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Robin P, Gerber-Lemaire S. Design and Preparation of Sensing Surfaces for Capacitive Biodetection. BIOSENSORS 2022; 13:17. [PMID: 36671852 PMCID: PMC9856139 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite their high sensitivity and their suitability for miniaturization, biosensors are still limited for clinical applications due to the lack of reproducibility and specificity of their detection performance. The design and preparation of sensing surfaces are suspected to be a cause of these limitations. Here, we first present an updated overview of the current state of use of capacitive biosensors in a medical context. Then, we summarize the encountered strategies for the fabrication of capacitive biosensing surfaces. Finally, we describe the characteristics which govern the performance of the sensing surfaces, along with recent developments that were suggested to overcome their main current limitations.
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2
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Mayall RM, Marenco AJ, Kilgore M, Birss VI, Creager SE. Ultrasensitive Detection of Surface‐Confined Redox Molecules by Mediation‐Based Amplification. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Mayall
- Department of Chemistry University of Calgary Calgary AB postcode missing Canada
| | - Armando J. Marenco
- Department of Chemistry University of Calgary Calgary AB postcode missing Canada
| | - Madison Kilgore
- Department of Chemistry Clemson University Clemson SC 29634 USA
| | - Viola I. Birss
- Department of Chemistry University of Calgary Calgary AB postcode missing Canada
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3
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Latest developments in non-faradic impedimetric biosensors: Towards clinical applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Mayall RM, Renaud-Young M, Gawron E, Luong S, Creager S, Birss VI. Enhanced Signal Amplification in a Toll-like Receptor-4 Biosensor Utilizing Ferrocene-Terminated Mixed Monolayers. ACS Sens 2019; 4:143-151. [PMID: 30562004 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in effectively treating infections is to provide timely diagnosis of a bacterial or viral agent. Current cell culture methods require >24 h to identify the cause of infection. The Toll-like Receptor (TLR) family of proteins can identify classes of pathogens and has been shown to work well in an impedance-based biosensor, where the protein is attached to an electrode via a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). While the sensitivity of these sensors has been good, they contain a high resistance (>1 kΩ) SAM, generating relatively small signals and requiring longer data collection, which is ill-suited to implementation outside of a laboratory. Here, we describe a novel approach to increase the signal magnitude and decrease the measurement time of a TLR-4 biosensor by inserting a redox-active ferrocenyl-terminated alkanethiol into a mixed SAM containing hydroxyl- and carboxyl-terminated alkanethiols. The SAM formation and modification was confirmed via contact angle and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, with TLR-4 immobilization demonstrated through a modified immunosorbent assay. It is shown that these TLR-4 biosensors respond selectively to their intended target, Gram-negative bacteria at levels between 1 and 105 lysed cells/mL, while remaining insensitive to Gram-positive bacteria or viral particles at up to 105 particles/mL. Furthermore, the signal enhancement due to the addition of ferrocene decreased the measurement time to less than 1 min and has enabled this sensor to be used with an inexpensive, portable, hand-held potentiostat that could be easily implemented in field settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Mayall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - Erin Gawron
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Samantha Luong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Stephen Creager
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Viola I. Birss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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5
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Poltronieri P, Primiceri E, Radhakrishnan R. EIS-Based Biosensors in Foodborne Pathogen Detection with a Special Focus on Listeria monocytogenes. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1918:87-101. [PMID: 30580401 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9000-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter methods and protocols for surfaces adapted to electrochemical impedance detection, antibody binding, electrolyte couples used, and instrumentation for EIS Biosensing are presented. Various technical bottlenecks have been overcome in recent years. Other limitations still present in this technique are discussed. We present the most recent applications in food pathogen detection based on EIS methods, as well as using other antibody-based platforms.
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6
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Shoute LCT, Anwar A, MacKay S, Abdelrasoul GN, Lin D, Yan Z, Nguyen AH, McDermott MT, Shah MA, Yang J, Chen J, Li XS. Immuno-impedimetric Biosensor for Onsite Monitoring of Ascospores and Forecasting of Sclerotinia Stem Rot of Canola. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12396. [PMID: 30120328 PMCID: PMC6098051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot, caused by the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a destructive disease of canola and many other broadleaf crops. The primary inoculum responsible for initiating Sclerotinia epidemics is airborne ascospores released from the apothecia of sclerotia. Timely detection of the presence of airborne ascospores can serve as an early-warning system for forecasting and management of the disease. A major challenge is to develop a portable and automated device which can be deployed onsite to detect and quantify the presence of minute quantities of ascospores in the air and serves as a unit in a network of systems for forecasting of the epidemic. In this communication, we present the development of an impedimetric non-Faradaic biosensor based on anti-S. sclerotiorum polyclonal antibodies as probes to selectively capture the ascospores and sense their binding by an impedance based interdigitated electrode which was found to directly and unambiguously correlate the number of ascospores on sensor surface with the impedance response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian C T Shoute
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Afreen Anwar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2V4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, J&K, India
| | - Scott MacKay
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Gaser N Abdelrasoul
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Donghai Lin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Zhimin Yan
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Anh H Nguyen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Mark T McDermott
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Manzoor A Shah
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, J&K, India
| | - Jian Yang
- InnoTech Alberta, Vegreville, AB, T9C 1T4, Canada
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2V4, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2V4, Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Xiujie S Li
- InnoTech Alberta, Vegreville, AB, T9C 1T4, Canada.
