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Hounguè U, Villette C, Tokoudagba JM, Chaker AB, Remila L, Auger C, Heintz D, Gbaguidi FA, Schini-Kerth VB. Carissa edulis Vahl (Apocynaceae) extract, a medicinal plant of Benin pharmacopoeia, induces potent endothelium-dependent relaxation of coronary artery rings involving nitric oxide. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 105:154370. [PMID: 35977457 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a major cardiovascular risk factor that affects most countries including those of Africa. Although Carissa edulis Vahl, Diodia scandens Sw. and Cleome gynandra L. are traditionally used in Benin as antihypertensive treatments with some efficacy mentioned by the local population, their biological activity on the cardiovascular system remains poorly studied. AIM The study investigated the vasoreactivity of the plants and assessed the underlying mechanisms using isolated arteries. STUDY DESIGN Aqueous-ethanolic extracts of aerial parts of C. edulis, D. scandens and C. gynandra were prepared by maceration before being subjected to multi-step liquid-liquid fractionation with solvents of increasing polarity. The vasoreactivity of the extracts and fractions were assessed on isolated porcine coronary artery and rat aorta using organ chambers, the role of nitric oxide (NO) using NG-nitro-L-arginine (NO synthase inhibitor), prostanoids using indomethacin (cyclooxygenases inhibitor) and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization using TRAM-34 plus UCL 1684 (inhibitors of calcium-dependent K+ channels), and the vascular uptake of polyphenols using Neu reagent. RESULTS The aqueous-ethanolic crude extract of C. edulis (CECE) induced potent relaxations that were exclusively endothelium-dependent and more pronounced than those to D. scandens and C. gynandra. The n-butanolic fraction of C. edulis (CEBF) was more active than the cyclohexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate fractions. The relaxation induced by CECE and CEBF were inhibited by NG-nitro-L-arginine and affected neither by TRAM-34 plus UCL 1684 nor by indomethacin. CEBF induced sustained endothelium-dependent relaxations for at least 60 min, and inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, contractions to KCl, CaCl2, U46619 and serotonin in rings with endothelium. Analysis of CEBF by LCHRMS indicated the presence of polyphenols, terpenes, and alkaloids. Exposure of coronary artery and aorta rings to CEBF caused the accumulation of polyphenols predominantly in the endothelium. CONCLUSION C. edulis leaf extract induced pronounced endothelium-dependent relaxations and inhibited contractile responses by stimulating the endothelial formation of NO. LCHRMS analysis of the most active fraction, the butanolic fraction, revealed the presence of numerous compounds including polyphenols, terpenes, and alkaloids. The polyphenols of CEBF accumulated preferentially in the endothelium of the arterial wall. Thus, these observations support the folkloric use of C. edulis in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Hounguè
- INSERM UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Medicinal Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Claire Villette
- CNRS, Plant Imaging and Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), IBMP, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Jean-Marie Tokoudagba
- Medicinal Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Ahmed B Chaker
- INSERM UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lamia Remila
- INSERM UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cyril Auger
- INSERM UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Dimitri Heintz
- CNRS, Plant Imaging and Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), IBMP, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Fernand A Gbaguidi
- Medicinal Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Valérie B Schini-Kerth
- INSERM UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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Kudo R, Yuui K, Kasuda S. Endothelium-Independent Relaxation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Induced by Persimmon-Derived Polyphenol Phytocomplex in Rats. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010089. [PMID: 35010964 PMCID: PMC8746468 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The vasorelaxant effect of polyphenols is well known, and the mortality rate due to coronary artery disease is low in people who consume polyphenol-containing foods. We aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which polyphenols derived from persimmon juice (PJ) and persimmon leaves (PLs) induce vasorelaxation and suppress vasocontraction in the superior mesenteric arteries isolated from male Sprague Dawley rats. Vasocontraction was induced with 1 µM phenylephrine, and polyphenol-induced vasorelaxation was expressed as a percentage of the previous tone induced by phenylephrine. PJ powder (100 mg/L) induced higher levels of vasorelaxation (mean ± standard error of the mean, 88.6% ± 4.4%) than PLs powder (1 g/L; 72.0% ± 10.8%). Nitric oxide pathway inhibitors (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester + carboxy-PTIO) did not affect persimmon-derived polyphenol-induced vasorelaxation, whereas potassium chloride, tetraethylammonium, and potassium-channel inhibitors did. Vasorelaxation was endothelium independent with both extracts. Phenylephrine-induced vasocontraction was suppressed by pretreatment with PJ and PLs powder, even when inositol triphosphate-mediated Ca2+ release and extracellular Ca2+ influx were inhibited. These results suggest that persimmon-derived polyphenol phytocomplex cause vasorelaxation and inhibit vasocontraction through hyperpolarization of smooth muscle cells. Persimmon-derived polyphenols may be able to prevent cardiovascular diseases caused by abnormal contraction of blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Kudo
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-744-29-8843
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Pillai SC, Borah A, Jacob EM, Kumar DS. Nanotechnological approach to delivering nutraceuticals as promising drug candidates for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:550-568. [PMID: 33703990 PMCID: PMC7954496 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1892241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is Caesar’s sword, which poses a huge risk to the present generation. Understanding the atherosclerotic disease cycle would allow ensuring improved diagnosis, better care, and treatment. Unfortunately, a highly effective and safe way of treating atherosclerosis in the medical community remains a continuous challenge. Conventional treatments have shown considerable success, but have some adverse effects on the human body. Natural derived medications or nutraceuticals have gained immense popularity in the treatment of atherosclerosis due to their decreased side effects and toxicity-related issues. In hindsight, the contribution of nutraceuticals in imparting enhanced clinical efficacy against atherosclerosis warrants more experimental evidence. On the other hand, nanotechnology and drug delivery systems (DDS) have revolutionized the way therapeutics are performed and researchers have been constantly exploring the positive effects that DDS brings to the field of therapeutic techniques. It could be as exciting as ever to apply nano-mediated delivery of nutraceuticals as an additional strategy to target the atherosclerotic sites boasting high therapeutic efficiency of the nutraceuticals and fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu C Pillai
