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Trashin S, Morales-Yánez F, Thiruvottriyur Shanmugam S, Paredis L, Carrión EN, Sariego I, Muyldermans S, Polman K, Gorun SM, De Wael K. Nanobody-Based Immunosensor Detection Enhanced by Photocatalytic-Electrochemical Redox Cycling. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13606-13614. [PMID: 34585567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Detection of antigenic biomarkers present in trace amounts is of crucial importance for medical diagnosis. A parasitic disease, human toxocariasis, lacks an adequate diagnostic method despite its worldwide occurrence. The currently used serology tests may stay positive even years after a possibly unnoticed infection, whereas the direct detection of a re-infection or a still active infection remains a diagnostic challenge due to the low concentration of circulating parasitic antigens. We report a time-efficient sandwich immunosensor using small recombinant single-domain antibodies (nanobodies) derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies specific to Toxocara canis antigens. An enhanced sensitivity to pg/mL levels is achieved by using a redox cycle consisting of a photocatalytic oxidation and electrochemical reduction steps. The photocatalytic oxidation is achieved by a photosensitizer generating singlet oxygen (1O2) that, in turn, readily reacts with p-nitrophenol enzymatically produced under alkaline conditions. The photooxidation produces benzoquinone that is electrochemically reduced to hydroquinone, generating an amperometric response. The light-driven process could be easily separated from the background, thus making amperometric detection more reliable. The proposed method for detection of the toxocariasis antigen marker shows superior performances compared to other detection schemes with the same nanobodies and outperforms by at least two orders of magnitude the assays based on regular antibodies, thus suggesting new opportunities for electrochemical immunoassays of challenging low levels of antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Morales-Yánez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Linda Paredis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erik N Carrión
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Functional Materials, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
| | - Idalia Sariego
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kouri, 17100 Havana, Cuba
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katja Polman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sergiu M Gorun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Functional Materials, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
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Balbaied T, Hogan A, Moore E. Electrochemical Detection and Capillary Electrophoresis: Comparative Studies for Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) Release from Living Cells. BIOSENSORS 2020; 10:E95. [PMID: 32796526 PMCID: PMC7459635 DOI: 10.3390/bios10080095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is one of the main biomarkers that is clinically detected in bone and liver disorders using optical assays. The electrochemical principle is important because point-of-care testing is increasing dramatically and absorbance techniques hardly compete with the medical revolution that is occurring. The detection of ALP using electrochemical detection is contributing to the integration systems field, and hence enhancing the detection of biological targets for pharmaceutical research and design systems. Moreover, in vitro electrochemical measurements use cost effective materials and simple techniques. Graphite screen-printed electrodes and linear sweep voltammetry were used to optimize the electrochemistry of the enzymatic product p-aminophenol using the enzyme kinetic assay. ALP release from embryonic and cancer cells was determined from adhesion cell culture. Additionally, capillary electrophoresis and colorimetric methods were applied for comparison assays. The resulting assays showed a dynamic range of ALP ranging from 1.5 to 1500 U/L, and limit of detection of 0.043 U/L. This was achieved by using 70 μL of the sample and an incubation time of 10 min at an optimal substrate concentration of 9.6 mM of p-aminophenol phosphate. A significant difference (p < 0.05) was measured between the absorbance assays. This paper demonstrates the advantages of the electrochemical assay for ALP release from cells, which is in line with recent trends in gene expression systems using microelectrode array technologies and devices for monitoring electrophysiological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric Moore
- Sensing & Separation Group, School of Chemistry and Life Science Interface, University College Cork, Tyndall National Institute, T12R5CP Cork, Ireland; (T.B.); (A.H.)