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7
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Radhakrishnan R, Poltronieri P. Fluorescence-Free Biosensor Methods in Detection of Food Pathogens with a Special Focus on Listeria monocytogenes. BIOSENSORS 2017; 7:E63. [PMID: 29261134 PMCID: PMC5746786 DOI: 10.3390/bios7040063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Food pathogens contaminate food products that allow their growth on the shelf and also under refrigerated conditions. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to lower the limit of detection (LOD) of the method used and to obtain the results within hours to few days. Biosensor methods exploit the available technologies to individuate and provide an approximate quantification of the bacteria present in a sample. The main bottleneck of these methods depends on the aspecific binding to the surfaces and on a change in sensitivity when bacteria are in a complex food matrix with respect to bacteria in a liquid food sample. In this review, we introduce surface plasmon resonance (SPR), new advancements in SPR techniques, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), as fluorescence-free biosensing technologies for detection of L. monocytogenes in foods. The application of the two methods has facilitated L. monocytogenes detection with LOD of 1 log CFU/mL. Further advancements are envisaged through the combination of biosensor methods with immunoseparation of bacteria from larger volumes, application of lab-on-chip technologies, and EIS sensing methods for multiplex pathogen detection. Validation efforts are being conducted to demonstrate the robustness of detection, reproducibility and variability in multi-site installations.
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8
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Premaratne G, Farias S, Krishnan S. Pyrenyl carbon nanostructures for ultrasensitive measurements of formaldehyde in urine. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 970:23-29. [PMID: 28433055 PMCID: PMC5443713 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of ultra-low (e.g., parts-per-billion) levels of small-molecule markers in body fluids (e.g., serum, urine, saliva) involves a considerable challenge in view of designing assay strategies with sensitivity and selectivity. Herein we report for the first time an amperometric nano-bioelectrode design that uniquely combines 1-pyrenebutyric acid units pi-pi stacked with carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes on the surface of gold screen printed electrodes for covalent attachment of NAD+ dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FDH). The designed enzyme bioelectrode offered 6 ppb formaldehyde detection in 10-times diluted urine with a wide dynamic range of 10 ppb to 10 ppm. Fourier transform infrared, Raman, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic characterizations confirmed the successful design of the FDH bioelectrode. Flow injection analysis provided lower detection limit and greater affinity for formaldehyde (apparent KM 9.6 ± 1.2 ppm) when compared with stirred solution method (apparent KM 19.9 ± 4.6 ppm). Selectivity assays revealed that the bioelectrode was selective toward formaldehyde with a moderate cross-reactivity for acetaldehyde (∼25%) and negligible cross-reactivity toward propanaldehyde, acetone, methanol, and ethanol. Formaldehyde is an indoor pollutant, and studies have indicated neurotoxic characteristics and systemic toxic effects of this compound upon chronic and high doses of exposure. Moreover, reported chromatography and mass spectrometry methods identified elevated urine formaldehyde levels in patients with bladder cancer, dementia, and early stages of cognitive impairments compared to healthy people. Results demonstrate that pyrenyl carbon nanostructures-based FDH bioelectrode design represents novelty and simplicity for enzyme-selective electrochemical quantitation of small 30 Da formaldehyde. Broader applicability of the presented approach for other small-molecule markers is feasible that requires only the design of appropriate marker-specific enzyme systems or receptor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayan Premaratne
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, 107 Physical Sciences Building, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Sabrina Farias
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, 107 Physical Sciences Building, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Sadagopan Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, 107 Physical Sciences Building, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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9
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Liu J, Chisti MM, Zeng X. General Signal Amplification Strategy for Nonfaradic Impedimetric Sensing: Trastuzumab Detection Employing a Peptide Immunosensor. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4013-4020. [PMID: 28256130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A label-free and reagent-free peptide mimotope capacitive biosensor has been developed for cancer drug (trastuzumab) quantification based on nonfaradic readout. The low sensitivity issue of capacitive biosensors was overcome with two innovations: peptide mimotope mixed self-assembled monolayer (SAM) biointerface and dilution of the analysis buffer. Signal amplification was achieved through dilution of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) to tune Cdl to dominate the overall capacitance change upon target binding, which contribution is often negligible without dilution. After 1000× dilution, the limit of detection was lowered 500-fold (0.22 μg/mL) and the sensitivity was increased 20-fold [0.04192 (μg/mL)-1] in comparison with undiluted PBS. The proposed signal amplification strategy is more straightforward and practical compared to biorecognition element engineering and other strategies. The proposed method was further applied to planar electrodes for optimizing sensing response time to less than 1 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University , Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
| | | | - Xiangqun Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University , Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
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10
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Mohsin MA, Liu BD, Zhang XL, Yang WJ, Liu LS, Jiang X. Cellular-membrane inspired surface modification of well aligned ZnO nanorods for chemosensing of epinephrine. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26250c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified ZnO nanorods array to form a chemical sensor for neurotransmitters. The interspaces between the nanorods offer highly efficient immobilization of the lipid membrane containing the calixarene, which act as receptor molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Mohsin
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Sciences (SYNL)
- Institute of Metal Research (IMR)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Shenyang
- China
| | - B. D. Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Sciences (SYNL)
- Institute of Metal Research (IMR)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Shenyang
- China
| | - X. L. Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Sciences (SYNL)
- Institute of Metal Research (IMR)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Shenyang
- China
| | - W. J. Yang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Sciences (SYNL)
- Institute of Metal Research (IMR)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Shenyang
- China
| | - L. S. Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Sciences (SYNL)
- Institute of Metal Research (IMR)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Shenyang
- China
| | - X. Jiang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Sciences (SYNL)
- Institute of Metal Research (IMR)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Shenyang
- China
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11
