DNA methylation inhibitors: Retrospective and perspective view

Efficacy and safety of decitabine combined with arsenic trioxide in elderly high-risk myelodysplastic neoplasm patients: a retrospective study

OBJECTIVES

Elderly patients with high-risk myelodysplastic neoplasm (MDS) face poor outcomes with limited treatment options, often progressing to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This study investigates the efficacy and safety of combining decitabine (DAC) with arsenic trioxide (ATO) as a novel therapeutic approach.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 120 elderly high-risk MDS patients, with 52 receiving ATO-DAC (ATO-DAC group) and 68 receiving DAC monotherapy (DAC group). Treatment outcomes were assessed through overall response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Adverse events were recorded and compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

The ATO-DAC group demonstrated a significantly higher ORR of 78.85% compared to 52.94% in the DAC group (P = 0.026). Median PFS was 7.5 months for the ATO-DAC group versus 5.0 months for the DAC group (P = 0.021), and median OS was 14.5 months compared to 11.5 months, respectively (P = 0.034). Although adverse events were more frequent in the ATO-DAC group, the safety profile remained manageable. These findings suggest that the ATO-DAC combination provides superior efficacy compared to DAC monotherapy.

DISCUSSION

The combination of DAC and ATO offers a promising and innovative treatment option for elderly high-risk MDS patients, enhancing response rates and survival outcomes while maintaining a manageable safety profile.

CONCLUSION

This study underscores the clinical relevance of this regimen, warranting further investigation in prospective trials.

Epigenetic Therapies in Melanoma-Targeting DNA Methylation and Histone Modification

Skin cancer prevalence has increased during the last decades, with the last years serving as a pivotal moment for comprehending its epidemiological patterns and its impact on public health. Melanoma is one of the most frequently occurring malignancies, arising from a complex interplay of genetic factors, environmental factors, lifestyle and socio-economic conditions. Epigenetic changes play a critical role in tumor development, influencing progression and aggressiveness. Epigenetic therapies could represent novel therapeutic options, while drug repositioning may serve as a viable strategy for cancer treatment. Demethylating agents, commonly used in hematological malignancies, show promising results on solid tumors, including melanoma. Methylation patterns are responsible for tumor development by modulating gene expression, while histone acetylation influences DNA processes such as transcription, replication, repair, and recombination. This review aims to identify existing potential therapeutical approaches using therapeutic agents that can modulate DNA methylation and histone modification, which can lead to tumor inhibition, cell death initiation and reactivation of tumor suppressor genes.

Recent advances on gene-related DNA methylation in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment: a clinical perspective

Recent advances in screening programs and the development of innovative therapeutic strategies have significantly improved the clinical outcomes of cancer patients. However, many patients still experience treatment failure, primarily due to inherent or acquired drug resistance mechanisms. This challenge underscores the urgent need for novel therapeutic targets for the effective treatment of malignancies, as well as cancer-specific biomarkers to enhance early diagnosis and guide interventions. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, have recently garnered growing interest as key regulators of gene expression under both physiological and pathological conditions. Although epigenetic dysregulations are reliable tumor hallmarks, DNA methylation is still not routinely integrated into clinical practice, highlighting the need for further research to translate preclinical findings from the bench to the bedside. On these bases, the present review aims to illustrate the state of the art regarding the role of DNA methylation in cancer, describing the technologies currently available for DNA methylation profiling. Furthermore, the latest evidence on the application of DNA methylation hotspots in cancer diagnosis and prognosis, as well as the impact of epidrugs in cancer care, is discussed to provide a comprehensive overview of the potential clinical relevance of DNA methylation in advancing personalized medicine.

