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Arnhold J. Oxidant-Based Cytotoxic Agents During Aging: From Disturbed Energy Metabolism to Chronic Inflammation and Disease Progression. Biomolecules 2025; 15:547. [PMID: 40305309 PMCID: PMC12025200 DOI: 10.3390/biom15040547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2025] [Revised: 04/02/2025] [Accepted: 04/05/2025] [Indexed: 05/02/2025] Open
Abstract
In humans, aging is an inevitable consequence of diminished growth processes after reaching maturity. The high order of biomolecules in cells and tissues is continuously disturbed by numerous physical and chemical destructive impacts. Host-derived oxidant-based cytotoxic agents (reactive species, transition free metal ions, and free heme) contribute considerably to this damage. These agents are under the control of immediately acting antagonizing principles, which are important to ensure cell and tissue homeostasis. In this review, I apply the concept of host-derived cytotoxic agents and their interplay with antagonizing principles to the aging process. During aging, energy metabolism and the supply of tissues with dioxygen and nutrients are increasingly disturbed. In addition, a chronic inflammatory state develops, a condition known as inflammaging. The balance between oxidant-based cytotoxic agents and protective mechanisms is analyzed depending on age-based physiological alterations in ATP production. Disturbances in this balance are associated with the development of age-related diseases and comorbidities. An enhanced production of reactive species from dysfunctional mitochondria, alterations in cellular redox homeostasis, and adaptations to hypoxia are highlighted. Examples of how disturbances between oxidant-based cytotoxic agents and antagonizing principles contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases in persons of advanced age are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Arnhold
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Hagen WR. Quantum Magnetism of the Iron Core in Ferritin Proteins-A Re-Evaluation of the Giant-Spin Model. Molecules 2024; 29:2254. [PMID: 38792115 PMCID: PMC11123763 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The electron-electron, or zero-field interaction (ZFI) in the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) of high-spin transition ions in metalloproteins and coordination complexes, is commonly described by a simple spin Hamiltonian that is second-order in the spin S: H=D[Sz2-SS+1/3+E(Sx2-Sy2). Symmetry considerations, however, allow for fourth-order terms when S ≥ 2. In metalloprotein EPR studies, these terms have rarely been explored. Metal ions can cluster via non-metal bridges, as, for example, in iron-sulfur clusters, in which exchange interaction can result in higher system spin, and this would allow for sixth- and higher-order ZFI terms. For metalloproteins, these have thus far been completely ignored. Single-molecule magnets (SMMs) are multi-metal ion high spin complexes, in which the ZFI usually has a negative sign, thus affording a ground state level pair with maximal spin quantum number mS = ±S, giving rise to unusual magnetic properties at low temperatures. The description of EPR from SMMs is commonly cast in terms of the 'giant-spin model', which assumes a magnetically isolated system spin, and in which fourth-order, and recently, even sixth-order ZFI terms have been found to be required. A special version of the giant-spin model, adopted for scaling-up to system spins of order S ≈ 103-104, has been applied to the ubiquitous iron-storage protein ferritin, which has an internal core containing Fe3+ ions whose individual high spins couple in a way to create a superparamagnet at ambient temperature with very high system spin reminiscent to that of ferromagnetic nanoparticles. This scaled giant-spin model is critically evaluated; limitations and future possibilities are explicitly formulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred R Hagen
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Building 58, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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3
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Arnhold J. Inflammation-Associated Cytotoxic Agents in Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:81. [PMID: 38201509 PMCID: PMC10778456 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory processes are related to all stages of tumorigenesis. As inflammation is closely associated with the activation and release of different cytotoxic agents, the interplay between cytotoxic agents and antagonizing principles is highlighted in this review to address the question of how tumor cells overcome the enhanced values of cytotoxic agents in tumors. In tumor cells, the enhanced formation of mitochondrial-derived reactive species and elevated values of iron ions and free heme are antagonized by an overexpression of enzymes and proteins, contributing to the antioxidative defense and maintenance of redox homeostasis. Through these mechanisms, tumor cells can even survive additional stress caused by radio- and chemotherapy. Through the secretion of active agents from tumor cells, immune cells are suppressed in the tumor microenvironment and an enhanced formation of extracellular matrix components is induced. Different oxidant- and protease-based cytotoxic agents are involved in tumor-mediated immunosuppression, tumor growth, tumor cell invasion, and metastasis. Considering the special metabolic conditions in tumors, the main focus here was directed on the disturbed balance between the cytotoxic agents and protective mechanisms in late-stage tumors. This knowledge is mandatory for the implementation of novel anti-cancerous therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Arnhold
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
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4
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Arnhold J. Host-Derived Cytotoxic Agents in Chronic Inflammation and Disease Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24033016. [PMID: 36769331 PMCID: PMC9918110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
At inflammatory sites, cytotoxic agents are released and generated from invading immune cells and damaged tissue cells. The further fate of the inflammation highly depends on the presence of antagonizing principles that are able to inactivate these host-derived cytotoxic agents. As long as the affected tissues are well equipped with ready-to-use protective mechanisms, no damage by cytotoxic agents occurs and resolution of inflammation is initiated. However, long-lasting and severe immune responses can be associated with the decline, exhaustion, or inactivation of selected antagonizing principles. Hence, cytotoxic agents are only partially inactivated and contribute to damage of yet-unperturbed cells. Consequently, a chronic inflammatory process results. In this vicious circle of permanent cell destruction, not only novel cytotoxic elements but also novel alarmins and antigens are liberated from affected cells. In severe cases, very low protection leads to organ failure, sepsis, and septic shock. In this review, the major classes of host-derived cytotoxic agents (reactive species, oxidized heme proteins and free heme, transition metal ions, serine proteases, matrix metalloproteases, and pro-inflammatory peptides), their corresponding protective principles, and resulting implications on the pathogenesis of diseases are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Arnhold
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
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5
