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Ren F, Si Q, Sui Y. Diagnostic significance and potential function of miR-320d in schizophrenia. Psychiatr Genet 2024; 34:61-67. [PMID: 38441082 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Schizophrenia is a chronic brain disorder and needs objective diagnostic biomarkers. MicroRNAs are highly expressed in the nervous system. The study investigated the expression and clinical values of serum miR-320d in schizophrenia patients. In addition, the underlying mechanism was preliminarily examined via bioinformatic analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum samples were collected from 57 patients with first-episode schizophrenia and 62 healthy controls. The cognitive function of patients was assessed via Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) consisting of seven domains. Serum miR-320d levels were tested via qRT-PCR. The miRNA target predictions were obtained from Target Scan, and annotated through Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. RESULTS Based on the GSE167630 dataset, downregulated serum miR-320d in schizophrenia was identified, which was determined in the serum of schizophrenia patients. Serum miR-320d presented a conspicuous relationship with MCCB score in both the control group and the schizophrenia group. After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and education, serum miR-320d was still independently related to the occurrence of schizophrenia. It can identify schizophrenia cases from healthy ones with an AUC of 0.931. The Go enrichment analysis indicated that the target genes were mainly enriched in homophilic cell adhesion and cell-cell adhesion via plasma-membrane adhesion molecules, and GTPase activity and guanosine diphosphate (GDP) binding. Rap1 signaling pathway was enriched via KEGG analysis. CONCLUSION Serum miR-320d can be taken as a candidate marker for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Its regulatory role in neuronal cell adhesion and Rap1 signaling pathway might be the potential underlying mechanism of miR-320d in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Ren
- Department of Psychiatry, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, China
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Xu Z, Wen C, Wang W. Role of MAPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways in cuprizone-induced demyelination and cognitive impairment in mice. Behav Brain Res 2024; 458:114755. [PMID: 37949321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to find the genes and signaling pathways underlying cuprizone-induced demyelination and cognitive impairments in mice. We used the cuprizone-exposed mice as an animal model of schizophrenia and assessed cognitive function in mice. Total RNA was extracted from mouse brain tissues for RNA sequencing. The DESeq2 R package was utilized to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Functional and pathway enrichment analyses were performed simultaneously. We also constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network to screen potential hub genes, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was employed to validate the screened genes. After 6 weeks of cuprizone treatment, the cognitive function of mice was impaired. Compared to the controls, the cuprizone-exposed mice contained 351 DEGs, including 167 upregulated and 184 downregulated genes. Enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched in some biological processes involved in demyelination, including the MAPK pathway. Functional pathway analysis revealed that the DEGs were significantly enriched in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, which may be associated with cognitive impairments. MBP, IGF1, GFAP, PTPRC, CD14, CD68, ITGB2, LYN, TLR2, TLR4, VAV1, and PLEK were considered as potential hub genes. Except for MBP, all genes were upregulated in the cuprizone models, as verified by qRT-PCR. We suggest that the MAPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways may be associated with demyelination and cognitive impairments, respectively. GFAP and IGF-1 expression levels increased in cuprizone-exposed mice, suggesting that astrocytes may play a role in protecting the myelin sheath following treatment with cuprizone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhong Xu
- Xiamen Xianyue Hospital, Xianyue Hospital Affiliated with Xiamen Medical College, Fujian Psychiatric Center, Fujian Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Xiamen, Fujian 361012, China.
| | - Chunyan Wen
- Xiamen Xianyue Hospital, Xianyue Hospital Affiliated with Xiamen Medical College, Fujian Psychiatric Center, Fujian Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Xiamen, Fujian 361012, China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- Xiamen Xianyue Hospital, Xianyue Hospital Affiliated with Xiamen Medical College, Fujian Psychiatric Center, Fujian Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Xiamen, Fujian 361012, China
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Bednářová A, Habalová V, Tkáč I. BDNF rs962369 Is Associated with Major Depressive Disorder. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2243. [PMID: 37626739 PMCID: PMC10452342 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study enrolled 291 patients diagnosed with depression and schizophrenia (F32, F33, and F20 according to ICD-10) and 227 ethnicity-matched control subjects. We analyzed the distribution of BDNF rs6265 and BDNF rs962369 genotypes, finding no significant associations between these and schizophrenia. We revealed a significant increase in the risk of single-episode major depression disorder (MDD) for rs962369 minor allele homozygotes (CC vs. TT+TC), an association that persisted after adjusting for age and sex (OR 3.47; 95% CI 1.36-8.85; p = 0.009). Furthermore, rs962369 genotype was significantly associated with an increased risk of recurrent MDD in a log-additive model (OR per C-allele 1.65; 95% CI 1.11-2.45; p = 0.013). A comparative analysis between MDD subtypes and between MDD subtypes and schizophrenia showed no significant differences for BDNF rs6265. Notably, the frequency of minor allele C of BDNF rs962369 varied across subgroups, with the highest frequency in patients with recurrent MDD (0.32) and the lowest in schizophrenia patients (0.20). The presence of genotypes with at least one minor allele C was significantly higher in the recurrent MDD patient group compared to the schizophrenia group. In conclusion, the BDNF rs962369 variant was associated with MDD but not with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Bednářová