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3
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Hu X, Wei Z, Tang M, Long Y, Zheng H. Reducing background absorbance via a double-lock strategy for detection of alkaline phosphatase and α-fetoprotein. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:489. [PMID: 32766932 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lowering the background signal for more sensitive analysis of determinands is as important as amplifying the target signal. The photoinduced oxidase of fluorescein has been reported, which can catalyze the oxidization of common substrates in a few minutes. As a metaphor for locks and keys, we designed double locks confining the activity of fluorescein to reduce the background absorbance during colorimetric detection. The first lock inhibits the main activity of fluorescein by phosphating. The second lock almost completely deactivates fluorescein by forming coordination nanoparticles (CNPs) via the self-assembly of cerium chloride and fluorescein diphosphate (FDP). The Ce-FDP CNPs are characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and energy dispersive spectrum (EDS), which show electrostatic formation and amorphous character in the morphology. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), the key to release fluorescein, can destroy Ce-FDP CNPs along with decomposing FDP by degrading phosphate groups. Therefore, a novel colorimetric strategy for sensitive detection of ALP is established. The detection of α-fetoprotein (AFP) is further succeeded by labeling AFP antibody with ALP. By dramatically reducing the background absorbance, the detection limits of ALP and AFP are as low as 0.014 mU/mL and 0.023 ng/mL, respectively. This convenient, brief, sensitive assay provides a promising prospect for clinical diagnosis. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zixuan Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Menghuan Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yijuan Long
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Huzhi Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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4
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Hu X, Sun C, Shi Y, Long Y, Zheng H. Colorimetric sensing of alkaline phosphatase and α-fetoprotein based on the photoinduced oxidase activity of fluorescein. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj06427j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A simple and inexpensive colorimetric assay for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and α-fetoprotein (AFP) has been established by the hydrolysis of fluorescein diphosphate (FDP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing
| | - Chaoqun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing
| | - Ying Shi
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing
| | - Yijuan Long
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing
| | - Huzhi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing
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5
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Choi YB, Kim NH, Kim SH, Tae GS, Kim HH. Heterogeneous electrochemical immunoassay of hippuric acid on the electrodeposited organic films. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 14:18886-97. [PMID: 25313491 PMCID: PMC4239960 DOI: 10.3390/s141018886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
By directly coordinating hippuric acid (HA) to the ferrate (Fe) as an electron transfer mediator, we synthesized a Fe-HA complex, which shows a good electrochemical signal and thus enables the electrochemical immunoanalysis for HA. We electrodeposited organic films containing imidazole groups on the electrode surface and then bonded Ni ion (positive charge) to induce immobilization of Fe-HA (negative charge) through the electrostatic interaction. The heterogeneous competitive immunoassay system relies on the interaction between immobilized Fe-HA antigen conjugate and free HA antigen to its antibody (anti-HA). The electric signal becomes weaker due to the hindered electron transfer reaction when a large-sized HA antibody is bound onto the Fe-HA. However, in the presence of HA, the electric signal increases because free HA competitively reacts with the HA antibody prior to actual reaction and thus prevents the HA antibody from interacting with Fe-HA at the electrode surface. This competition reaction enabled an electrochemical quantitative analysis of HA concentration with a detection limit of 0.5 μg mL(-1), and thus allowed us to develop a simple and rapid electrochemical immunosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Bong Choi
- Department of chemistry, College of Natural Science, Dankook University, Anseo-Dong, Cheonan 330-714, Korea.
| | - Nam-Hyuk Kim
- Department of chemistry, College of Natural Science, Dankook University, Anseo-Dong, Cheonan 330-714, Korea.
| | - Seung-Hoi Kim
- Department of chemistry, College of Natural Science, Dankook University, Anseo-Dong, Cheonan 330-714, Korea.
| | - Gun-Sik Tae
- Department of biology, College of Natural Science, Dankook University, Anseo-Dong, Cheonan 330-714, Korea.
| | - Hyug-Han Kim
- Department of chemistry, College of Natural Science, Dankook University, Anseo-Dong, Cheonan 330-714, Korea.