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ankita Borah
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Eden Mariam Jacob
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
| | - D Sakthi Kumar
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
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Fanton S, Cardozo LFMF, Combet E, Shiels PG, Stenvinkel P, Vieira IO, Narciso HR, Schmitz J, Mafra D. The sweet side of dark chocolate for chronic kidney disease patients. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:15-26. [PMID: 32718711 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chocolate is a widely appreciated foodstuff with historical appreciation as a food from the gods. In addition to its highly palatable taste, it is a rich source of (poly)phenolics, which have several proposed salutogenic effects, including neuroprotective anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and cardioprotective capabilities. Despite the known benefits of this ancient foodstuff, there is a paucity of information on the effects of chocolate in the context of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review focusses on the potential salutogenic contribution of chocolate intake, to mitigate inflammatory and oxidative burden in CKD, its potential, for cardiovascular protection and on the maintenance of diversity in gut microbiota, as well as clinical perspectives, on regular chocolate intake by CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susane Fanton
- Renal Vida Association, Blumenau, SC, Brazil; Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói-Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
| | - Ludmila F M F Cardozo
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói-Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
| | - Emilie Combet
- School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul G Shiels
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention, Karolinska Instituted, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Denise Mafra
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói-Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói-Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
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Gronek P, Wielinski D, Cyganski P, Rynkiewicz A, Zając A, Maszczyk A, Gronek J, Podstawski R, Czarny W, Balko S, Ct Clark C, Celka R. A Review of Exercise as Medicine in Cardiovascular Disease: Pathology and Mechanism. Aging Dis 2020; 11:327-340. [PMID: 32257545 PMCID: PMC7069454 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physical inactivity and resultant lower energy expenditure contribute unequivocally to cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease and stroke, which are considered major causes of disability and mortality worldwide. Aim The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of physical activity (PA) and exercise on different aspects of health - genetics, endothelium function, blood pressure, lipid concentrations, glucose intolerance, thrombosis, and self - satisfaction. Materials and. Methods In this article, we conducted a narrative review of the influence PA and exercise have on the cardiovascular system, risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, searching the online databases; Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar, and, subsequently, discuss possible mechanisms of this action. Results and Discussion Based on our narrative review of literature, discussed the effects of PA on telomere length, nitric oxide synthesis, thrombosis risk, blood pressure, serum glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides levels, and indicated possible mechanisms by which physical training may lead to improvement in chronic cardiovascular diseases. Conclusion PA is effective for the improvement of exercise tolerance, lipid concentrations, blood pressure, it may also reduce the serum glucose level and risk of thrombosis, thus should be advocated concomitant to, or in some cases instead of, traditional drug-therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Gronek
- 1Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Dance and Gymnastics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dariusz Wielinski
- 2 Department of Anthropology and Biometry, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Cyganski
- 3Department of Cardiology and Cardiosurgery, Ist Cardiology Clinic, City Hospital in Olsztyn, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Andrzej Rynkiewicz
- 3Department of Cardiology and Cardiosurgery, Ist Cardiology Clinic, City Hospital in Olsztyn, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Adam Zając
- 4Department of Sports Training, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Maszczyk
- 5Department of Methodology and Statistics, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Gronek
- 1Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Dance and Gymnastics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Robert Podstawski
- 6Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Wojciech Czarny
- 7Department of Human Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Stefan Balko
- 8Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, Jan Evangelista Purkyne University in Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Cain Ct Clark
- 9School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Celka
- 1Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Dance and Gymnastics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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Calfío C, Huidobro-Toro JP. Potent Vasodilator and Cellular Antioxidant Activity of Endemic Patagonian Calafate Berries ( Berberis microphylla) with Nutraceutical Potential. Molecules 2019; 24:E2700. [PMID: 31349544 PMCID: PMC6695892 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroalcoholic extracts of Patagonian Calafate berry (Berberis microphylla) contain mono or disaccharide conjugated anthocyanins and flavonols. The Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) chemical extract profile identified glycosylated anthocyanidins such as delphinidin-, petunidin- and malvidin-3-glucoside as the major constituents. The predominant flavonols were 3-O substituents quercetin-rutinoside or -rhamnoside. Anthocyanins doubled flavonols in mass (13.1 vs. 6 mg/g extract). Polyphenols vascular actions were examined in the rat arterial mesenteric bed bioassay; extract perfusion elicited concentration-dependent vasodilatation mimicked by conjugated anthocyanins standards. Vascular responses of main glycosylated anthocyanins were endothelium-dependent (p < 0.001) and mediated by NO production (p < 0.05). The anthocyanins antioxidant activity determined in isolated endothelial cells (CAA) showed a reduced redox potential as compared to the extract or quercetin. While in the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, the anthocyanins showed an equivalent quercetin potency, the extract was 15-fold less active, proposing that the anthocyanin-induced vasodilation is not due to an antioxidant mechanism. The extract shows promising commercial nutraceutical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Calfío
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile.