Annonaceous acetogenins as promising DNA methylation inhibitors to prevent and treat leukemogenesis - an in silico approach

Leukemia is a haematological malignancy affecting blood and bone marrow, ranking 10th among the other common cancers. DNA methylation is an epigenetic dysregulation that plays a critical role in leukemogenesis. DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) such as DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B are the key enzymes catalysing DNA methylation. Inhibition of DNMT1 with secondary metabolites from medicinal plants helps reverse DNA methylation. The present study focuses on inhibiting DNMT1 protein (PDB ID: 3PTA) with annonaceous acetogenins through in-silico studies. The docking and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation study was carried out using Schrödinger Maestro and Desmond, respectively. These compounds' drug likeliness, ADMET properties and bioactivity scores were analysed. About 76 different acetogenins were chosen for this study, among which 17 showed the highest binding energy in the range of -8.312 to -10.266 kcal/mol. The compounds with the highest negative binding energy were found to be annohexocin (-10.266 kcal/mol), isoannonacinone (-10.209 kcal/mol) and annonacin (-9.839 kcal/mol). MD simulation results reveal that annonacin remains stable throughout the simulation time of 100 ns and also binds to the catalytic domain of DNMT1 protein. From the above results, it can be concluded that annonacin has the potential to inhibit the DNA methylation process and prevent leukemogenesis.

Epigenetic drugs in cancer therapy

Genetic and epigenetic modifications of DNA are involved in cancer initiation and progression. Epigenetic modifications change chromatin structure and DNA accessibility and thus affect DNA replication, DNA repair and transcription. Epigenetic modifications are reversible and include DNA methylation, histone acetylation and histone methylation. DNA methylation is catalysed by DNA methyltransferases, histone acetylation and deacetylation are catalysed by histone acetylases and deacetylases, while histone methylation is catalysed by histone methyltransferases. Epigenetic modifications are dysregulated in several cancers, making them cancer therapeutic targets. Epigenetic drugs (epi-drugs) which are inhibitors of epigenetic modifications and include DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTi), histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), histone methyltransferase inhibitors (HMTi) and bromodomain and extra-terminal motif protein inhibitors (BETi), have demonstrated clinical success as anti-cancer agents. Furthermore, the combination of epi-drugs with standard chemotherapeutic agents has demonstrated promising anti-cancer effects in pre-clinical and clinical settings. In this review, we discuss the role of epi-drugs in cancer therapy and explore their current and future use in combination with other anti-cancer agents used in the clinic. We further highlight the side effects and limitations of epi-drugs. We additionally discuss novel delivery methods and novel tumour epigenetic biomarkers for the screening, diagnosis and development of personalised cancer treatments, in order to reduce off-target toxicity and improve the specificity and anti-tumour efficacy of epi-drugs.

DNA methylation inhibitors adverse reaction characteristic analysis: an analysis based on the European spontaneous adverse event reporting system

Introduction

DNA methylation inhibitors have been approved for the prevention of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), and their safety profile is not fully characterized. This study was aimed at evaluating the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of DNA methylation inhibitors by analyzing the individual case safety reports (ICSRs) collected in the EudraVigilance (EV) database.

Materials and methods

The EV database managed by the European Medicines Agency was adopted. The standardized medical terminology set MedDRA was utilized. The ICSRs data of DNA methylation inhibitors for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia originated from the EV database (2005-2024). A descriptive exploration of the combined data from EV was undertaken to assess the age, gender of patients, severity and outcome of ADR, event year, geographical origin and the qualification of the reporting source. A comprehensive assessment was made for severe ADR cases. By means of the Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI), a non-proportional analysis was made for MedDRA® SOC in DNA methylation inhibitors. Statistical analysis was executed with SPSS version 23.0, and p < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.

Result

The study reveals that reports related to AZACITIDINE increased from 2005 to 2023, with a slight decline in 2024, while those for DECITABINE have been on the rise since 2007. ICSRs were associated with a majority of males and individuals aged 65-85. Healthcare professionals frequently reported ICSRs related to DNA methylation inhibitors. A significant portion of these ICSRs were serious and completely resolved. The most common ADRs were identified, and certain ADRs had a higher reporting probability with AZACITIDINE (e.g., Febrile neutropenia, Anamia, etc.) and others with DECITABINE (e.g., Myelosuppression, Thrombocytopenia, etc.).

