1
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Walton A, Thomé V, Revinski D, Marchetto S, Puvirajesinghe TM, Audebert S, Camoin L, Bailly E, Kodjabachian L, Borg JP. A vertebrate Vangl2 translational variant required for planar cell polarity. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:106792. [PMID: 38403249 PMCID: PMC11065751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.106792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
First described in the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus, planar cell polarity (PCP) is a developmental process essential for embryogenesis and development of polarized structures in Metazoans. This signaling pathway involves a set of evolutionarily conserved genes encoding transmembrane (Vangl, Frizzled, Celsr) and cytoplasmic (Prickle, Dishevelled) molecules. Vangl2 is of major importance in embryonic development as illustrated by its pivotal role during neural tube closure in human, mouse, Xenopus, and zebrafish embryos. Here, we report on the molecular and functional characterization of a Vangl2 isoform, Vangl2-Long, containing an N-terminal extension of about 50 aa, which arises from an alternative near-cognate AUA translation initiation site, lying upstream of the conventional start codon. While missing in Vangl1 paralogs and in all invertebrates, including Drosophila, this N-terminal extension is conserved in all vertebrate Vangl2 sequences. We show that Vangl2-Long belongs to a multimeric complex with Vangl1 and Vangl2. Using morpholino oligonucleotides to specifically knockdown Vangl2-Long in Xenopus, we found that this isoform is functional and required for embryo extension and neural tube closure. Furthermore, both Vangl2 and Vangl2-Long must be correctly expressed for the polarized distribution of the PCP molecules Pk2 and Dvl1 and for centriole rotational polarity in ciliated epidermal cells. Altogether, our study suggests that Vangl2-Long significantly contributes to the pool of Vangl2 molecules present at the plasma membrane to maintain PCP in vertebrate tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Walton
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Equipe labellisée Ligue 'Cell Polarity, Cell Signaling And Cancer', Marseille, France
| | - Virginie Thomé
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Diego Revinski
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvie Marchetto
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Equipe labellisée Ligue 'Cell Polarity, Cell Signaling And Cancer', Marseille, France
| | - Tania M Puvirajesinghe
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Equipe labellisée Ligue 'Cell Polarity, Cell Signaling And Cancer', Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Audebert
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille Protéomique, Marseille, France
| | - Luc Camoin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille Protéomique, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Bailly
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Equipe labellisée Ligue 'Cell Polarity, Cell Signaling And Cancer', Marseille, France.
| | - Laurent Kodjabachian
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | - Jean-Paul Borg
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Equipe labellisée Ligue 'Cell Polarity, Cell Signaling And Cancer', Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille Protéomique, Marseille, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France.
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2
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Zhang K, Yao E, Aung T, Chuang PT. The alveolus: Our current knowledge of how the gas exchange unit of the lung is constructed and repaired. Curr Top Dev Biol 2024; 159:59-129. [PMID: 38729684 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The mammalian lung completes its last step of development, alveologenesis, to generate sufficient surface area for gas exchange. In this process, multiple cell types that include alveolar epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts undergo coordinated cell proliferation, cell migration and/or contraction, cell shape changes, and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions to produce the gas exchange unit: the alveolus. Full functioning of alveoli also involves immune cells and the lymphatic and autonomic nervous system. With the advent of lineage tracing, conditional gene inactivation, transcriptome analysis, live imaging, and lung organoids, our molecular understanding of alveologenesis has advanced significantly. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the constituents of the alveolus and the molecular pathways that control alveolar formation. We also discuss how insight into alveolar formation may inform us of alveolar repair/regeneration mechanisms following lung injury and the pathogenic processes that lead to loss of alveoli or tissue fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Erica Yao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Thin Aung
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Pao-Tien Chuang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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3