| | - Juan Pablo Huidobro-Toro
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile
- Centro para el Desarrollo de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile
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Chenopodium ambrosioides induces an endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat isolated aorta. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2019; 17:115-124. [PMID: 30738772 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the vasodilatory effect of Chenopodium ambrosioides on the isolated rat aorta, and to explore its mechanism of action. METHODS The vasorelaxant effect and the mode of action of various extracts from the leaves of C. ambrosioides were evaluated on thoracic aortic rings isolated from Wistar rats. In addition, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions were analyzed, using thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, for their polyphenolic content. RESULTS The various active extracts of C. ambrosioides at four concentrations (10-3, 10-2, 10-1 and 1 mg/mL) relaxed the contraction elicited by phenylephrine, in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect seems to be endothelium-dependent, since the vasodilatory effect was entirely absent in denuded aortic rings. The vasorelaxant effect of the methanol fraction (MF) of C. ambrosioides at 1 mg/mL was also inhibited by atropine and tetraethylammonium. This effect remained unchanged by Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride and glibenclamide. The preliminary phytochemical analysis showed that the leaves of C. ambrosioides are rich in phenolic and flavonoid derivatives. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the MF of C. ambrosioides produces an endothelium-dependent relaxation of the isolated rat aorta, which is thought to be mediated mainly through stimulation of the muscarinic receptors, and probably involving the opening of Ca2+-activated potassium channels.
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8
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Contribution of Red Wine Consumption to Human Health Protection. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071684. [PMID: 29997312 PMCID: PMC6099584 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Wine consumption has been popular worldwide for many centuries. Based on in vitro and in vivo studies, a certain amount of everyday wine consumption may prevent various chronic diseases. This is due, in part, to the presence and amount of important antioxidants in red wine, and, therefore, research has focused on them. Wine polyphenols, especially resveratrol, anthocyanins, and catechins, are the most effective wine antioxidants. Resveratrol is active in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases by neutralizing free oxygen radicals and reactive nitrogenous radicals; it penetrates the blood-brain barrier and, thus, protects the brain and nerve cells. It also reduces platelet aggregation and so counteracts the formation of blood clots or thrombi. The main aim of this review is to summarize the current findings about the positive influence of wine consumption on human organ function, chronic diseases, and the reduction of damage to the cardiovascular system.
