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Qin X, Zhang H, Wang Z, Jin Y. Fe 3O 4@SiO 2mesoporous spheres as Fe( ii) donors loaded with artemisinin and a photosensitizer to alleviate tumor hypoxia in PDT for enhanced anticancer therapy. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00974d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fe3O4@SiO2as an Fe(ii) donor loaded with artemisinin and photosensitizer to alleviate hypoxia in PDT showed excellent anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials of Heilongjiang Province
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- China
| | - Hongyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials of Heilongjiang Province
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials of Heilongjiang Province
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- China
| | - Yingxue Jin
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials of Heilongjiang Province
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- China
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2
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Grin MA, Mironov AF. Chemical transformations of bacteriochlorophyll a and its medical applications. Russ Chem Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-016-1307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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3
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Pantiushenko IV, Rudakovskaya PG, Starovoytova AV, Mikhaylovskaya AA, Abakumov MA, Kaplan MA, Tsygankov AA, Majouga AG, Grin MA, Mironov AF. Development of bacteriochlorophyll a-based near-infrared photosensitizers conjugated to gold nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy of cancer. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 80:752-62. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915060103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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4
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Saga Y, Ishitani A, Takahashi N, Kawamura K. Production of bacteriopurpurin-18 phytyl ester from bacteriopheophytin a via allomerization by contact with titanium oxides in the presence of molecular oxygen. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:639-41. [PMID: 25529741 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Incubation of bacteriopheophytin (BPhe) a, which was a demetalated pigment of bacteriochlorophyll a in photosynthetic bacteria, in CH2Cl2 in the presence of TiO2 particles with bubbling O2 in the dark produced a pigment absorbing 814nm. Detailed characterization of the novel pigment isolated from the CH2Cl2 suspension revealed that bacteriopurpurin-18 phytyl ester possessing an anhydride-type six-membered exocyclic E-ring was majorly formed by the treatment with TiO2 particles under oxygenic conditions. Oxidation of the bacteriochlorin ring in BPhe a, namely formations of derivatives of 3-acetyl pheophytin a and 3-acetyl protopheophytin a, can barely be detected through the conversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Saga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Ishitani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Naoya Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawamura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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5
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Lessons from chlorophylls: modifications of porphyrinoids towards optimized solar energy conversion. Molecules 2014; 19:15938-54. [PMID: 25286377 PMCID: PMC6271569 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191015938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Practical applications of photosynthesis-inspired processes depend on a thorough understanding of the structures and physiochemical features of pigment molecules such as chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls. Consequently, the major structural features of these pigments have been systematically examined as to how they influence the S1 state energy, lifetimes, quantum yields, and pigment photostability. In particular, the effects of the macrocyclic π-electron system, central metal ion (CMI), peripheral substituents, and pigment aggregation, on these critical parameters are discussed. The results obtained confirm that the π-electron system of the chromophore has the greatest influence on the light energy conversion capacity of porphyrinoids. Its modifications lead to changes in molecular symmetry, which determine the energy levels of frontier orbitals and hence affect the S1 state properties. In the case of bacteriochlorophylls aggregation can also strongly decrease the S1 energy. The CMI may be considered as another influential structural feature which only moderately influences the ground-state properties of bacteriochlorophylls but strongly affects the singlet excited-state. An introduction of CMIs heavier than Mg2+ significantly improves pigments' photostabilities, however, at the expense of S1 state lifetime. Modifications of the peripheral substituents may also influence the S1 energy, and pigments’ redox potentials, which in turn influence their photostability.
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6
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Wiederkehr RS, Mendes SB. Extension of the broadband single-mode integrated optical waveguide technique to the ultraviolet spectral region and its applications. Analyst 2014; 139:1396-402. [PMID: 24466569 DOI: 10.1039/c3an02201c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report here the fabrication, characterization, and application of a single-mode integrated optical waveguide (IOW) spectrometer capable of acquiring optical absorbance spectra of surface-immobilized molecules in the visible and ultraviolet spectral region down to 315 nm. The UV-extension of the single-mode IOW technique to shorter wavelengths was made possible by our development of a low-loss single-mode dielectric waveguide in the UV region based on an alumina film grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) over a high quality fused silica substrate, and by our design/fabrication of a broadband waveguide coupler formed by an integrated diffraction grating combined with a highly anamorphic optical beam of large numerical aperture. As an application of the developed technology, we report here the surface adsorption process of bacteriochlorophyll a on different interfaces using its Soret absorption band centred at 370 nm. The effects of different chemical compositions at the solid-liquid interface on the adsorption and spectral properties of bacteriochlorophyll a were determined from the polarized UV-Vis IOW spectra acquired with the developed instrumentation. The spectral extension of the single-mode IOW technique into the ultraviolet region is an important advance as it enables extremely sensitive studies in key characteristics of surface molecular processes (e.g., protein unfolding and solvation of aromatic amino-acid groups under surface binding) whose spectral features are mainly located at wavelengths below the visible spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo S Wiederkehr
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville, Louisville 40292, Kentucky, USA.