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University and Louis Pasteur University Hospital, 041 90 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Viera Habalová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Ivan Tkáč
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University and Louis Pasteur University Hospital, 041 90 Kosice, Slovakia;
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Zakaria WNA, Sasongko TH, Al-Rahbi B, Al-Sowayan N, Ahmad AH, Zakaria R, Ahmi A, Othman Z. Gene and schizophrenia in the pregenome and postgenome-wide association studies era: a bibliometric analysis and network visualization. Psychiatr Genet 2023; 33:37-49. [PMID: 36825838 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to perform a bibliometric analysis on genetic studies in schizophrenia in the pregenome-wide association studies (GWAS) and post-GWAS era. We searched the literature on genes and schizophrenia using the Scopus database. The documents increased with time, especially after the human genome project and International HapMap Project, with the highest citation in 2008. The top occurrence author keywords were discovered to be different in the pre-GWAS and post-GWAS eras, reflecting the progress of genetic studies connected to schizophrenia. Emerging keywords highlighted a trend towards an application of precision medicine, showing an interplay of environmental exposures as well as genetic factors in schizophrenia pathogenesis, progression, and response to therapy. In conclusion, the gene and schizophrenia literature has grown rapidly after the human genome project, and the temporal variation in the author keywords pattern reflects the trend of genetic studies related to schizophrenia in the pre-GWAS and post-GWAS era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Nur Amalina Zakaria
- Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Teguh Haryo Sasongko
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Institute for Research, Development and Innovation, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Noorah Al-Sowayan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Hayati Ahmad
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Rahimah Zakaria
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Aidi Ahmi
- Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy, Universiti Utara Malaysia 06010 UUM Sintok, Kedah
| | - Zahiruddin Othman
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Chen Z, Li X, Cui X, Zhang L, Liu Q, Lu Y, Wang X, Shi H, Ding M, Yang Y, Li W, Lv L. Association of CTNND2 gene polymorphism with schizophrenia: Two-sample case-control study in Chinese Han population. Int J Psychiatry Med 2023:912174231164669. [PMID: 36930964 DOI: 10.1177/00912174231164669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genetic factors play an important role in the etiology of schizophrenia (SZ). Catenin Delta 2 (CTNND2) is one of the genes regulating neuronal development in the brain. It is unclear whether CTNND2 is involved in SZ. With the hypothesis that CTNND2 may be a risk gene for SZ, we performed a case-control association analysis to investigate if CTNND2 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are implicated in SZ in a Han Chinese northern population. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recruited subjects from 2010 to 2022 from the Han population of northern Henan and divided them into two case-control samples, including a discovery sample (SZ = 528 and control = 528) and replication sample (SZ = 2458 and control = 6914). Twenty-one SNPs were genotyped on the Illumina BeadStation 500G platform using GoldenGate technology and analyzed by PLINK. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to assess clinical symptoms. RESULTS Rs16901943, rs7733427, and rs2168878 SNPs were associated with SZ (Chi2 = 7.484, 11.576, and 5.391, respectively, df = 1; p = 0.006, 0.00067, and 0.02, respectively) in two samples. Rs10058868 was associated with SZ in male patients in the discovery sample (Chi2 = 6.264, df = 1, p = .044). Only rs7733427 survived Bonferroni correction. Linkage disequilibrium block three haplotypes were associated with SZ in the discovery and total sample. PANSS analysis of the four SNPs implicated rs10058868 and rs2168878 with symptoms of depression and excitement, respectively, in the SZ patients. CONCLUSION Four SNPs were identified as being correlated with SZ. The CTNND2 gene may be involved in susceptibility to SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaonian Chen
- 34727The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- 34727The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiangzheng Cui
- 34727The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Luwen Zhang
- 34727The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qing Liu
- 34727The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yanli Lu
- 34727The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- 34727The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Han Shi
- 34727The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Minli Ding
- 34727The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yongfeng Yang
- 34727The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- 34727The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Luxian Lv
- 34727The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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Helaly AMN, Ghorab DSED. Schizophrenia as metabolic disease. What are the causes? Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:795-804. [PMID: 36656396 PMCID: PMC9849842 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a devastating neurodevelopmental disease with an accelerated ageing feature. The criteria of metabolic disease firmly fit with those of schizophrenia. Disturbances in energy and mitochondria are at the core of complex pathology. Genetic and environmental interaction creates changes in redox, inflammation, and apoptosis. All the factors behind schizophrenia interact in a cycle where it is difficult to discriminate between the cause and the effect. New technology and advances in the multi-dispensary fields could break this cycle in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mohamed Nabil Helaly
- Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Doaa Shame El Din Ghorab
- Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Orsolini L, Pompili S, Volpe U. C-Reactive Protein (CRP): A Potent Inflammation Biomarker in Psychiatric Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1411:135-160. [PMID: 36949309 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have investigated the role of inflammation in psychiatric disorders, by demonstrating how an altered/dysfunctional immunological and inflammatory system may underpin a psychiatric condition. Particularly, several studies specifically investigated the role of a neuroinflammatory biomarker, named C-reactive protein (CRP), in psychiatric disorders. Overall, even though scientific literature so far published still does not appear definitive, CRP is more likely reported to be elevated in several psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder. Moreover, a low-grade inflammation (CRP >3 mg/L) has been more likely observed in a subgroup of patients affected with a more severe psychopathological symptomatology, more treatment resistance and worst clinical mental illness course, strengthening the hypothesis of the need for a different clinical and prognostic characterization based on this concomitant neuroinflammatory predisposition. However, even though further research studies are needed to confirm this preliminary evidence, CRP may represent a potential clinical routine biomarker which could be integrated in the clinical routine practice to better characterize clinical picture and course as well as address clinicians towards a personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Orsolini
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neurosciences/DIMSC, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Simone Pompili
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neurosciences/DIMSC, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Umberto Volpe
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neurosciences/DIMSC, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Mendelian randomization study on the effect of tumor necrosis factor on schizophrenia. Psychiatr Genet 2022; 32:238-245. [PMID: 36354138 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous observational studies have shown that the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) increased in patients with schizophrenia. The present two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study aims to identify the causal link between TNF and schizophrenia. METHODS To date, the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) for TNF (n = 23 141) and for schizophrenia (53 386 cases and 77 258 controls) was used. All participants were of European ancestry. The MR-egger_intercept test and Cochran's Q statistic were used to determine the pleiotropy and heterogeneity, respectively. Weighted median and inverse variance weighted (IVW) were used to evaluate the causal association of TNF with schizophrenia. RESULTS We found no significant pleiotropy or heterogeneity of all three selected plasma TNF genetic instrumental variants in breast cancer GWAS. Interestingly, the odds ratio (OR) = 1.517 with 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.006-2.288 and P = 0.047 of schizophrenia correspond to one unit increase in natural log-transformed TNF levels using IVW method. The increased trend was further proven using weighted median (OR = 1.585; 95% CI, 1.017-2.469; P = 0.042). Reverse MR analysis shows no causal effect of schizophrenia on plasma TNF levels. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis suggested a causal association between genetically increased TNF signaling and increased risk of schizophrenia in the European population. Thus, TNF may be a potential risk for schizophrenia.
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Feng S, Chen J, Qu C, Yang L, Wu X, Wang S, Yang T, Liu H, Fang Y, Sun P. Identification of Ferroptosis-Related Genes in Schizophrenia Based on Bioinformatic Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13112168. [PMID: 36421842 PMCID: PMC9690569 DOI: 10.3390/genes13112168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore the correlation between ferroptosis-related genes and schizophrenia in order to explore the new direction of diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia. We screened the datasets related to schizophrenia from the Gene Expression Comprehensive Database (GEO) and obtained ferroptosis-related genes from the FerrDB database. Bioinformatics methods were used to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and genes associated with ferroptosis-related between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. On this basis, the hub genes were finally screened by enrichment analysis and PPI interaction analysis. Hub genes associated with ferroptosis were validated using other schizophrenia datasets in the GEO database. Finally, the hub gene-microRNA (miRNA), gene-transcription factor interaction network was constructed, and three ferroptosis-related hub genes (TP53, VEGFA and PTGS2) were screened. The validation results of these three genes in other datasets also support this conclusion. A miRNA: hsa-mir-16-5p was found to be related to the three hub genes, and pPHF8, SAP30 and lKDM5B were identified as common regulators of the three hub genes. Our results indicate that TP53, VEGFA and PTGS2 are significantly associated with schizophrenia, and may be ferroptosis-related markers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunkang Feng
- Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266071, China
- Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao 266034, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Clinical Research Center and Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 201108, China
| | - Chunhui Qu
- Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao 266034, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Clinical Research Center and Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Clinical Research Center and Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Clinical Research Center and Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Clinical Research Center and Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Clinical Research Center and Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yiru Fang
- Clinical Research Center and Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 201108, China
- Correspondence: (Y.F.); (P.S.)
| | - Ping Sun
- Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao 266034, China
- Clinical Research Center and Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
- Correspondence: (Y.F.); (P.S.)
