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Physicochemical, Nutritional and In Vitro Antidiabetic Characterisation of Blue Whiting ( Micromesistiuspoutassou) Protein Hydrolysates. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19070383. [PMID: 34356808 PMCID: PMC8304566 DOI: 10.3390/md19070383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein hydrolysates from low-value underutilised fish species are potential sources of high-quality dietary protein and health enhancing peptides. Six blue whiting soluble protein hydrolysates (BW-SPH-A_F), generated at industrial scale using different hydrolysis conditions, were assessed in terms of their protein equivalent content, amino acid profile and score and physicochemical properties in addition to their ability to inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) and stimulate the secretion of insulin from BRIN-BD11 cells. Furthermore, the effect of simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID) on the stability of the BW-SPHs and their associated in vitro antidiabetic activity was investigated. The BW-SPHs contained between 70–74% (w/w) protein and all essential and non-essential amino acids. All BW-SPHs mediated DPP-IV inhibitory (IC50: 2.12–2.90 mg protein/mL) and insulin secretory activity (2.5 mg/mL; 4.7 to 6.4-fold increase compared to the basal control (5.6 mM glucose alone)). All BW-SPHs were further hydrolysed during SGID. While the in vitro DPP-IV inhibitory and insulin secretory activity mediated by some BW-SPHs was reduced following SGID, the activity remained high. In general, the insulin secretory activity of the BW-SPHs were 4.5–5.4-fold higher than the basal control following SGID. The BW-SPHs generated herein provide potential for anti-diabetic related functional ingredients, whilst also enhancing environmental and commercial sustainability.
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Fangmann D, Geisler C, Schlicht K, Hartmann K, Köpke J, Tiede A, Settgast U, Türk K, Schulte DM, Altmann K, Clawin-Rädecker I, Lorenzen PC, Schreiber S, Schwarz K, Laudes M. Differential effects of protein intake versus intake of a defined oligopeptide on FGF-21 in obese human subjects in vivo. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:600-607. [PMID: 32600859 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND FGF-21 is described as a powerful metabolic regulator with beneficial effects including glucose-lowering and improvement of insulin sensitivity without hypoglycaemia. On the other hand, FGF-21 is activated when muscle and other tissues are stressed by external effects or internal cellular pathogens that lead to shortcomings in metabolic balance. Previous results suggested that FGF-21 could be a promising target to develop future metabolic therapeutics. PURPOSE The present study was performed to gain deeper insight into the regulation of FGF-21 by protein metabolism in obese human subjects. METHODS FGF-21 serum concentrations were measured in a cohort of n = 246 obese humans ± type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (median age 53.0 [46.0; 60.0] years and BMI 40.43 [35.11; 47.24] kg/m2) and related to the nutritional protein intake. In addition, the effect of a novel oligopeptide purified from a β-casein hydrolysate on FGF-21 was examined in vitro in liver cells and in vivo in a human intervention study with the main focus on metabolic inflammation including 40 mainly obese subjects (mean age 41.08 ± 9.76 years, mean BMI 38.29 ± 9.4 kg/m2) in a randomized 20 weeks double-blind cross-over design. MAIN FINDINGS In the cohort analysis, FGF-21 serum concentrations were significant lower with higher protein intake in obese subjects without T2DM but not in obese subjects with T2DM. Furthermore, relative methionine intake was inversely related to FGF-21. While global protein intake in obesity was inversely associated with FGF-21, incubation of HepG2 cells with a β-casein oligopeptide increased FGF-21 expression in vitro. This stimulatory effect was also present in vivo, since in the clinical intervention study treatment of obese subjects with the β-casein oligopeptide for 8 weeks significantly increased FGF-21 serum levels from W0 = 23.86 pg/mL to W8 = 30.54 pg/mL (p < 0.001), while no increase was found for placebo. CONCLUSION While the total nutritional protein intake is inversely associated with FGF-21 serum levels, a purified and well characterised oligopeptide is able to induce FGF-21 serum levels in humans. These findings suggest a differential role of various components of protein metabolism on FGF-21, rather than this factor being solely a sensor of total nutritional protein intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fangmann
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, University of Kiel, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Corinna Geisler
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, University of Kiel, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Kristina Schlicht
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, University of Kiel, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Katharina Hartmann
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, University of Kiel, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Jana Köpke
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, University of Kiel, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Anika Tiede
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, University of Kiel, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Ute Settgast
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, University of Kiel, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Kathrin Türk
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, University of Kiel, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Dominik M Schulte
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, University of Kiel, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Karina Altmann
- Max Rubner-Institute, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Kiel, 24103, Germany
| | - Ingrid Clawin-Rädecker
- Max Rubner-Institute, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Kiel, 24103, Germany
| | - Peter Ch Lorenzen
- Max Rubner-Institute, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Kiel, 24103, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, University of Kiel, Kiel, 24105, Germany; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, University of Kiel, Kiel, 24118, Germany
| | - Karin Schwarz
- University of Kiel, Department of Food Technology, University of Kiel, Kiel, 24118, Germany
| | - Matthias Laudes
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, University of Kiel, Kiel, 24105, Germany.