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An electrochemical lipopolysaccharide sensor based on an immobilized Toll-Like Receptor-4. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 87:794-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Manickam P, Kaushik A, Karunakaran C, Bhansali S. Recent advances in cytochrome c biosensing technologies. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 87:654-668. [PMID: 27619529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This review is an attempt, for the first time, to describe advancements in sensing technology for cytochrome c (cyt c) detection, at point-of-care (POC) application. Cyt c, a heme containing metalloprotein is located in the intermembrane space of mitochondria and released into bloodstream during pathological conditions. The release of cyt c from mitochondria is a key initiative step in the activation of cell death pathways. Circulating cyt c levels represents a novel in-vivo marker of mitochondrial injury after resuscitation from heart failure and chemotherapy. Thus, cyt c detection is not only serving as an apoptosis biomarker, but also is of great importance to understand certain diseases at cellular level. Various existing techniques such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), Western blot, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), spectrophotometry and flow cytometry have been used to estimate cyt c. However, the implementation of these techniques at POC application is limited due to longer analysis time, expensive instruments and expertise needed for operation. To overcome these challenges, significant efforts are being made to develop electrochemical biosensing technologies for fast, accurate, selective, and sensitive detection of cyt c. Presented review describes the cutting edge technologies available in the laboratories to detect cyt c. The recent advancements in designing and development of electrochemical cyt c biosensors for the quantification of cyt c are also discussed. This review also highlights the POC cyt c biosensors developed recently, that would prove of interest to biologist and therapist to get real time informatics needed to evaluate death process, diseases progression, therapeutics and processes related with mitochondrial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandiaraj Manickam
- Bio-MEMS and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of Neuro immune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Chandran Karunakaran
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, VHNSN College (Autonomous), Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shekhar Bhansali
- Bio-MEMS and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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13
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Melo AMA, Alexandre DL, Furtado RF, Borges MF, Figueiredo EAT, Biswas A, Cheng HN, Alves CR. Electrochemical immunosensors for Salmonella detection in food. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5301-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7548-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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14
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Takatsuji Y, Wakabayashi R, Sakakura T, Haruyama T. A “Swingable” straight-chain affinity molecule immobilized on a semi-conductor electrode for photo-excited current-based molecular sensing. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.08.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Patil AV, Bedatty Fernandes FC, Bueno PR, Davis JJ. Immittance Electroanalysis in Diagnostics. Anal Chem 2014; 87:944-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503156a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amol V. Patil
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Flávio C. Bedatty Fernandes
- Institute
of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Department, Univ. Estadual Paulista (São Paulo State University), Nanobionics Research Group, CP 355, 14800-900, Araraquara, São
Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo R. Bueno
- Institute
of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Department, Univ. Estadual Paulista (São Paulo State University), Nanobionics Research Group, CP 355, 14800-900, Araraquara, São
Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jason J. Davis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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16
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Zhang S, Maidenberg Y, Luo K, Koberstein JT. Adjusting the surface areal density of click-reactive azide groups by kinetic control of the azide substitution reaction on bromine-functional SAMs. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:6071-6078. [PMID: 24807699 DOI: 10.1021/la501233w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Azide-alkyne click chemistry has emerged as an important and versatile means for tethering a wide variety of guest molecules to virtually any substrate. In many of these applications, it is important to exercise control over the areal density of surface functional groups to achieve a desired areal density of the tethered guest molecule of interest. We demonstrate herein that the areal density of surface azide groups on flat germanium surfaces and nanoparticle substrates (silica and iron oxide) can be controlled kinetically by appropriately timed quenching of the S(N)2 substitution reaction of bromo-alkane-silane monolayers induced by the addition of sodium azide. The kinetics of the azide substitution reaction on monolayers formed on flat Ge substrates, determined by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR), are found to be identical to those for monolayers formed on both silica and iron oxide nanoparticles, the latter determined by transmission infrared spectroscopy. To validate the method, the percentages of surface bromine groups converted to azide groups after various reaction times were measured by quenching the S(N)2 reaction followed by analysis with ATR-IR (for Ge) and thermogravimetric analysis (after a subsequent click reaction with an alkyne-terminal polymer) for the nanoparticle substrates. The conversions found after quenching agree well with those expected from the standard kinetic curves. The latter result suggests that the kinetic method for the control of azide group areal density is a versatile means for functionalizing substrates with a prescribed areal density of azide groups for subsequent click reactions, and that the method is universal for any substrate, flat or nanoparticle, that can be modified with bromo-alkane-silane monolayers. Regardless of the surface geometry, we find that the azide substitution reaction is complete within 2-3 h, in sharp contrast to previous reports that indicate times of 48-60 h required for completion of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
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18
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Turyan I, Mandler D. Characterization and Electroanalytical Application of ω-Mercaptoalkanesulfonic Acid Monolayers on Gold. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.199700026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Pandiaraj M, Sethy NK, Bhargava K, Kameswararao V, Karunakaran C. Designing label-free electrochemical immunosensors for cytochrome c using nanocomposites functionalized screen printed electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 54:115-21. [PMID: 24262776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have designed here a label-free direct electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of cytochrome c (cyt c), a heme containing metalloprotein using its specific monoclonal antibody. Two nanocomposite-based electrochemical immunosensor platforms were evaluated for the detection of cyt c; (i) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on gold nanoparticles (GNP) in polypyrrole (PPy) grafted screen printed electrodes (SPE) and (ii) carbon nanotubes (CNT) integrated PPy/SPE. The nanotopologies of the modified electrodes were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry were employed to monitor the stepwise fabrication of the nanocomposite immunosensor platforms. In the present method, the label-free quantification of cyt c is based on the direct electron transfer between Fe (III)/Fe (II)-heme redox active site of cyt c selectively bound to anti-cyt c nanocomposite modified SPE. GNP/PPy and CNT/PPy nanocomposites promoted the electron transportation through the conductive pore channels. The overall analytical performance of GNP/PPy based immunosensor (detection limit 2 nM; linear range: 2 nM to 150 µM) was better than the anti-cyt c/CNT/PPy (detection limit 10 nM; linear range: 10 nM to 50 µM). Further, the measurement of cyt c release in cell lysates of cardiomyocytes using the GNP/PPy based immunosensor gave an excellent correlation with standard ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manickam Pandiaraj
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, VHNSN College (Autonomous), Virudhunagar 626001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Kalpana Bhargava
- Peptide and Proteomics Division, DIPAS, DRDO, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Vepa Kameswararao
- Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior 474002, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Chandran Karunakaran
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, VHNSN College (Autonomous), Virudhunagar 626001, Tamil Nadu, India.