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Xu H, Yang F. The interplay of dopamine metabolism abnormalities and mitochondrial defects in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:464. [PMID: 36344514 PMCID: PMC9640700 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a major monoamine neurotransmitter in the brain and has essential roles in higher functions of the brain. Malfunctions of dopaminergic signaling have been implicated in various mental disorders such as addiction, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease (PD), and schizophrenia. The pathogenesis of PD and schizophrenia involves the interplay of mitochondrial defect and DA metabolism abnormalities. This article focuses on this issue in schizophrenia. It started with the introduction of metabolism, behavioral action, and physiology of DA, followed by reviewing evidence for malfunctions of dopaminergic signaling in patients with schizophrenia. Then it provided an overview of multiple facets of mitochondrial physiology before summarizing mitochondrial defects reported in clinical studies with schizophrenia patients. Finally, it discussed the interplay between DA metabolism abnormalities and mitochondrial defects and outlined some clinical studies showing effects of combination therapy of antipsychotics and antioxidants in treating patients with schizophrenia. The update and integration of these lines of information may advance our understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis, phenomenology, and treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Xu
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Illness, The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
- Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Xuan FL, Yan L, Li Y, Fan F, Deng H, Gou M, Chithanathan K, Heinla I, Yuan L, Seppa K, Zharkovsky A, Kalda A, Hong LE, Hu GF, Tan Y, Tian L. Glial receptor PLXNB2 regulates schizophrenia-related stress perception via the amygdala. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1005067. [PMID: 36325348 PMCID: PMC9619215 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1005067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is a trigger for the development of psychiatric disorders. However, how stress trait differs in schizophrenia patients is still unclear. Stress also induces and exacerbates immune activation in psychiatric disorders. Plexins (Plxn) and its ligands semaphorins (Sema) are important cellular receptors with plural functions in both the brain and the immune system. Recently, the role of Plxn/Sema in regulation of neuroinflammation was also noticed. Here, when investigating immune mechanisms underlying stress susceptibility in schizophrenia, we discovered the role of Plxnb2 in stress response. Patients of first-episode schizophrenia (FES) with high stress (FES-hs, n=51) and low stress (FES-ls, n=50) perception and healthy controls (HCs) (n=49) were first recruited for neuroimaging and blood bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). A mouse model of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) and intra-amygdaloid functional blocking of Plxnb2 were further explored to depict target gene functions. Compared to HCs, FES-hs patients had bigger caudate and thalamus (FDR=0.02&0.001, respectively) whereas FES-ls patients had smaller amygdala (FDR=0.002). Blood RNA-seq showed differentially expressed PLXNB2 and its ligands among patient groups and HCs (FDR<0.05~0.01). Amygdaloid size and PLXNB2 level were both negatively correlated with stress perception (p<0.01&0.05, respectively), which fully mediated the amygdaloid positive association with PLXNB2 expression (β=0.9318, 95% CI: 0.058~1.886) in FES-hs patients. In mice, Plxnb2 was enriched in astrocytes and microglia and CUS reduced its expression in astrocytes (p<0.05). Inhibition of amygdaloid Plxnb2 by its functional blocking monoclonal antibody (mAb)-102 induced mice anxiety (p<0.05), amygdaloid enlargement (p<0.05), and microglial ramification (p<0.001) compared to saline. These data suggest that PLXNB2 regulates amygdala-dependent stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Ling Xuan
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ling Yan
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yanli Li
- Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Fengmei Fan
- Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Deng
- Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Mengzhuang Gou
- Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Keerthana Chithanathan
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Indrek Heinla
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liang Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kadri Seppa
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alexander Zharkovsky
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anti Kalda
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - L. Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Guo-Fu Hu
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Li Tian, ; Yunlong Tan,
| | - Li Tian
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- *Correspondence: Li Tian, ; Yunlong Tan,
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Luján MÁ, Sotos JM, Santos JL, Borja AL. Accurate neural network classification model for schizophrenia disease based on electroencephalogram data. INT J MACH LEARN CYB 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13042-022-01668-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2022]
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The Variation of Transcriptomic Perturbations is Associated with the Development and Progression of Various Diseases. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:2148627. [PMID: 36204511 PMCID: PMC9530920 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2148627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Although transcriptomic data have been widely applied to explore various diseases, few studies have investigated the association between transcriptomic perturbations and disease development in a wide variety of diseases. Methods Based on a previously developed algorithm for quantifying intratumor heterogeneity at the transcriptomic level, we defined the variation of transcriptomic perturbations (VTP) of a disease relative to the health status. Based on publicly available transcriptome datasets, we compared VTP values between the disease and health status and analyzed correlations between VTP values and disease progression or severity in various diseases, including neurological disorders, infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, liver diseases, kidney diseases, digestive diseases, and endocrine diseases. We also identified the genes and pathways whose expression perturbations correlated positively with VTP across diverse diseases. Results VTP values were upregulated in various diseases relative to their normal controls. VTP values were significantly greater in define than in possible or probable Alzheimer's disease. VTP values were significantly larger in intensive care unit (ICU) COVID-19 patients than in non-ICU patients, and in COVID-19 patients requiring mechanical ventilatory support (MVS) than in those not requiring MVS. VTP correlated positively with viral loads in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Moreover, the AIDS patients treated with abacavir or zidovudine had lower VTP values than those without such therapies. In pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients, VTP values followed the pattern: active TB > latent TB > normal controls. VTP values were greater in clinically apparent than in presymptomatic malaria. VTP correlated negatively with the cardiac index of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), VTP showed a negative correlation with forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1). VTP values increased with H. pylori infection and were upregulated in atrophic gastritis caused by H. pylori infection. The genes and pathways whose expression perturbations correlated positively with VTP scores across diseases were mainly involved in the regulation of immune, metabolic, and cellular activities. Conclusions VTP is upregulated in the disease versus health status, and its upregulation is associated with disease progression and severity in various diseases. Thus, VTP has potential clinical implications for disease diagnosis and prognosis.
