aldebasy Y, Alzohairy MA, Banu N. Effect of chronic unpredictable stress on short term dietary restriction and its modulation by multivitamin-mineral supplementation. Appetite 2013; 65:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Phosphodiesterase-2 inhibitor reverses corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity and related behavioural changes via cGMP/PKG dependent pathway. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:835-47. [PMID: 22850435 DOI: 10.1017/s146114571200065x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2) is an enzyme responsible for hydrolysis of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) to restrict intracellular signalling of these second messenger molecules. This study investigated how PDE2 inhibitor Bay 60-7550 affects the dysregulated glucocorticoid signalling in neuronal cells and regulates depressive behaviours after chronic stress in mice. We found that exposure of hippocampal neurons to corticosterone resulted in time- and concentration-dependent increases in PDE2 expression. These intriguing findings were confirmed in the hippocampal cell line HT-22. After corticosterone exposure for 24 h, HT-22 cells showed a concentration-dependent increase in mRNA levels for PDE2 subtypes, PDE2A1 and 2A3, as well as for the total PDE2A protein expression. Bay 60-7550 was found to reverse the cell lesion induced by corticosterone (50 μm). This neuroprotective effect was blocked by pretreatment with protein kinase G inhibitor KT5823, but not protein kinase A inhibitor H89, suggesting the involvement of cGMP-dependent signalling. Although Bay 60-7550 treatment for 24 h did not change the levels of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1/2 (pERK) and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (pCREB), it down-regulated pERK at 2 h and up-regulated a CREB co-activator, CREB-binding protein, at 24 h. Both of these effects were blocked by KT 5823. Furthermore, Bay 60-7550 reversed corticosterone-induced down-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein levels 24 h after corticosterone exposure. In behavioural testing, Bay 60-7550 produced antidepressant-like effects and reduced corticosterone levels in stressed mice, further supporting the involvement of a PDE2-dependent pathway in mediating Bay 60-7550's effect during stress hormone insults.
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Sim HR, Choi TY, Lee HJ, Kang EY, Yoon S, Han PL, Choi SY, Baik JH. Role of dopamine D2 receptors in plasticity of stress-induced addictive behaviours. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1579. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Hill MN, Hellemans KGC, Verma P, Gorzalka BB, Weinberg J. Neurobiology of chronic mild stress: parallels to major depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:2085-117. [PMID: 22776763 PMCID: PMC4821201 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The chronic mild (or unpredictable/variable) stress (CMS) model was developed as an animal model of depression more than 20 years ago. The foundation of this model was that following long-term exposure to a series of mild, but unpredictable stressors, animals would develop a state of impaired reward salience that was akin to the anhedonia observed in major depressive disorder. In the time since its inception, this model has also been used for a variety of studies examining neurobiological variables that are associated with depression, despite the fact that this model has never been critically examined to validate that the neurobiological changes induced by CMS are parallel to those documented in depressive disorder. The aim of the current review is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the effects of chronic mild stress on neurobiological variables, such as neurochemistry, neurochemical receptor expression and functionality, neurotrophin expression and cellular plasticity. These findings are then compared to those of clinical research examining common variables in populations with depressive disorders to determine if the changes observed following chronic mild stress are in fact consistent with those observed in major depression. We conclude that the chronic mild stress paradigm: (1) evokes an array of neurobiological changes that mirror those seen in depressive disorders and (2) may be a suitable tool to investigate novel systems that could be disturbed in depression, and thus aid in the development of novel targets for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Hill
- Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada.
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45
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Imbe H, Kimura A, Donishi T, Kaneoke Y. Chronic restraint stress decreases glial fibrillary acidic protein and glutamate transporter in the periaqueductal gray matter. Neuroscience 2012; 223:209-18. [PMID: 22890077 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stress affects brain activity and promotes long-term changes in multiple neural systems. Exposure to stressors causes substantial effects on the perception and response to pain. In several animal models, chronic stress produces lasting hyperalgesia. Postmortem studies of stress-related psychiatric disorders have demonstrated a decrease in the number of astrocytes and the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker for astrocyte, in the cerebral cortex. Since astrocytes play vital roles in maintaining neuroplasticity via synapse maintenance and secretion of neurotrophins, impairment of astrocytes is thought to be involved in the neuropathology. In the present study we examined GFAP and excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) protein levels in the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) after subacute and chronic restraint stresses to clarify changes in descending pain modulatory system in the rat with stress-induced hyperalgesia. Chronic restraint stress (6h/day for 3 weeks), but not subacute restraint stress (6h/day for 3 days), caused a marked mechanical hypersensitivity and aggressive behavior. The chronic restraint stress induced a significant decrease of GFAP protein level in the PAG (32.0 ± 8.9% vs. control group, p<0.05). In immunohistochemical analysis the remarkable decrease of GFAP was observed in the ventrolateral PAG. The EAAT2 protein level in the 3 weeks stress group (79.6 ± 6.8%) was significantly lower compared to that in the control group (100.0 ± 6.1%, p<0.05). In contrast there was no significant difference in the GFAP and EAAT2 protein levels between the control and 3 days stress groups These findings suggest a dysfunction of the PAG that plays pivotal roles in the organization of strategies for coping with stressors and in pain modulation after chronic restraint stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Imbe
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama City 641-8509, Japan.