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7
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Zinc-pheophorbide a—Highly efficient low-cost photosensitizer against human adenocarcinoma in cellular and animal models. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:266-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Kozyrev A, Ethirajan M, Chen P, Ohkubo K, Robinson BC, Barkigia KM, Fukuzumi S, Kadish KM, Pandey RK. Synthesis, photophysical and electrochemistry of near-IR absorbing bacteriochlorins related to bacteriochlorophyll a. J Org Chem 2012; 77:10260-71. [PMID: 23082726 PMCID: PMC3526342 DOI: 10.1021/jo301895p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of new bacteriochlorins was synthesized using 13(2)-oxo-bacteriopyropheophorbide a (derived from bacteriochlorophyll a) as a starting material, which on reacting with o-phenylenediamine and 1,10-diaminonaphthalene afforded highly conjugated annulated bacteriochlorins with fused quinoxaline, benzimidazole, and perimidine rings, respectively. The absorption spectra of these novel bacteriochlorins demonstrated remarkably red-shifted intense Q(y) absorption bands observed in the range of 816-850 nm with high molar extinction coefficients (89,900-136,800). Treatment of 13(2)-oxo-bacteriopyropheophorbide a methyl ester with diazomethane resulted in the formation of bacterioverdins containing a fused six-membered methoxy-substituted cyclohexenone (verdin) as an isomeric mixture. The pure isomers which exhibit long-wavelength absorptions in the near-IR region (865-890 nm) are highly stable at room temperature with high reactivity with O(2) at the triplet photoexcited state and favorable redox potential and could be potential candidates for use as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manivannan Ethirajan
- Chemistry Division, PDT Center, Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263c
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-5009
| | - Kei Ohkubo
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, ALCA (JST), 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | | | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, ALCA (JST), 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Korea
| | - Karl M. Kadish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-5009
| | - Ravindra K. Pandey
- Chemistry Division, PDT Center, Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263c
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9
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de Sousa Neto D, Tabak M. Interaction of the meso-tetrakis (4-N-methylpyridyl) porphyrin with gel and liquid state phospholipid vesicles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 381:73-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Shi L, Liu HY, Shen H, Hu J, Zhang GL, Wang H, Ji LN, Chang CK, Jiang HF. Fluorescence properties of halogenated mono-hydroxyl corroles: the heavy-atom effects. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424609001546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of mono-hydroxyl corrole bearing a fluorine (1), chlorine (2), bromine (3) and iodine (4) atom on its 10-phenyl group have been synthesized. Fluorescence spectroscopy shows that the halogen atom at meso-phenyl group of corroles exhibit significant heavy-atom effect on their photophysical properties. Fluorescence quantum yields and the lifetime of these corroles decrease with the increasing of the atomic weight of halogen atoms. The quenching of the fluorescence could be interpreted in terms of a heavy atom-induced increase in intersystem crossing from S1 to T1. The intersystem crossing rate constant of these corroles were also determined by transient fluorescence spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Department of Chemistry, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Hai-Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Han Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Materials and Technologies / MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Chemistry, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Guo-Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Materials and Technologies / MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Materials and Technologies / MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Liang-Nian Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Materials and Technologies / MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chi-Kwong Chang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huan-Feng Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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11
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Tian B, Eriksson ESE, Eriksson LA. Can Range-Separated and Hybrid DFT Functionals Predict Low-Lying Excitations? A Tookad Case Study. J Chem Theory Comput 2010; 6:2086-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ct100148h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Boxue Tian
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland - Galway, Galway, Ireland and Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Emma S. E. Eriksson
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland - Galway, Galway, Ireland and Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Leif A. Eriksson
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland - Galway, Galway, Ireland and Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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12
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Shi L, Liu HY, Si LP, Peng KM, You LL, Wang H, Zhang L, Ji LN, Chang CK, Jiang HF. The heavy atom effect on photocleavage of DNA by mono-hydroxyl halogenated corroles. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2009.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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13
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Obata M, Hirohara S, Tanaka R, Kinoshita I, Ohkubo K, Fukuzumi S, Tanihara M, Yano S. In vitro heavy-atom effect of palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes of pyrrolidine-fused chlorin in photodynamic therapy. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2747-53. [PMID: 19378972 DOI: 10.1021/jm8015427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of a heavy atom into photosensitizers generally facilitates intersystem crossing and improves the quantum yield (Phi(Delta)) of singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)), which is a key species in photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, little information is available about the physiological importance of this heavy-atom effect. The aim of this study is to examine the heavy-atom effect in simple metallochlorins in vitro at the cellular level. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylide to 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrinato palladium(II) and platinum(II) afforded metallochlorins 4b and 4c in yields of 17.1 and 12.9%, respectively. The Phi(Delta) values increased in the order of 4a (0.28) < 4b (0.89) < 4c (0.92) in C(6)D(6). The photocytotoxicity of 4a, 4b, and 4c was evaluated in HeLa cells at a light dose of 16 J x cm(-2) with lambda > 500 nm and increased in the order of 4a < 4b < 4c at the concentration of 0.5 microM. The photocytotoxicity of 4b and 4c was significantly inhibited by addition of sodium azide, but not D-mannitol, suggesting that (1)O(2) is the major species causing cell death. Our results clearly indicate that 4b and 4c act as efficient (1)O(2) generators due to the heavy-atom effect in a cellular microenvironment as well as in nonphysiological media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Obata
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Kitauoyanishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan.
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Orzeł Ł, van Eldik R, Fiedor L, Stochel G. Mechanistic Information on Cu
II
Metalation and Transmetalation of Chlorophylls. Eur J Inorg Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200800662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Orzeł
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30‐060 Kraków, Poland, Fax: +48‐12‐6340515,
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany, Fax: +49‐9131‐8527387,
| | - Rudi van Eldik
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany, Fax: +49‐9131‐8527387,
| | - Leszek Fiedor
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30‐387 Kraków, Poland, Fax: +48‐12‐6646902
| | - Grażyna Stochel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30‐060 Kraków, Poland, Fax: +48‐12‐6340515,
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Abstract
Sulfonated gallium(III) corroles are intensely fluorescent macrocyclic compounds that spontaneously assemble with carrier proteins to undergo cell entry. We report in vivo imaging and therapeutic efficacy of a tumor-targeted corrole noncovalently assembled with a heregulin-modified protein directed at the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER). Systemic delivery of this protein-corrole complex results in tumor accumulation, which can be visualized in vivo owing to intensely red corrole fluorescence. Targeted delivery in vivo leads to tumor cell death while normal tissue is spared. These findings contrast with the effects of doxorubicin, which can elicit cardiac damage during therapy and required direct intratumoral injection to yield similar levels of tumor shrinkage compared with the systemically delivered corrole. The targeted complex ablated tumors at >5 times a lower dose than untargeted systemic doxorubicin, and the corrole did not damage heart tissue. Complexes remained intact in serum and the carrier protein elicited no detectable immunogenicity. The sulfonated gallium(III) corrole functions both for tumor detection and intervention with safety and targeting advantages over standard chemotherapeutic agents.