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9
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Plotnikoff GA, Dusek J. Hypertension. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35868-2.00024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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González Arbeláez LF, Ciocci Pardo A, Fantinelli JC, Schinella GR, Mosca SM, Ríos JL. Cardioprotection and natural polyphenols: an update of clinical and experimental studies. Food Funct 2018; 9:6129-6145. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01307a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms involved in ischemia–reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa F. González Arbeláez
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares
- CCT-CONICET
- Universidad Nacional de la Plata
- 1900 La Plata
- Argentina
| | - Alejandro Ciocci Pardo
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares
- CCT-CONICET
- Universidad Nacional de la Plata
- 1900 La Plata
- Argentina
| | - Juliana C. Fantinelli
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares
- CCT-CONICET
- Universidad Nacional de la Plata
- 1900 La Plata
- Argentina
| | - Guillermo R. Schinella
- Cátedra de Farmacología Básica
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata
- 1900 La Plata
- Argentina
| | - Susana M. Mosca
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares
- CCT-CONICET
- Universidad Nacional de la Plata
- 1900 La Plata
- Argentina
| | - José-Luis Ríos
- Departament de Farmacologia
- Facultat de Farmàcia
- Universitat de València
- 46100 Burjassot
- Spain
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EPA:DHA 6:1 prevents angiotensin II-induced hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in rats: role of NADPH oxidase- and COX-derived oxidative stress. Hypertens Res 2017; 40:966-975. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2017.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ludovici V, Barthelmes J, Nägele MP, Enseleit F, Ferri C, Flammer AJ, Ruschitzka F, Sudano I. Cocoa, Blood Pressure, and Vascular Function. Front Nutr 2017; 4:36. [PMID: 28824916 PMCID: PMC5539137 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents the most common cause of death worldwide. The consumption of natural polyphenol-rich foods, and cocoa in particular, has been related to a reduced risk of CVD, including coronary heart disease and stroke. Intervention studies strongly suggest that cocoa exerts a beneficial impact on cardiovascular health, through the reduction of blood pressure (BP), improvement of vascular function, modulation of lipid and glucose metabolism, and reduction of platelet aggregation. These potentially beneficial effects have been shown in healthy subjects as well as in patients with risk factors (arterial hypertension, diabetes, and smoking) or established CVD (coronary heart disease or heart failure). Several potential mechanisms are supposed to be responsible for the positive effect of cocoa; among them activation of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, increased bioavailability of NO as well as antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. It is the aim of this review to summarize the findings of cocoa and chocolate on BP and vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Ludovici
- Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Jens Barthelmes
- Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias P Nägele
- Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Enseleit
- Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Ferri
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Andreas J Flammer
- Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Ruschitzka
- Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabella Sudano
- Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Auger C, Said A, Nguyen PN, Chabert P, Idris-Khodja N, Schini-Kerth VB. Potential of Food and Natural Products to Promote Endothelial and Vascular Health. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2016; 68:11-8. [PMID: 26974893 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is now well established as a pivotal early event in the development of major cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. The alteration of the endothelial function is often triggered by an imbalance between the endothelial formation of vasoprotective factors including nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization, and an increased level of oxidative stress involving several prooxidant enzymes such as NADPH oxidase and, often also, the appearance of cyclooxygenase-derived vasoconstrictors. Preclinical studies have indicated that polyphenol-rich food and food-derived products such as grape-derived products, black and red berries, green and black teas and cocoa, and omega-3 fatty acids can trigger activating pathways in endothelial cells promoting an increased formation of nitric oxide and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization. Moreover, intake of such food-derived products has been associated with the prevention and/or the improvement of an established endothelial dysfunction in several experimental models of cardiovascular diseases and in humans with cardiovascular diseases. This review will discuss both experimental and clinical evidences indicating that different types of food and natural products are able to promote endothelial and vascular health, as well as the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Auger
- UMR CNRS 7213, Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Alves Filho FDC, Cavalcanti PMDS, Passaglia RDCAT, Ballejo G. Long-lasting endothelium-dependent relaxation of isolated arteries caused by an extract from the bark of Combretum leprosum. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2016; 13:395-403. [PMID: 26466063 PMCID: PMC4943785 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-45082015ao3242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe and to characterize the relaxing effect of an extract of the bark of Combretum leprosum on isolated arterial rings from different animals. METHODS Rings (3 to 4mm) from rabbit, rat, or porcine arteries rings were suspended in an organ bath (Krebs, 37°C, 95%O2/5%CO2) to record isometric contractions. After the stabilization period (2 to 3 hours) contractions were induced by the addition of phenylephrine (0.1 to 0.3µM) or U46619 (10 to 100nM), and Combretum leprosum extract was added on the plateau of the contractions. Experiments were performed to determine the potency, duration, reversibility, and to get insights on the potential mechanism involved in extract-induced relaxations. RESULTS In all rings tested, Combretumleprosum extract (1.5μg/mL) was able to cause relaxations, which were strictly endothelium-dependent. In rabbit or rat thoracic aorta rings, the relaxations were reversed by vitamin B12a or L-NG-nitroarginine. In porcine right coronary arteries and rabbit abdominal aorta, extract caused both L-NG-nitroarginine-sensitive and L-NG-nitroarginine-resistant relaxations. In rabbit thoracic aorta, the extract was relatively potent (EC50=0.20µg/mL) and caused relaxations; intriguingly the endothelium continued to produce relaxing factors for a long period after removing the extract. The magnitude of extract-induced relaxations was significantly reduced in the absence of extracellular Ca2+; in addition, the TRPs channels blocker ruthenium red (10µM) was able to revert extract-induced relaxations. Phytochemical analyses indicated that the extract was rich in polyphenol-like reacting substances. CONCLUSIONS Combretum leprosum extract contains bioactive compounds capable of promoting Ca2+-dependent stimulation of endothelial cells which results in a prolonged production of relaxing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gustavo Ballejo