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Boëx M, Cottin S, Halliez M, Bauché S, Buon C, Sans N, Montcouquiol M, Molgó J, Amar M, Ferry A, Lemaitre M, Rouche A, Langui D, Baskaran A, Fontaine B, Messéant J, Strochlic L. The cell polarity protein Vangl2 in the muscle shapes the neuromuscular synapse by binding to and regulating the tyrosine kinase MuSK. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabg4982. [PMID: 35580169 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abg4982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The development of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) requires dynamic trans-synaptic coordination orchestrated by secreted factors, including Wnt family morphogens. To investigate how these synaptic cues in NMJ development are transduced, particularly in the regulation of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) accumulation in the postsynaptic membrane, we explored the function of Van Gogh-like protein 2 (Vangl2), a core component of Wnt planar cell polarity signaling. We found that conditional, muscle-specific ablation of Vangl2 in mice reproduced the NMJ differentiation defects seen in mice with global Vangl2 deletion. These alterations persisted into adulthood and led to NMJ disassembly, impaired neurotransmission, and deficits in motor function. Vangl2 and the muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK were functionally associated in Wnt signaling in the muscle. Vangl2 bound to and promoted the signaling activity of MuSK in response to Wnt11. The loss of Vangl2 impaired RhoA activation in cultured mouse myotubes and caused dispersed, rather than clustered, organization of AChRs at the postsynaptic or muscle cell side of NMJs in vivo. Our results identify Vangl2 as a key player of the core complex of molecules shaping neuromuscular synapses and thus shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying NMJ assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Boëx
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris 75013, France
| | - Steve Cottin
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris 75013, France
| | - Marius Halliez
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris 75013, France
| | - Stéphanie Bauché
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris 75013, France
| | - Céline Buon
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris 75013, France
| | - Nathalie Sans
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Neurocentre Magendie, UMR-S 1215, Bordeaux 33077, France.,Université Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, 33000, France
| | - Mireille Montcouquiol
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Neurocentre Magendie, UMR-S 1215, Bordeaux 33077, France.,Université Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, 33000, France
| | - Jordi Molgó
- Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies Alternatives, Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Equipe Mixte de Recherche CNRS 9004, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Muriel Amar
- Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies Alternatives, Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Equipe Mixte de Recherche CNRS 9004, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Arnaud Ferry
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris 75013, France
| | - Mégane Lemaitre
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Phénotypage du Petit Animal, Paris 75013, France
| | - Andrée Rouche
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris 75013, France
| | - Dominique Langui
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Plate-forme d'Imagerie Cellulaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris 75013, France
| | - Asha Baskaran
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Plate-forme d'Imagerie Cellulaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris 75013, France
| | - Bertrand Fontaine
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris 75013, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) Service de Neuro-Myologie, Hôpital Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris 75013, France
| | - Julien Messéant
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris 75013, France
| | - Laure Strochlic
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris 75013, France
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4
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Planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins support spermatogenesis through cytoskeletal organization in the testis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 121:99-113. [PMID: 34059418 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Few reports are found in the literature regarding the role of planar cell polarity (PCP) in supporting spermatogenesis in the testis. Yet morphological studies reported decades earlier have illustrated the directional alignment of polarized developing spermatids, most notably step 17-19 spermatids in stage V-early VIII tubules in the testis, across the plane of the epithelium in seminiferous tubules of adult rats. Such morphological features have unequivocally demonstrated the presence of PCP in developing spermatids, analogous to the PCP noted in hair cells of the cochlea in mammals. Emerging evidence in recent years has shown that Sertoli and germ cells express numerous PCP proteins, mostly notably, the core PCP proteins, PCP effectors and PCP signaling proteins. In this review, we discuss recent findings in the field regarding the two core PCP protein complexes, namely the Van Gogh-like 2 (Vangl2)/Prickle (Pk) complex and the Frizzled (Fzd)/Dishevelled (Dvl) complex. These findings have illustrated that these PCP proteins exert their regulatory role to support spermatogenesis through changes in the organization of actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeletons in Sertoli cells. For instance, these PCP proteins confer PCP to developing spermatids. As such, developing haploid spermatids can be aligned and orderly packed within the limited space of the seminiferous tubules in the testes for the production of sperm via spermatogenesis. Thus, each adult male in the mouse, rat or human can produce an upward of 30, 50 or 300 million spermatozoa on a daily basis, respectively, throughout the adulthood. We also highlight critical areas of research that deserve attention in future studies. We also provide a hypothetical model by which PCP proteins support spermatogenesis based on recent studies in the testis. It is conceivable that the hypothetical model shown here will be updated as more data become available in future years, but this information can serve as the framework by investigators to unravel the role of PCP in spermatogenesis.