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46
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Kohut SJ, Decicco-Skinner KL, Johari S, Hurwitz ZE, Baumann MH, Riley AL. Differential modulation of cocaine's discriminative cue by repeated and variable stress exposure: relation to monoamine transporter levels. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:330-7. [PMID: 22516586 PMCID: PMC3372622 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Discriminative stimulus functions of drugs of abuse play an important role in the acquisition, maintenance and reinstatement of drug-taking behavior. The present study tested whether two different schedules of stressor presentation, i.e., repeated and variable, for 10 days, can modify the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in male rats trained to discriminate cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) from saline. Dopamine (DAT), serotonin (SERT) and norepinephrine (NET) transporter levels in mesocorticolimbic areas were also measured using western blotting after stress exposure to determine if the relative ratio of these proteins may explain differences in behavior. Rats exposed to both repeated and variable stress displayed shifts in the cocaine dose-response curve but with different patterns of responding. In handled controls, ED(50) values for cocaine-like responding were stable after 10 days of handling compared to baseline. Repeated stress produced a transient left-ward shift in cocaine-like responding, indicating increased sensitivity to the cocaine cue. ED(50) values after variable stress did not differ from baseline, although maximal cocaine-like responding was lower at the two highest doses of cocaine tested at which variably stressed rats exhibited more saline-like responding. Alterations in DAT and NET were found in the Repeated Stress group and DAT and SERT in the Variable Stress group in select brain regions which may be responsible for differences in behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Kohut
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
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47
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Valenti O, Gill KM, Grace AA. Different stressors produce excitation or inhibition of mesolimbic dopamine neuron activity: response alteration by stress pre-exposure. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:1312-21. [PMID: 22512259 PMCID: PMC3335739 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stressors can exert a wide variety of responses, ranging from adaptive responses to pathological changes; moreover, recent studies suggest that mild stressors can attenuate the response of a system to major stressful events. We have previously shown that 2-week exposure to cold, a comparatively mild inescapable stressor, induced a pronounced reduction in ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neuron activity, whereas restraint stress increases DA neuron activity. However, it is not known if these stressors differentially impact the VTA in a region-specific manner, if they differentially impact behavioral responses, or whether the effects of such different stressors are additive or antagonistic with regard to their impact on DA neuron firing. To address these questions, single-unit extracellular recordings were performed in anesthetized control rats and rats exposed to chronic cold, and tested after delivery of a 2-h restraint session. Chronic cold stress strongly attenuated the number of DA neurons firing in the VTA, and this effect occurred primarily in the medial and central VTA regions that preferentially project to reward-related ventral striatal regions. Chronic cold exposure also prevented the pronounced increase in DA neuron population activity without affecting the behavioral sensitization to amphetamine produced by restraint stress. Taken together, these data show that a prolonged inescapable mild stressor can induce plastic changes that attenuate the DA system response to acute stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Valenti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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48
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Leão RM, Cruz FC, Marin MT, Planeta CDS. Stress induces behavioral sensitization, increases nicotine-seeking behavior and leads to a decrease of CREB in the nucleus accumbens. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 101:434-42. [PMID: 22330674 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence shows that exposure to stress engenders behavioral sensitization and increases drug-seeking and leads to intense drug taking. However the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes is not well known yet. The present experiments examined the effects of exposure to variable stress on nicotine-induced locomotor activation, cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity and nicotine intravenous self-administration in rats. Male Wistar rats were exposed to variable stress that consisted of the exposure to different stressors twice a day in random order for 10 days. During this period the control group was left undisturbed except for cage cleaning. Ten days after the last stress episode, rats were challenged with either saline or nicotine (0.4 mg/kgs.c.) and the locomotor activity was recorded for 20 min. Immediately after behavioral recordings rats were sacrificed and their brains were removed to posterior western blotting analysis of CREB, phosphoCREB, ERK and phosphoERK in the nucleus accumbens. An independent set of control and stressed animals were subjected to an intravenous nicotine self-administration protocol. The break point during a progressive ratio schedule and nicotine intake patterns during a 24-hour binge was analyzed. Repeated variable stress caused a sensitized motor response to a single challenge of nicotine and decreased CREB in the nucleus accumbens. Furthermore, in the self-administration experiments previous stress exposure caused an increase in the break point and nicotine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Molini Leão