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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15
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Varela CE, Fromentin E, Roller M, Villarreal F, Ramirez-Sanchez I. Effects of a natural extract of Aronia Melanocarpa berry on endothelial cell nitric oxide production. J Food Biochem 2015; 40:404-410. [PMID: 27616799 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of acute and chronic treatment with Aronia extracts on NO production and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation in bovine coronary artery endothelial cells were investigated. Acute time-course and concentration-response experiments were performed to determine the time and concentration at which Aronia induced maximal NO synthesis and eNOS phosphorylation. The findings indicate that relatively low concentrations (0.1 μg/mL) of Aronia extract significantly induced NO synthesis and eNOS phosphorylation after 10 min of treatment. Increased sensitivity of eNOS and a significant increase in NO synthesis resulted from longer-term stimulation with Aronia (48 hr) and an acute re-treatment of the cells (10 min). PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS These in vitro results may be translated into potential future clinical applications where Aronia extracts may be used for prevention and coadjuvant treatment of cardiovascular diseases via increases in endothelial NO synthesis and related improvements in vascular functions. Given the dose-response effect of Aronia extract in vitro and metabolism of polyphenols that occurs in humans, dose-response studies would be necessary to define the optimal daily amount to be consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Israel Ramirez-Sanchez
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,U.S.A; Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, D.F., Mexico
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Auger C, Pollet B, Arnold C, Marx C, Schini-Kerth VB. Great heterogeneity of commercial fruit juices to induce endothelium-dependent relaxations in isolated porcine coronary arteries: role of the phenolic content and composition. J Med Food 2015; 18:128-36. [PMID: 25009961 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Since polyphenol-rich products such as red wine, grape juice, and grape extracts have been shown to induce potent endothelium-dependent relaxations, we have evaluated whether commercial fruit juices such as those from berries are also able to induce endothelium-dependent relaxations of isolated coronary arteries and, if so, to determine whether this effect is related to their phenolic content. Among the 51 fruit juices tested, 2/12 grape juices, 3/7 blackcurrant juices, 4/5 cranberry juices, 1/6 apple juices, 0/5 orange juices, 2/6 red fruit and berry juices, 3/6 blends of red fruit juices, and 0/4 non-red fruit juices were able to induce relaxations achieving more than 50% at a volume of 1%. The active fruit juices had phenolic contents ranging from 0.31 to 1.86 g GAE/L, which were similar to those of most of the less active juices with the exception of one active grape juice (2.14 g GAE/L) and one active blend of red fruit juices (3.48 g GAE/L). Altogether, these findings indicate that very few commercial fruit juices have the ability to induce potent endothelium-dependent relaxations, and that this effect is not related to their quantitative phenolic content, but rather to their qualitative phenolic composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Auger
- UMR CNRS 7213, Laboratory of Biophotonics and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg , Illkirch, France
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Peyrol J, Meyer G, Desrois M, Bernard M, Obert P, Dangles O, Pechère L, Amiot-Carlin MJ, Riva C. P214: Effet des polyphénols, Hydroxytyrosol et Resvératrol sur la réactivité vasculaire dans un contexte de diabète de type H. NUTR CLIN METAB 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0985-0562(14)70856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Delgado-Lista J, Perez-Martinez P, Garcia-Rios A, Perez-Caballero AI, Perez-Jimenez F, Lopez-Miranda J. Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Risk: Beyond Traditional Risk Factors. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 56:788-801. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.726660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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19
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Huai R, Han X, Wang B, Li C, Niu Y, Li R, Qu Z. Vasorelaxing and antihypertensive effects of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone. Am J Hypertens 2014; 27:750-60. [PMID: 24317273 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpt220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) has been demonstrated to be potently neuroprotective, its effect on vascular function remains unknown. METHODS The effect of 7,8-DHF on phenylephrine (PE)-induced preconstriction was examined with aortic rings isolated from normal rats. Its effective mechanisms were studied with blockers, Western blotting, and primarily cultured vascular smooth myocytes. The blood pressure (BP) of rats was measured with a tail cuff method. RESULTS 7,8-DHF dose-dependently dilated the PE-preconstricted, endothelia-intact aortic rings with concentration for 50% of maximal effect (EC50) of approximately 24 µM. Both Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, and 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one, a soluble guanylyl cyclase blocker, significantly reduced the vasorelaxing effect of 7,8-DHF. Western blotting showed that 7,8-DHF increased the aortic endothelial nitric oxide synthase protein expression and phosphorylation. With endothelia removed, 7,8-DHF also dilated the PE-preconstricted rings but with EC50 of approximately 104 µM. Ca(2+) imaging experiments detected that 7,8-DHF probably blocked both intracellular Ca(2+) release and extracellular Ca(2+) influx. Therefore, the mechanisms of 7,8-DHF dilating effect might be stimulating the nitric oxide/cGMP production and blocking the Ca(2+) signaling pathway instead of tropomyosin receptor kinase B receptors because ANA-12, its specific antagonist, did not show any effect against 7,8-DHF. When administered intravenously, 7,8-DHF significantly reduced the BP of the spontaneously hypertensive rats. However, when used orally, there was only a slight but significant reduction in the diastolic pressure. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that neuro-protective 7,8-DHF is also a vasorelaxing and antihypertensive substance in rats.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antihypertensive Agents/administration & dosage
- Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacology
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/enzymology
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic GMP/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Flavones/administration & dosage
- Flavones/pharmacology
- Hypertension/drug therapy
- Hypertension/enzymology
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Injections, Intravenous
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Rats, Inbred SHR
- Vasodilation/drug effects
- Vasodilator Agents/administration & dosage
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruituo Huai
- Department of Physiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
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20
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Grape-Derived Polyphenols Prevent Doxorubicin-Induced Blunted EDH-Mediated Relaxations in the Rat Mesenteric Artery: Role of ROS and Angiotensin II. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:516017. [PMID: 24066014 PMCID: PMC3771472 DOI: 10.1155/2013/516017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study determined whether doxorubicin, an anticancer agent, impairs endothelium-dependent relaxations mediated by nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium-derived hyperpolarization (EDH) in the mesenteric artery and, if so, the mechanism underlying the protective effect of red wine polyphenols (RWPs), a rich natural source of antioxidants. Male Wistar rats were assigned into 4 groups: control, RWPs, doxorubicin, and doxorubicin + RWPs. Vascular reactivity was assessed in organ chambers; the vascular formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using dihydroethidine and the expression levels of small and intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (SKCa, IKCa) and connexin 40 (Cx40), which are involved in EDH-type relaxations, endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), angiotensin II, and AT1 receptors by immunofluorescence. The doxorubicin treatment impaired EDH-mediated relaxations, whereas those mediated by NO were minimally affected. This effect was associated with reduced expression levels of SKCa, IKCa, and Cx40, increased expression levels of eNOS, angiotensin II, and AT1 receptors, and formation of ROS in mesenteric arteries. RWPs prevented both the doxorubicin-induced blunted EDH-type relaxations and the increased vascular oxidative stress, and they improved the expression levels of target proteins. These findings suggest that polyphenol-rich natural products might be of interest in the management of doxorubicin-induced vascular injury possibly by improving the vascular angiotensin system.
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21
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Kim JH, Auger C, Kurita I, Anselm E, Rivoarilala LO, Lee HJ, Lee KW, Schini-Kerth VB. Aronia melanocarpa juice, a rich source of polyphenols, induces endothelium-dependent relaxations in porcine coronary arteries via the redox-sensitive activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Nitric Oxide 2013; 35:54-64. [PMID: 23973200 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the ability of Aronia melanocarpa (chokeberry) juice, a rich source of polyphenols, to cause NO-mediated endothelium-dependent relaxations of isolated coronary arteries and, if so, to determine the underlying mechanism and the active polyphenols. A. melanocarpa juice caused potent endothelium-dependent relaxations in porcine coronary artery rings. Relaxations to A. melanocarpa juice were minimally affected by inhibition of the formation of vasoactive prostanoids and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor-mediated responses, and markedly reduced by N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine (endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) inhibitor), membrane permeant analogs of superoxide dismutase and catalase, PP2 (Src kinase inhibitor), and wortmannin (PI3-kinase inhibitor). In cultured endothelial cells, A. melanocarpa juice increased the formation of NO as assessed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy using the spin trap iron(II)diethyldithiocarbamate, and reactive oxygen species using dihydroethidium. These responses were associated with the redox-sensitive phosphorylation of Src, Akt and eNOS. A. melanocarpa juice-derived fractions containing conjugated cyanidins and chlorogenic acids induced the phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS. The present findings indicate that A. melanocarpa juice is a potent stimulator of the endothelial formation of NO in coronary arteries; this effect involves the phosphorylation of eNOS via the redox-sensitive activation of the Src/PI3-kinase/Akt pathway mostly by conjugated cyanidins and chlorogenic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hun Kim
- UMR CNRS 7213, Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Universit́ de Strasbourg, Facult́ de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
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22
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Kristo AS, Kalea AZ, Schuschke DA, Klimis-Zacas D. Attenuation of alpha-adrenergic-induced vasoconstriction by dietary wild blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium) is mediated by the NO-cGMP pathway in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Int J Food Sci Nutr 2013; 64:979-87. [PMID: 23944991 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.825698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The role of wild blueberries (WB) on key signaling steps of nitric oxide (NO) and cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways was examined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) after eight weeks on a control (C) or an 8% w/w WB diet. Aortic rings from SHRs were stimulated with phenylephrine (Phe) in the absence or presence of inhibitors of: soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE(5)), prostaglandin I(2) (PGI(2)) synthase and thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)) synthase. Additionally, enzymatic activities in these pathways were determined by the concentration of NO, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), PGI(2) and TXA(2). In the WB-fed SHR, attenuation of Phe-induced vasoconstriction was mediated by an increased synthesis or preservation of cGMP. Despite an increased release of PGI(2) in the WB group, neither inhibition of PGI(2) or TXA(2) synthase resulted in a different response to Phe between the control and the WB rings. Hence, in the SHR, WB decrease Phe-mediated vasoconstriction under basal conditions by enhancing NO-cGMP signaling without a significant involvement of the COX pathway.