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16
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Orzeł L, Fiedor L, Wolak M, Kania A, van Eldik R, Stochel G. Interplay between acetate ions, peripheral groups, and reactivity of the core nitrogens in transmetalation of tetrapyrroles. Chemistry 2008; 14:9419-30. [PMID: 18720482 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of acetate-assisted transmetalation of tetrapyrroles was investigated in a model system consisting of chlorophyll a and copper(II) acetate in organic solvents by using a spectroscopic and kinetic approach. Surprisingly, acetate ions bind to the central Mg in chlorophyll much more strongly than do acetonitrile, methanol and even pyridine, one of the best ligands in chlorophyllic systems. This exceptionally strong non-symmetrical axial ligation of the central Mg by acetate causes its out-of-plane displacement and deformation of the tetrapyrrole ring, thus facilitating the interaction with an incoming CuII complex. This mechanism is controlled by a keto-enol tautomerism of the chlorophyll isocyclic ring. Additionally, depending on solvent, acetate activates the incoming metal ions. These new insights allow to suggest a mechanism for the acetate method of metal exchange in tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, which resembles biological insertion of metal ions into porphyrins. It also provides a guideline for the design of more efficient methods for the metalation of porphyrins and related macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Orzeł
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Gomes AJ, Lunardi LO, Marchetti JM, Lunardi CN, Tedesco AC. Photobiological and Ultrastructural Studies of Nanoparticles of Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-Containing Bacteriochlorophyll-aas a Photosensitizer Useful for PDT Treatment. Drug Deliv 2008; 12:159-64. [PMID: 16025845 DOI: 10.1080/10717540590931846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of polymeric nanoparticles formulated from the biodegradable polymer poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) loaded with bacteriochlorophyll-a was studied in homogeneous solution and in vitro in the presence of a macrophage cell line (P388-D1-ATCC). Photodynamic therapy (PDT) activity after different laser doses also was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of cell phagocyte nanoparticles showed that after 30 min of incubation most of the nanoparticles are in a clear adhesion process to the cell surface. The majority of nanoparticles became phagocytic after 2 hr of incubation time. After laser irradiation of the dye-containing system a total photodamage by nanoparticle phagocyte cells was observed and the cell survival was quantified by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide test. Our results indicate that polymeric nanoparticles work as an efficient drug delivery system for PDT drugs. This approach can be widely used for many other hydrophobic photosensitizers with higher aggregation tendency in neoplastic cell treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson J Gomes
- Instituto de Química da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brazil
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18
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Szczygieł M, Urbańska K, Jurecka P, Stawoska I, Stochel G, Fiedor L. Central Metal Determines Pharmacokinetics of Chlorophyll-Derived Xenobiotics. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4412-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jm7016368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Szczygieł
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Krystyna Urbańska
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Patrycja Jurecka
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Iwona Stawoska
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Grażyna Stochel
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Leszek Fiedor
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
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19
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Fukuzumi S, Ohkubo K, Zheng X, Chen Y, Pandey RK, Zhan R, Kadish KM. Metal Bacteriochlorins Which Act as Dual Singlet Oxygen and Superoxide Generators. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:2738-46. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0766757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Chemistry Division, Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Buffalo, New York 14263, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003
| | - Kei Ohkubo
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Chemistry Division, Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Buffalo, New York 14263, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003
| | - Xiang Zheng
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Chemistry Division, Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Buffalo, New York 14263, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003
| | - Yihui Chen
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Chemistry Division, Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Buffalo, New York 14263, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003
| | - Ravindra K. Pandey
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Chemistry Division, Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Buffalo, New York 14263, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003
| | - Riqiang Zhan
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Chemistry Division, Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Buffalo, New York 14263, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003
| | - Karl M. Kadish
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Chemistry Division, Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Buffalo, New York 14263, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003
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20
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Gomes AJ, Lunardi CN, Tedesco AC. Characterization of Biodegradable Poly(D,L-Lactide-co-Glycolide) Nanoparticles Loaded with Bacteriochlorophyll-a for Photodynamic Therapy. Photomed Laser Surg 2007; 25:428-35. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2007.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anderson J. Gomes
- Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Claure N. Lunardi
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio C. Tedesco
- Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Zilberstein J, Schreiber S, Bloemers MCWM, Bendel P, Neeman M, Schechtman E, Kohen F, Scherz A, Salomon Y. Antivascular Treatment of Solid Melanoma Tumors with Bacteriochlorophyll-serine-based Photodynamic Therapy¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0730257atosmt2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Eichwurzel I, Stiel H, Teuchner K, Leupold D, Scheer H, Salomon Y, Scherz A. Photophysical Consequences of Coupling Bacteriochlorophyll a with Serine and its Resulting Solubility in Water¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0720204pcocba2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Fiedor J, Fiedor L, Kammhuber N, Scherz A, Scheer H. Photodynamics of the Bacteriochlorophyll-Carotenoid System. 2. Influence of Central Metal, Solvent and β-Carotene on Photobleaching of Bacteriochlorophyll Derivatives¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760145potbcs2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Gomes AJ, Lunardi LO, Marchetti JM, Lunardi CN, Tedesco AC. Indocyanine green nanoparticles useful for photomedicine. Photomed Laser Surg 2007; 24:514-21. [PMID: 16942434 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2006.24.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential application of biodegradable nanoparticles (NPs) containing indocyanine green (ICG) in photodynamic therapy (PDT). METHODS Important parameters, such as particle size and external morphology, were established by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Also, drug encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release behavior were evaluated by spectroscopic methods. RESULTS The particles are spherical in shape, they exhibit an 817-nm diameter, and they have a low tendency to aggregate. The loading efficiency was 65%. ICG photophysical parameters showed a bathocromic shift in ICG-loaded nanoparticles (ICG-NP). Analysis of the cell P388-D1 in the presence of the ICG-NP by SEM showed that the majority of the nanoparticles were uptaken by phagocytic cells after 2 h of incubation. After laser irradiation photodamage was observed in P388-D1 cells where ICG-NPs had been uptaken by phagocytic cells. CONCLUSION Polymeric NPs work as an efficient drug delivery system for PDT drugs, and this approach can be used in the administration of amphiphilic photosensitizers in the treatment of neoplasic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson J Gomes
- Laboratório de Fotoquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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K. Pandey R, N. Goswami L, Chen Y, Missert J, Li G, Pallenberg A. Conversion of Bacteriochlorophyll-A to Bacteriopurpurin-18: A Useful Synthon for the Construction of Bioactive Agents for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT). HETEROCYCLES 2007. [DOI: 10.3987/com-07-11077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Meerovich IG, Smirnova ZS, Oborotova NA, Luk'yanets EA, Meerovich GA, Derkacheva VM, Polozkova AP, Kubasova IY, Baryshnikov AY. Hydroxyaluminium tetra-3-phenylthiophthalocyanine is a new effective photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy and fluorescent diagnosis. Bull Exp Biol Med 2006; 139:427-30. [PMID: 16027872 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-005-0313-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We studied the possibility of using liposomal forms of hydroxyaluminium tetra-3-phenylthiophthalocyanine as a near infrared band photosensitizer. Experiments on mice with solid Ehrlich tumor and subcutaneously transplanted P-388 leukemia revealed high selectivity of accumulation of the photosensitizer in tumors in comparison with normal tissues and high photodynamic activity of the preparation. This photosensitizer can be used as the basis for creating an effective preparation for photodynamic therapy and fluorescent diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Meerovich
- N. N. Blokhin National Center for Cancer Research, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Russia.