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Coverdale JPC, Harrington CF, Solovyev N. Review: Advances in the Accuracy and Traceability of Metalloprotein Measurements Using Isotope Dilution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023; 54:2259-2276. [PMID: 36637361 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2162811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Advances in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and the methods used to prepare isotopically enriched standards, allow for the high accuracy measurement of metalloproteins by isotope dilution mass spectrometry. This technique has now reached a level of maturity whereby a step change in the accuracy, precision, and traceability of, in particular, clinical, and biomedical measurements is achievable. Current clinical measurements, which require low limits of detection in the presence of complex sample matrices, use indirect methods based on immunochemistry for the study of human disease. However, this approach suffers from poor traceability, requiring comparisons based on provision of matrix-based reference materials, used as analytical standards. This leads to difficulty when changes in the reference material are required, often resulting in a lack of interlaboratory and temporal comparability in clinical results and reference ranges. In this review, we focus on the most important metalloproteins for clinical studies, to illustrate how the attributes of chromatography coupled to inorganic mass spectrometry can be used for the direct measurement of metalloproteins such as hemoglobin, transferrin, and ceruloplasmin. By using this approach, we hope to demonstrate how isotope dilution analysis can be used as a reference method to improve traceability and underpin clinical, biomedical, and other biological measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P C Coverdale
- Supra-Regional Assay Service, Trace Element Laboratory, Surrey Research Park, Guildford, United Kingdom
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Chris F Harrington
- Supra-Regional Assay Service, Trace Element Laboratory, Surrey Research Park, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Royal Surrey NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, United Kingdom
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6
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Sudarev VV, Dolotova SM, Bukhalovich SM, Bazhenov SV, Ryzhykau YL, Uversky VN, Bondarev NA, Osipov SD, Mikhailov AE, Kuklina DD, Murugova TN, Manukhov IV, Rogachev AV, Gordeliy VI, Gushchin IY, Kuklin AI, Vlasov AV. Ferritin self-assembly, structure, function, and biotechnological applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 224:319-343. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Li Z, Maity B, Hishikawa Y, Ueno T, Lu D. Importance of the Subunit-Subunit Interface in Ferritin Disassembly: A Molecular Dynamics Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:1106-1113. [PMID: 35015545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is a spherical cage-like protein that is useful for loading large functional particles for various applications. To our knowledge, how pH affects the interfaces inside ferritin and the mechanism of ferritin disassembly is far from complete. For this article, we conducted a series of molecular dynamics simulations (MD) at different pH values to study how interfaces affect ferritins' stability. It is shown that dimers are stable even at extremely low pH (pH 2.0), indicating that the dimer is the essential subunit for disassembly, and the slight swelling of the dimer resulting from monomer rotation inside a dimer is what triggers disassembly. During ferritin disassembly, there are two types of interfaces involved, and the interface between dimers is crucial. We also found that the driving forces for maintaining dimer stability are different when a dimer is inside ferritin and in an acidic solution. At low pH, the protonation of residues can lead to the loss of the salt bridge and the hydrogen bond between dimers, resulting in the disassembly of ferritin in an acidic environment. The above simulations reveal the possible mechanism of ferritin disassembly in an acidic solution, which can help us to design innovative and functional ferritin cages for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Basudev Maity
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Hishikawa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ueno
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
- World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Diannan Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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8
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Yamanaka M, Mashima T, Ogihara M, Okamoto M, Uchihashi T, Hirota S. Construction of ferritin hydrogels utilizing subunit-subunit interactions. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259052. [PMID: 34731167 PMCID: PMC8565734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Various proteins form nanostructures exhibiting unique functions, making them attractive as next-generation materials. Ferritin is a hollow spherical protein that incorporates iron ions. Here, we found that hydrogels are simply formed from concentrated apoferritin solutions by acid denaturation and subsequent neutralization. The water content of the hydrogel was approximately 80%. The apoferritin hydrogel did not decompose in the presence of 1 M HCl, 2-mercaptoethanol, or methanol but was dissolved in the presence of 1 M NaOH, by heating at 80°C, or by treatment with trypsin or 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. The Young’s modulus of the hydrogel was 20.4 ± 12.1 kPa according to local indentation experimentes using atomic force microscopy, indicating that the hydrogel was relatively stiff. Transition electron microscopy measurements revealed that a fibrous network was constructed in the hydrogel. The color of the hydrogel became yellow-brown upon incubation in the presence of Fe3+ ions, indicating that the hydrogel adsorbed the Fe3+ ions. The yellow-brown color of the Fe3+-adsorbed hydrogel did not change upon incubation in pure water, whereas it became pale by incubating it in the presence of 100 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The apoferritin hydrogel also adsorbed Co2+ and Cu2+ ions and released them in the presence of EDTA, while it adsorbed less Ni2+ ions; more Fe3+ ions adsorbed to the apoferritin hydrogel than other metal ions, indicating that the hydrogel keeps the iron storage characteristic of ferritin. These results demonstrate a new property of ferritin: the ability to form a hydrogel that can adsorb/desorb metal ions, which may be useful in designing future biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Yamanaka
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mashima
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Michio Ogihara
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Mei Okamoto
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | | | - Shun Hirota
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- * E-mail:
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9
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Pushpavanam K, Ma J, Cai Y, Naser NY, Baneyx F. Solid-Binding Proteins: Bridging Synthesis, Assembly, and Function in Hybrid and Hierarchical Materials Fabrication. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2021; 12:333-357. [PMID: 33852353 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-102020-015923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the development of hybrid organic-inorganic materials because of the potential for harvesting the unique capabilities that each system has to offer. Proteins are an especially attractive organic component owing to the high amount of chemical information encoded in their amino acid sequence, their amenability to molecular and computational (re)design, and the many structures and functions they specify. Genetic installation of solid-binding peptides (SBPs) within protein frameworks affords control over the position and orientation of adhesive and morphogenetic segments, and a path toward predictive synthesis and assembly of functional materials and devices, all while harnessing the built-in properties of the host scaffold. Here, we review the current understanding of the mechanisms through which SBPs bind to technologically relevant interfaces, with an emphasis on the variables that influence the process, and highlight the last decade of progress in the use of solid-binding proteins for hybrid and hierarchical materials synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Pushpavanam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA;
| | - Jinrong Ma
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA
| | - Yifeng Cai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA;
| | - Nada Y Naser
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA;
| | - François Baneyx
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA; .,Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA
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10
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Structural and magnetic study of the iron cores in iron(III)-polymaltose pharmaceutical ferritin analogue Ferrifol®. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 213:111202. [PMID: 33139022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron(III)-polymaltose pharmaceutical ferritin analogue Ferrifol® was investigated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, electron magnetic resonance (EMR) spectroscopy, direct current magnetization measurements and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy to get novel information about the structural arrangement of the iron core. The Ferrifol® Mössbauer spectra measured in the range from 295 K to 90 K demonstrated non-Lorentzian two-peak pattern. These spectra were better fitted using a superposition of 5 quadrupole doublets with the same line width. The obtained Mössbauer parameters were different and an unusual line broadening with temperature decrease was observed. Measurements of the Ferrifol® Mössbauer spectra from 60 K to 20 K demonstrated a slow decrease of magnetic relaxation in the iron core. Zero-field-cooled and field-cooled magnetization measurements revealed a blocking temperature at ~33 K and a paramagnetic state of the Ferrifol® iron core at higher temperatures. Isothermal magnetization measurements at 5 K show that the saturation magnetic moment is ~0.31 emu/g. X-band EMR spectroscopy measurements revealed the presence of different magnetic species in the sample. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that the size of the iron cores in Ferrifol® is in the range 2-6 nm. The lattice periodicity in these iron cores, measured on the HRTEM images, vary in the range 2.2-2.7 Å. This can be best understood as sets of close packed O(OH) layers in ferrihydrite cores without long range correlation.
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11
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Arnhold J. The Dual Role of Myeloperoxidase in Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8057. [PMID: 33137905 PMCID: PMC7663354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The heme protein myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a major constituent of neutrophils. As a key mediator of the innate immune system, neutrophils are rapidly recruited to inflammatory sites, where they recognize, phagocytose, and inactivate foreign microorganisms. In the newly formed phagosomes, MPO is involved in the creation and maintenance of an alkaline milieu, which is optimal in combatting microbes. Myeloperoxidase is also a key component in neutrophil extracellular traps. These helpful properties are contrasted by the release of MPO and other neutrophil constituents from necrotic cells or as a result of frustrated phagocytosis. Although MPO is inactivated by the plasma protein ceruloplasmin, it can interact with negatively charged components of serum and the extracellular matrix. In cardiovascular diseases and many other disease scenarios, active MPO and MPO-modified targets are present in atherosclerotic lesions and other disease-specific locations. This implies an involvement of neutrophils, MPO, and other neutrophil products in pathogenesis mechanisms. This review critically reflects on the beneficial and harmful functions of MPO against the background of immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Arnhold
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04 107 Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Narayanan S, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Shokuhfar T. In Situ Visualization of Ferritin Biomineralization via Graphene Liquid Cell-Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:3208-3216. [PMID: 33463263 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ferritin biomineralization is essential to regulate the toxic Fe2+ iron ions in the human body. Unravelling the mechanism of biomineralization in ferritin facilitates our understanding of the causes underlying many iron disorder-related diseases. Until now, no report of in situ visualization of ferritin biomineralization events at nanoscale exists due to the requirement for high-resolution imaging of nanometer-sized ferritin proteins in their hydrated states. Herein, for the first time, we show that the biomineralization processes within individual ferritin proteins can be visualized by means of graphene liquid cell-transmission electron microscopy (GLC-TEM). The increase in the ratio of Fe3+/Fe2+ ions over time monitored via electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) reveals the change in oxidation state of iron oxide phases with time. This study lays a foundation for future investigations on iron regulation mechanisms in healthy and dysfunctional ferritins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Narayanan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 South Morgan Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Reza Shahbazian-Yassar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Tolou Shokuhfar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 South Morgan Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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13
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Mendez JH, Mehrani A, Randolph P, Stagg S. Throughput and resolution with a next-generation direct electron detector. IUCRJ 2019; 6:1007-1013. [PMID: 31709056 PMCID: PMC6830211 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252519012661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Direct electron detectors (DEDs) have revolutionized cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) by facilitating the correction of beam-induced motion and radiation damage, and also by providing high-resolution image capture. A new-generation DED, the DE64, has been developed by Direct Electron that has good performance in both integrating and counting modes. The camera has been characterized in both modes in terms of image quality, throughput and resolution of cryo-EM reconstructions. The modulation transfer function, noise power spectrum and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) were determined for both modes, as well as the number of images per unit time. Although the DQE for counting mode was superior to that for integrating mode, the data-collection throughput for this mode was more than ten times slower. Since throughput and resolution are related in single-particle cryo-EM, data for apoferritin were collected and reconstructed using integrating mode, integrating mode in conjunction with a Volta phase plate (VPP) and counting mode. Only the counting-mode data resulted in a better than 3 Å resolution reconstruction with similar numbers of particles, and this increased performance could not be compensated for by the increased throughput of integrating mode or by the increased low-frequency contrast of integrating mode with the VPP. These data show that the superior image quality provided by counting mode is more important for high-resolution cryo-EM reconstructions than the superior throughput of integrating mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua H. Mendez
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Atousa Mehrani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Peter Randolph
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, 91 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Scott Stagg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, 91 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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14
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Sandanaraj BS, Bhandari PJ, Reddy MM, Lohote AB, Sahoo B. Design, Synthesis, and Self‐Assembly Studies of a Suite of Monodisperse, Facially Amphiphilic, Protein–Dendron Conjugates. Chembiochem 2019; 21:408-416. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Britto S. Sandanaraj
- Departments of Chemistry & BiologyIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune 411 008 India
| | | | - Mullapudi Mohan Reddy
- Departments of Chemistry & BiologyIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune 411 008 India
| | - Akshay Bhagwan Lohote
- Departments of Chemistry & BiologyIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune 411 008 India
| | - Bankanidhi Sahoo
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad (TIFR Hyd) Hyderabad 500019 India