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5
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Flasse L, Yennek S, Cortijo C, Barandiaran IS, Kraus MRC, Grapin-Botton A. Apical Restriction of the Planar Cell Polarity Component VANGL in Pancreatic Ducts Is Required to Maintain Epithelial Integrity. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107677. [PMID: 32460029 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is essential for the architecture and function of numerous epithelial tissues. Here, we show that apical restriction of planar cell polarity (PCP) components is necessary for the maintenance of epithelial integrity. Using the mammalian pancreas as a model, we find that components of the core PCP pathway, such as the transmembrane protein Van Gogh-like (VANGL), become apically restricted over a period of several days. Expansion of VANGL localization to the basolateral membranes of progenitors leads to their death and disruption of the epithelial integrity. VANGL basolateral expansion does not affect apico-basal polarity but acts in the cells where Vangl is mislocalized by reducing Dishevelled and its downstream target ROCK. This reduction in ROCK activity culminates in progenitor cell egression, death, and eventually pancreatic hypoplasia. Thus, precise spatiotemporal modulation of VANGL-dependent PCP signaling is crucial for proper pancreatic morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Flasse
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Siham Yennek
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cédric Cortijo
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausannne, Switzerland
| | | | - Marine R-C Kraus
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausannne, Switzerland
| | - Anne Grapin-Botton
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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6
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Zhang K, Yao E, Lin C, Chou YT, Wong J, Li J, Wolters PJ, Chuang PT. A mammalian Wnt5a-Ror2-Vangl2 axis controls the cytoskeleton and confers cellular properties required for alveologenesis. eLife 2020; 9:e53688. [PMID: 32394892 PMCID: PMC7217702 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar formation increases the surface area for gas-exchange and is key to the physiological function of the lung. Alveolar epithelial cells, myofibroblasts and endothelial cells undergo coordinated morphogenesis to generate epithelial folds (secondary septa) to form alveoli. A mechanistic understanding of alveologenesis remains incomplete. We found that the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway is required in alveolar epithelial cells and myofibroblasts for alveologenesis in mammals. Our studies uncovered a Wnt5a-Ror2-Vangl2 cascade that endows cellular properties and novel mechanisms of alveologenesis. This includes PDGF secretion from alveolar type I and type II cells, cell shape changes of type I cells and migration of myofibroblasts. All these cellular properties are conferred by changes in the cytoskeleton and represent a new facet of PCP function. These results extend our current model of PCP signaling from polarizing a field of epithelial cells to conferring new properties at subcellular levels to regulate collective cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Erica Yao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Chuwen Lin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Yu-Ting Chou
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Julia Wong
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Jianying Li
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Paul J Wolters
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Pao-Tien Chuang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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7
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Dos-Santos Carvalho S, Moreau MM, Hien YE, Garcia M, Aubailly N, Henderson DJ, Studer V, Sans N, Thoumine O, Montcouquiol M. Vangl2 acts at the interface between actin and N-cadherin to modulate mammalian neuronal outgrowth. eLife 2020; 9:51822. [PMID: 31909712 PMCID: PMC6946565 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic mechanical interactions between adhesion complexes and the cytoskeleton are essential for axon outgrowth and guidance. Whether planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins, which regulate cytoskeleton dynamics and appear necessary for some axon guidance, also mediate interactions with membrane adhesion is still unclear. Here we show that Vangl2 controls growth cone velocity by regulating the internal retrograde actin flow in an N-cadherin-dependent fashion. Single molecule tracking experiments show that the loss of Vangl2 decreased fast-diffusing N-cadherin membrane molecules and increased confined N-cadherin trajectories. Using optically manipulated N-cadherin-coated microspheres, we correlated this behavior to a stronger mechanical coupling of N-cadherin with the actin cytoskeleton. Lastly, we show that the spatial distribution of Vangl2 within the growth cone is selectively affected by an N-cadherin-coated substrate. Altogether, our data show that Vangl2 acts as a negative regulator of axonal outgrowth by regulating the strength of the molecular clutch between N-cadherin and the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Dos-Santos Carvalho
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maite M Moreau
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Yeri Esther Hien
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mikael Garcia
- CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Aubailly
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Deborah J Henderson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Studer
- CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Sans
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Thoumine
- CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mireille Montcouquiol
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
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8
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Li L, Mao B, Wu S, Lian Q, Ge RS, Silvestrini B, Cheng CY. Regulation of spermatid polarity by the actin- and microtubule (MT)-based cytoskeletons. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 81:88-96. [PMID: 29410206 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