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6
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Hayat A, Andreescu S. Nanoceria Particles As Catalytic Amplifiers for Alkaline Phosphatase Assays. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10028-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4020963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akhtar Hayat
- Department of Chemistry and
Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States
| | - Silvana Andreescu
- Department of Chemistry and
Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States
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7
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Jeon WY, Choi YB, Kim HH. Homogeneous Electrochemical Detection of Hippuric Acid in Urine Based on the Osmium-Antigen Conjugate. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:2331-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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8
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Spadiut O, Rossetti L, Dietzsch C, Herwig C. Purification of a recombinant plant peroxidase produced in Pichia pastoris by a simple 2-step strategy. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 86:89-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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The detection of alkaline phosphatase using an electrochemical biosensor in a single-step approach. SENSORS 2009; 9:8709-21. [PMID: 22291532 PMCID: PMC3260609 DOI: 10.3390/s91108709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A one-step, single use, disposable Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) biosensor has been developed. It is based on the detection of phenol produced by an ALP enzymatic reaction. It can operate at 25 °C in a pH 10 medium. It measures ALP of 0–300 IU/L. The permissible concentrations of glucose, ascorbic acid and urea without interference are 10 mM/L, 5 mg/L and 400 mg/L, respectively. Experimental results are compared to those obtained by spectrophotometric measurements in bovine serum. Excellent linearity between the biosensor outputs and the ALP concentrations exists. The agreement between the measurements of this biosensor and the spectrophotometer is also outstanding.
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10
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Zhang F, Yang SH, Kang TY, Cha GS, Nam H, Meyerhoff ME. A rapid competitive binding nonseparation electrochemical enzyme immunoassay (NEEIA) test strip for microcystin-LR (MCLR) determination. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 22:1419-25. [PMID: 16887345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2006] [Revised: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A competitive binding nonseparation electrochemical enzyme immunoassay (NEEIA) is described for the determination of microcystin-LR (MCLR) using a double-sided microporous gold electrode in cartridge-type cells. A gold film sputtered on one side of porous nylon membrane constitutes a working electrode, while another gold film formed on the opposite side serves as a pseudo reference electrode. After immobilizing MCLR antibody on working electrode by physical adsorption, the double-sided electrode was placed simply in a diffusion U-type or within a dry strip-type cell with a conjugate pad pre-loaded with a glucose oxidase labeled MCLR (GOx-MCLR) on working electrode side. Assays were performed in two steps: an MCLR-containing sample mixed with a known amount of GOx-MCLR conjugate either in buffer solution or in pre-loaded dry pad was incubated for an appropriate period (about 10 min) to induce competitive reaction with an immobilized anti-MCLR antibody on working electrode, and a fixed concentration of glucose solution (substrate) was then added to the backside of the working electrode. Due to the competitive nature of the assay, enzymatically generated product, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), was detected at the working gold electrode (at +800 mV versus Au) by oxidation, and the magnitude of amperometric current was inversely proportional to the concentration of MCLR in the sample. The response time after substrate addition was about 30s. Mean recovery of MCLR added to tap water was 93.5%, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 6.6%. The proposed competitive NEEIA system is in general comparable to existing heterogeneous enzyme immunoassays with a similar detection limit (100 pg/mL MCLR), and suitable for developing a disposable type biosensor for on-site monitoring of environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Zhang
- Chemical Sensor Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 139-701, Republic of Korea
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11
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12
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van der Voort D, Pelsers MMAL, Korf J, Hermens WT, Glatz JFC. A continuous displacement immunoassay for human heart-type fatty acid-binding protein in plasma. J Immunol Methods 2004; 295:1-8. [PMID: 15627606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2003] [Revised: 07/16/2004] [Accepted: 08/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) is suggested as an early plasma marker of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and several studies have proved that, for early diagnosis of AMI, FABP performs better than myoglobin, which is a more often used early marker protein. Because serial measurement of biochemical markers in plasma is now universally accepted as an important determinant in AMI diagnosis, a rapid and continuous measuring method for FABP would be desirable. The aim of the present study was to develop an immunoassay based on the principle of displacement and using a column for rapid and continuous measurement of FABP in plasma. Glass columns filled with Sepharose-bound FABP were loaded with a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled antibody (Ab) and equilibrated with human plasma. After reaching a stable baseline, human plasma spiked with FABP or plasma from AMI patients was added. The Ab-HRP complex dissociated due to the presence of FABP in the plasma and was subsequently quantified. For plasma from AMI patients (n=5), the Ab-HRP level thus measured correlated with the corresponding plasma FABP concentration (R=0.96). The results of this study show the feasibility of a sensor for continuous monitoring of FABP in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D van der Voort