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20
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Maidenberg Y, Zhang S, Luo K, Akhavein N, Koberstein JT. Mixed silane monolayers for controlling the surface areal density of click-reactive alkyne groups: a method to assess preferential surface adsorption on flat substrates and a method to verify compositional homogeneity on nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:11959-11965. [PMID: 23985021 DOI: 10.1021/la402517m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
SAMs formed from mixtures of alkyne-silanes and alkane-silanes are used to control the areal density of click-reactive alkyne groups on the surface of flat germanium substrates, silicon wafers, and silica nanoparticles. Two new analytical tools are described for characterization of the mixed SAMs: a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) technique for quantifying the compositional homogeneity of the mixed monolayers formed on nanoparticles, and an infrared spectroscopy (IR) technique to detect preferential surface adsorption. The TGA technique involves measurement of the change in weight when azide-terminated polymers react with surface alkyne groups on silica nanoparticles via a click reaction, while the IR technique is based on the use of attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) to monitor click reactions between azide compounds with infrared "labels" and alkyne-functional mixed SAMs deposited on germanium ATR plates. Upon application of the new characterization techniques, we are able to prove that the mixed silane monolayers show neither phase separation nor preferential surface adsorption on any of the three substrates studied. When reacted with azide terminal polymers, the areal density at saturation, σ(sat) is found to scale with molecular weight according to σ(sat) ≈ N(-0.57). We conclude that mixed monolayers of alkyne-silanes and alkane-silanes are an effective means of controlling the surface areal density of click-reactive alkyne groups on both flat and nanoparticle substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanir Maidenberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University , 500 West 120th St., New York, New York 10027, United States
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Moraes ML, Lima LR, Silva RR, Cavicchioli M, Ribeiro SJL. Immunosensor based on immobilization of antigenic peptide NS5A-1 from HCV and silk fibroin in nanostructured films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:3829-3834. [PMID: 23414139 DOI: 10.1021/la304404v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The peptide NS5A-1 (PPLLESWKDPDYVPPWHG), derived from hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A protein, was immobilized into layer-by-layer (LbL) silk fibroin (SF) films. Deposition was monitored by UV-vis absorption measurements at each bilayer deposited. The interaction SF/peptide film induced secondary structure in NS5A-1 as indicated by fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) measurements. Voltammetric sensor (SF/NS5A-1) properties were observed when the composite film was tested in the presence of anti-HCV. The peptide-silk fibroin interaction studied here showed new architectures for immunosensors based on antigenic peptides and SF as a suitable immobilization matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marli L Moraes
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, CP355-Araraquara-SP, 14801-970 Brazil.