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Analysis of color vision and cognitive function in first-episode schizophrenia before and after antipsychotic treatment. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 152:278-288. [PMID: 35759980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large body of recent research has demonstrated that patients with schizophrenia exhibit significant changes in visual function and ocular tissue structure in the early stages of onset. It is therefore possible to explore a novel scientific breakthrough in the etiology of schizophrenia by transforming the traditional study of brain structure and function with a view to examining the potential field of eye tissue and function. However, few studies have investigated the correlation between iris characteristics and schizophrenia, and evidence is lacking in this regard. Thus, further exploration is needed. PURPOSE This study was designed to analyze the characteristics of iris structure, color vision function and cognitive function, as well as the changes therein in patients with the first-episode drug-free schizophrenia before and after antipsychotic treatment. It aimed to preliminarily identify easily-measurable biomarkers for early clinical screening and diagnosis of schizophrenia. METHODS This study recruited 61 patients (22 males) with first-episode schizophrenia. Prior to the commencement of treatment with antipsychotic drugs, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Farnsworth-Munsell Dichotomous (D-15 Hue Test) were used as assessment tools to evaluate cognitive function and color vision function, respectively. Over a 6-week period, patients received a second-generation antipsychotic treatment (all converted to olanzapine equivalent dose) as prescribed by the doctor, and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was applied to evaluate the clinical treatment effects before treatment (baseline), as well as at the 2nd, 4th, and 6th weeks after drug treatment. On the basis of iris characteristics, the patients were divided into groups. The observed differences in drug treatment effects between the groups were then compared and analyzed to further clarify the relationship between treatment efficacy and iris characteristics. Finally, changes in the cognitive function and color vision function of patients at baseline and at the 6th week after drug treatment were compared, and the effects of antipsychotic drug treatment on the above-mentioned functions were analyzed. RESULTS On the basis of structural iris characteristics, 61 patients were classified as follows: 28 patients without iris crypts and 33 with iris crypts; 35 without iris pigment dots and 26 with iris pigment dots; 42 without iris wrinkles and 19 with iris wrinkles. No significant difference was observed in the PANSS scores of all of the patients at baseline; however, significant differences were found in patients with iris crypts and iris pigment dots at each follow-up timepoint (i.e., at the 2nd, 4th, and 6th week). Moreover, it is noteworthy that, compared with other patients, the PANSS scores of patients without specific iris structure characteristics (iris crypts and pigment dots) decreased significantly (P<0.05), which indicated that the drug therapy was highly effective. Excluding the interference of drug factors, a significant correlation was found between the results of the D-15 (color vision function) and MoCA (cognitive function) in first-episode untreated patients (r = -0.401, P < 0.05). In addition, the MoCA scores (mean difference = 2.36, t = 10.05, P ˂ 0.01) were significantly higher after 6 weeks of antipsychotic drug treatment compared to conditions at baseline. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study demonstrated that color vision function of patients with schizophrenia improved with the improvement of cognitive function. The structural characteristics of the iris with crypts and pigment dots could have a significant impact on the drug treatment effect of schizophrenia and could be considered as a potential biomarker for detecting and recognizing schizophrenia.