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15
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Narayanan S, Firlar E, Rasul MG, Foroozan T, Farajpour N, Covnot L, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Shokuhfar T. On the structure and chemistry of iron oxide cores in human heart and human spleen ferritins using graphene liquid cell electron microscopy. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:16868-16878. [PMID: 31482911 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01541h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is a protein that regulates the iron ions in humans by storing them in the form of iron oxides. Despite extensive efforts to understand the ferritin iron oxide structures, it is still not clear how ferritin proteins with a distinct light (L) and heavy (H) chain subunit ratio impact the biomineralization process. In situ graphene liquid cell-transmission electron microscopy (GLC-TEM) provides an indispensable platform to study the atomic structure of ferritin mineral cores in their native liquid environment. In this study, we report differences in the iron oxide formation in human spleen ferritins (HSFs) and human heart ferritins (HHFs) using in situ GLC-TEM. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) along with selected area electron diffraction (SAED) of the mineral core and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) analyses enabled the visualization of morphologies, crystal structures and the chemistry of iron oxide cores in HSFs and HHFs. Our study revealed the presence of metastable ferrihydrite (5Fe2O3·9H2O) as a dominant phase in hydrated HSFs and HHFs, while a stable hematite (α-Fe2O3) phase predominated in non-hydrated HSFs and HHFs. In addition, a higher Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio was found in HHFs in comparison with HSFs. This study provides new understanding on iron-oxide phases that exist in hydrated ferritin proteins from different human organs. Such new insights are needed to map ferritin biomineralization pathways and possible correlations with various iron-related disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Narayanan
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Bioengineering, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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16
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Alenkina I, Felner I, Kuzmann E, Oshtrakh M. Characterization of the iron core in Ferrifol®, a pharmaceutical analogue of ferritin, using Mössbauer spectroscopy and magnetization measurements. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Lead sulfide quantum dots inside ferritin: synthesis and application to photovoltaics. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-018-0849-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Ferritin based bionanocages as novel biomemory device concept. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 103:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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19
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Zabelskii DV, Vlasov AV, Ryzhykau YL, Murugova TN, Brennich M, Soloviov DV, Ivankov OI, Borshchevskiy VI, Mishin AV, Rogachev AV, Round A, Dencher NA, Büldt G, Gordeliy VI, Kuklin AI. Ambiguities and completeness of SAS data analysis: investigations of apoferritin by SAXS/SANS EID and SEC-SAXS methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/994/1/012017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Salek-Maghsoudi A, Vakhshiteh F, Torabi R, Hassani S, Ganjali MR, Norouzi P, Hosseini M, Abdollahi M. Recent advances in biosensor technology in assessment of early diabetes biomarkers. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 99:122-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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21
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Oshtrakh MI, Alenkina IV, Klencsár Z, Kuzmann E, Semionkin VA. Different 57Fe microenvironments in the nanosized iron cores in human liver ferritin and its pharmaceutical analogues on the basis of temperature dependent Mössbauer spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 172:14-24. [PMID: 27372204 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mössbauer spectra of human liver ferritin and its pharmaceutical analogues Ferrum Lek and Maltofer® measured at various temperatures within the range of 295-83K were fitted using five quadrupole doublets related to different 57Fe microenvironments in various layers/regions of the ferrihydrite and akaganéite iron cores. The observed anomalous temperature dependences of some Mössbauer parameters were considered as a result of low temperature structural rearrangements in different layers/regions in the iron core.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Oshtrakh
- Department of Physical Techniques and Devices for Quality Control, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation; Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation.
| | - I V Alenkina
- Department of Physical Techniques and Devices for Quality Control, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation; Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation
| | - Z Klencsár
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - E Kuzmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - V A Semionkin
- Department of Physical Techniques and Devices for Quality Control, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation; Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation
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22
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Ruozi B, Veratti P, Vandelli MA, Tombesi A, Tonelli M, Forni F, Pederzoli F, Belletti D, Tosi G. Apoferritin nanocage as streptomycin drug reservoir: Technological optimization of a new drug delivery system. Int J Pharm 2016; 518:281-288. [PMID: 28017769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to formulate and characterize streptomycin-loaded apoferritin nanoparticles (ApoStrep NPs) for their potential therapeutic use in bacterial resistant infections (i.e. tuberculosis). ApoStrep NPs were prepared by disassembly/reassembly process via pH method and changing apoferritin/drug molar ratio, purified by dialyses process also associated with gel filtration chromatography and characterized in their chemico-physical and technological parameters as yield, size distribution, polidispersivity, morphology, internal structure, zeta potential and loading efficacy. The results showed that spherical reproducible NPs could be obtained by using apoferritin/drug molar ratio lower than 1:25 and purification based on the combination of dialysis and gel filtration chromatography. Photon correlation spectroscopy, Uv-visible detection and electron microscopy showed the maintenance of the native apoferritin chemico-physical properties and structure. When formulated with apoferritin/drug 1:10 and 1:25 molar ratio, ApoStrep NPs showed remarkable encapsulation efficacy (35% and 28%, respectively) along with kinetic profile of drug delivery, approximately 15% at 37 °C in 72h, as evidenced by "in vitro" release experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ruozi
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Campi 103, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - P Veratti
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Campi 103, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - M A Vandelli
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Campi 103, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - A Tombesi
- CIGS, Centro Interdipartimentale Grandi Strumenti, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - M Tonelli
- CIGS, Centro Interdipartimentale Grandi Strumenti, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - F Forni
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Campi 103, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - F Pederzoli
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Campi 103, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - D Belletti
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Campi 103, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - G Tosi
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Campi 103, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy.