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Pandey RK, Goswami LN, Chen Y, Gryshuk A, Missert JR, Oseroff A, Dougherty TJ. Nature: A rich source for developing multifunctional agents. tumor-imaging and photodynamic therapy. Lasers Surg Med 2006; 38:445-67. [PMID: 16788930 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to call attention in the use of chlorophyll-a and bacteriochlorophyll-a to develop more than 600 photosensitizers (lambda (max) 660 nm-800 nm) during the last 15 years (1990-2005) at the Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo. This article mainly includes the chemistry, preclinical results, and brief clinical data of some of the most effective photosensitizers. The utility of the tumor-avid photosensitizers in developing multimodality agents (imaging and therapy) is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra K Pandey
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA.
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28
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Limantara L, Koehler P, Wilhelm B, Porra RJ, Scheer H. Photostability of Bacteriochlorophyll a and Derivatives: Potential Sensitizers for Photodynamic Tumor Therapy. Photochem Photobiol 2006; 82:770-80. [PMID: 16438618 DOI: 10.1562/2005-09-07-ra-676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The photostabilities of bacteriochlorophyll a and several of its derivatives, which are of interest as potential sensitizers in photodynamic tumor therapy, were investigated. The pigments were irradiated with light >630 nm in organic solvents (acetone, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, 2-propanol and toluene) and in aqueous detergent solutions (cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide [CTAB], lauryldimethyl-aminoxide [LDAO] or sodium dodecyl-sulfate [SDS] and Triton X-100 [TX100]). Their stabilities in these different solvents were determined in the presence and absence of an external sensitizer (pyromethyl-pheophorbide a), oxygen, sodium ascorbate and inert gas (Ar) or vacuum. The photodegradation products of bacteriochlorophyll a in acetone solution were isolated, purified by HPLC and analyzed by their absorption spectra and mass spectroscopy. Besides the well-known dehydrogenation products, such as [3-acetyl]-chlorophyll a, which were obtained as by-products, the major products had low absorption in the visible-near infrared spectral range. The spectral signature of the major component of these products was characteristic of linear open-chain tetrapyrroles, but they lacked the characteristic protonation-deprotonation behavior and reactivity of bilins with Zn(++).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leenawaty Limantara
- Department Biologie I, Bereich Botanik, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Germany
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29
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Li G, Graham A, Chen Y, Dobhal MP, Morgan J, Zheng G, Kozyrev A, Oseroff A, Dougherty TJ, Pandey RK. Synthesis, Comparative Photosensitizing Efficacy, Human Serum Albumin (Site II) Binding Ability, and Intracellular Localization Characteristics of Novel Benzobacteriochlorins Derived from vic-Dihydroxybacteriochlorins. J Med Chem 2003; 46:5349-59. [PMID: 14640543 DOI: 10.1021/jm030341y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In a sequence of reactions, methyl mesopyropheophorbide a, mesochlorin e(6) trimethyl ester, mesochlorin p(6) trimethyl ester, mesopurpurin-18-N-hexylimide methyl ester, and mesopurpurin-18-N-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzylimide methyl ester were synthesized from chlorophyll-a. These chlorins on reacting with osmium tetraoxide produced the corresponding vic-dihydroxybacteriochlorins. The 8-vinylchlorins obtained by refluxing the related vic-dihydroxybacteriochlorins in o-dichlorobenzene were individually treated with dimethylacetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) under Diels-Alder reaction conditions. The intermediate adducts on 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) treatment rearranged to the corresponding stable benzobacteriochlorins, exhibiting the longest wavelength absorption in the range of 737 to 805 nm. In preliminary in vitro (RIF tumor cells) and in vivo screening (C3H/HeJ mice bearing RIF tumors), some of these compounds were found to be quite effective. Under similar treatment conditions (drug dose: 5.0 micromol/kg; light dose: 135 J/cm(2), tumors were exposed to light for 30 min at 24 h postinjection), the benzobacteriochlorins containing N-substituted-imide ring system produced enhanced photosensitizing efficacy with limited skin phototoxicity. These compounds were also found to bind to site II of human serum albumin (HSA). However, no correlation between the binding constant values and photosensitizing efficacy was observed. A competitive intracellular localization study of these novel structures with Rhodamine-123 (a mitochondrial probe) indicated their preferential localization in mitochondria, without producing any specific displacement of (3)H-PK11195 (PBR probe, (3)H-labeled 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinoline carboxamide). These results suggest that the mitochondrial peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) is not the cellular binding site for this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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Fiedor J, Fiedor L, Kammhuber N, Scherz A, Scheer H. Photodynamics of the bacteriochlorophyll-carotenoid system. 2. Influence of central metal, solvent and beta-carotene on photobleaching of bacteriochlorophyll derivatives. Photochem Photobiol 2002; 76:145-52. [PMID: 12194209 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)076<0145:potbcs>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) derivatives (with central Mg replaced by metal "M") ([M]-BChl with M = 2H, Mg, Zn, Pd, Cu) have been investigated for their photodynamic capacity and stability toward photodegradation in organic solvents and aqueous micellar solution. A protocol has been developed for screening new sensitizers. BChl and [Zn]-BChl are efficient sensitizers, but they are also quickly degraded by the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by autosensitization, as well as by hetero-sensitization with 17(4)-methyl-13(2)-demethoxycarbonyl-pheophorbide a (MPP). Photostable [Cu]-BChl is a poor sensitizer, whereas [Pd]-BChl and bacteriopheophytin a are not only very efficient sensitizers but are also very stable toward ROS. beta-Carotene is no efficient physical quencher of ROS in the system; rather, it acts as a photochemical quencher that competes with [M]-BChl and undergoes photooxygenation at high rates. Photolability seems to depend on the pigment oxidation potential and, in parallel, on the presence of central metals preferring coordination numbers higher than 4, whereas photodynamic capacity depends on long excited state life-times of the pigment or efficient intersystem crossing (or both).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Fiedor
- Botanisches Institut Universitat München, München, Germany
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Fukuzumi S, Ohkubo K, Chen Y, Pandey RK, Zhan R, Shao J, Kadish KM. Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties of New Bacteriochlorins and Characterization of Radical Cation and Radical Anion Species. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp025665x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduated School of Engineering, Osaka University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Chemistry Division, Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, and Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003