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Roos JL, Kotzé C. Early deviant behaviour as a dimension trait and endophenotype in schizophrenia. S Afr J Psychiatr 2022; 28:1747. [PMID: 35547101 PMCID: PMC9082214 DOI: 10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v28i0.1747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In psychiatry, there is still a lack of objective biological diagnostic measurements. It is important to investigate measurements or symptom dimensions that can inform diagnostic assessments and allow for a more personalised approach to patients. Aim To discuss how early deviant behaviour (EDB) may be seen as a possible continuous symptom dimension trait and endophenotype in schizophrenia. Methods Conducting a commentary review by highlighting some important findings from available literature. Results Findings regarding EDB in schizophrenia in a South African genetic sample point towards EDB as a progressive subtype of schizophrenia, with very early onset of illness (even prior to the psychotic symptomatology) and a genetic form of illness. Conclusion Valuable information can be gained by enquiring into EDB and viewing it as a continuous symptom dimension trait and endophenotype during the psychiatric diagnostic interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L Roos
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Weskoppies Psychiatric Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Carla Kotzé
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Weskoppies Psychiatric Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
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Kristóf Z, Baranyi M, Tod P, Mut-Arbona P, Demeter K, Bitter I, Sperlágh B. Elevated Serum Purine Levels in Schizophrenia: A Reverse Translational Study to Identify Novel Inflammatory Biomarkers. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 25:645-659. [PMID: 35443035 PMCID: PMC9380717 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyac026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunological markers and related signaling molecules in the blood are altered in schizophrenia mouse models, in acutely relapsed patients with schizophrenia, and in persons at a clinically high risk for subsequently developing psychosis, highlighting their potential as prognostic and theranostic biomarkers. Therefore, we herein aimed to identify novel potential biomarkers in the serum that are associated with purinergic signaling. METHODS To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the correlations among the levels of human serum adenine nucleotides (ATP, ADP), adenosine, P2X7 receptor, and disease activity in patients hospitalized due to an acute relapse of schizophrenia (n = 53) and healthy controls (n = 47). In addition, to validate these findings using a reverse translational approach, we examined the same parameters in an acute phencyclidine-induced schizophrenia mouse model. RESULTS We found consistently elevated levels of ATP, ADP, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10 in both schizophrenia groups compared with the controls. The levels of adenosine, IL-1β, IL-12, and C-reactive protein were also increased in the human patient samples. Moreover, ATP and ADP were significantly positively correlated with the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale item "lack of judgment and insight"; IL-1β, IL-12, and tumour necrosis factor alpha were significantly positively correlated with "tension" and "depression"; and "disorientation" and "poor attention" were correlated significantly with IL-6 and IL-8. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests the promising potential of blood purines and inflammatory markers as future prognostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsüliet Kristóf
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary,Doctoral School of Mental Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Baranyi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Tod
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Paula Mut-Arbona
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary,János Szentágothai Neuroscience Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kornél Demeter
- Behavior Unit, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Correspondence: Beáta Sperlágh, MD, PhD, 1083 Budapest, Szigony 43, Hungary ()
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Lin P, Sun J, Lou X, Li D, Shi Y, Li Z, Ma P, Li P, Chen S, Jin W, Liu S, Chen Q, Gao Q, Zhu L, Xu J, Zhu M, Wang M, Liang K, Zhao L, Xu H, Dong K, Li Q, Cheng X, Chen J, Guo X. Consensus on potential biomarkers developed for use in clinical tests for schizophrenia. Gen Psychiatr 2022; 35:e100685. [PMID: 35309241 PMCID: PMC8867318 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2021-100685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundSchizophrenia is a serious mental illness affecting approximately 20 million individuals globally. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the illness. If left undiagnosed and untreated, schizophrenia results in impaired social function, repeated hospital admissions, reduced quality of life and decreased life expectancy. Clinical diagnosis largely relies on subjective evidence, including self-reported experiences, and reported behavioural abnormalities followed by psychiatric evaluation. In addition, psychoses may occur along with other conditions, and the symptoms are often episodic and transient, posing a significant challenge to the precision of diagnosis. Therefore, objective, specific tests using biomarkers are urgently needed for differential diagnosis of schizophrenia in clinical practice.AimsWe aimed to provide evidence-based and consensus-based recommendations, with a summary of laboratory measurements that could potentially be used as biomarkers for schizophrenia, and to discuss directions for future research.MethodsWe searched publications within the last 10 years with the following keywords: ‘schizophrenia’, ‘gene’, ‘inflammation’, ‘neurotransmitter’, ‘protein marker’, ‘gut microbiota’, ‘pharmacogenomics’ and ‘biomarker’. A draft of the consensus was discussed and agreed on by all authors at a round table session.ResultsWe summarised the characteristics of candidate diagnostic markers for schizophrenia, including genetic, inflammatory, neurotransmitter, peripheral protein, pharmacogenomic and gut microbiota markers. We also proposed a novel laboratory process for diagnosing schizophrenia in clinical practice based on the evidence summarised in this paper.ConclusionsFurther efforts are needed to identify schizophrenia-specific genetic and epigenetic markers for precise diagnosis, differential diagnosis and ethnicity-specific markers for the Chinese population. The development of novel laboratory techniques is making it possible to use these biomarkers clinically to diagnose disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyu Sun
- Department of Psychosis, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Xiaoyan Lou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peijun Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuzi Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxia Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kangyi Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huabin Xu
- Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of West Anhui Health Vocational College, Lu’an, Anhui, China
| | - Ke Dong
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingtian Li
