1
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Farajpour B, Alizadeh A. Base-Promoted Reaction of 4-Chloro-3-vinyl Coumarins, Phenacylpyridinium Bromides, and Elemental Sulfur: A Designed Approach to Thiopyrano[4,3- c]chromen-5(1 H)-ones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13837-13844. [PMID: 36198088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A designed synthesis of thiopyrano[4,3-c]chromen-5(1H)-ones was developed based on a base-promoted three-component reaction between 4-chloro-3-vinyl coumarins, phenacylpyridinium bromides, and elemental sulfur. Readily available starting materials, mild conditions, chemoselectivity, operational simplicity, and synthetically useful yields are some highlighted advantages of these transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Farajpour
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran14115-175, Iran
| | - Abdolali Alizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran14115-175, Iran
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2
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Soni S, Shukla G, Singh MS. Magnesium catalyzed [3 + 3] heteroannulation of α-enolic dithioesters with MBH acetate: access to functionalized 3,4-dihydro-2 H-thiopyrans. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:6784-6798. [PMID: 35959842 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01258h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium catalysis proved to be efficient towards [3 + 3] chemo- and diastereoselective heteroannulation employing racemic Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) acetate as the C3 unit and α-enolic dithioester as the C2S1 unit, leading to highly substituted 3,4-dihydro-2H-thiopyrans in excellent yields. The compatibility with a wide range of functional groups makes this domino formation of C-C and C-S bonds interesting. DFT analyses for the regioselective formation of the intermediate was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Soni
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Gaurav Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Maya Shankar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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3
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Sachse F, Gebauer K, Schneider C. Continuous Flow Synthesis of 2
H
‐Thiopyrans via
thia
‐Diels–Alder Reactions of Photochemically Generated Thioaldehydes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Sachse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Leipzig Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Konrad Gebauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Leipzig Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Christoph Schneider
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Leipzig Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
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4
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5
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Hejmanowska J, Jasiński M, Wojciechowski J, Mlostoń G, Albrecht Ł. The first organocatalytic, ortho-regioselective inverse-electron-demand hetero-Diels–Alder reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:11472-11475. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06518c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of the unprecedented ortho-regioselective inverse-electron-demand hetero-Diels–Alder (IEDHDA) reaction is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Hejmanowska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology
- 90-924 Łódź
- Poland
| | - Marcin Jasiński
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, University of Lodz
- 91-403 Łódź
- Poland
| | - Jakub Wojciechowski
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology
- 90-924 Łódź
- Poland
| | - Grzegorz Mlostoń
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, University of Lodz
- 91-403 Łódź
- Poland
| | - Łukasz Albrecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology
- 90-924 Łódź
- Poland
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6
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Hejmanowska J, Jasiński M, Mlostoń G, Albrecht Ł. Taming of Thioketones: The First Asymmetric Thia-Diels-Alder Reaction with Thioketones as Heterodienophiles. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Hejmanowska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; Lodz University of Technology; Zeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
| | - Marcin Jasiński
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry; University of Lodz; Tamka 12 91-403 Łódź Poland
| | - Grzegorz Mlostoń
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry; University of Lodz; Tamka 12 91-403 Łódź Poland
| | - Łukasz Albrecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; Lodz University of Technology; Zeromskiego 116 90-924 Łódź Poland
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7
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Wang S, Zhang Y, Dong G, Wu S, Zhu S, Miao Z, Yao J, Li H, Li J, Zhang W, Sheng C, Wang W. Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral Dihydrothiopyrans via an Organocatalytic Enantioselective Formal Thio [3 + 3] Cycloaddition Reaction with Binucleophilic Bisketone Thioethers. Org Lett 2013; 15:5570-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol4027705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengzheng Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Shanchao Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Shiping Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyuan Miao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhong Yao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Wannian Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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8
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Jiang H, Cruz DC, Li Y, Lauridsen VH, Jørgensen KA. Asymmetric Organocatalytic Thio-Diels–Alder Reactions via Trienamine Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:5200-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4007244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Center for Catalysis,
Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus
C, Denmark
| | - David Cruz Cruz