Conclusion

The analysis regarding ADRs of DNA methylation inhibitors was consistent with the literature information disclosed. AZACITIDINE and DECITABINE each have ADRs with a high probability of being reported. Although the study has the advantage of using the database, it is limited by the spontaneous reporting system. Future improvements are needed to accurately evaluate the safety of the drugs.

The impacts of dipeptidyl- peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors on common female malignancies: A systematic review

The inhibition of dipeptidyl- peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is an essential therapy for controlling hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, the role of DPP-4 in cancer is not yet clear, with some studies suggesting that it may either promote or suppress tumors. This makes it crucial to have personalized treatment for diabetic women with cancer to effectively manage their diabetes whilst and preventing cancer mortality. To address this issue, we conducted an integrative in-silico analysis and systematic review of the literature to comprehensively examine the relationship between DPP-4 expression and the effects of its inhibitors on prevalent female malignancies. We specifically chose studies that examined the effects of DPP-4 expression and DPP-4 inhibition (DPP-4i) on prevalent cancers in women, such as breast cancer (BC), ovarian cancer (OV), cervical cancer (CC), and endometrial cancer (EC). These studies comprised those conducted both in vivo and in vitro. The review of the literature indicated that DPP-4i may worsen aggressive traits such as metastasis, Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and chemotherapy resistance in BC cells. However, cohort studies on diabetic and BC patients did not confirm these findings. In vitro studies indicate that on OV, DPP-4 upregulation has been shown to prevent metastasis, while CCappears to be influenced by DPP-4 expression in terms of cell migration. sitagliptin, a pharmaceutical inhibitor of DPP-4, had a significant impact on reducing adhesion in CC cells in vitro. Overexpression of DPP-4 increased cell migration and proliferation in CC and EC cells, and hence the application of sitagliptin is expected to prevent this effect. On the other hand, the result of in-silico data confirmed that a significant correlation exists between DPP-4 expression and immune cell infiltration in breast, ovarian, cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC) as well as downregulated in these cancers compared to their normal tissue samples. Furthermore, a significant (p < 0.05) effect on OS of BC and CESC patients has been reported due to the elevation of DPP-4 methylation on a specific CPG Island. These findings could aid in creating specialized treatments for diabetic women with specific malignancies, but caution should be exercised when considering the patient's medical history and cancer type.

Epigenetics and aging: relevance for sleep medicine

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Sleep disorders encompass a wide range of conditions with substantial individual variability. Epigenetics, the study of heritable changes beyond DNA sequence, offers a promising avenue for personalized medicine in this field.

RECENT FINDINGS

There is great potential of epigenetic markers for sleep disorder diagnosis and the development of epigenetic drugs for targeted treatment. Epigenetic age acceleration, a marker of biological aging, is linked to sleep disorders and comorbidities. Very importantly, this acceleration may be reversible with effective treatment.

SUMMARY

While the underlying mechanisms and assessment of clinical utility require further investigation, the potential of epigenetics in sleep medicine is recognized. Future research focused on closing knowledge gaps and clinical validation is crucial to translate these findings into practical applications, paving the way for more effective and personalized management of sleep disorders.

Redox Homeostasis, Gut Microbiota, and Epigenetics in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review