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Kaur B, Koh M, Ponnalagu S, Henry CJ. Postprandial blood glucose response: does the glycaemic index (GI) value matter even in the low GI range? Nutr Diabetes 2020; 10:15. [PMID: 32358482 PMCID: PMC7195487 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-020-0118-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of research over the last decades has shown that diets based on the low glycaemic index (GI) foods reduce the risk of developing diabetes and improve blood glucose control in people with diabetes. The range of inflexion on the glycaemic response of low GI (LGI) foods is an interesting observation that has not been studied by many. LGI 1 (GI 54 ± 3.3) biscuit was formulated using a basic formulation while the LGI 2 (23.8 ± 3.3) biscuits was a modification of LGI 1 recipe, formulated with the inclusion of functional ingredients. Biscuits were formulated to be iso-caloric (kcal/100 g: 521 ± 12). Each participant consumed identical standard meals for lunch and dinner. Biscuits were consumed as breakfast and mid-afternoon snack. Using a randomized, controlled, crossover study, 13 males [(means ± SD) age: 25.3 ± 1.0 years, BMI 21.6 ± 0.5 kg/m2, fasting blood glucose 4.7 ± 0.1 mmol/L] wore continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMS™) for 3 days for each test session. The postprandial glycaemic response and insulin response were compared within participants. Total iAUC for breakfast and standard dinner were significantly lower for LGI 2 treatment (p < 0.05) than LGI 1 treatment. Second-meal glucose tolerance was observed at the dinner meal. The overall iAUC insulin response over 180 min was significantly lower for LGI 2 biscuits (p = 0.01). The postprandial glycaemic response of two types of biscuits that fall within the low GI classification (GI 24 and 54) differed with LGI 2 biscuits (GI 24) showing a more suppressed postprandial glycaemic response. Our study shows that even within the low GI range, the GI value matters in influencing postprandial glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupinder Kaur
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre (CNRC), Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Melvin Koh
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre (CNRC), Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shalini Ponnalagu
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre (CNRC), Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre (CNRC), Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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4
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Rytz A, Adeline D, Lê KA, Tan D, Lamothe L, Roger O, Macé K. Predicting Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load from Macronutrients to Accelerate Development of Foods and Beverages with Lower Glucose Responses. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1172. [PMID: 31130625 PMCID: PMC6566235 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Low glycemic index (GI) and/or low glycemic load (GL) are associated with decreased risks of type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It is therefore relevant to consider GI and GL in the early phases of the development of packaged foods and beverages. This paper proposes a model that predicts GI and GL from macronutrient composition, by quantifying both the impact of glycemic carbohydrates and the GI-lowering effects of nutrients such as proteins, fats and fibers. The precision of the model is illustrated using data on 42 breakfast cereals. The predictions of GI (r = 0.90, median residual = 2.0) and GL (r = 0.96, median residual = 0.40 g) compete well with the precision of the underlying in-vivo data (Standard Error SE = 3.5 for GI). This model can guide product development towards lowering GI and GL, before final confirmation by in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Rytz
- Nestlé Research Center, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | - Kim-Anne Lê
- Nestlé Research Center, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Denise Tan
- Nestlé R&D Center, Singapore 618802, Singapore.