It is conceivable that spermatid apico-basal polarity and spermatid planar cell polarity (PCP) are utmost important to support spermatogenesis. The orderly arrangement of developing germ cells in particular spermatids during spermiogenesis are essential to obtain structural and nutrient supports from the fixed number of Sertoli cells across the limited space of seminiferous epithelium in the tubules following Sertoli cell differentiation by ∼17 day postpartum (dpp) in rodents and ∼12 years of age at puberty in humans. Yet few studies are found in the literature to investigate the role of these proteins to support spermatogenesis. Herein, we briefly summarize recent findings in the field, in particular emerging evidence that supports the concept that apico-basal polarity and PCP are conferred by the corresponding polarity proteins through their effects on the actin- and microtubule (MT)-based cytoskeletons. While much research is needed to bridge our gaps of understanding cell polarity, cytoskeletal function, and signaling proteins, a critical evaluation of some latest findings as summarized herein provides some important and also thought-provoking concepts to design better functional experiments to address this important, yet largely expored, research topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxi Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; The Mary M. Wohlford Laboarory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Baiping Mao
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboarory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Siwen Wu
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboarory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Qingquan Lian
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - C Yan Cheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; The Mary M. Wohlford Laboarory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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9
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Do Gametes Woo? Evidence for Their Nonrandom Union at Fertilization. Genetics 2018; 207:369-387. [PMID: 28978771 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental tenet of inheritance in sexually reproducing organisms such as humans and laboratory mice is that gametes combine randomly at fertilization, thereby ensuring a balanced and statistically predictable representation of inherited variants in each generation. This principle is encapsulated in Mendel's First Law. But exceptions are known. With transmission ratio distortion, particular alleles are preferentially transmitted to offspring. Preferential transmission usually occurs in one sex but not both, and is not known to require interactions between gametes at fertilization. A reanalysis of our published work in mice and of data in other published reports revealed instances where any of 12 mutant genes biases fertilization, with either too many or too few heterozygotes and homozygotes, depending on the mutant gene and on dietary conditions. Although such deviations are usually attributed to embryonic lethality of the underrepresented genotypes, the evidence is more consistent with genetically-determined preferences for specific combinations of egg and sperm at fertilization that result in genotype bias without embryo loss. This unexpected discovery of genetically-biased fertilization could yield insights about the molecular and cellular interactions between sperm and egg at fertilization, with implications for our understanding of inheritance, reproduction, population genetics, and medical genetics.
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10
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Bailly E, Walton A, Borg JP. The planar cell polarity Vangl2 protein: From genetics to cellular and molecular functions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 81:62-70. [PMID: 29111415 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) refers to the capacity of a tissue, typically, but not exclusively, an epithelium, to transmit directional information across the tissue plane such that its cellular constituents can differentiate, divide or move in a coordinated manner and along a common axis, generally orthogonal to the apical-basal axis. PCP relies on a core module of highly conserved proteins originally identified in Drosophila which can act intra- and extracellularly. In this review, we focus on the vertebrate ortholog of one of these core PCP components, namely the Vangl2 protein. After a brief historical perspective, we discuss novel cellular settings for which a cellular Vangl2 requirement has been recently documented, with a particular emphasis on adult tissues that rely on Vangl2 for the maintenance of their regenerative capacity or their physiological functions. Finally we compile the most recent data about Vangl2 interacting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bailly
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), 'Cell Polarity, Cell Signalling, and Cancer', Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Inserm, U1068, Marseille, F-13009, France; CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, F-13009, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, F-13009, France; Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, Marseille, F-13284, France.
| | - Alexandra Walton
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), 'Cell Polarity, Cell Signalling, and Cancer', Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Inserm, U1068, Marseille, F-13009, France; CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, F-13009, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, F-13009, France; Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, Marseille, F-13284, France
| | - Jean-Paul Borg
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), 'Cell Polarity, Cell Signalling, and Cancer', Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Inserm, U1068, Marseille, F-13009, France; CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, F-13009, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, F-13009, France; Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, Marseille, F-13284, France.