Neurodegenerative diseases encompass a spectrum of disorders marked by the progressive degeneration of the structure and function of the nervous system. These conditions, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Multiple sclerosis (MS), often lead to severe cognitive and motor deficits. A critical component of neurodegenerative disease pathologies is the imbalance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant mechanisms, culminating in oxidative stress. The brain's high oxygen consumption and lipid-rich environment make it particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage. Pro-oxidants such as reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously generated during normal metabolism, counteracted by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses. In neurodegenerative diseases, this balance is disrupted, leading to neuronal damage. This systematic review explores the roles of oxidative stress, gut microbiota, and epigenetic modifications in neurodegenerative diseases, aiming to elucidate the interplay between these factors and identify potential therapeutic strategies. We conducted a comprehensive search of articles published in 2024 across major databases, focusing on studies examining the relationships between redox homeostasis, gut microbiota, and epigenetic changes in neurodegeneration. A total of 161 studies were included, comprising clinical trials, observational studies, and experimental research. Our findings reveal that oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, with gut microbiota composition and epigenetic modifications significantly influencing redox balance. Specific bacterial taxa and epigenetic markers were identified as potential modulators of oxidative stress, suggesting novel avenues for therapeutic intervention. Moreover, recent evidence from human and animal studies supports the emerging concept of targeting redox homeostasis through microbiota and epigenetic therapies. Future research should focus on validating these targets in clinical settings and exploring the potential for personalized medicine strategies based on individual microbiota and epigenetic profiles.

Deciphering Depression: Epigenetic Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies

Depression, a significant mental health disorder, is under intense research scrutiny to uncover its molecular foundations. Epigenetics, which focuses on controlling gene expression without altering DNA sequences, offers promising avenues for innovative treatment. This review explores the pivotal role of epigenetics in depression, emphasizing two key aspects: (I) identifying epigenetic targets for new antidepressants and (II) using personalized medicine based on distinct epigenetic profiles, highlighting potential epigenetic focal points such as DNA methylation, histone structure alterations, and non-coding RNA molecules such as miRNAs. Variations in DNA methylation in individuals with depression provide opportunities to target genes that are associated with neuroplasticity and synaptic activity. Aberrant histone acetylation may indicate that antidepressant strategies involve enzyme modifications. Modulating miRNA levels can reshape depression-linked gene expression. The second section discusses personalized medicine based on epigenetic profiles. Analyzing these patterns could identify biomarkers associated with treatment response and susceptibility to depression, facilitating tailored treatments and proactive mental health care. Addressing ethical concerns regarding epigenetic information, such as privacy and stigmatization, is crucial in understanding the biological basis of depression. Therefore, researchers must consider these issues when examining the role of epigenetics in mental health disorders. The importance of epigenetics in depression is a critical aspect of modern medical research. These findings hold great potential for novel antidepressant medications and personalized treatments, which would significantly improve patient outcomes, and transform psychiatry. As research progresses, it is expected to uncover more complex aspects of epigenetic processes associated with depression, enhance our comprehension, and increase the effectiveness of therapies.

The DNA methyltransferase inhibitor decitabine blunts the response to a high-animal fat and protein diet in mice

Increasing evidence hints that DNA hypermethylation may mediate the pathogenic response to cardiovascular risk factors. Here, we tested a corollary of that hypothesis, that is, that the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor decitabine (Dec) ameliorates the metabolic profile of mice fed a moderately high-animal fat and protein diet (HAFPD), a proxy of cardiovascular risk-associated Western-type diet. HAFPD-fed mice were exposed to Dec or vehicle for eight weeks (8W set, 4-32/group). To assess any memory of past exposure to Dec, we surveyed a second mice set treated as 8W but HAFPD-fed for further eight weeks without any Dec (16W set, 4-20/group). In 8W, Dec markedly reduced HAFPD-induced body weight gain in females, but marginally in males. Characterization of females revealed that Dec augmented skeletal muscle lipid content, while decreasing liver fat content and increasing plasma nonesterified fatty acids, adipose insulin resistance, and-although marginally-whole blood acylcarnitines, compared to HAFPD alone. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial DNA copy number was higher in 8W mice exposed to HAFPD and Dec, or in 16W mice fed HAFPD only, relative to 8W mice fed HAFPD only, but Dec induced a transcriptional profile indicative of ameliorated mitochondrial function. Memory of past Dec exposure was tissue-specific and sensitive to both duration of exposure to HAFPD and age. In conclusion, Dec redirected HAFPD-induced lipid accumulation toward the skeletal muscle, likely due to augmented mitochondrial functionality and increased lipid demand. As caveat, Dec induced adipose insulin resistance. Our findings may help identifying strategies for prevention and treatment of lipid dysmetabolism.