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23
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Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Dietary polyphenols as potential nutraceuticals in management of diabetes: a review. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2013; 12:43. [PMID: 23938049 PMCID: PMC7968452 DOI: 10.1186/2251-6581-12-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there is growing evidence that plant-foods polyphenols, due to their biological properties, may be unique nutraceuticals and supplementary treatments for various aspects of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this article we have reviewed the potential efficacies of polyphenols, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, lignans and polymeric lignans, on metabolic disorders and complications induced by diabetes. Based on several in vitro, animal models and some human studies, dietary plant polyphenols and polyphenol-rich products modulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, attenuate hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, improve adipose tissue metabolism, and alleviate oxidative stress and stress-sensitive signaling pathways and inflammatory processes. Polyphenolic compounds can also prevent the development of long-term diabetes complications including cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy. Further investigations as human clinical studies are needed to obtain the optimum dose and duration of supplementation with polyphenolic compounds in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bahadoran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No 46 Arghavan-e-gharbi St, Farahzadi Blv, Shahrak-e-Ghods, 19395-4741 Tehran, Iran.
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24
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Regular aerobic exercise protects against impaired fasting plasma glucose-associated vascular endothelial dysfunction with aging. Clin Sci (Lond) 2013; 124:325-31. [PMID: 23025811 DOI: 10.1042/cs20120291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that age-associated vascular endothelial dysfunction is exacerbated by IFG (impaired fasting plasma glucose) and that regular aerobic exercise prevents this effect. Data were analysed from a cohort of 131 non-smoking men and women without overt clinical disease. Compared with young adult controls (age=24±1 years, n=29; values are means±S.E.M.), brachial artery FMD (flow-mediated dilation), a measure of conduit artery EDD (endothelium-dependent dilation), was 33% lower [7.93±0.33 against 5.27±0.37%Δ (% change), P<0.05] in MA/O (middle-aged/older) adults with NFG (normal fasting plasma glucose) (≤99 mg/dl, 62±1 years, n=35). In MA/O adults with IFG (100-125 mg/dl, 64±1 years, n=28), FMD was 30% lower (3.37±0.35%Δ) than in their peers with NFG and 58% lower than young controls (P<0.05). Brachial artery FMD was greater (6.38±0.35%Δ) in MA/O adults with NFG who regularly performed aerobic exercise (>45 min/day for ≥5 days/week, 62±1 years, n=23) compared with their non-exercising peers and only slightly less than young controls (P<0.05). Most importantly, FMD was completely preserved in MA/O adults with IFG who regularly performed aerobic exercise (6.99±0.69%Δ, 65±1 years, n=16). In the pooled sample, fasting plasma glucose was inversely related to FMD (r=-0.42, P<0.01) and was the strongest independent predictor of FMD (R(2)=0.32). Group differences in FMD were not affected by other subject characteristics or brachial artery properties, including brachial artery dilation to sublingual NTG (nitroglycerine, i.e. endothelium-independent dilation). IFG exacerbates age-associated vascular endothelial dysfunction and this adverse effect is completely prevented in MA/O adults who regularly perform aerobic exercise.
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25
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Cocoa polyphenols and their potential benefits for human health. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:906252. [PMID: 23150750 PMCID: PMC3488419 DOI: 10.1155/2012/906252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper compiles the beneficial effects of cocoa polyphenols on human health, especially with regard to cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer prevention. Their antioxidant properties may be responsible for many of their pharmacological effects, including the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the protection of LDL-cholesterol against oxidation, and increase resistance to oxidative stress. The phenolics from cocoa also modify the glycemic response and the lipid profile, decreasing platelet function and inflammation along with diastolic and systolic arterial pressures, which, taken together, may reduce the risk of cardiovascular mortality. Cocoa polyphenols can also modulate intestinal inflammation through the reduction of neutrophil infiltration and expression of different transcription factors, which leads to decreases in the production of proinflammatory enzymes and cytokines. The phenolics from cocoa may thus protect against diseases in which oxidative stress is implicated as a causal or contributing factor, such as cancer. They also have antiproliferative, antimutagenic, and chemoprotective effects, in addition to their anticariogenic effects.