- Center for Catalysis,
Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus
C, Denmark
| | - Yang Li
- Center for Catalysis,
Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus
C, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Henriette Lauridsen
- Center for Catalysis,
Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus
C, Denmark
| | - Karl Anker Jørgensen
- Center for Catalysis,
Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus
C, Denmark
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9
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Floettmann JE, Buckett LK, Turnbull AV, Smith T, Hallberg C, Birch A, Lees D, Jones HB. ACAT-selective and Nonselective DGAT1 Inhibition. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:941-50. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623313477753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol O-Acyltransferase (ACAT) and Acyl-coenzyme A: diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (DGAT) enzymes play important roles in synthesizing neutral lipids, and inhibitors of these enzymes have been investigated as potential treatments for diabetes and other metabolic diseases. Administration of a Acyl-coenzyme A: diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) inhibitor with very limited cellular selectivity over ACAT resulted in significant adrenocortical degenerative changes in dogs. These changes included macrosteatotic vacuolation associated with adrenocyte cell death in the zonae glomerulosa and fasciculata and minimal to substantial mixed inflammatory cell infiltration and were similar to those described previously for some ACAT inhibitors in dogs. In the mouse, similar but only transient adrenocortical degenerative changes were seen as well as a distinctive nondegenerative reduction in cortical fine vacuolation. In the marmoset, only the distinctive nondegenerative reduction in cortical fine vacuolation was observed, suggesting that the dog, followed by the mouse, is the most sensitive species for cortical degeneration. Biochemical analysis of adrenal cholesterol and cholesteryl ester indicated that the distinctive reduction in cortical fine vacuolation correlated with a significant reduction in cholesteryl ester in the mouse and marmoset, whereas no significant reduction in cholestryl ester, but an increase in free cholesterol was observed in dogs. Administration of a DGAT1 inhibitor with markedly improved selectivity over ACAT to the marmoset and the mouse resulted in no adrenal pathology at exposures sufficient to cause substantial DGAT1 but not ACAT inhibition, thereby implicating ACAT rather than DGAT1 inhibition as the probable cause of the observed adrenal changes. Recognizing that the distinctive nondegenerative reduction in cortical fine vacuolation in the mouse could be used as a histopathological biomarker for an in vivo model of the more severe changes observed in dogs, the mouse has subsequently been used as a model to select DGAT1 inhibitors free of adrenocortical toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Eike Floettmann
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Linda K. Buckett
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Research Department, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew V. Turnbull
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Research Department, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Smith
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd., Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Carina Hallberg
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Research Department, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Alan Birch
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Research Department, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - David Lees
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Huw B. Jones
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
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10
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Glassner M, Oehlenschlaeger KK, Welle A, Bruns M, Barner-Kowollik C. Polymer surface patterningvia Diels–Alder trapping of photo-generated thioaldehydes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:633-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc37651b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Ikenoya M, Yoshinaka Y, Kobayashi H, Kawamine K, Shibuya K, Sato F, Sawanobori K, Watanabe T, Miyazaki A. A selective ACAT-1 inhibitor, K-604, suppresses fatty streak lesions in fat-fed hamsters without affecting plasma cholesterol levels. Atherosclerosis 2007; 191:290-7. [PMID: 16820149 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol O-acyltransferase-1 (ACAT-1), a major ACAT isozyme in macrophages, plays an essential role in foam cell formation in atherosclerotic lesions. However, whether pharmacological inhibition of macrophage ACAT-1 causes exacerbation or suppression of atherosclerosis is controversial. METHODS AND RESULTS We developed and characterized a novel ACAT inhibitor, K-604. The IC(50) values of K-604 for human ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 were 0.45 and 102.85 micromol/L, respectively, indicating that K-604 is 229-fold more selective for ACAT-1. Kinetic analysis indicated that the inhibition was competitive with respect to oleoyl-coenzyme A with a K(i) value of 0.378 micromol/L. Exposure of human monocyte-derived macrophages to K-604 inhibited cholesterol esterification with IC(50) of 68.0 nmol/L. Furthermore, cholesterol efflux from THP-1 macrophages to HDL(3) or apolipoprotein A-I was enhanced by K-604. Interestingly, administration of K-604 to F1B hamsters on a high-fat diet at a dose of >or=1mg/kg suppressed fatty streak lesions without affecting plasma cholesterol levels. CONCLUSIONS K-604, a potent and selective inhibitor of ACAT-1, suppressed the development of atherosclerosis in an animal model without affecting plasma cholesterol levels, providing direct evidence that pharmacological inhibition of ACAT-1 in the arterial walls leads to suppression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Ikenoya
- Tokyo New Research Laboratories I, Pharmaceutical Division, Kowa Company Ltd., 2-17-43 Noguchicho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0022, Japan.