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22
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Akyilmaz E, Dinçkaya E. A novel non-competitive amperometric immunosensor by using thiourea-glutaraldehyde-modified gold electrode for immunoglobulin M detection. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 41:389-94. [PMID: 23363437 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2012.761227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A novel non-competitive amperometric immunosensor based on a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of thiourea modified by a polymeric Schiff's base of glutaraldehyde on gold electrode has been developed for determination of IgM. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-conjugated monoclonal anti-mouse immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody was selectively bound to IgM molecules onto the surface of the electrode. Electrochemical response arising from the catalytic reaction of alkaline phosphatase enzyme. Its reaction with various phosphates such as p-aminophenyl phosphate and p-nitrophenyl phosphatase (p-NPP) generates the electrochemically active products p-aminophenol (p-AP) and p-nitrophenol (p-NP), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erol Akyilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University , Bornova-Izmir/Turkey
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23
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Meissner R, Joris P, Eker B, Bertsch A, Renaud P. A microfluidic-based frequency-multiplexing impedance sensor (FMIS). LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:2712-2718. [PMID: 22627460 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40236j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel technology for the simultaneous and simple impedimetric screening of multiple microfluidic channels with only one electrode pair. We have exploited the frequency dimension to distinguish between up to three channels. Each 'sub-sensor' possesses its corresponding measurement frequency where the sample-specific dielectric properties can be probed. We have shown the validity of our frequency-multiplexing impedance sensor (FMIS) by comparison with conventional 'single sensors'. Our highly sensitive FMIS was proven suitable for life science applications through usage as a cell-based toxicology platform. We are confident that our technology might find great utility in parallelized cell-based analysis systems as well as in biomedical devices where size limitations and spatially distributed probing are important parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Meissner
- Laboratoire de Microsystèmes LMIS4, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Steinkuehler J, Charwat V, Richter L, Ertl P. Characterization of double layer alterations induced by charged particles and protein-membrane interactions using contactless impedance spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:10461-9. [PMID: 22594659 DOI: 10.1021/jp3008392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Double layer interactions between charged particles and surfaces play a vital role in a variety of technical and biological systems because they determine the stability of, e.g., protein-membrane biointerfaces. The underlying theoretical principle is based on the overlap of two different double layers that induce surface charges to be shifted to a new equilibrium distribution, which can be approximated by the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. In the present work we show theoretical and experimental results involving double layer capacitance of surfaces that exhibit charge regulation behavior. Charge regulation is an important parameter to consider when investigating protein-membrane interactions because it defines surface properties between ideal constant charge and constant potential behavior. In this work we introduce a novel theoretical model that also includes charge regulation behavior and can assess changes of double layer disruptions at TiO(2) and supported lipid-bilayers (SLB). The selected surfaces represent important biointerfaces that can be found on implants or cell membranes. We also demonstrate that contactless impedance spectroscopy is well suited to measure double layer capacitance interactions using differently charged silica beads. The combination of a theoretical model with experimental data allowed us further to identify charge regulation effects during protein adsorption (BSA and Annexin V) events at supported lipid-bilayers (SLB) used as a simple cell membrane model. Finally, the first indications of changed charge regulation behavior during protein surface crystallization events were also documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Steinkuehler
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Muthgasse 11/2, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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25
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Kiilerich-Pedersen K, Poulsen CR, Jain T, Rozlosnik N. Polymer based biosensor for rapid electrochemical detection of virus infection of human cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 28:386-92. [PMID: 21840702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The demand in the field of medical diagnostics for simple, cost efficient and disposable devices is growing. Here, we present a label free, all-polymer electrochemical biosensor for detection of acute viral disease. The dynamics of a viral infection in human cell culture was investigated in a micro fluidic system on conductive polymer PEDOT:TsO microelectrodes by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and video time lapse microscopy. Employing this sensitive, real time electrochemical technique, we could measure the immediate cell response to cytomegalovirus, and detect an infection within 3h, which is several hours before the cytopathic effect is apparent with conventional imaging techniques. Atomic force microscopy and scanning ion conductance microscopy imaging consolidate the electrochemical measurements by demonstrating early virus induced changes in cell morphology of apparent programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Kiilerich-Pedersen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Oersteds Plads 345 East, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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26
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Chen J, Franking R, Ruther RE, Tan Y, He X, Hogendoorn SR, Hamers RJ. Formation of molecular monolayers on TiO2 surfaces: a surface analogue of the Williamson ether synthesis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:6879-6889. [PMID: 21528935 DOI: 10.1021/la2008528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Strategies to modify metal oxide surfaces are important because of the increasing applications of metal oxides in catalysis, sensing, electronics, and renewable energy. Here, we report the formation of molecular monolayers on anatase nanocrystalline TiO(2) surfaces at near-ambient temperatures by a simple one-step immersion. This is achieved by an analogue of the Williamson ether synthesis, in which the hydroxyl groups of the TiO(2) surface react with iodo-alkane molecules to release HI and form a Ti-O-C surface linkage. The grafted molecules were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to confirm the formation of covalently bonded monolayers. Kinetic studies yielded an activation barrier of ∼59 kJ/mol for the grafting reaction. Measurements of hydrolytic stability of the grafted molecules in water show that approximately half the molecules are removed within minutes to hours at temperatures of 25-100 °C with an activation energy of ∼82 kJ/mol, while the remaining molecules are stable for much longer periods of time. These different stabilities are discussed in terms of the different types of Ti-O-C bonds that can form on TiO(2) surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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27
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YASUZAWA M, FUTAGAMI N, FUCHIWAKI Y, YABUTANI T, MOTONAKA J. Selectivity and Regeneratability Evaluation of Antigen Analogous-Modified Surface Film for Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxin Immunosensor Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Measurement. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2011. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.60.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikito YASUZAWA
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima
| | - Norimichi FUTAGAMI
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Advanced Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima
| | - Yusuke FUCHIWAKI
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Advanced Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima
| | - Tomoki YABUTANI
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima
| | - Junko MOTONAKA
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima
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28
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Wu J, Cropek DM, West AC, Banta S. Development of a Troponin I Biosensor Using a Peptide Obtained through Phage Display. Anal Chem 2010; 82:8235-43. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101657h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, and U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL), Champaign, Illinois
| | - Donald M. Cropek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, and U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL), Champaign, Illinois
| | - Alan C. West
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, and U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL), Champaign, Illinois
| | - Scott Banta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, and U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL), Champaign, Illinois
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29
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Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in label-free biosensor applications: multivariate data analysis for an objective interpretation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2341-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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31
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Antibody-based sensors: principles, problems and potential for detection of pathogens and associated toxins. SENSORS 2009; 9:4407-45. [PMID: 22408533 PMCID: PMC3291918 DOI: 10.3390/s90604407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based sensors permit the rapid and sensitive analysis of a range of pathogens and associated toxins. A critical assessment of the implementation of such formats is provided, with reference to their principles, problems and potential for 'on-site' analysis. Particular emphasis is placed on the detection of foodborne bacterial pathogens, such as Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes, and additional examples relating to the monitoring of fungal pathogens, viruses, mycotoxins, marine toxins and parasites are also provided.