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26
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Abstract
Hypertension is considered the most important risk factor in the development of cardiovascular disease. Considerable evidence suggests that oxidative stress, which results in an excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), plays a key role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. This phenomenon leads to endothelial dysfunction, an imbalance between endothelium-derived relaxing factors, such as nitric oxide (NO), and contracting factors, such as angiotensin-II and endothelin (ET)-1, favoring the latter. Vascular remodeling also takes place; both processes lead to hypertension establishment. Antioxidant therapies have been evaluated in order to decrease ROS production or increase their scavenging. In this line, polyphenols, widespread antioxidants in fruits, vegetables, and wine, have demonstrated their beneficial role in prevention and therapy of hypertension, by acting as free radical scavengers, metal chelators, and in enzyme modulation and expression. Polyphenols activate and enhance endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression by several signaling pathways, increase glutathione (GSH), and inhibit ROS-producing enzymes such as NADPH and xanthine oxidases. These pathways lead to improved endothelial function, subsequent normalization of vascular tone, and an overall antihypertensive effect. In practice, diets as Mediterranean and the "French paradox" phenomenon, the light and moderate red wine consumption, supplementation with polyphenols as resveratrol or quercetin, and also experimental and clinical trials applying the mentioned have coincided in the antihypertensive effect of polyphenols, either in prevention or in therapy. However, further trials are yet needed to fully assess the molecular mechanisms of action and the appearance of adverse reactions, if a more extensive recommendation of polyphenol introduction in diet wants to be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Rodrigo
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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27
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Hu F, Koon CM, Chan JYW, Lau KM, Kwan YW, Fung KP. Involvements of calcium channel and potassium channel in Danshen and Gegen decoction induced vasodilation in porcine coronary LAD artery. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:1051-1058. [PMID: 22889578 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Danshen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix) and Gegen (Puerariae Lobatae Radix) have been widely used in treating cardiovascular diseases for thousands of years in China. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of a Danshen and Gegen decoction (DG) on the vascular reactivity of a porcine isolated coronary artery and the underlying mechanisms involved. Porcine coronary rings were precontracted with 15 nM U46619. The involvement of endothelium-dependent mechanisms was explored by removing the endothelium; the involvement of potassium channels was investigated by the pretreatment of the artery rings with various blockers, and the involvement of the calcium channels was investigated by incubating the artery rings with Ca²⁺-free buffer and priming them with high [K⁺] prior to adding CaCl₂ to elicit contraction. The involvement of Ca²⁺ sensitization was explored by evaluating the Rho-activity expression. The results revealed that DG elicited a concentration-dependent relaxation on a U46619-precontracted coronary artery ring. These relaxation responses were not altered by the pretreatment of inhibitors of endothelium-related dilator synthases, cGMP and cAMP pathway inhibitors, potassium channel (BK(Ca), SK(Ca), K(V) and K(ATP)) blockers and endothelium removal. The K(IR) channel blocker BaCl₂ only slightly attenuated the DG-induced relaxation. However, the Ca²⁺-induced artery contraction was inhibited by DG. Additionally, the expression of the phosphorylated myosin light chain was inhibited by DG whereas the activity of RhoA was not affected. Therefore, DG could be a useful cardioprotective agent for vasodilation in patients who have hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Hu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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28
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Hypertension. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1793-8.00023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Evidence that nitric oxide mediates the blood pressure lowering effect of a polyphenol-rich cocoa powder in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Pharmacol Res 2011; 64:478-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Auger C, Kim JH, Trinh S, Chataigneau T, Popken AM, Schini-Kerth VB. Fruit juice-induced endothelium-dependent relaxations in isolated porcine coronary arteries: evaluation of different fruit juices and purees and optimization of a red fruit juice blend. Food Funct 2011; 2:245-50. [PMID: 21779562 DOI: 10.1039/c1fo10040h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have indicated that several polyphenol-rich sources such as red wine and green tea are potent inducers of endothelium-dependent relaxations in isolated arteries. As various fruits and berries are known to contain high levels of polyphenols, the aim of the present study was to assess the ability of selected pure fruit juices and purees as well as blends to cause endothelium-dependent relaxations in isolated arteries. Vascular reactivity was assessed using porcine coronary artery rings, and fruit juices, purees and blends were characterized for their content in vitamin C, total phenolic, sugar and antioxidant activity. Fruit juices and purees caused variable concentration-dependent relaxations, with blackcurrant, aronia, cranberry, blueberry, lingonberry, and grape being the most effective fruits. Several blends of red fruits caused endothelium-dependent relaxations. Relaxations to blend D involved both a NO- and an EDHF-mediated components. The present findings indicate that some berries and blends of red fruit juices are potent inducers of endothelium-dependent relaxations in the porcine coronary artery. This effect involves both endothelium-derived NO and EDHF, and appears to be dependent on their polyphenolic composition rather than on the polyphenolic content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Auger
- UMR CNRS 7213, Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
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An ethanolic extract of Lindera obtusiloba stems causes NO-mediated endothelium-dependent relaxations in rat aortic rings and prevents angiotensin II-induced hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2011; 383:635-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-011-0643-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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