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Belletti D, Pederzoli F, Forni F, Vandelli MA, Tosi G, Ruozi B. Protein cage nanostructure as drug delivery system: magnifying glass on apoferritin. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:825-840. [PMID: 27690258 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2017.1243528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION New frontiers in nanomedicine are moving towards the research of new biomaterials. Apoferritin (APO), is a uniform regular self-assemblies nano-sized protein with excellent biocompatibility and a unique structure that affords it the ability to stabilize small active molecules in its inner core. Areas covered: APO can be loaded by applying a passive process (mainly used for ions and metals) or by a unique formulative approach based on disassemby/reassembly process. In this article, we aim to organize the experimental evidence provided by a number of studies on the loading, release and targeting. Attention is initially focused on the most investigated antineoplastic drug and contrast agents up to the most recent application in gene therapy. Expert opinion: Various preclinical studies have demonstrated that APO improved the potency and selectivity of some chemotherapeutics. However, in order to translate the use of APO into therapy, some issues must be solved, especially regarding the reproducibility of the loading protocol used, the optimization of nanocarrier characterization, detailed understanding of the final structure of loaded APO, and the real mechanism and timing of drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Belletti
- a Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Te.Far.T.I., Department of Life Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
| | - Francesca Pederzoli
- a Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Te.Far.T.I., Department of Life Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
| | - Flavio Forni
- a Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Te.Far.T.I., Department of Life Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
| | - Maria Angela Vandelli
- a Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Te.Far.T.I., Department of Life Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
| | - Giovanni Tosi
- a Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Te.Far.T.I., Department of Life Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
| | - Barbara Ruozi
- a Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Te.Far.T.I., Department of Life Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
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24
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Bradley JM, Le Brun NE, Moore GR. Ferritins: furnishing proteins with iron. J Biol Inorg Chem 2016; 21:13-28. [PMID: 26825805 PMCID: PMC4771812 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-016-1336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Ferritins are a superfamily of iron oxidation, storage and mineralization proteins found throughout the animal, plant, and microbial kingdoms. The majority of ferritins consist of 24 subunits that individually fold into 4-α-helix bundles and assemble in a highly symmetric manner to form an approximately spherical protein coat around a central cavity into which an iron-containing mineral can be formed. Channels through the coat at inter-subunit contact points facilitate passage of iron ions to and from the central cavity, and intrasubunit catalytic sites, called ferroxidase centers, drive Fe2+ oxidation and O2 reduction. Though the different members of the superfamily share a common structure, there is often little amino acid sequence identity between them. Even where there is a high degree of sequence identity between two ferritins there can be major differences in how the proteins handle iron. In this review we describe some of the important structural features of ferritins and their mineralized iron cores, consider how iron might be released from ferritins, and examine in detail how three selected ferritins oxidise Fe2+ to explore the mechanistic variations that exist amongst ferritins. We suggest that the mechanistic differences reflect differing evolutionary pressures on amino acid sequences, and that these differing pressures are a consequence of different primary functions for different ferritins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Bradley
- Center for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Nick E Le Brun
- Center for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Geoffrey R Moore
- Center for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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25
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Ghirlando R, Mutskova R, Schwartz C. Enrichment and characterization of ferritin for nanomaterial applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:045102. [PMID: 26656976 PMCID: PMC6284806 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/4/045102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is a ubiquitous iron storage protein utilized as a nanomaterial for labeling biomolecules and nanoparticle construction. Commercially available preparations of horse spleen ferritin, widely used as a starting material, contain a distribution of ferritins with different iron loads. We describe a detailed approach to the enrichment of differentially loaded ferritin molecules by common biophysical techniques such as size exclusion chromatography and preparative ultracentrifugation, and characterize these preparations by dynamic light scattering, and analytical ultracentrifugation. We demonstrate a combination of methods to standardize an approach for determining the chemical load of nearly any particle, including nanoparticles and metal colloids. Purification and characterization of iron content in monodisperse ferritin species is particularly critical for several applications in nanomaterial science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Ghirlando
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Radina Mutskova
- Honors College, Integrated Life Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park MD 20742
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26
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Plath LD, Ozdemir A, Aksenov AA, Bier ME. Determination of iron content and dispersity of intact ferritin by superconducting tunnel junction cryodetection mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8985-93. [PMID: 26266697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is a common iron storage protein complex found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. Although horse spleen holoferritin (HS-HoloFt) has been widely studied, this is the first report of mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of the intact form, likely because of its high molecular weight ∼850 kDa and broad iron-core mass distribution. The 24-subunit ferritin heteropolymer protein shell consists of light (L) and heavy (H) subunits and a ferrihydrite-like iron core. The H/L heterogeneity ratio of the horse spleen apoferritin (HS-ApoFt) shell was found to be ∼1:10 by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Superconducting tunneling junction (STJ) cryodetection matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight MS was utilized to determine the masses of intact HS-ApoFt, HS-HoloFt, and the HS-HoloFt dimer to be ∼505 kDa, ∼835 kDa, and ∼1.63 MDa, respectively. The structural integrity of HS-HoloFt and the proposed mineral adducts found for both purified L and H subunits suggest a robust biomacromolecular complex that is internally stabilized by the iron-based core. However, cross-linking experiments of HS-HoloFt with glutaraldehyde, unexpectedly, showed the complete release of the iron-based core in a one-step process revealing a cross-linked HS-ApoFt with a narrow fwhm peak width of 31.4 kTh compared to 295 kTh for HS-HoloFt. The MS analysis of HS-HoloFt revealed a semiquantitative description of the iron content and core dispersity of 3400 ± 1600 (2σ) iron atoms. Commercially prepared HS-ApoFt was estimated to still contain an average of 240 iron atoms. These iron abundance and dispersity results suggest the use of STJ cryodetection MS for the clinical analysis of iron deficient/overload diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan D Plath