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11
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El-Hassan AR, Leung V, Kharfallah F, Guyot MC, Allache R, Gros P, Kibar Z. Identification and characterization of a novel chemically induced allele at the planar cell polarity gene Vangl2. Mamm Genome 2017; 29:229-244. [PMID: 29063958 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9721-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling controls a number of morphogenetic processes including convergent extension during gastrulation and neural tube formation. Defects in this pathway cause neural tube defects (NTD), the most common malformations of the central nervous system. The Looptail (Lp) mutant mouse was the first mammalian mutant implicating a PCP gene (Vangl2) in the pathogenesis of NTD. We report on a novel chemically induced mutant allele at Vangl2 called Curly Bob that causes a missense mutation p.Ile268Asn (I268N) in the Vangl2 protein. This mutant segregates in a semi-dominant fashion with heterozygote mice displaying a looped tail appearance, bobbing head, and a circling behavior. Homozygote mutant embryos suffer from a severe form of NTD called craniorachischisis, severe PCP defects in the inner hair cells of the cochlea and posterior cristae, and display a distinct defect in retinal axon guidance. This mutant genetically interacts with the Lp allele (Vangl2 S464N ) in neural tube development and inner ear hair cell polarity. The Vangl2I268N protein variant is expressed at very low levels in affected neural and retinal tissues of mutant homozygote embryos. Biochemical studies show that Vangl2I268N exhibits impaired targeting to the plasma membrane and accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum. The Vangl2I268N variant no longer physically interacts with its PCP partner DVL3 and has a reduced protein half-life. This mutant provides an important model for dissecting the role of Vangl2 in the development of the neural tube, establishment of polarity of sensory cells of the auditory and vestibular systems, and retinal axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Rahman El-Hassan
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Vicki Leung
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Fares Kharfallah
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Philippe Gros
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Zoha Kibar
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Neurosciences, CHU Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, 3175 Cote-Sainte-Catherine, Room 3.17.006, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.
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12
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Wald JH, Hatakeyama J, Printsev I, Cuevas A, Fry WH, Saldana MJ, Vorst KV, Rowson-Hodel A, Angelastro JM, Sweeney C, Carraway KL. Suppression of planar cell polarity signaling and migration in glioblastoma by Nrdp1-mediated Dvl polyubiquitination. Oncogene 2017; 36:5158-5167. [PMID: 28481871 PMCID: PMC5589482 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The lethality of the aggressive brain tumor glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) results in part from its strong propensity to invade surrounding normal brain tissue. Although oncogenic drivers such as epidermal growth factor receptor activation and Phosphatase and Tensin homolog inactivation are thought to promote the motility and invasiveness of GBM cells via phosphatidylinostitol 3-kinase activation, other unexplored mechanisms may also contribute to malignancy. Here we demonstrate that several components of the planar cell polarity (PCP) arm of non-canonical Wnt signaling including VANGL1, VANGL2 and FZD7 are transcriptionally upregulated in glioma and correlate with poorer patient outcome. Knockdown of the core PCP pathway component VANGL1 suppresses the motility of GBM cell lines, pointing to an important mechanistic role for this pathway in glioblastoma malignancy. We further observe that restoration of Nrdp1, a RING finger type E3 ubiquitin ligase whose suppression in GBM also correlates with poor prognosis, reduces GBM cell migration and invasiveness by suppressing PCP signaling. Our observations indicate that Nrdp1 physically interacts with the Vangl1 and Vangl2 proteins to mediate the K63-linked polyubiquitination of the Dishevelled, Egl-10 and Pleckstrin (DEP) domain of the Wnt pathway protein Dishevelled (Dvl). Ubiquitination hinders Dvl binding to phosphatidic acid, an interaction necessary for efficient Dvl recruitment to the plasma membrane upon Wnt stimulation of Fzd receptor and for the propagation of downstream signals. We conclude that the PCP pathway contributes significantly to the motility and hence the invasiveness of GBM cells, and that Nrdp1 acts as a negative regulator of PCP signaling by inhibiting Dvl through a novel polyubiquitination mechanism. We propose that the upregulation of core PCP components, together with the loss of the key negative regulator Nrdp1, act coordinately to promote GBM invasiveness and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H. Wald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jason Hatakeyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Ignat Printsev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Antonio Cuevas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - William H.D. Fry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J. Saldana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Kacey Vander Vorst
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Ashley Rowson-Hodel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - James M. Angelastro
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Colleen Sweeney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Kermit L. Carraway
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
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13
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Kharfallah F, Guyot MC, El Hassan AR, Allache R, Merello E, De Marco P, Di Cristo G, Capra V, Kibar Z. Scribble1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neural tube defects through its mediating effect of Par-3 and Vangl1/2 localization. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:2307-2320. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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14