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32
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Laczka O, Baldrich E, Muñoz FX, del Campo FJ. Detection of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium Using Interdigitated Microelectrode Capacitive Immunosensors: The Importance of Transducer Geometry. Anal Chem 2008; 80:7239-47. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800643k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Laczka
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM, (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Campus Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Baldrich
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM, (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Campus Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Xavier Muñoz
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM, (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Campus Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fco. Javier del Campo
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM, (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Campus Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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33
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An impedance immunosensor for the detection of the phytohormone abscisic acid. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:2869-74. [PMID: 18560808 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 05/24/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is the major player in mediating the adaptation of plants to stress. Previously developed phytohormonal biosensors usually employed indirect detection of the products of conjugated oxidase reactions. A label-free electrochemical impedance immunosensor for ABA detection was developed using an anti-ABA antibody adsorbed directly on a porous nanogold film. The film was produced electrochemically on a glassy carbon electrode in 0.008 mol/L hydrogen tetrachloroaurate solution containing 0.004 mol/L lead acetate with an applied potential of -0.5 V (versus Ag/AgCl) for 50 s. The anti-ABA antibody was immobilized onto the porous nanogold through electrostatic adsorption and covalent conjugation. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to characterize the successful construction of the porous nanogold film and the stepwise modification of the glassy carbon electrode. The concentration increase of the antigen brought about a decrease of the interfacial electron transfer, which also meant an increase of the impedance signal. The experimental parameters pH, antibody incubation time, and antibody concentration were optimized. The results showed significant linearity R = 0.9942, with the content of ABA in the range 0.5-5,000 ng/mL with a detection limit at about 0.1 ng/mL.
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34
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Evtugyn G, Porfireva A, Hianik T, Cheburova M, Budnikov H. Potentiometric DNA Sensor Based on Electropolymerized Phenothiazines for Protein Detection. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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35
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Lisdat F, Schäfer D. The use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for biosensing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:1555-67. [PMID: 18414837 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1970-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review introduces the basic concepts and terms associated with impedance and techniques of measuring impedance. The focus of this review is on the application of this transduction method for sensing purposes. Examples of its use in combination with enzymes, antibodies, DNA and with cells will be described. Important fields of application include immune and nucleic acid analysis. Special attention is devoted to the various electrode design and amplification schemes developed for sensitivity enhancement. Electrolyte insulator semiconductor (EIS) structures will be treated separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lisdat
- Biosystems Technology, Wildau University of Applied Sciences, 15745, Wildau, Germany.
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36
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Evans D, Johnson S, Laurenson S, Davies AG, Ko Ferrigno P, Wälti C. Electrical protein detection in cell lysates using high-density peptide-aptamer microarrays. J Biol 2008; 7:3. [PMID: 18237447 PMCID: PMC2246035 DOI: 10.1186/jbiol62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dissection of biological pathways and of the molecular basis of disease requires devices to analyze simultaneously a staggering number of protein isoforms in a given cell under given conditions. Such devices face significant challenges, including the identification of probe molecules specific for each protein isoform, protein immobilization techniques with micrometer or submicrometer resolution, and the development of a sensing mechanism capable of very high-density, highly multiplexed detection. RESULTS We present a novel strategy that offers practical solutions to these challenges, featuring peptide aptamers as artificial protein detectors arrayed on gold electrodes with feature sizes one order of magnitude smaller than existing formats. We describe a method to immobilize specific peptide aptamers on individual electrodes at the micrometer scale, together with a robust and label-free electronic sensing system. As a proving proof of principle experiment, we demonstrate the specific recognition of cyclin-dependent protein kinases in whole-cell lysates using arrays of ten electrodes functionalized with individual peptide aptamers, with no measurable cross-talk between electrodes. The sensitivity is within the clinically relevant range and can detect proteins against the high, whole-cell lysate background. CONCLUSION The use of peptide aptamers selected in vivo to recognize specific protein isoforms, the ability to functionalize each microelectrode individually, the electronic nature and scalability of the label-free detection and the scalability of the array fabrication combine to yield the potential for highly multiplexed devices with increasingly small detection areas and higher sensitivities that may ultimately allow the simultaneous monitoring of tens or hundreds of thousands of protein isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Evans
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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37
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Yang L, Bashir R. Electrical/electrochemical impedance for rapid detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Biotechnol Adv 2008; 26:135-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Pänke O, Balkenhohl T, Kafka J, Schäfer D, Lisdat F. Impedance spectroscopy and biosensing. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 109:195-237. [PMID: 17992488 DOI: 10.1007/10_2007_081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This chapter introduces the basic terms of impedance and the technique of impedance measurements. Furthermore, an overview of the application of this transduction method for analytical purposes will be given. Examples for combination with enzymes, antibodies, DNA but also for the analysis of living cells will be described. Special attention is devoted to the different electrode design and amplification schemes developed for sensitivity enhancement. Finally, the last two sections will show examples from the label-free determination of DNA and the sensorial detection of autoantibodies involved in celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Pänke
- Biosystems Technology, Wildau University of Applied Sciences, Bahnhofstrasse 1, 15745 Wildau, Germany
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39
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Mantzila AG, Strongylis C, Tsikaris V, Prodromidis MI. Assessment of the interaction between a synthetic epitope of troponin C and its specific antibody using a label-free faradaic impedimetric immunosensor and α-Keggin silicotungstic heteropolyacid as a redox probe. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 23:362-9. [PMID: 17560779 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2007.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of an immunosensor for the direct probing of the interaction between a cysteine-modified synthetic peptide, which corresponds to the epitope cTnC-89-98 of troponin C, and its specific antibody is described. Following immobilization of the peptide onto gold electrodes through the formation of a self-assembled monolayer, the alteration of the interfacial properties of the electrodes upon peptide-antibody interaction was traced by faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using a silicotungstic heteropolyacid, H(4)SiO(4).12WO(3), as a redox probe. The electrochemical behaviour of the redox probe was evaluated with cyclic voltammetry and EIS. The effect of milk protein or 4-mercaptophenol, which was used as post-blocking agents, on the performance of the immunosensor, was investigated. Treatment with 4-mercaptophenol resulted in immunoeffective electrodes that successfully tested in anti-serum samples. An optimum dilution ratio of the samples, where the effect of the matrix on the measuring signal is negligible, was also determined.