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Abdil Ozdemir
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Alexander A Aksenov
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mark E Bier
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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27
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Russo CJ, Passmore LA. Electron microscopy: Ultrastable gold substrates for electron cryomicroscopy. Science 2014; 346:1377-80. [PMID: 25504723 DOI: 10.1126/science.1259530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advances, the structures of many proteins cannot be determined by electron cryomicroscopy because the individual proteins move during irradiation. This blurs the images so that they cannot be aligned with each other to calculate a three-dimensional density. Much of this movement stems from instabilities in the carbon substrates used to support frozen samples in the microscope. Here we demonstrate a gold specimen support that nearly eliminates substrate motion during irradiation. This increases the subnanometer image contrast such that α helices of individual proteins are resolved. With this improvement, we determine the structure of apoferritin, a smooth octahedral shell of α-helical subunits that is particularly difficult to solve by electron microscopy. This advance in substrate design will enable the solution of currently intractable protein structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Russo
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Lori A Passmore
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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28
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Alenkina IV, Oshtrakh MI, Klencsár Z, Kuzmann E, Chukin AV, Semionkin VA. 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance studies of human liver ferritin, Ferrum Lek and Maltofer®. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 130:24-36. [PMID: 24762570 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A human liver ferritin, commercial Ferrum Lek and Maltofer® samples were studied using Mössbauer spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance. Two Mössbauer spectrometers have been used: (i) a high velocity resolution (4096 channels) at 90 and 295K, (ii) and a low velocity resolution (250 channels) at 20 and 40 K. It is shown that the three studied materials have different superparamagnetic features at various temperatures. This may be caused by different magnetic anisotropy energy barriers, sizes (volume), structures and compositions of the iron cores. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of the ferritin, Ferrum Lek and Maltofer® were decomposed into multiple spectral components demonstrating the presence of minor ferro- or ferrimagnetic phases along with revealing marked differences among the studied substances. Mössbauer spectroscopy provides evidences on several components in the measured spectra which could be related to different regions, layers, nanocrystallites, etc. in the iron cores that coincides with heterogeneous and multiphase models for the ferritin iron cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Alenkina
- Department of Physical Techniques and Devices for Quality Control, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation; Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation
| | - M I Oshtrakh
- Department of Physical Techniques and Devices for Quality Control, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation; Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation.
| | - Z Klencsár
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Pusztaszeri út 59-67, Budapest 1025, Hungary
| | - E Kuzmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A V Chukin
- Department of Theoretical Physics and Applied Mathematics, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation
| | - V A Semionkin
- Department of Physical Techniques and Devices for Quality Control, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation; Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation
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29
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Inclusion of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles into Virus-Like Peptide Nanocapsules Self-Assembled from Viral β-Annulus Peptide. NANOMATERIALS 2014; 4:778-791. [PMID: 28344248 PMCID: PMC5304702 DOI: 10.3390/nano4030778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A viral β-annulus peptide connected with a zinc oxide (ZnO)-binding sequence (HCVAHR) at its N-terminal was synthesized, and the inclusion behavior of quantum-sized ZnO nanoparticles into the peptide nanocapsules formed by self-assembly of the peptide in water was investigated. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements showed that ZnO nanoparticles (approximately 10 nm) in the presence of the peptide (0.1 mM) formed assemblies with an average size of 48 ± 24 nm, whereas ZnO nanoparticles in the absence of the peptide formed large aggregates. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of the ZnO nanoparticles in the presence of the peptide revealed that ZnO nanoparticles were encapsulated into the peptide nanocapsules with a size of approximately 50 nm. Fluorescence spectra of a mixture of the peptide and ZnO nanoparticles suggested that the ZnO surface and the peptide interact. Template synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles with the peptide nanocapsules afforded larger nanoparticles (approximately 40 nm), which are not quantum-sized ZnO.
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30
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Alenkina I, Oshtrakh M, Tugarova A, Biró B, Semionkin V, Kamnev A. Study of the rhizobacterium Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 using Mössbauer spectroscopy with a high velocity resolution: Implication for the analysis of ferritin-like iron cores. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Iron-rich ferritin in the hypoxia-tolerant rodent Spalax ehrenbergi: a naturally-occurring biomarker confirms the internalization and pathways of intracellular macromolecules. J Struct Biol 2014; 187:254-265. [PMID: 25050761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of pits/caveolae in the plasmalemma advanced the study of macromolecule internalization. "Transcytosis" describes the transport of macromolecular cargo from one front of a polarized cell to the other within membrane-bounded carrier(s), via endocytosis, intracellular trafficking and exocytosis. Clathrin-mediated transcytosis is used extensively by epithelial cells, while caveolae-mediated transcytosis mostly occurs in endothelial cells. The internalization pathways were monitored by various markers, including radioisotopes, nanoparticles, enzymes, immunostains, and fluorophores. We describe an internalization pathway identified using a naturally-occurring biomarker, in vivo assembled ferritin, containing electron-dense iron cores. Iron, an essential trace metal for most living species and iron homeostasis, is crucial for cellular life. Ferritin is a ubiquitous and highly conserved archeoprotein whose main function is to store a reserve iron supply inside the cytoplasm in a non-toxic form. Ferritin is present in all organisms which have a metabolic requirement for iron and in even in organisms whose taxonomic rank is very low. The newborns of the blind mole, Spalax ehrenbergi, are born and live in a hypoxic environment and have significant iron overload in their liver and heart, but their iron metabolism has not been previously studied. These newborns, which are evolutionarily adapted to fluctuations in the environmental oxygen, have a unique ability to sequester transplacental iron and store it in ferritin without any signs of iron toxicity. Using the ferrihydrite cores of ferritin, we were able to monitor the ferritin internalization from portals of its entry into the cytosol of hepatocytes and cardiomyocytes and into the lysosomes.