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Newman SA. 'Biogeneric' developmental processes: drivers of major transitions in animal evolution. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150443. [PMID: 27431521 PMCID: PMC4958937 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Using three examples drawn from animal systems, I advance the hypothesis that major transitions in multicellular evolution often involved the constitution of new cell-based materials with unprecedented morphogenetic capabilities. I term the materials and formative processes that arise when highly evolved cells are incorporated into mesoscale matter 'biogeneric', to reflect their commonality with, and distinctiveness from, the organizational properties of non-living materials. The first transition arose by the innovation of classical cell-adhesive cadherins with transmembrane linkage to the cytoskeleton and the appearance of the morphogen Wnt, transforming some ancestral unicellular holozoans into 'liquid tissues', and thereby originating the metazoans. The second transition involved the new capabilities, within a basal metazoan population, of producing a mechanically stable basal lamina, and of planar cell polarization. This gave rise to the eumetazoans, initially diploblastic (two-layered) forms, and then with the addition of extracellular matrices promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, three-layered triploblasts. The last example is the fin-to-limb transition. Here, the components of a molecular network that promoted the development of species-idiosyncratic endoskeletal elements in gnathostome ancestors are proposed to have evolved to a dynamical regime in which they constituted a Turing-type reaction-diffusion system capable of organizing the stereotypical arrays of elements of lobe-finned fish and tetrapods. The contrasting implications of the biogeneric materials-based and neo-Darwinian perspectives for understanding major evolutionary transitions are discussed.This article is part of the themed issue 'The major synthetic evolutionary transitions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Newman
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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15
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Shi D, Usami F, Komatsu K, Oka S, Abe T, Uemura T, Fujimori T. Dynamics of planar cell polarity protein Vangl2 in the mouse oviduct epithelium. Mech Dev 2016; 141:78-89. [PMID: 27155041 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway regulates morphogenesis in various organs. The polarized localization is a key feature of core PCP factors for orchestrating cell polarity in an epithelial sheet. Several studies using Drosophila melanogaster have investigated the mechanism of the polarized localization. However, to what extent these mechanisms are conserved and how the polarization of core PCP factors is maintained in mature vertebrates are still open questions. Here, we addressed these questions by analyzing the dynamics of Vangl2, a member of core PCP factors, in the mouse oviduct epithelium. Multiple core PCP factors including Vangl2 were expressed in the mouse oviduct in postnatal stages. Vangl1, Vangl2 and Frizzled6 had polarized localization in the oviduct epithelium. Exogenously introduced expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged core PCP factors by electroporation revealed that Vangl1, Vangl2 and Prickle2 are localized on the ovarian side of the cell periphery in the oviduct. To visualize the Vangl2 dynamics, we generated the R26-Vangl2-EGFP transgenic mice. In these mice, Vangl2-EGFP was ubiquitously expressed and showed polarized localization in multiple organs including the oviduct, the trachea, the lateral ventricle and the uterus. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis in the mature oviduct revealed that Vangl2 in the enriched subdomain of cell periphery (cellular edge) was more stable than Vangl2 in the less-enriched cellular edge. Furthermore, when a subregion of a Vangl2-enriched cellular edge was bleached, the Vangl2-enriched subregion neighboring the bleached region in the same cellular edge tended to decrease more intensities than the neighboring sub-region in the next Vangl2-enriched cellular edge. Finally, the polarization of Vangl2 was observed in nocodazole treated mouse viduct, suggesting the maintenance of Vangl2 asymmetry is independent of microtubule formation. Taken together, we revealed the characteristics of Vangl2 dynamics in the oviduct epithelium, and found that Vangl2 forms stable complex at the enriched cellular edge and forms compartments. Our data collectively suggest that the mechanism for maintenance of Vangl2 asymmetry in mature mouse oviduct is different from the microtubule dependent polarized transport model, which has been proposed for the reinforcement of the asymmetry of two core PCP proteins, Flamingo and Dishevelled, in the developing fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Shi
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Fumiko Usami
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Japan
| | - Kouji Komatsu
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Sanae Oka
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi,Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tadashi Uemura
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Fujimori
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Japan; Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi,Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
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16
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Leung V, Iliescu A, Jolicoeur C, Gravel M, Apuzzo S, Torban E, Cayouette M, Gros P. The planar cell polarity protein Vangl2 is required for retinal axon guidance. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 76:150-65. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Leung
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University; Montreal Canada
- Department of Human Genetics; McGill University; Montreal Canada
| | - Alexandra Iliescu
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University; Montreal Canada
- Department of Biochemistry; McGill University; Montreal Canada
| | - Christine Jolicoeur
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit; Institut De Recherches Cliniques De Montréal; Montreal Canada
| | - Michel Gravel
- Department of Biochemistry; McGill University; Montreal Canada
| | - Sergio Apuzzo
- Department of Biochemistry; McGill University; Montreal Canada