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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13
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Chan CPY, Cheng WS, Glatz JFC, van der Voort D, Sanderson JE, Hempel A, Lehmann M, Renneberg I, Renneberg R. Early Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction Using Immunosensors and Immunotests. ANAL LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120023625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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14
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Kinetic analysis of horseradish peroxidase “wiring” in redox polyelectrolyte–peroxidase multilayer assemblies. Electrochem commun 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2481(02)00486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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15
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Nistor C, Rose A, Wollenberger U, Pfeiffer D, Emnéus J. A glucose dehydrogenase biosensor as an additional signal amplification step in an enzyme-flow immunoassay. Analyst 2002; 127:1076-81. [PMID: 12195949 DOI: 10.1039/b203452b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Both the antibody affinity and the detectability of the label are essential in deciding the final characteristics of a heterogeneous immunoassay. This paper describes an approach to obtain a supplementary enhancement of the signal generated by using an enzyme label, e.g., by including the product of the enzymatic reaction in an additional amplification cycle during the detection step performed with an amperometric biosensor based on glucose dehydrogenase (GDH). An immunoassay format with a labelled analyte derivative that competes with the analyte present in the sample for a limited amount of antibody binding sites was employed. The beta-galactosidase label hydrolyses the substrate aminophenyl-beta-galactopyranoside, and the generated aminophenol enters then into a bioelectrocatalytic amplification cycle at the GDH biosensor. The principle was applied for determination of 4-nitrophenol, with the best minimal concentration of 1.5 microM and a midpoint of the calibration of 24 microM. The potentials and limitations of such a system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalin Nistor
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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16
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Xu D, Huang K, Liu Z, Liu Y, Ma L. Microfabricated Disposable DNA Sensors Based on Enzymatic Amplification Electrochemical Detection. ELECTROANAL 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200106)13:10<882::aid-elan882>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Scheller FW, Bauer CG, Makower A, Wollenberger U, Warsinke A, Bier FF. COUPLING OF IMMUNOASSAYS WITH ENZYMATIC RECYCLING ELECTRODES. ANAL LETT 2001. [DOI: 10.1081/al-100104149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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18
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Fernández-Sánchez C, Costa-Garcı́a A. Voltammetric studies of indigo adsorbed on pre-treated carbon paste electrodes. Electrochem commun 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2481(00)00117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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19
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Bardea A, Katz E, Willner I. Probing Antigen-Antibody Interactions on Electrode Supports by the Biocatalyzed Precipitation of an Insoluble Product. ELECTROANAL 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200010)12:14<1097::aid-elan1097>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Novel immunosensors for rapid diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1061-8945(99)80015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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21
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Blonder R, Ben-Dov I, Dagan A, Willner I, Zisman E. Photochemically-activated electrodes: application in design of reversible immunosensors and antibody patterned interfaces. Biosens Bioelectron 1997; 12:627-44. [PMID: 9366021 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(97)00022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Antigen monolayers assembled onto Au electrodes associated with a quartz crystal act as electrochemical or microgravimetric quartz-crystal-microbalance (QCM) sensing interfaces for the complementary antibody. Electrochemical analysis of the antibody (Ab) is based on the insulation of the antigen monolayer electrode by the associated Ab towards a redox probe in the electrolyte solution. Ferrocene-modified glucose oxidase (Fc-GOx) and glucose are employed as redox probes for the amperometric transduction of the Ab association to the electrode. Bioelectrocatalyzed oxidation of glucose provides an electrochemical route to amplify the antigen-Ab complex formation. Electrochemical analysis of the dinitrophenyl antibody, DNP-Ab, by a dinitrophenyl-lysine monolayer electrode is presented. QCM analysis of the Ab is based on the frequency changes of the quartz crystal resulting from the association of the Ab to the crystal