| | - Kei Ohkubo
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduated School of Engineering, Osaka University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Chemistry Division, Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, and Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003
| | - Yihui Chen
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduated School of Engineering, Osaka University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Chemistry Division, Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, and Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003
| | - Ravindra K. Pandey
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduated School of Engineering, Osaka University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Chemistry Division, Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, and Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003
| | - Riqiang Zhan
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduated School of Engineering, Osaka University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Chemistry Division, Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, and Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003
| | - Jianguo Shao
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduated School of Engineering, Osaka University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Chemistry Division, Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, and Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003
| | - Karl M. Kadish
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduated School of Engineering, Osaka University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Chemistry Division, Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, and Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003
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Zilberstein J, Schreiber S, Bloemers MC, Bendel P, Neeman M, Schechtman E, Kohen F, Scherz A, Salomon Y. Antivascular treatment of solid melanoma tumors with bacteriochlorophyll-serine-based photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 73:257-66. [PMID: 11281022 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)073<0257:atosmt>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe here a strategy for photodynamic eradication of solid melanoma tumors that is based on photo-induced vascular destruction. The suggested protocol relies on synchronizing illumination with maximal circulating drug concentration in the tumor vasculature attained within the first minute after administrating the sensitizer. This differs from conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT) of tumors where illumination coincides with a maximal concentration differential of sensitizer in favor of the tumor, relative to the normal surrounding tissue. This time window is often achieved after a delay (3-48 h) following sensitizer administration. We used a novel photosensitizer, bacteriochlorophyll-serine (Bchl-Ser), which is water soluble, highly toxic upon illumination in the near-infrared (lambda max 765-780 nm) and clears from the circulation in less than 24 h. Nude CD1 mice bearing malignant M2R melanotic melanoma xenografts (76-212 mm3) received a single complete treatment session. Massive vascular damage was already apparent 1 h after treatment. Changes in vascular permeability were observed in vivo using contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with the contrast reagent Gd-DTPA, by shortening spin-spin relaxation time because of hemorrhage formation and by determination of vascular macromolecular leakage. Twenty-four hours after treatment a complete arrest of vascular perfusion was observed by Gd-DTPA-enhanced MRI. Histopathology performed at the same time confirmed primary vascular damage with occlusive thrombi, hemorrhage and tumor necrosis. The success rate of cure of over 80% with Bchl-Ser indicates the benefits of the short and effective treatment protocol. Combining the sensitizer administration and illumination steps into one treatment session (30 min) suggests a clear advantage for future PDT of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zilberstein
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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33
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Eichwurzel I, Stiel H, Teuchner K, Leupold D, Scheer H, Salomon Y, Scherz A. Photophysical consequences of coupling bacteriochlorophyll a with serine and its resulting solubility in water. Photochem Photobiol 2000; 72:204-9. [PMID: 10946574 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)072<0204:pcocba>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the dependence on solvents of optical absorption and emission of the bacteriochlorophyll a-serine (BChl-ser), a water soluble bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) derivative. Comparison between the experimental data and those collected for BChl in nonaqueous solvents shows that only a minor interaction takes place between serine and the macrocycle's pi-electron system. Nevertheless, the coupling with serine results in a small enhancement of the nonradiative relaxation rate from the first excited singlet state S1. In buffered aqueous solution (pH = 7.4), the Stokes shift of the BChl-ser fluorescence and its nonradiative relaxation rate are enhanced compared with those in nonaqueous solutions (Scherz, A., S. Katz, Y. Vakrat, V. Brumfeld, E. Gabelmann, D. Leupold, J. R. Norris, H. Scheer and Y. Salomon (1998) Photosynthesis: Mechanisms and Effects, Vol. V (Edited by G. Garab), pp. 4207-4212. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht.), probably as a result of a hydrogen bonding between the BChl macrocycle and the water molecules. In aprotic solvents, without hydrogen bonds, the permanent dipole moment of the first excited singlet state in both BChl and BChl-ser is increased compared with the ground state by at least 2.5 Debye.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Eichwurzel
- Max-Born-Institut fuer Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Berlin, Germany.
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Kessel D, Hampton J, Fingar V, Morgan A. Tumor versus vascular photodamage in a rat tumor model. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1998; 45:25-7. [PMID: 9819896 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(98)00155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The [4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazoyl] formamide (FANFT)-induced urothelial tumor in the rat is found to express the mdr gene. The resulting multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype results in the expression of an outward transport system that prevents cellular accumulation of certain weakly cationic agents. Among the latter is a photosensitizer with known efficacy for the FANFT tumor, the copper benzochlorin iminium salt. FANFT cells are protected from direct cell kill mediated by this drug, suggesting that the substantial delay in tumor regrowth from this tumor/sensitizer combination can be attributed to vascular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kessel
- Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48021, USA.