| | - Elena Torban
- Department of Medicine; McGill University Health Center; Montreal Canada
| | - Michel Cayouette
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit; Institut De Recherches Cliniques De Montréal; Montreal Canada
- Faculty of Medicine; Université De Montréal; Montreal Canada
| | - Philippe Gros
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University; Montreal Canada
- Department of Human Genetics; McGill University; Montreal Canada
- Department of Biochemistry; McGill University; Montreal Canada
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17
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Rocque BL, Babayeva S, Li J, Leung V, Nezvitsky L, Cybulsky AV, Gros P, Torban E. Deficiency of the planar cell polarity protein Vangl2 in podocytes affects glomerular morphogenesis and increases susceptibility to injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 26:576-86. [PMID: 25145929 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014040340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway is crucial for tissue morphogenesis. Van Gogh-like protein 2 (Vangl2) is central in the PCP pathway; in mice, Vangl2 loss is embryonically lethal because of neural tube defects, and mutations in Vangl2 are associated with human neural tube defects. In the kidney, PCP signaling may be important for tubular morphogenesis and organization of glomerular epithelial cells (podocytes) along the glomerular basement membrane. Podocyte cell protrusions (foot processes) are critical for glomerular permselectivity; loss of foot process architecture results in proteinuria and FSGS. Previously, we showed a profound effect of PCP signaling on podocyte shape, actin rearrangement, cell motility, and nephrin endocytosis. To test our hypothesis that the PCP pathway is involved in glomerular development and function and circumvent lethality of the ubiquitous Vangl2 mutation in the Looptail mouse, we generated a mouse model with a podocyte-specific ablation of the Vangl2 gene. We report here that podocyte-specific deletion of Vangl2 leads to glomerular maturation defects in fetal kidneys. In adult mice, we detected significantly smaller glomeruli, but it did not affect glomerular permselectivity in aging animals. However, in the context of glomerular injury induced by injection of antiglomerular basement membrane antibody, deletion of Vangl2 resulted in exacerbation of injury and accelerated progression to chronic segmental and global glomerular sclerosis. Our results indicate that Vangl2 function in podocytes is important for glomerular development and protects against glomerular injury in adult animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Rocque
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Sima Babayeva
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Jane Li
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Vicki Leung
- Departments of Human Genetics and Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lisa Nezvitsky
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Andrey V Cybulsky
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Philippe Gros
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Biochemistry and
| | - Elena Torban
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
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18
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Iliescu A, Gravel M, Horth C, Gros P. Independent mutations at Arg181 and Arg274 of Vangl proteins that are associated with neural tube defects in humans decrease protein stability and impair membrane targeting. Biochemistry 2014; 53:5356-64. [PMID: 25068569 DOI: 10.1021/bi500400g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, Vangl proteins play important roles during embryogenesis, including establishing planar polarity and coordinating convergent extension movements. In mice, homozygosity for mutations in the Vangl1 and Vangl2 genes or combined heterozygosity for Vangl1/Vangl2 mutations causes the very severe neural tube defect (NTD) craniorachischisis. Recently, a number of patient-specific VANGL1 and VANGL2 protein mutations have been identified in familial and sporadic cases of mild and severe forms of NTDs. The biochemical nature of pathological effects in these mutations remains unknown. Of interest are two arginine residues, R181 and R274, that are highly conserved in Vangl protein homologues and found to be independently mutated in VANGL1 (R181Q and R274Q) and VANGL2 (R177H and R270H) in human cases of NTDs. The cellular and biochemical properties of R181Q and R274Q were established in transfected MDCK kidney epithelial cells and compared to those of wild-type (WT) Vangl1. Compared to that of WT, these mutations displayed impaired targeting to the plasma membrane and were instead detected in an intracellular endomembrane compartment that was positive for the endoplasmic reticulum. R181Q and R274Q showed impaired stability with significant reductions in measured half-lives from >20 h for WT protein to 9 and 5 h, respectively. These mutations have a cellular and biochemical phenotype that is indistinguishable from that of Vangl mutations known to cause craniorachichisis in mice (Lp). These results strongly suggest that R181 and R274 play critical roles in Vangl protein function and that their mutations cause neural tube defects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Iliescu
- Department of Biochemistry and ‡Complex Traits Group, McGill University , Montreal, QC, Canada H3G-0B1
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19
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Iliescu A, Gros P. The intracellular carboxyl terminal domain of Vangl proteins contains plasma membrane targeting signals. Protein Sci 2014; 23:337-43. [PMID: 24452931 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Vangl1 and Vangl2 are integral membrane proteins that play a critical role in establishing planar cell polarity (PCP) in epithelial cells and are required for convergent extension (CE) movements during embryogenesis. Their proper targeting to the plasma membrane (PM) is required for function. We created discrete deletions at the amino and carboxy termini of Vangl1 and monitored the effect of the mutations on PM targeting in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Our results show that the Vangl1 amino terminus lacks PM targeting determinants, and these are restricted to the carboxy terminus, including the predicted PDZBM motif at the C-terminus.