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40
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Liao W, Cui XT. Reagentless aptamer based impedance biosensor for monitoring a neuro-inflammatory cytokine PDGF. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 23:218-24. [PMID: 17512185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neural prostheses often suffer from undesired chronic inflammatory tissue response. This can lead to neuronal loss and formation of glial scar tissue, which would serve as a barrier to neural signal transduction. In situ monitoring of neuro-inflammatory cytokines may improve our understanding of device induced inflammatory responses. Furthermore, early detection of the onset and degree of inflammation and releasing drugs accordingly may lead to improved long term performance of such implanted devices. For this reason, biosensor applying aptamer as probe and non-faradic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (NIS) as the detection method has been developed. Aptamers, certain kinds of DNA or RNA molecules which can bind variety of molecules at high specificity, have the overwhelming advantages over antibodies of low cost and ease of use. Platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB), one of the important cytokines involved in neural inflammation, has been selected as our detection target. Binding of PDGF to its aptamer immobilized on the silicon electrode surface lead to a decrease in capacitance measured by NIS. A good linear relationship between the decrease of capacitance and the logarithm of protein concentration was obtained, which proves the feasibility of quantitative measurements. By sweeping the applied electrode potential of potentiostatic EIS, -0.1 V to +0.1 V was determined to be the optimal range for achieving best discrimination between specific target binding and non-specific protein adsorption on aptamer-modified silicon surface. Under such conditions, the specificity of the detection measured by the ratio of the positive to negative control is around 10:1 and the detection limit is approximately 1 microg/ml (40 nM). The online measurement result exhibited negligible response for non-specific adsorption but significant signal changes for the specific target. Since the non-faradic strategy does not require any reagent to be loaded when performing the test, together with the ability of online measurements, this biosensor design is promising for in vivo monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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41
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Billah M, Hays HCW, Millner PA. Development of a myoglobin impedimetric immunosensor based on mixed self-assembled monolayer onto gold. Mikrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-007-0793-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Daniels JS, Pourmand N. Label-Free Impedance Biosensors: Opportunities and Challenges. ELECTROANAL 2007; 19:1239-1257. [PMID: 18176631 PMCID: PMC2174792 DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 675] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Impedance biosensors are a class of electrical biosensors that show promise for point-of-care and other applications due to low cost, ease of miniaturization, and label-free operation. Unlabeled DNA and protein targets can be detected by monitoring changes in surface impedance when a target molecule binds to an immobilized probe. The affinity capture step leads to challenges shared by all label-free affinity biosensors; these challenges are discussed along with others unique to impedance readout. Various possible mechanisms for impedance change upon target binding are discussed. We critically summarize accomplishments of past label-free impedance biosensors and identify areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Daniels
- Stanford Genome Technology Center; 855 S. California Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Stanford Center for Integrated Systems; 420 Via Palou, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nader Pourmand
- Stanford Genome Technology Center; 855 S. California Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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43
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Bonroy K, Frederix F, Reekmans G, Dewolf E, De Palma R, Borghs G, Declerck P, Goddeeris B. Comparison of random and oriented immobilisation of antibody fragments on mixed self-assembled monolayers. J Immunol Methods 2006; 312:167-81. [PMID: 16674973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Revised: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivity of immunosensors is strongly dependent on the amount of immobilised antibodies and their remaining antigen binding properties. The use of smaller and well-oriented antibody fragments as bioreceptor molecules influences the final immunosensor signal. The aim of this study was to compare the immunosensor responses of different immobilised antibody fragments, such as F(ab')2 and Fab', with their parental IgG. In addition, we evaluated the oriented versus the random covalent immobilisation method of the Fab' fragments. First, an optimisation of cleavage protocol to generate these F(ab')2 and Fab' fragments was performed. Subsequently, we pursued a study with limited denaturation effects during immobilisation of the bioreceptor molecules and with reduced steric hindrance during antigen binding using mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of thiols as the chemical linking layer. The Surface Plasmon Resonance technique was used to evaluate the degree of immobilisation of the antibody fragments and their parental IgGs on the mixed SAMs and the binding signals of their specific antigens. In this study, we demonstrate that for a particular antibody/antigen system (anti-hIgG/hIgG), the optimised fragmentation protocol in combination with an oriented immobilisation of Fab' fragments on mixed SAMs leads to a >2-fold increase of the antigen binding signals compared to randomly covalent immobilised full-length antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien Bonroy