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32
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Tähkä S, Laiho A, Kostiainen MA. Diblock-Copolymer-Mediated Self-Assembly of Protein-Stabilized Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Clusters for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Chemistry 2014; 20:2718-22. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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33
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Tsukamoto R, Godonoga M, Matsuyama R, Igarashi M, Heddle JG, Samukawa S, Yamashita I. Effect of PEGylation on controllably spaced adsorption of ferritin molecules. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:12737-43. [PMID: 24041254 DOI: 10.1021/la4029595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The interparticle distance between nanoparticles (NPs) dispersed on on SiO2 was shown to be controlled by PEGylation. Ferritins with nanoparticle cores were prepared and PEGylated with poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs) of two different molecular weights. It was shown that the thickness of the PEG layer on the ferritin surface determines the interparticle distance under short Debye lengths. Under conditions where the Debye length was greater than the PEG layer thickness, distance between ferritins increased due to the electrostatic repulsive force. Results suggest that the PEG layer accommodated a small amount of counterions insufficient to cancel the ferritin outer surface charges. Simulation showed that ferritins adsorbed randomly and interparticle distance can be predicted theoretically. We demonstrate that PEGylated ferritins, that is, NP cores, can be dispersed on a surface with interval distances between particles determined by the combination of the ionic strength of the solution and the molecular weight of the PEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikako Tsukamoto
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency , 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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34
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Alenkina IV, Oshtrakh MI, Semionkin VA, Kuzmann E. Comparative study of nanosized iron cores in human liver ferritin and its pharmaceutically important models Maltofer® and Ferrum Lek using Mössbauer spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3103/s1062873813060038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Greene ME, Kelly TF, Larson DJ, Prosa TJ. Focused ion beam fabrication of solidified ferritin into nanoscale volumes for compositional analysis using atom probe tomography. J Microsc 2013; 247:288-99. [PMID: 22906016 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2012.03644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to conduct atom probe tomography (APT) analyses on ferritin specimens prepared with focused ion beam (FIB) to assess whether this approach can be used to effectively characterize biomaterials. Soft matter is particularly sensitive to ion beam exposure which can induce physical and chemical changes. We employ protective metal films and low-energy ion fluence to mitigate potential problems that may be introduced by FIB. This study had two major objectives: (1) to qualitatively assess the viability of the specimens when subjected to the unique physical conditions of APT analysis, namely ultrahigh vacuum, high electric field, and thermal pulsing using a laser and (2) to quantitatively assess the data from such specimens under various experimental parameters and compare the results with appropriate control specimens. For the first objective, a range of experimental parameters were determined that met the basic criteria necessary to validate that ferritin-based specimens prepared with FIB can retain structural integrity during APT analysis. Initial field evaporation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) data show that the specimens fabricated with FIB are capable of emitting ions under various laser pulsing conditions with a high electric field applied. For the second objective, the experimental parameter space was narrowed to a range that yielded data quality sufficient to produce meaningful comparison between the ferritin-based specimens and the salt-only controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Greene
- Cameca Instruments, Inc, Madison, WI 53719, USA.
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López-Castro JD, Delgado JJ, Perez-Omil JA, Gálvez N, Cuesta R, Watt RK, Domínguez-Vera JM. A new approach to the ferritin iron core growth: influence of the H/L ratio on the core shape. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:1320-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11205h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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López-Castro JD, Maraloiu AV, Delgado JJ, Calvino JJ, Blanchin MG, Gálvez N, Domínguez-Vera JM. From synthetic to natural nanoparticles: monitoring the biodegradation of SPIO (P904) into ferritin by electron microscopy. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:4597-4599. [PMID: 21987181 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10980d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A strong focus on Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIOs) has been appreciated recently especially for their use in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). However, some questions are being raised over these particles due to their long-term toxicity related to the production of toxic free iron during their biodegradation. Here we show by Electron Microscopy how SPIOs (P904) (Guerbet, Paris) are degraded after they are taken up by macrophages, so that iron from the SPIO core is progressively incorporated into the iron-storing protein ferritin (a nontoxic form of iron).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D López-Castro
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río San Pedro, 11510, Cádiz, Spain
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Zheng B, Uenuma M, Iwahori K, Okamoto N, Naito M, Ishikawa Y, Uraoka Y, Yamashita I. Sterically controlled docking of gold nanoparticles on ferritin surface by DNA hybridization. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:275312. [PMID: 21613737 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/27/275312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Novel assemblies of DNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles (DNA-GNPs) have received considerable interest due to their fascinating properties which are desired for various detection applications. In this study, we present innovative GNP assemblies which have a cage-shaped protein ferritin in the center, and discrete GNPs sterically surrounding the central ferritin. These assemblies were constructed by hybridizing DNA-GNP to chemically DNA-modified ferritin, which has a hollow cavity or an iron NP core. Subsequent gel electrophoresis purification and transmission electron microscopy observation showed that ferritin/DNA/GNP assemblies were successfully constructed and can be isolated as independent functional units, which can be used to investigate not only the interaction between the GNPs of complicated GNP clusters but also the interaction between the GNPs and the internalized NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zheng
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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39
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Ferritin iron mineralization proceeds by different mechanisms in MOPS and imidazole buffers. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:972-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Fukano H, Takahashi T, Aizawa M, Yoshimura H. Synthesis of Uniform and Dispersive Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles in a Protein Cage through Control of Electrostatic Potential. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:6526-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ic200117x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Takuya Takahashi
- Department of Bioscience and BioInformatics, Graduate School of Science and Engineering College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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41
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Versatile protein-based bifunctional nano-systems (encapsulation and directed assembly): Selective nanoscale positioning of gold nanoparticle-viral protein hybrids. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Rhinow D, Büenfeld M, Weber NE, Beyer A, Gölzhäuser A, Kühlbrandt W, Hampp N, Turchanin A. Energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy of biological samples on highly transparent carbon nanomembranes. Ultramicroscopy 2011; 111:342-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2011.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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43
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Yamashita I. The Bio-Nano-Process: Making Semiconductor Devices Using Protein Supramolecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-873-k5.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe biology and semiconductor technology have progressed independently. There was a large distance between them and a substantial interdisciplinary research area was left untouched. Recently, this situation is gradually changing. Some researchers are stimulating semiconductor technology by introducing bio-molecules into the nano-fabrication process. We proposed a new process for fabricating functional nano-structure on a solid surface using protein supramolecules, which we named “Bio Nano Process” (BNP). We employed a cage-shaped protein, apoferritin and synthesized several kinds of nanoparticles (NP) in the apoferritin cavity. A two-dimensional array of them was made on the silicon wafer and this array was heat treated or UV/ozone treated. These processes produced a two-dimensional inorganic NP array on the silicon surface. The size of the NP is small enough to be used as quantum dot and the floating nanodots memory using this NP array is now under development. We also proposed another application of the BNP, making use of the obtained nanodot array as the nanometric etching mask. This was realized by employing the neutral beam etching and 7nm Si nano columns with high aspect ratio were fabricated. These experimental results demonstrate that the BNP can fabricate the inorganic nanostructure using protein supramolecules and the BNP opened up a biological path to nanoelectronics devices.