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xunjia Cheng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinghong Chen
- Editorial Office of General Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaokui Guo
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Li M, Guo P, Zeng J, Li C, Ji Q, Zhao Y, Chen H, Wang Y, Hu Y, Liu L. Study on clinical characteristics and related factors of schizophrenic patients with intestinal obstruction. BMC Gastroenterol 2022; 22:11. [PMID: 34991481 PMCID: PMC8740482 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-02091-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are still few studies on the clinical characteristics and related risk factors of schizophrenia patients with intestinal obstruction. Our aim is to explore the clinical characteristics and related risk factors of schizophrenia patients with intestinal obstruction. METHODS This study focused on schizophrenia patients with intestinal obstruction who were hospitalized in the psychiatric department of a hospital in Wuhan from January 2007 to December 2020 as the main research object. We intend to retrospectively analyze the clinical characteristics and related risk factors of schizophrenia patients with intestinal obstruction. RESULTS In the 1937 persons with schizophrenia included in this study, 97 patients were complicated with intestinal obstruction, and the incidence was 5.01%.The results of the study showed that patients with age ≥ 60 years old, visiting time ≥ 24 h, hospital stay ≥ 90 days, history of abdominal surgery, course of disease ≥ 5 years, male, and patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are prone to intestinal obstruction; Logistic multiple regression analysis showed that the related risk factors of schizophrenia patients with intestinal obstruction mainly included the patient's age, visiting time, length of hospital stay, history of abdominal surgery, course of disease and gender. CONCLUSION The older the age, the longer the hospital stay, the longer the course of the disease, the history of previous surgery, and the male schizophrenia who do not see a doctor within 24 h of the onset, the risk of intestinal obstruction is higher, and it is easy to be misdiagnosed and even life-threatening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tong Ji Medical College of Huazhong University Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ping Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Wudong Hospital, Wuhan, 430084, China
| | - Jihua Zeng
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Wudong Hospital, Wuhan, 430084, China. .,Department of Medical, Department of Science, Wuhan Wudong Hospital, No. 46 of Wudong Street, Qingshan District, Wuhan, 430084, China.
| | - Chi Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Wudong Hospital, Wuhan, 430084, China. .,Department of Medical, Department of Science, Wuhan Wudong Hospital, No. 46 of Wudong Street, Qingshan District, Wuhan, 430084, China.
| | - Qiuming Ji
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Wudong Hospital, Wuhan, 430084, China
| | - Yunqing Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Wudong Hospital, Wuhan, 430084, China
| | - Haiying Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Wudong Hospital, Wuhan, 430084, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Wudong Hospital, Wuhan, 430084, China
| | - Yunjiao Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Wudong Hospital, Wuhan, 430084, China
| | - Lianzhong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tong Ji Medical College of Huazhong University Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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Ullah I, Awan HA, Aamir A, Diwan MN, de Filippis R, Awan S, Irfan M, Fornaro M, Ventriglio A, Vellante F, Pettorruso M, Martinotti G, Di Giannantonio M, De Berardis D. Role and Perspectives of Inflammation and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) in Psychosis: An Economic and Widespread Tool for Assessing the Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313032. [PMID: 34884840 PMCID: PMC8657450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a major psychotic disorder affecting nearly 23.6 million people globally and greatly impacting the cognitive and social functioning of individuals. Multiple risk factors, including genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors have been identified. However, the exact mechanism by which some factors aid in the development of schizophrenia is still uncertain. Acute and/or long-standing inflammation has been implicated as both a cause and effect of schizophrenia. Heightened immune responses have been documented in large cohorts of individuals with schizophrenia. While not completely known, multiple hypotheses, such as disruption of the blood–brain barrier, alterations in the kynurenine/tryptophan pathway, and increased microglial activation, have been presented to correlate inflammation with schizophrenic symptoms. Measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP) is a commonly performed and inexpensive test on patients’ serum to determine levels of systemic inflammation in the body. Multiple studies have reported an elevated CRP level in different stages of schizophrenia, indicating its potential to be used as a viable biomarker in the diagnosis and monitoring of schizophrenia along with assessing treatment response to conventional and non-conventional treatment regimens. This review aims to evaluate the role of inflammation, in general, and CRP, in particular, in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and its potential significance in diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventative approaches towards schizophrenia and psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ullah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan;
| | - Hashir Ali Awan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Karachi 74200, Pakistan; (H.A.A.); (A.A.); (M.N.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Alifiya Aamir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Karachi 74200, Pakistan; (H.A.A.); (A.A.); (M.N.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Mufaddal Najmuddin Diwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Karachi 74200, Pakistan; (H.A.A.); (A.A.); (M.N.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Renato de Filippis
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Sana Awan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Karachi 74200, Pakistan; (H.A.A.); (A.A.); (M.N.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan;
| | - Michele Fornaro
- Department of Psychiatry, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Antonio Ventriglio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Federica Vellante
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.V.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (M.D.G.)
| | - Mauro Pettorruso
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.V.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (M.D.G.)
| | - Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.V.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (M.D.G.)
| | - Massimo Di Giannantonio
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.V.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (M.D.G.)
| | - Domenico De Berardis
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.V.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (M.D.G.)