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Dougherty TJ, Gomer CJ, Henderson BW, Jori G, Kessel D, Korbelik M, Moan J, Peng Q. Photodynamic therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90:889-905. [PMID: 9637138 PMCID: PMC4592754 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/90.12.889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3668] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy involves administration of a tumor-localizing photosensitizing agent, which may require metabolic synthesis (i.e., a prodrug), followed by activation of the agent by light of a specific wavelength. This therapy results in a sequence of photochemical and photobiologic processes that cause irreversible photodamage to tumor tissues. Results from preclinical and clinical studies conducted worldwide over a 25-year period have established photodynamic therapy as a useful treatment approach for some cancers. Since 1993, regulatory approval for photodynamic therapy involving use of a partially purified, commercially available hematoporphyrin derivative compound (Photofrin) in patients with early and advanced stage cancer of the lung, digestive tract, and genitourinary tract has been obtained in Canada, The Netherlands, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States. We have attempted to conduct and present a comprehensive review of this rapidly expanding field. Mechanisms of subcellular and tumor localization of photosensitizing agents, as well as of molecular, cellular, and tumor responses associated with photodynamic therapy, are discussed. Technical issues regarding light dosimetry are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qian Peng
- Correspondence to: Qian Peng, Ph.D., Department of Biophysics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway.
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Rovers JP, Schuitmaker JJ, Vahrmeijer AL, van Dierendonck JH, Terpstra OT. Interstitial photodynamic therapy with the second-generation photosensitizer bacteriochlorin a in a rat model for liver metastases. Br J Cancer 1998; 77:2098-103. [PMID: 9649120 PMCID: PMC2150378 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1998.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriochlorin a (BCA) is a second-generation photosensitizer that is effective in tumour destruction upon illumination with light of a wavelength of 760 nm. Tissue penetration by light at this wavelength is greater compared with wavelengths at which commonly used photosensitizers are illuminated, making it possible to treat larger tumours. In a model of experimental liver metastases in rats, we measured lesion sizes after interstitial illumination of tumours at different times after intravenous administration of BCA (10 mg kg(-1) bodyweight), as well as BCA concentrations in liver and tumour tissue. In both, BCA concentrations showed a rapid decline within the first 4 h, followed by a slow decrease over the next 20 h, suggesting biphasic pharmacokinetics. No selective uptake in tumour tissue was observed. A near-linear relationship was found between lesion sizes and liver and tumour BCA concentrations, suggesting that optimal results with photodynamic therapy (PDT) could be obtained by illumination within a short time interval after administration, when tissue concentrations are highest. No severe liver toxicity was observed as indicated by serum ALAT levels. However, in all tumours evaluated, islands of vital-looking cells were present leading to tumour regrowth within 35 days. In view of the obtained lesion diameters of approximately 13 mm after BCA-PDT and the rapid clearance rate of BCA, the concept of a near-infrared absorbing photosensitizer for PDT of liver tumours is a potential interesting strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Rovers
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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37
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Pandey RK, Constantine S, Tsuchida T, Zheng G, Medforth CJ, Aoudia M, Kozyrev AN, Rodgers MA, Kato H, Smith KM, Dougherty TJ. Synthesis, photophysical properties, in vivo photosensitizing efficacy, and human serum albumin binding properties of some novel bacteriochlorins. J Med Chem 1997; 40:2770-9. [PMID: 9276023 DOI: 10.1021/jm9702894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, photophysical characteristics, in vivo photosensitizing efficacy, human serum albumin (HSA) binding properties, and skin phototoxicity of some stable bacteriochlorins were investigated. The novel bacteriochlorins, obtained from chlorophyll-a, have long-wavelength absorptions in the range lambda max = 734-758 nm. Preferential migration of ethyl over methyl substituents among ketobacteriochlorins obtained in the pinacol-pinacolone rearrangements of vic-dihydroxybacteriochlorins was confirmed by NOE studies. The bacteriochlorins show relatively low fluorescence quantum yields. Among all the bacteriochlorins the triplet states were quenched by ground state molecular oxygen in a relatively similar manner, yielding comparable singlet oxygen quantum yields. In preliminary in vivo studies (DBA/2 mice, transplanted with SMT/F tumors), ketobacteriochlorins were found to be more photodynamically active than the related vic-dihydroxy analogues. Replacement of the methyl ester functionalities with di-tert-butylaspartic acids enhanced the in vivo efficacy. Site specific human serum albumin (HSA) binding studies indicated a direct correlation between the ability of the compound to bind to the diazepam binding site (albumin site II) and the in vivo photosensitizing efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Pandey
- Department of Radiation Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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Grahn MF, McGuinness A, Benzie R, Boyle R, de Jode ML, Dilkes MG, Abbas B, Williams NS. Intracellular uptake, absorption spectrum and stability of the bacteriochlorin photosensitizer 5,10,15, 20-tetrakis (m-hydroxyphenyl) bacteriochlorin (mTHPBC). Comparison with 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (m-hydroxyphenyl) chlorin (mTHPC). JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(96)07421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zheng G, Kozyrev AN, Dougherty TJ, Smith KM, Pandey RK. Synthesis of Novel Benzobacteriopurpurins by Diels-Alder Cycloaddition. CHEM LETT 1996. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1996.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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40
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Syntheses of stable bacteriochlorophyll-a derivatives as potential photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Tetrahedron Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(96)01346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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41