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44
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Non-reductive iron release from horse spleen ferritin using desferoxamine chelation. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:202-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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45
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Vaughan G, Brydson R, Brown A, Sader K. Low-electron fluence STEM-EELS analysis of ferrihydrite nano-particles approaching the Ångstrom scale. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/241/1/012051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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May CA, Grady JK, Laue TM, Poli M, Arosio P, Chasteen ND. The sedimentation properties of ferritins. New insights and analysis of methods of nanoparticle preparation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2010; 1800:858-70. [PMID: 20307627 PMCID: PMC2921680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ferritin exhibits complex behavior in the ultracentrifuge due to variability in iron core size among molecules. A comprehensive study was undertaken to develop procedures for obtaining more uniform cores and assessing their homogeneity. METHODS Analytical ultracentrifugation was used to measure the mineral core size distributions obtained by adding iron under high- and low-flux conditions to horse spleen (apoHoSF) and human H-chain (apoHuHF) apoferritins. RESULTS More uniform core sizes are obtained with the homopolymer human H-chain ferritin than with the heteropolymer horse spleen HoSF protein in which subpopulations of HoSF molecules with varying iron content are observed. A binomial probability distribution of H- and L-subunits among protein shells qualitatively accounts for the observed subpopulations. The addition of Fe(2+) to apoHuHF produces iron core particle size diameters from 3.8 + or - 0.3 to 6.2 + or - 0.3 nm. Diameters from 3.4 + or - 0.6 to 6.5 + or - 0.6 nm are obtained with natural HoSF after sucrose gradient fractionation. The change in the sedimentation coefficient as iron accumulates in ferritin suggests that the protein shell contracts approximately 10% to a more compact structure, a finding consistent with published electron micrographs. The physicochemical parameters for apoHoSF (15%/85% H/L subunits) are M=484,120 g/mol, nu=0.735 mL/g, s(20,w)=17.0 S and D(20,w)=3.21 x 10(-)(7) cm(2)/s; and for apoHuHF M=506,266 g/mol, nu=0.724 mL/g, s(20,w)=18.3S and D(20,w)=3.18 x 10(-)(7) cm(2)/s. SIGNIFICANCE The methods presented here should prove useful in the synthesis of size controlled nanoparticles of other minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A. May
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824-2544
| | - John K. Grady
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824-2544
| | - Thomas M. Laue
- Center to Advance Molecular Interaction Science, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824-2544
| | - Maura Poli
- Department Materno Infantile e Tecnologie Biomediche, University of Brescia, 25125 Italy
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Department Materno Infantile e Tecnologie Biomediche, University of Brescia, 25125 Italy
| | - N. Dennis Chasteen
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824-2544
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Zhao G. Phytoferritin and its implications for human health and nutrition. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2010; 1800:815-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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48
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Watt RK, Hilton RJ, Graff DM. Oxido-reduction is not the only mechanism allowing ions to traverse the ferritin protein shell. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2010; 1800:745-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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49
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Could a dysfunction of ferritin be a determinant factor in the aetiology of some neurodegenerative diseases? Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2010; 1800:770-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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50
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The Mössbauer and magnetic properties of ferritin cores. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2010; 1800:886-97. [PMID: 20363296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 03/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mössbauer and magnetization measurements, singly or in combination, extract detailed information on the microscopic or internal magnetism of iron-based materials and their macroscopic or bulk magnetization. The combination of the two techniques affords a powerful investigatory probe into spin relaxation processes of nanosize magnetic systems. The ferritin core constitutes a paradigm of such nano-magnetic system where Mössbauer and magnetization studies have been broadly combined in order to elucidate its composition, the initial steps of iron nucleation and biomineralization, particle growth and core-size distribution. In vivo produced and in vitro reconstituted wild-type and variant ferritins have been extensively studied in order to elucidate structure/function correlations and ferritin's role in iron overloading or neurodegenerative disorders. SCOPE OF REVIEW Studies on the initial stages of iron biomineralization, biomimetic synthetic analogues and ferrous ion retention within the ferritin core are presented. The dynamical magnetic properties of ferritin by Mössbauer and magnetization measurements are critically reviewed. The focus is on experiments that reveal the internal magnetic structure of the ferritin core. Novel magnetic measurements on individual ferritin molecules via AFM and nanoSQUID investigations are also mentioned. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS A complex two-phase spin system is revealed due to finite-size effects and non-compensated spins at the surface of the anti-ferromagnetic ferritin core. Below the blocking temperature surface spins participate in relaxation processes much faster than those associated with collective magnetic excitations of interior spins. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The studies reviewed contribute uniquely to the elucidation of the spin-structure and spin-dynamics of anti-ferromagnetic nanolattices and their possible applications to nano/bio-technology.
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