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14801-902, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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49
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Vázquez-Roque RA, Ramos B, Tecuatl C, Juárez I, Adame A, de la Cruz F, Zamudio S, Mena R, Rockenstein E, Masliah E, Flores G. Chronic administration of the neurotrophic agent cerebrolysin ameliorates the behavioral and morphological changes induced by neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion in a rat model of schizophrenia. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:288-306. [PMID: 21932359 PMCID: PMC3370993 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion (nVHL) in rats has been widely used as a neurodevelopmental model to mimic schizophrenia-like behaviors. Recently, we reported that nVHLs result in dendritic retraction and spine loss in prefrontal cortex (PFC) pyramidal neurons and medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Cerebrolysin (Cbl), a neurotrophic peptide mixture, has been reported to ameliorate the synaptic and dendritic pathology in models of aging and neurodevelopmental disorder such as Rett syndrome. This study sought to determine whether Cbl was capable of reducing behavioral and neuronal alterations in nVHL rats. The behavioral analysis included locomotor activity induced by novel environment and amphetamine, social interaction, and sensoriomotor gating. The morphological evaluation included dendritic analysis by using the Golgi-Cox procedure and stereology to quantify the total cell number in PFC and NAcc. Behavioral data show a reduction in the hyperresponsiveness to novel environment- and amphetamine-induced locomotion, with an increase in the total time spent in social interactions and in prepulse inhibition in Cbl-treated nVHL rats. In addition, neuropathological analysis of the limbic regions also showed amelioration of dendritic retraction and spine loss in Cbl-treated nVHL rats. Cbl treatment also ameliorated dendritic pathology and neuronal loss in the PFC and NAcc in nVHL rats. This study demonstrates that Cbl promotes behavioral improvements and recovery of dendritic neuronal damage in postpubertal nVHL rats and suggests that Cbl may have neurotrophic effects in this neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia. These findings support the possibility that Cbl has beneficial effects in the management of schizophrenia symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Antonio Vázquez-Roque
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F., México
| | - Brenda Ramos
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Carolina Tecuatl
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Ismael Juárez
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Fidel de la Cruz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F., México
| | - Sergio Zamudio
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F., México
| | - Raúl Mena
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, CINVESTAV-IPN, México D.F., México
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Gonzalo Flores
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
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Higuera-Matas A, Montoya GL, Coria SM, Miguéns M, García-Lecumberri C, Ambrosio E. Differential gene expression in the nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex of lewis and Fischer 344 rats relevant to drug addiction. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 9:143-50. [PMID: 21886580 PMCID: PMC3137170 DOI: 10.2174/157015911795017290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug addiction results from the interplay between social and biological factors. Among these, genetic variables play a major role. The use of genetically related inbred rat strains that differ in their preference for drugs of abuse is one approach of great importance to explore genetic determinants. Lewis and Fischer 344 rats have been extensively studied and it has been shown that the Lewis strain is especially vulnerable to the addictive properties of several drugs when compared with the Fischer 344 strain. Here, we have used microarrays to analyze gene expression profiles in the frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of Lewis and Fischer 344 rats. Our results show that only a very limited group of genes were differentially expressed in Lewis rats when compared with the Fischer 344 strain. The genes that were induced in the Lewis strain were related to oxygen transport, neurotransmitter processing and fatty acid metabolism. On the contrary genes that were repressed in Lewis rats were involved in physiological functions such as drug and proton transport, oligodendrocyte survival and lipid catabolism. These data might be useful for the identification of genes which could be potential markers of the vulnerability to the addictive properties of drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Higuera-Matas
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, UNED, Madrid, Spain
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