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Rosenbach-Belkin V, Chen L, Fiedor L, Tregub I, Paviotsky F, Brumfeld V, Salomon Y, Scherz A. Serine conjugates of chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll: photocytotoxicity in vitro and tissue distribution in mice bearing melanoma tumors. Photochem Photobiol 1996; 64:174-81. [PMID: 8787011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb02439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) and bacteriochlorophyll (Bchl) have been made water soluble by transesterification with serine (Ser) at the propionyl residue and tested as potential reagents for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Photocytotoxicity of the conjugates Chl-Ser and Bchl-Ser in M2R mouse melanoma was tested in cell cultures. Tissue uptake and clearance of the photosensitizers in CD1 nude and C57B1 mice implanted with M2R tumors are described. Photocytotoxicity in cell cultures was determined microscopically and by [3H]thymidine incorporation. The LD50 values in vitro were 0.05-0.1 microM for both sensitizers while that of the commercially available hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD, Photosan) was over 100 times higher for the same light intensity (45 mW/cm2). Pigment concentrations were determined fluorometrically in acetone extracts of the tissues of interest at different times after intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg pigment/kg body weight. The distribution pattern of Chl-Ser in the different tissues resembled that reported for Photofrin, chlorin and bacteriochlorin derivatives. Clearance from normal tissues was essentially completed within 16 h for Bchl-Ser and 72 h for Chl-Ser with mean half-lives (t 1/2) of about 2 and 7 h, respectively. In contrast, the clearance rates of these pigments and their metabolites from melanoma tumor tissue were significantly longer: t 1/2 = 20 h for Chl-Ser and 15 h for Bchl-Ser and metabolites. The clearance rates showed biphasic or single exponential decay patterns in normal tissues and in tumors, respectively. Cumulatively the high phototoxicity, simple mode of delivery and fast tissue clearance rates reported here suggest that polar conjugates of Chl and Bchl promise to be highly effective PDT reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rosenbach-Belkin
- Department of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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42
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Kozyrev AN, Dougherty TJ, Pandey RK. Effect of substituents in OsO4 reactions of metallochlorins regioselective synthesis of isobacteriochlorins and bacteriochlorins. Tetrahedron Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(96)00712-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Cyclodextrin dimers used to prevent side effects of photochemotherapy and general tumor chemotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01041530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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44
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Bellnier DA, Potter WR, Vaughan LA, Sitnik TM, Parsons JC, Greco WR, Whitaker J, Johnson P, Henderson BW. The validation of a new vascular damage assay for photodynamic therapy agents. Photochem Photobiol 1995; 62:896-905. [PMID: 8570729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1995.tb09153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT: photodynamic sensitizer + light) is partly due to vascular damage. This report describes a new vascular photodamage assay for PDT agents and a validation of the assay. The method described here quantitates changes in tissue blood perfusion based on the relative amount of injected fluorescein dye in treated and untreated tissues. A specially designed fluorometer uses chopped monochromatic light from an argon laser as a source for exciting fluorescein fluorescence. The fluorescent light emitted from the tissue is collected by a six element fiberoptic array, filtered and delivered to a photodiode detector coupled to a phase-locked amplifier for conversion to a voltage signal for recording. This arrangement permits a rather simple, inexpensive construction and allows for the simultaneous use of the argon laser by other investigators. The routine assay for characterizing a specific photosensitizer at a standard dose consists of the sequential allocation of eight mice to a set of different light doses designed to span the dose-response range of fluorescein fluorescence exclusion (measured 8-10 min after fluorescein injection). The assay validation experiment used an anionic photosensitizer, 2-[1-hexyloxyethyl]-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a at a dose of 0.4 mumol/kg. The parameter estimates (n = 34 mice) from fitting the standard Hill dose-response model to the data were: median fluorescence exclusion light dose FE50 = 275 +/- 8.3 J/cm2 and Hill sigmoidicity parameter m = -3.66 +/- 0.28. Subsets of the full data set randomly selected to simulate a standard eight mice experiment yielded similar parameter estimates. The new assay provides reliable estimates of PDT vascular damage with a frugal sequential experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Bellnier
- Department of Radiation Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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45
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Henderson BW, Vaughan L, Bellnier DA, van Leengoed H, Johnson PG, Oseroff AR. Photosensitization of murine tumor, vasculature and skin by 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced porphyrin. Photochem Photobiol 1995; 62:780-9. [PMID: 7480155 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1995.tb08730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The effects of topical and systemic administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) were examined in several murine tumor systems with regard to porphyrin accumulation kinetics in tumor, skin and blood, vascular and tumor cell photosensitization and tumor response after light exposure. Marked, transient increases in porphyrin levels were observed in tumor and skin after systemic and topical ALA. Rapid, transient, dose-dependent porphyrin increases were also observed in blood; these were pronounced after systemic ALA injection and mild after topical application. They were highest within 1 h after ALA injection, thereafter declining rapidly. This matched the clearing kinetics of injected exogenous protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Initially, vascular photosensitivity changed inversely to blood porphyrin levels, increasing gradually up to 5 h post-ALA, as porphyrin was clearing from the bloodstream. This pattern was again matched by injected, exogenous PpIX. After therapeutic tumor treatment vascular disruption of the tumor bed, while observed, was incomplete, especially at the tumor base. Minimal direct tumor cell kill was found at low photodynamic therapy (PDT) doses (250 mg/kg ALA, 135 J/cm2 light). Significant, but limited (< 1 log) direct photodynamic tumor cell kill was obtained when the PDT dose was raised to 500 mg/kg systemic ALA, followed 3 h later by 270 J/cm2, a dose that was however toxic to the animals. The further reduction of clonogenic tumor cells over 24 h following treatment was moderate and probably limited by the incomplete disruption of the vasculature. Tumor responses were highest when light treatment was carried out at the time of highest tumor porphyrin content rather than at the time of highest vascular photosensitivity. Tumor destruction did not reach the tumor base, regardless of treatment conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Henderson
- Department of Radiation Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263-0001, USA
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46
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Tsilimbaris MK, Pallikaris IG, Lydataki S. PHOTOTHROMBOSIS USING TWO DIFFERENT PHTHALOCYANINE ADMINISTRATION ROUTES: CONTINUOUS I.V. INFUSIO versus BOLUS I.V. INJECTION. Photochem Photobiol 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1995.tb02380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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47