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20
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Su YH. Telling left from right: Left-right asymmetric controls in sea urchins. Genesis 2014; 52:269-78. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsien Su
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology; Academia Sinica; Nankang Taipei Taiwan
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21
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Babayeva S, Rocque B, Aoudjit L, Zilber Y, Li J, Baldwin C, Kawachi H, Takano T, Torban E. Planar cell polarity pathway regulates nephrin endocytosis in developing podocytes. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24035-48. [PMID: 23824190 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.452904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The noncanonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway controls a variety of cell behaviors such as polarized protrusive cell activity, directional cell movement, and oriented cell division and is crucial for the normal development of many tissues. Mutations in the PCP genes cause malformation in multiple organs. Recently, the PCP pathway was shown to control endocytosis of PCP and non-PCP proteins necessary for cell shape remodeling and formation of specific junctional protein complexes. During formation of the renal glomerulus, the glomerular capillary becomes enveloped by highly specialized epithelial cells, podocytes, that display unique architecture and are connected via specialized cell-cell junctions (slit diaphragms) that restrict passage of protein into the urine; podocyte differentiation requires active remodeling of cytoskeleton and junctional protein complexes. We report here that in cultured human podocytes, activation of the PCP pathway significantly stimulates endocytosis of the core slit diaphragm protein, nephrin, via a clathrin/β-arrestin-dependent endocytic route. In contrast, depletion of the PCP protein Vangl2 leads to an increase of nephrin at the cell surface; loss of Vangl2 functions in Looptail mice results in disturbed glomerular maturation. We propose that the PCP pathway contributes to podocyte development by regulating nephrin turnover during junctional remodeling as the cells differentiate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Babayeva
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A2B4
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22
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Vandenberg LN, Levin M. A unified model for left-right asymmetry? Comparison and synthesis of molecular models of embryonic laterality. Dev Biol 2013; 379:1-15. [PMID: 23583583 PMCID: PMC3698617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how and when the left-right (LR) axis is first established is a fundamental question in developmental biology. A popular model is that the LR axis is established relatively late in embryogenesis, due to the movement of motile cilia and the resultant directed fluid flow during late gastrulation/early neurulation. Yet, a large body of evidence suggests that biophysical, molecular, and bioelectrical asymmetries exist much earlier in development, some as early as the first cell cleavage after fertilization. Alternative models of LR asymmetry have been proposed that accommodate these data, postulating that asymmetry is established due to a chiral cytoskeleton and/or the asymmetric segregation of chromatids. There are some similarities, and many differences, in how these various models postulate the origin and timing of symmetry breaking and amplification, and these events' linkage to the well-conserved subsequent asymmetric transcriptional cascades. This review examines experimental data that lend strong support to an early origin of LR asymmetry, yet are also consistent with later roles for cilia in the amplification of LR pathways. In this way, we propose that the various models of asymmetry can be unified: early events are needed to initiate LR asymmetry, and later events could be utilized by some species to maintain LR-biases. We also present an alternative hypothesis, which proposes that individual embryos stochastically choose one of several possible pathways with which to establish their LR axis. These two hypotheses are both tractable in appropriate model species; testing them to resolve open questions in the field of LR patterning will reveal interesting new biology of wide relevance to developmental, cell, and evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N. Vandenberg
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, and Biology Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Michael Levin
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, and Biology Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
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