assembly. This method is discussed with the analysis of the fluorescein antibody, Flc-Ab, using a fluorescein monolayer-modified quartz crystal. A novel method to tailor reversible immunosensor devices by the application of photoisomerizable antigen monolayers on electrodes is presented. The antigen is modified by photoactive units exhibiting reversible photoisomerizable properties. In one photoisomer state, the antigen exhibits affinity for the Ab and enables its electrochemical or QCM analysis. Photoisomerization to the complementary state perturbs the antigen structure and the monolayer lacks affinity for the Ab. This enables the washing-off of the Ab and the regeneration of the actively sensing interface by a second illumination process that restores the antigen monolayer-modified surface. This method is exemplified by the development of a reversible DNP-Ab sensing electrode. N-Mercaptobutyl dinitrospiropyran was assembled as a photoisomerizable monolayer on a Au electrode. The dinitrospiropyran monolayer, SP-state, exhibits affinity for the DNP-Ab and enables the amperometric detection of the Ab using Fc-GOx and glucose as redox probe. The complementary photoisomerized protonated dinitromerocyanine monolayer, MRH(+)-state, lacks affinity for the DNP-Ab. By photoisomerization of the DNP-Ab associated with the SP-monolayer electrode to the MRH(+)-monolayer state, the DNP-Ab is washed-off, and by a second illumination process, the MRH(+)-monolayer is re-isomerized to the SP-monolayer assembly, which is the active interface for further analysis of the DNP-Ab. Cyclic amperometric detection of the DNP-Ab by the photoisomerizable dinitrospiropyran monolayer is demonstrated. The association of the DNP-Ab to the SP-monolayer electrode and the dissociation of the Ab from the MRH(+)-monolayer electrode are confirmed by QCM experiments using a dinitrospiropyran monolayer-modified quartz crystal. The insulating features of an antigen-Ab complex on a conductive surface and the photochemically controlled association of an antibody to a photoisomerizable monolayer assembled onto the surface were used to develop means for micropatterning of surfaces by the antibody. A dinitrospiropyran antigen monolayer was assembled onto conductive ITO glass. A DNP-Ab solution was used as 'ink solution' to pattern the surface. The Ab-pattern was imaged by electrochemical copper deposition onto the Ab-lacking surface domains. The dinitrospiropyran monolayer assembled onto ITO or Pyrex glass surfaces was employed as an active interface for the photolithographic patterning of the surface with the DNP-Ab. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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Affiliation(s)
- R Blonder
- Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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22
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Blonder R, Levi S, Tao G, Ben-Dov I, Willner I. Development of Amperometric and Microgravimetric Immunosensors and Reversible Immunosensors Using Antigen and Photoisomerizable Antigen Monolayer Electrodes. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja971980z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ron Blonder
- Contribution from the Institute of Chemistry and The Farkas Center for Light-Induced Processes, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Shlomo Levi
- Contribution from the Institute of Chemistry and The Farkas Center for Light-Induced Processes, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Guoliang Tao
- Contribution from the Institute of Chemistry and The Farkas Center for Light-Induced Processes, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Iddo Ben-Dov
- Contribution from the Institute of Chemistry and The Farkas Center for Light-Induced Processes, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Itamar Willner
- Contribution from the Institute of Chemistry and The Farkas Center for Light-Induced Processes, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- C J McNeil
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
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24
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Katz E, Willner I. Amperometric amplification of antigen-antibody association at monolayer interfaces: design of immunosensor electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(96)04855-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ruzgas T, Csöregi E, Emnéus J, Gorton L, Marko-Varga G. Peroxidase-modified electrodes: Fundamentals and application. Anal Chim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(96)00169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Major developments continue to be reported in key areas of immunoassay technology. Following the development of excellent signal generation methods, attention has shifted to the development of immunochemical methods and instrumentation to provide convenient systems of high performance. Important advances have been made in the design of immunochemical approaches that permit the replacement of competitive format assays for small molecules, such as drugs, metabolites and pollutants, with non-competitive formats, bringing advantages previously seen only with large molecular analytes. Bispecific antibodies and recombinant proteins are also beginning to impact immunodiagnostics, with the promise of even more highly specified reagents. Improvements in automation have brought the facility of homogeneous systems to high-throughput and high-performance heterogeneous systems. Similarly, 'point of need' testing continues to progress. Through all of these advances, systems are evolving according to the needs of users in terms of operator convenience, accuracy, specificity, speed, robustness, and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Self
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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