Management of triple-negative breast cancer by natural compounds through different mechanistic pathways

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most severe form of breast cancer, characterized by the loss of estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth factor receptors. It is caused by various genetic and epigenetic factors, resulting in poor prognosis. Epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, are the leading mechanisms responsible for TNBC progression and metastasis. This review comprehensively covers the various subtypes of TNBC and their epigenetic causes. In addition, the genetic association of TNBC with all significant genes and signaling pathways linked to the progression of this form of cancer has been enlisted. Furthermore, the possible uses of natural compounds through different mechanistic pathways have also been discussed in detail for the successful management of TNBC.

A cytosine analogue 5-azacitidine improves the accumulation of licochalcone A in licorice Glycyrrhiza inflata

Licochalcone A (LCA) is a characteristic compound of Glycyrrhiza inflata with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor activities. However, G. inflata produces LCA in low quantities that does not meet the market demand. In this study, we found that DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacitidine (5-azaC) successfully improved the LCA contents in G. inflata seedlings. Transcriptome analysis revealed a series of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including transcription factors such as MYB, ERF, WRKY, and some structural genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis. However, whole genome bisulfite sequencing (BS-seq) results showed little effect of the 5-azaC treatment on the alteration of DNA methylation on these genes, indicating the possibility that 5-azaC acts as a stimulus, but not an epigenetic modulation factor to improve the LCA content in G. inflata. Additionally, we applied the 5-azaC treatment to field plants and hairy roots and successfully increased the LCA contents in both cases. This research demonstrates the feasibility of 5-azaC treatments in future applications to improve plant production of LCA.

A drug-delivery depot for epigenetic modulation and enhanced cancer immunotherapy

DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTis) have found widespread application in the management of cancer. Zebularine (Zeb), functioning as a demethylating agent, has exhibited notable advantages and enhanced therapeutic efficacy in the realm of tumour immunotherapy. Nevertheless, due to its lack of targeted functionality, standalone Zeb therapy necessitates the administration of a substantially higher dosage. In this investigation, we have devised an innovative nanodrug formulation, comprising the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor Zeb and pH-responsive chitosan (CS), hereinafter referred to as CS-Zeb nanoparticles (NPs). Our findings have unveiled that CS-Zeb NPs manifest heightened drug release within an acidic milieu (pH 5.5) in comparison to a neutral environment (pH 7.4). Furthermore, in vivo studies have conclusively affirmed that, in contrast to equivalent quantities of Zeb in isolation, the nanocomplex significantly curtailed tumour burden and protracted the survival duration of the B16F10 tumour-bearing murine model. Additionally, CS-Zeb NPs elicited an augmentation of CD8+ T cells within the peripheral circulation of mice and tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Notably, the dosage of CS-Zeb NPs was reduced by a remarkable 70-fold when juxtaposed with Zeb administered in isolation. To summarise, our study underscores the potential of CS-Zeb NPs as an alternative chemotherapeutic agent for cancer treatment.

Role and mechanism of DNA methylation and its inhibitors in hepatic fibrosis

Liver fibrosis is a repair response to injury caused by various chronic stimuli that continually act on the liver. Among them, the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and their transformation into a myofibroblast phenotype is a key event leading to liver fibrosis, however the mechanism has not yet been elucidated. The molecular basis of HSC activation involves changes in the regulation of gene expression without changes in the genome sequence, namely, via epigenetic regulation. DNA methylation is a key focus of epigenetic research, as it affects the expression of fibrosis-related, metabolism-related, and tumor suppressor genes. Increasing studies have shown that DNA methylation is closely related to several physiological and pathological processes including HSC activation and liver fibrosis. This review aimed to discuss the mechanism of DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, explore DNA methylation inhibitors as potential therapies for liver fibrosis, and provide new insights on the prevention and clinical treatment of liver fibrosis.