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Schuitmaker JJ, Jannink JE, Dubbelman TM. Influence of cell culture medium on the photosensitizing effectiveness of bacteriochlorin a. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1995; 28:143-8. [PMID: 7636635 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(95)07110-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To study the photosensitizing properties of bacteriochlorin a (BCA) in a (lipo)protein-rich environment, the photosensitizing efficacy was tested by clonogenic survival of Chinese hamster ovary and T24 (human bladder carcinoma) cells. Confluent cell layers were incubated with 2.5 micrograms ml-1 BCA in cell culture medium for 1, 4, 6, 18 and 24 h. Upon illumination with red light it was found that BCA was not effective as a photosensitizer in this medium. Extraction methods showed that this lack of photosensitization could not be explained by the inability of the dye to enter the cells in the presence of cell culture medium. The presence of cell culture medium did not change the spectral properties of BCA to an appreciable extent. Standard KBr density gradient ultracentrifugation showed that in the presence of cell culture medium approximately 20% of the BCA was sedimented with low density lipoprotein (LDL) and 60% with high density lipoprotein (HDL). Incubating T24 cells 18 h before the clonogenic cell survival assay in serum-deficient medium restored the photosensitizing properties of BCA. It is proposed that in a protein-rich (in vivo) environment BCA associates with lipoproteins and can be taken up by malignant neoplasms via the LDL pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Schuitmaker
- Laboratory of Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Hospital, Leiden, Netherlands
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Korbelik M, Krosl G. Cellular levels of photosensitisers in tumours: the role of proximity to the blood supply. Br J Cancer 1994; 70:604-10. [PMID: 7917904 PMCID: PMC2033422 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1994.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry using the tumour perfusion probe Hoechst 33342 was employed to examine the distribution of photosensitisers in tumour cells located at different distances from the blood supply. Two tumour models, the SCCVII squamous cell carcinoma and FsaR fibrosarcoma growing in C3H/HeN mice, were used in the experiments. Among the photosensitisers tested, only BPD (benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid) exhibited uniform distribution in tumour cells irrespective of their distance from the vasculature. In this respect, 5-aminolaevulinic acid (i.e. its metabolite protoporphyrin IX), di- and tetrasulphonated aluminium phthalocyanines (A1PcS2 and AlPcS4), di- and tetrasulphonated tetraphenylporphines (TPPS2 and TPPS4), Photofrin and bacteriochlorophyll-a (i.e. its metabolite bacteriopheophytin-a) followed BPD in decreasing order in their efficacy of accumulation in tumour cells remote from the blood supply. This photosensitiser property appeared not to depend on tumour type, tumour size, route of photosensitiser administration, time after the administration, photosensitiser lipophilicity or on the presence of host cell infiltrate in the tumour. Following treatment with photodynamic therapy (PDT) in vivo, tumour cells were sorted based on their blood vessel proximity and their survival was determined by colony formation assay. The data demonstrate that the direct killing of tumour cells by Photofrin- and A1PcS2-based PDT decreases with increasing distance of the cells from the blood supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Korbelik
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
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Schuitmaker JJ, Feitsma RI, Journée-De Korver JG, Dubbelman TM, Pauwels EK. Tissue distribution of bacteriochlorin a labelled with 99mTc-pertechnetate in hamster Greene melanoma. Int J Radiat Biol 1993; 64:451-8. [PMID: 7901307 DOI: 10.1080/09553009314551641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriochlorin a (BCA), a new photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy, was labelled with 99mTc-pertechnetate following a method for the irreversible coupling of 99mTc-pertechnetate to proteins. Biodistribution studies were conducted in male Syrian Golden hamsters with hamster Greene melanoma implanted s.c. on both sides of the abdomen. After i.v. administration of 99mTc-pertechnetate-labelled BCA 17 tissue and fluid samples were analysed at time intervals ranging from 1 to 24 h. Technetium-labelled BCA showed a pronounced affinity for tissues belonging to the reticuloendothelial system. Peak activities, 1 h post-injection, were distributed as follows: lung, liver, spleen, urine > small intestine, kidney, blood, heart, stomach, large intestine > thyroid, tumour, bone, skin, muscle, eye >> brain. It is concluded that the technetium-labelled photosensitizer BCA does not accumulate selectively in neoplastic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Schuitmaker
- Department of Ophthalmology, State University of Leiden, The Netherlands
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50
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van Leengoed HL, Schuitmaker JJ, van der Veen N, Dubbelman TM, Star WM. Fluorescence and photodynamic effects of bacteriochlorin a observed in vivo in 'sandwich' observation chambers. Br J Cancer 1993; 67:898-903. [PMID: 8494722 PMCID: PMC1968437 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1993.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriochlorin a (BCA), a derivative of bacteriochlorphyll a, is an effective photosensitiser in vitro and in vivo. BCA has a major absorption peak at 760 nm where tissue penetration is optimal. This property, together with rapid tissue clearance promises minor skin photosensitivity. The tissue localising and photodynamic properties of BCA were studied using isogeneic RMA mammary tumours, transplanted into subcutaneous tissue in transparent 'sandwich' observation chambers on the back of WAG/Rij rats. The fluorescence kinetics following an i.v. administration of 20 mg kg-1 BCA was assessed in blood vessels, tumour and normal tissue. Subsequently, the development of vascular- and tissue damage after a therapeutic light dose (760 nm, 600 J cm-2) was observed. Fifteen minutes post injection (p.i.), the fluorescence of BCA in the tumour reached a plateau value of 2.5 times the fluorescence in the normal tissue. From 1 h post injection the tumour fluorescence diminished gradually; after 24 h, the tumour fluorescence signal did not exceed that of the normal tissue. Following photodynamic therapy (PDT), 24 h p.i., complete vascular stasis was observed 2 h post treatment in the tumour only, with subsequent recovery. The presence of viable tumour cells following PDT was assessed by histology and re-transplantation of treated tumour tissue from the chamber into the flank immediately or 7 days after treatment. In both cases tumour regrowth was observed. BCA-PDT (20 mg kg-1, 760 nm, 100 J cm-2) 1 h after BCA administration, an interval which gives the optimal differential between tumour and normal tissue, was sufficient to prevent tumour regrowth. However, this only occurred when re-transplantation was performed 7 days after PDT. During PDT, 1 h p.i., vascular damage in tumour and normal tissue was considerable. Complete vascular shut-down was observed in the tumour 2 h after therapy and in the surrounding tissues at 24 h. Circulation damage was associated with vascular spasm and occlusion probably due to thrombi formation. Oedema was notable, especially following PDT with 600 J cm-2 at 24 h p.i.
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