| | - Lisa Lamothe
- Nestlé Research Center, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Brands MW. Role of Insulin-Mediated Antinatriuresis in Sodium Homeostasis and Hypertension. Hypertension 2018; 72:1255-1262. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Brands
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA
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6
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Harnedy PA, Parthsarathy V, McLaughlin CM, O'Keeffe MB, Allsopp PJ, McSorley EM, O'Harte FPM, FitzGerald RJ. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) co-product-derived protein hydrolysates: A source of antidiabetic peptides. Food Res Int 2018; 106:598-606. [PMID: 29579965 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Large quantities of low-value protein rich co-products, such as salmon skin and trimmings, are generated annually. These co-products can be upgraded to high-value functional ingredients. The aim of this study was to assess the antidiabetic potential of salmon skin gelatin and trimmings-derived protein hydrolysates in vitro. The gelatin hydrolysate generated with Alcalase 2.4L and Flavourzyme 500L exhibited significantly higher (p < 0.001) insulin and GLP-1 secretory activity from pancreatic BRIN-BD11 and enteroendocrine GLUTag cells, respectively, when tested at 2.5 mg/mL compared to hydrolysates generated with Alcalase 2.4L or Promod 144MG. The gelatin hydrolysate generated with Alcalase 2.4L and Flavourzyme 500L showed significantly more potent (p < 0.01) DPP-IV inhibitory activity than those generated with Alcalase 2.4L or Promod 144MG. No significant difference was observed in the insulinotropic activity mediated by any of the trimmings-derived hydrolysates when tested at 2.5 mg/mL. However, the trimmings hydrolysate generated with Alcalase 2.4L and Flavourzyme 500L exhibited significantly higher DPP-IV inhibitory (p < 0.05:Alcalase 2.4L and p < 0.01:Promod 144MG) and GLP-1 (p < 0.001, 2.5 mg/mL) secretory activity than those generated with Alcalase 2.4L or Promod 144MG. The salmon trimmings hydrolysate generated with Alcalase 2.4L and Flavourzyme 500L when subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID) was shown to retain its GLP-1 secretory and DPP-IV inhibitory activities, in addition to improving its insulin secretory activity. However, the gelatin hydrolysate generated with Alcalase 2.4L and Flavourzyme 500L was shown to lose GLP-1 secretory activity following SGID. A significant increase in membrane potential (p < 0.001) and intracellular calcium (p < 0.001) by both co-product hydrolysates generated with Alcalase 2.4L and Flavourzyme 500L suggest that both hydrolysates mediate their insulinotropic activity through the KATP channel-dependent pathway. Additionally, by stimulating a significant increase in intracellular cAMP release (p < 0.05) it is likely that the trimmings-derived hydrolysate may also mediate insulin secretion through the protein kinase A pathway. The results presented herein demonstrate that salmon co-product hydrolysates exhibit promising in vitro antidiabetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pádraigín A Harnedy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Vadivel Parthsarathy
- The SAAD Centre for Pharmacy & Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Co. Derry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland.
| | - Chris M McLaughlin
- The SAAD Centre for Pharmacy & Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Co. Derry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland.
| | - Martina B O'Keeffe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Philip J Allsopp
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Co. Derry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland.
| | - Emeir M McSorley
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Co. Derry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland.
| | - Finbarr P M O'Harte
- The SAAD Centre for Pharmacy & Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Co. Derry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland.
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7
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Harnedy PA, Parthsarathy V, McLaughlin CM, O'Keeffe MB, Allsopp PJ, McSorley EM, O'Harte FP, FitzGerald RJ. Blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) muscle protein hydrolysate with in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic properties. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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8
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Giallongo F, Harper M, Oh J, Lopes J, Lapierre H, Patton R, Parys C, Shinzato I, Hristov A. Effects of rumen-protected methionine, lysine, and histidine on lactation performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:4437-4452. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Song S, Hooiveld GJ, Zhang W, Li M, Zhao F, Zhu J, Xu X, Muller M, Li C, Zhou G. Comparative Proteomics Provides Insights into Metabolic Responses in Rat Liver to Isolated Soy and Meat Proteins. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:1135-42. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shangxin Song
- Key
Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory
of Animal Products Processing, MOA; Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center
of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Guido J. Hooiveld
- Nutrition,
Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6703 HD, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P. R. China
| | - Mengjie Li
- Key
Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory
of Animal Products Processing, MOA; Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center
of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Fan Zhao
- Key
Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory
of Animal Products Processing, MOA; Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center
of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Key
Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory
of Animal Products Processing, MOA; Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center
of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xinglian Xu
- Key
Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory
of Animal Products Processing, MOA; Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center
of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Michael Muller
- Norwich
Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Chunbao Li
- Key
Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory
of Animal Products Processing, MOA; Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center
of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- Key
Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory
of Animal Products Processing, MOA; Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center
of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
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10
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Dietary soy and meat proteins induce distinct physiological and gene expression changes in rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20036. [PMID: 26857845 PMCID: PMC4746574 DOI: 10.1038/srep20036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports on a comprehensive comparison of the effects of soy and meat proteins given at the recommended level on physiological markers of metabolic syndrome and the hepatic transcriptome. Male rats were fed semi-synthetic diets for 1 wk that differed only regarding protein source, with casein serving as reference. Body weight gain and adipose tissue mass were significantly reduced by soy but not meat proteins. The insulin resistance index was improved by soy, and to a lesser extent by meat proteins. Liver triacylglycerol contents were reduced by both protein sources, which coincided with increased plasma triacylglycerol concentrations. Both soy and meat proteins changed plasma amino acid patterns. The expression of 1571 and 1369 genes were altered by soy and meat proteins respectively. Functional classification revealed that lipid, energy and amino acid metabolic pathways, as well as insulin signaling pathways were regulated differently by soy and meat proteins. Several transcriptional regulators, including NFE2L2, ATF4, Srebf1 and Rictor were identified as potential key upstream regulators. These results suggest that soy and meat proteins induce distinct physiological and gene expression responses in rats and provide novel evidence and suggestions for the health effects of different protein sources in human diets.