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12
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Brandau S, Maerten E, Jørgensen KA. Asymmetric Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Tetrahydrothiophenes by Organocatalytic Domino Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:14986-91. [PMID: 17105310 DOI: 10.1021/ja065507+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple approach for the formation of optically active highly functionalized tetrahydrothiophenes, which might find important use in biochemistry, pharmaceutical science, and nanoscience is presented. Development of new organocatalytic Michael-aldol domino reactions is outlined, and with the appropriate choice of additives it is possible to control the regioselectivity of these domino reactions, yielding diastereomerically pure (tetrahydrothiophen-2-yl)phenyl methanones or tetrahydrothiophene carbaldehydes in good yields and with excellent enantioselectivities up to 96% ee. The stereochemical outcome of these reactions is investigated, and the mechanism of these organocatalytic domino processes is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Brandau
- Danish National Research Foundation, Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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13
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Sliskovic DR, Picard JA, Krause BR. ACAT inhibitors: the search for a novel and effective treatment of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2003; 39:121-71. [PMID: 12536672 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Drago R Sliskovic
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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14
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Bonini B, Franchini M, Fochi M, Mangini S, Mazzanti G, Ricci A. Enethiolizable Thioacylsilanes as Intermediates for the Synthesis of Thietanols, Thiolanols, and Thianols. European J Org Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200007)2000:13<2391::aid-ejoc2391>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Aversa MC, Barattucci A, Bonaccorsi P, Bonini BF, Giannetto P, Nicolò F. Enantiopure sulfinylthiopyrans and related compounds from alkylsulfinylbuta-1,3-dienes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(99)00410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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16
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Tanaka A, Terasawa T, Hagihara H, Ishibe N, Sawada M, Sakuma Y, Hashimoto M, Takasugi H, Tanaka H. Inhibitors of acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase. 3. Discovery of a novel series of N-alkyl-N-[(fluorophenoxy)benzyl]-N'-arylureas with weak toxicological effects on adrenal glands. J Med Chem 1998; 41:4408-20. [PMID: 9784116 DOI: 10.1021/jm980399q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-alkyl-N-[(fluorophenoxy)benzyl]-N'-arylureas were prepared and evaluated for their ability to inhibit intestinal acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase and to inhibit accumulation of cholesteryl esters in macrophages in vitro. In vivo hypocholesterolemic activity was assessed in cholesterol-fed rats by oral administration as a dietary admixture and/or by gavage in a PEG400 vehicle. Modification of the alkyl substituent on the N'-aryl moiety and on the urea nitrogen significantly influenced macrophage assay in vitro. Toxicological study revealed a distinct relationship between macrophage assay and the toxicity observed in adrenal glands of rabbits treated with representatives of this series of compounds. Investigations utilizing the macrophage assay as an indicator for adrenal toxicity led to the identification of compounds 1g (FR190809) and 1k (FR186485, or FR195249 as its hydrochloride salt) as potent, nonadrenotoxic, orally efficacious ACAT inhibitors irrespective of the administration method.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tanaka
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Medicinal Biology Research Laboratories, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 2-1-6 Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8514, Japan
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17
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Tanaka A, Terasawa T, Hagihara H, Sakuma Y, Ishibe N, Sawada M, Takasugi H, Tanaka H. Inhibitors of acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase. 2. Identification and structure-activity relationships of a novel series of N-alkyl-N-(heteroaryl-substituted benzyl)-N'-arylureas. J Med Chem 1998; 41:2390-410. [PMID: 9632372 DOI: 10.1021/jm9800853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of N-alkyl-N-(heteroaryl-substituted benzyl)-N'-arylurea and related derivatives represented by 2 and 3 have been prepared and evaluated for their ability to inhibit acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase in vitro and to lower plasma cholesterol levels in cholesterol-fed rats in vivo. Among these novel compounds, the type 3 series was superior. A pyrazol-3-yl group on the N-benzyl group of this trisubstituted urea (i.e. 3, Ar1 = pyrazol-3-yl) was identified as a heteroaromatic ring providing a good profile of biological activity. As a result of optimization of the combination with the N-alkyl group (R) and N-aryl group (Ar3), compound 3aq (FR186054) was identified as a new, orally efficacious ACAT inhibitor, which exhibited potent in vitro ACAT inhibitory activity (rabbit intestinal microsomes IC50 = 99 nM) and excellent hypocholesterolemic effects in cholesterol-fed rats, irrespective of administration mode (ED50 = 0.046 mg/kg dosed via the diet, ED50 = 0. 44 mg/kg administered by gavage in PEG400 vehicle). Moreover, a toxicological study revealed compound 3aq to be nontoxic to the adrenal glands of dogs when tested at a single dose of 10 mg/kg po.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tanaka
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Medicinal Biology Research Laboratories, and New Drug Research Laboratories, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 2-1-6 Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532, Japan
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18
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Sliskovic DR, Picard JA, O'Brien PM, Liao P, Roark WH, Roth BD, Anderson MA, Mueller SB, Bocan TM, Bousley RF, Hamelehle KL, Homan R, Reindel JF, Stanfield RL, Turluck D, Krause BR. alpha-Substituted malonester amides: tools to define the relationship between ACAT inhibition and adrenal toxicity. J Med Chem 1998; 41:682-90. [PMID: 9513596 DOI: 10.1021/jm970560h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We prepared a series of alpha-substituted malonester amides that were evaluated for their ability to inhibit acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyl transferase activity in vitro and to lower plasma total cholesterol levels in a variety of cholesterol-fed animal models. Compounds of this series were also useful in examining the relationship between adrenal toxicity and ACAT inhibition. One compound from this series, 9f, was a potent inhibitor of ACAT in both the microsomal and cellular assays. It was also bioavailable as determined by both a bioassay and a HPLC-UV assay. This compound was evaluated in both guinea pig and dog models of adrenal toxicity and compared to tetrazole amide 15. In the most sensitive species, the dog, both of these compounds achieved good plasma levels; however, compound 9f caused adrenal necrosis, whereas compound 15 had no effect on the adrenal gland. This adds to the growing body of evidence that the adrenal toxicity observed with ACAT inhibitors may not be mechanism related.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Sliskovic
- Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Division, Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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