- K.U.Leuven, Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytopharmacology, Van Evenstraat 4, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Tang D, Yuan R, Chai Y, Zhong X, Liu Y, Dai J. Electrochemical detection of hepatitis B surface antigen using colloidal gold nanoparticles modified by a sol–gel network interface. Clin Biochem 2006; 39:309-14. [PMID: 16503333 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel potentiometric immunosensor for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen has been developed by self-assembling gold nanoparticles to a thiol-containing sol-gel network. METHODS A cleaned gold electrode was first immersed in a hydrolyzed (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane sol-gel solution to assemble a three-dimensional silica gel, and then gold nanoparticles were absorbed onto the thiol groups of the sol-gel network. Finally, hepatitis B surface antibody was assembled onto the surface of the gold nanoparticles. The self-assembling procedure was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Detection is based on the change in potentiometric response before and after the antigen-antibody reaction. RESULTS Tests relating to the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen demonstrate that the potentiometric immunosensor exhibited a rapid potentiometric response (<4 min), with high sensitivity, good reproducibility, and long-term stability. The linear range was from 4 to 960 ng.mL(-1) with a detection limit of 1.9 ng.mL(-1) (S/N = 3) and the lifetime was 1 month. CONCLUSION Analytical results of several specimens using the developed technique showed satisfactory agreement with those from an ELISA method. This method shows promise for detecting HBsAg in clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China
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Akram M, Stuart M, Wong D. Signal Generation at an Electrochemical Immunosensor via the Direct Oxidation of an Electroactive Label. ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200503402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hou Y, Helali S, Zhang A, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Martelet C, Minic J, Gorojankina T, Persuy MA, Pajot-Augy E, Salesse R, Bessueille F, Samitier J, Errachid A, Akimov V, Reggiani L, Pennetta C, Alfinito E. Immobilization of rhodopsin on a self-assembled multilayer and its specific detection by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 21:1393-402. [PMID: 16043336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2005] [Revised: 05/16/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rhodopsin, the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) which mediates the sense of vision, was prepared from calf eyes and used as receptor enriched membrane fraction. In this study it was immobilized onto gold electrode by two different techniques: Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) and a strategy based on a self-assembled multilayer. We demonstrated that Langmuir and LB films of rhodopsin are not stable. Thus, in this study a new protein multilayer was prepared on gold electrode by building up layer-by-layer a self-assembled multilayer. It is composed of a mixed self-assembled monolayer formed by MHDA and biotinyl-PE, followed by a biotin-avidin system which allows binding of biotinylated antibody specific to rhodopsin. The immobilization of rhodopsin in membrane fraction, by the specific antibody bound previously on self-assembled multilayer, was monitored with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In addition, the specificity and sensitivity of this self-assembled multilayer system to the presence of rhodopsin were investigated. No effect was observed when the system was in contact with olfactory receptor I7 in membrane fraction used for control measurements. All these results demonstrate that rhodopsin can be immobilized efficiently, specifically, quantitatively and stably on gold electrode through the self-assembled multilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Hou
- Centre de Génie Electrique de Lyon (CEGELY), Ecole Centrale de Lyon, B.P.163, 69134 Ecully Cedex, France
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Tang D, Ren J. Direct and Rapid Detection of Diphtherotoxin via Potentiometric Immunosensor Based on Nanoparticles Mixture and Polyvinyl Butyral as Matrixes. ELECTROANAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200503351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bart M, Stigter ECA, Stapert HR, de Jong GJ, van Bennekom WP. On the response of a label-free interferon-γ immunosensor utilizing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 2005; 21:49-59. [PMID: 15967350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The research on our flow-injection, label-free, non-faradaic impedimetric immunosensor for interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) has been extended. The sensor is prepared by immobilization of anti-IFN-gamma antibodies on a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of acetylcysteine, deposited on polycrystalline gold. A multi-frequency impedance method is described, which allows time-resolved measurement of Nyquist plots. To these plots, an equivalent circuit was fitted, which is discussed in terms of a two-layer structure (inner and outer layer) of the interfacial region. Because binding of IFN-gamma mainly causes a decrease of Q (a constant-phase element), this element is considered as the outer layer. Several aspects of the impedimetric sensor response are studied, including the dependence on detection frequency, target concentration and applied dc potential. For quantitative detection of IFN-gamma, an optimum of the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of the out-of-phase impedance component (Z'') was found at about 100 Hz. At a dc-potential of +0.2 V versus a saturated calomel reference electrode, the sensor response is higher than at 0.0 V. Logarithmic dose-response curves of IFN-gamma in the concentration range of 10(-18) to 10(-9) M were obtained using two procedures: by successive injections over a single electrode, and by using freshly prepared electrodes for each measurement. Using the latter method, the repeatability is impaired. The need for in situ complementary techniques for a correct interpretation of the studied parameters is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bart
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Ma Y, Yang X. One saccharide sensor based on the complex of the boronic acid and the monosaccharide using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Tang D, Yuan R, Chai Y, Zhang L, Dai J, Liu Y, Zhong X. Potentiometric Immunosensor Based on Immobilization of Hepatitis B Surface Antibody on Platinum Electrode Modified Silver Colloids and Polyvinyl Butyral as Matrixes. ELECTROANAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200403066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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