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11
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Xie C, Wu X, Li J, Fan Z, Long C, Liu H, Even PC, Blachier F, Yin Y. Effects of the Sequence of Isocaloric Meals with Different Protein Contents on Plasma Biochemical Indexes in Pigs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125640. [PMID: 26295708 PMCID: PMC4546430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient composition and pattern of food intake may play a significant role in weight gain. The aim of this study was to document the effects of a daily 3-meal pattern with isocaloric diets containing different dietary protein contents on growth performance and different plasma biochemical indexes including amino acid plasma concentration in castrated male pigs. Then, 21 DLY (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) pigs aged 60 days were assigned randomly into 3 groups: a control group (crude protein, CP 18.1%), a group receiving high then basal and then low CP meals (High-Low group) and a group receiving low then basal and then high CP meal (Low-High group) for 40 days with pigs being feed-restricted. On day 40, after 12 h fasting, blood samples were obtained for analysis. The results showed that the insulin/glucagon ratio was lower in the High-Low group (P<0.05) when compared with the control group. Compared with the control group, the average daily gain of pigs from the High-Low group increased by 14.10% (P = 0.046). Compared with the control group, serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) decreased significantly (P<0.05) in both the High-Low and Low-High groups. Plasma concentrations of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA: valine, isoleucine and leucine) increased in the Low-High group (P<0.05) when compared with the control group; and plasma methionine and serine decreased in both the two experimental groups (P<0.05). Compared with the High-Low group, all the BCAA increased significantly (P<0.05) in the Low-High group. These findings suggest that the sequence and quantity of alimentary protein intake affect the insulin/glucagon ratio, as well as amino acid concentrations including BCAA, methionine and serine. It is proposed that meal pattern with pigs receiving high then basal and then low CP meals daily may help to improve the weight gain of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Xie
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- * E-mail: (XW); (YY)
| | - Jun Li
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
| | - Zhiyong Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Cimin Long
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Hongnan Liu
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
| | | | - Francois Blachier
- INRA/AgroParisTech, UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
| | - Yulong Yin
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 41008, China
- * E-mail: (XW); (YY)
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12
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Shearer J. Methodological and metabolic considerations in the study of caffeine-containing energy drinks. Nutr Rev 2015; 72 Suppl 1:137-45. [PMID: 25293552 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine-containing energy drinks are popular and widely available beverages. Despite large increases in consumption, studies documenting the nutritional, metabolic, and health implications of these beverages are limited. This review provides some important methodological considerations in the examination of these drinks and highlights their potential impact on the gastrointestinal system, liver, and metabolic health. The gastrointestinal system is important as it comes into contact with the highest concentration of energy drink ingredients and initiates a chain of events to communicate with peripheral tissues. Although energy drinks have diverse compositions, including taurine, ginseng, and carnitine, the most metabolically deleterious ingredients appear to be simple sugars (such as glucose and fructose) and caffeine. In combination, these last two ingredients have the greatest metabolic impact and potential influence on overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Shearer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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13
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Smith GI, Yoshino J, Stromsdorfer KL, Klein SJ, Magkos F, Reeds DN, Klein S, Mittendorfer B. Protein Ingestion Induces Muscle Insulin Resistance Independent of Leucine-Mediated mTOR Activation. Diabetes 2015; 64:1555-63. [PMID: 25475435 PMCID: PMC4407849 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increased plasma branched-chain amino acid concentrations are associated with insulin resistance, and intravenous amino acid infusion blunts insulin-mediated glucose disposal. We tested the hypothesis that protein ingestion impairs insulin-mediated glucose disposal by leucine-mediated mTOR signaling, which can inhibit AKT. We measured glucose disposal and muscle p-mTOR(Ser2448), p-AKT(Ser473), and p-AKT(Thr308) in 22 women during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp procedure with and without concomitant ingestion of whey protein (0.6 g/kg fat-free mass; n = 11) or leucine that matched the amount given with whey protein (n = 11). Both whey protein and leucine ingestion raised plasma leucine concentration by approximately twofold and muscle p-mTOR(Ser2448) by ∼30% above the values observed in the control (no amino acid ingestion) studies; p-AKT(Ser473) and p-AKT(Thr308) were not affected by whey protein or leucine ingestion. Whey protein ingestion decreased insulin-mediated glucose disposal (median 38.8 [quartiles 30.8, 61.8] vs. 51.9 [41.0, 77.3] µmol glucose/µU insulin · mL(-1) · min(-1); P < 0.01), whereas ingestion of leucine did not (52.3 [43.3, 65.4] vs. 52.3 [43.9, 73.2]). These results indicate that 1) protein ingestion causes insulin resistance and could be an important regulator of postprandial glucose homeostasis and 2) the insulin-desensitizing effect of protein ingestion is not due to inhibition of AKT by leucine-mediated mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon I Smith
- Department of Medicine and Center for Human Nutrition and Atkins Center of Excellence in Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jun Yoshino
- Department of Medicine and Center for Human Nutrition and Atkins Center of Excellence in Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kelly L Stromsdorfer
- Department of Medicine and Center for Human Nutrition and Atkins Center of Excellence in Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Seth J Klein
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Department of Medicine and Center for Human Nutrition and Atkins Center of Excellence in Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Dominic N Reeds
- Department of Medicine and Center for Human Nutrition and Atkins Center of Excellence in Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Samuel Klein
- Department of Medicine and Center for Human Nutrition and Atkins Center of Excellence in Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Bettina Mittendorfer
- Department of Medicine and Center for Human Nutrition and Atkins Center of Excellence in Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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14
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Giallongo F, Hristov AN, Oh J, Frederick T, Weeks H, Werner J, Lapierre H, Patton RA, Gehman A, Parys C. Effects of slow-release urea and rumen-protected methionine and histidine on performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3292-308. [PMID: 25726096 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted with the objective to investigate the effects of slow-release urea and rumen-protected (RP) Met and His supplementation of a metabolizable protein (MP)-deficient diet (according to NRC, 2001) on lactation performance of dairy cows. Sixty lactating Holstein cows were used in a 10-wk randomized complete block-design trial. Cows were fed a covariate diet for 2 wk and then assigned to one of the following treatments for an 8-wk experimental period: (1) MP-adequate diet [AMP; 107% of MP requirements, based on the National Research Council (NRC, 2001)]; (2) MP-deficient diet (DMP; 95% of MP requirements); (3) DMP supplemented with slow-release urea (DMPU); (4) DMPU supplemented with RPMet (DMPUM); and (5) DMPUM supplemented with RPHis (DMPUMH). Total-tract apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, and crude protein, and urinary N and urea-N excretions were decreased by DMP, compared with AMP. Addition of slow-release urea to the DMP diet increased urinary urea-N excretion. Dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield (on average 44.0±0.9kg/d) were not affected by treatments, except DMPUMH increased DMI and numerically increased milk yield, compared with DMPUM. Milk true protein concentration and yield were increased and milk fat concentration tended to be decreased by DMPUMH, compared with DMPUM. Cows gained less body weight on the DMP diet, compared with AMP. Plasma concentrations of His and Lys were not affected by treatments, whereas supplementation of RPMet increased plasma Met concentration. Plasma concentration of 3-methylhistidine was or tended to be higher for DMP compared with AMP and DMPU, respectively. Addition of RPHis to the DMPUM diet tended to increase plasma glucose and creatinine. In conclusion, feeding a 5% MP-deficient diet (according to NRC, 2001) did not decrease DMI and yields of milk and milk components, despite a reduction in nutrient digestibility. Supplementation of RPHis increased DMI and milk protein concentration and yield. These results are in line with our previous data and suggest that His may have a positive effect on voluntary feed intake and milk production and composition in high-yielding dairy cows fed MP-deficient diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Giallongo
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
| | - J Oh
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - T Frederick
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - H Weeks
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - J Werner
- Animal Resource Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - H Lapierre
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - R A Patton
- Nittany Dairy Nutrition Inc., Mifflinburg, PA 17844
| | - A Gehman
- Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY, 40356
| | - C Parys
- Evonik Industries AG, 63457 Hanau, Germany
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