Current clinical trials for epigenetic targets and therapeutic inhibitors for pancreatic cancer therapy

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is an aggressive disease characterized by high mortality. Diagnosis at advanced stage, resistance, and recurrence are major hurdles for PC therapy and contribute to poor survival rate. Mutations in tumor-promoting kinases and epigenetic dysregulation in tumor suppressor genes are hallmarks of PC and can be used for diagnosis and therapy. In this review, we highlight dysregulated genes associated with epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone acetylation, involved in PC progression and resistance. We also explore epigenetic drugs currently in clinical trials. Combining epigenetic drugs and targeted therapies might represent a promising approach for PC.

Differential Histone Posttranslational Modifications Induced by DNA Hypomethylating Agents

Introduction

The prototype DNA hypomethylating agents 5-azacytidine (5AC) and decitabine (DAC) are currently FDA-approved for treatment of blood and bone marrow disorders like myelodysplastic syndrome. 5AC and DAC are considered similar drugs and were shown to induce histone modifications that modulate gene expression. The aim of this study is to compare the effect of both drugs on histone acetylation and methylation at multiple histone amino acids residues.

Methods

Mass spectrometry was used to compare the effect of both drugs on 95 different histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs) in leukemia cells. ChIP-Seq analysis was used to compare the impact of both drugs on the genome-wide acetylation of the H3K9 mark using primary leukemia cells from six de-identified AML patients.

Results

Both DAC and 5AC induced histone PTMs in different histone isoforms like H1.4, H2A, H3, H3.1, and H4. Changes in both histone methylation and acetylation were observed with both drugs; however, there were distinct differences in the histone modifications induced by the two drugs. Since both drugs were shown to increase the activity of the HDAC SIRT6 previously, we tested the effect of 5AC on the acetylation of H3K9, the physiological substrate SIRT6, using ChIP-Seq analysis and compared it to the previously published DAC-induced changes. Significant H3K9 acetylation changes (P< .05) were detected at 925 genes after 5AC treatment vs only 182 genes after DAC treatment. Nevertheless, the gene set modified by 5AC was different from that modified by DAC with only ten similar genes modulated by both drugs.

Conclusion

Despite similarity in chemical structure and DNA hypomethylating activity, 5AC and DAC induced widely different histone PTMs and considering them interchangeable should be carefully evaluated. The mechanism of these histone PTM changes is not clear and may involve modulation of the activity or the expression of the enzymes inducing histone PTMs.

Analysis of the key ligand receptor CADM1_CADM1 in the regulation of thyroid cancer based on scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq data

INTRODUCTION

Advanced papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has a poor prognosis, 60~70% of which become radio iodine refractory (RAI-R), but the molecular markers that assess PTC progress to advanced PTC remain unclear. Meanwhile, current targeted therapies are badly effective due to drug resistance and adverse side effects. Ligand-receptor pairs (L/R pairs) play an important role in the interactions between tumor cells and other cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Nowadays, therapies targeting ligand-receptor pairs in the TME are advancing rapidly in the treatment of advanced cancers. However, therapies targeting L/R pairs applied to advanced PTC remains challenging because of limited knowledge about L/R pairs in PTC.

METHODS

We screened the critical L/R pair: CADM1-CADM1 using 65311 single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) samples from 7 patients in different stage of PTC and bulk RNA-seq datasets containing data from 487 tumor samples and 58 para-carcinoma samples. Moreover, the expression levels of CADM1-CADM1 was assessed by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and the function was analyzed using Transwell immigration assay.

RESULTS

We found that CADM1_CADM1 could be regarded as a biomarker representing a good prognosis of PTC. In addition, the high expression of CADM1_CADM1 can strongly increase the sensitivity of many targeted drugs, which can alleviate drug resistance. And the results of qRT-PCR showed us that the expression of CADM1_CADM1 in PTC was down-regulated and overexpression of CADM1 could suppresses tumor cell invasion migration.

CONCLUSION

Our study identified that CADM1_CADM1 played an essential role in the progression of PTC for the first time and our findings provide a new potential prognostic and therapeutic ligand-receptor pair for advanced PTC.