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service for Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital “G. Mazzini”, ASL 4, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Sugaya K. Characterization of cells expressing MRI reporters for the analysis of epigenetics. Anal Biochem 2021; 633:114395. [PMID: 34600867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is thought to be involved in highly advanced life phenomena, and its regulation has created new opportunities in regenerative medicine. Mintbody (modification-specific intracellular antibody) can track a posttranslational protein modification in epigenetics using a genetic system encoded within a single chain of variable fragments tagged with a fluorescent protein. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique that allows observation of specific molecules in living organisms. The ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) is one of the MRI reporters used in mammals. The combination of FTH1 with mintbody may show remarkable ability as a reporter for MRI to investigate epigenetics in the deep part of a living organism. This article discusses the suitability and safety of FTH1 for use in the analysis of epigenetics by MRI. Cells expressing the FTH1 hybrid of mintbody showed insufficiently increased sensitivity by MRI even in the presence of excess iron. After incubation with ferric ammonium citrate, DNA damage was found in cells expressing the FTH1 hybrid of mintbody. The use of FTH1 as a genetically encoded reporter for MRI appears to be limited by the requirement of metal and its relatively low sensitivity. These results suggest future directionality and the possibility of studying epigenetics in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimihiko Sugaya
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan.
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21
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Abd El Gayed EM, Rizk MS, Ramadan AN, Bayomy NR. mRNA Expression of the CUB and Sushi Multiple Domains 1 ( CSMD1) and Its Serum Protein Level as Predictors for Psychosis in the Familial High-Risk Children and Young Adults. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:24128-24138. [PMID: 34568691 PMCID: PMC8459410 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: Schizophrenia (SCZ) is still a challenging, refractory, and severe disorder. It is not a fully understood disease with genetic and epigenetic susceptibility and about 80% substantial heritability. The CUB and Sushi multiple domains 1 (CSMD1) gene is implicated in neurogenesis, memory, immunity, neuropsychology, and monoamine metabolism. Thus, it is one of the powerful genes involved in the pathogenesis of SCZ. Purpose: To evaluate the possible role of the CSMD1 gene's mRNA expression and its serum protein as markers for the early diagnosis of the first-episode SCZ in familial high-risk (FHR) Egyptian children and young adults. Subjects and methods: This case-control study included 80 first-episode drug-naïve SCZ patients from FHR Egyptian children and young adults and 80 healthy participants, as controls, from the FHR-susceptible children and young adults but did not develop SCZ. In this study, the CSMD1 gene's mRNA expression and CSMD1 serum levels were measured in the peripheral blood, and these levels were correlated with the lipid profile of the study populations. Results: The CSMD1 gene's mRNA expression and its' protein levels were significantly decreased in the SCZ patients compared to controls. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis succeeded in distinguishing SCZ patients from those not having SCZ using cutoff points of ≤0.711 and ≤4.83 ng/mL for the CSMD1 gene's mRNA expression and serum protein level, respectively. At these levels, the diagnostic sensitivities were 93.75 and 91.25%; specificity was 92.5%; positive predictive value (PPV) were 92.6 and 92.4%; and negative predictive values (NPVs) were 93.7 and 91.4%, respectively. Also, the ROC curve analysis succeeded in discriminating those with suicidal tendencies. Conclusion: CSMD1 gene's mRNA expression might be a reliable and early diagnostic predictor of first-episode SCZ in the FHR Egyptian children and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Masoud Abd El Gayed
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Menoufia University, Shebin
El-Kom 13829, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Soliman Rizk
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Menoufia University, Shebin
El-Kom 13829, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Nabil Ramadan
- Department
of Neuropsychiatry, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 13829, Egypt
| | - Noha Rabie Bayomy
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Menoufia University, Shebin
El-Kom 13829, Egypt
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22
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Neuroepigenetics of psychiatric disorders: Focus on lncRNA. Neurochem Int 2021; 149:105140. [PMID: 34298078 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the pathology of psychiatric disorders is challenging due to their complexity and multifactorial origin. However, development of high-throughput technologies has allowed for better insight into their molecular signatures. Advancement of sequencing methodologies have made it possible to study not only the protein-coding but also the noncoding genome. It is now clear that besides the genetic component, different epigenetic mechanisms play major roles in the onset and development of psychiatric disorders. Among them, examining the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) is a relatively new field. Here, we present an overview of what is currently known about the involvement of lncRNAs in schizophrenia, major depressive and bipolar disorders, as well as suicide. The diagnosis of psychiatric disorders mainly relies on clinical evaluation without using measurable biomarkers. In this regard, lncRNA may open new opportunities for development of molecular tests. However, so far only a small set of known lncRNAs have been characterized at molecular level, which means they have a long way to go before clinical implementation. Understanding how changes in lncRNAs affect the appearance and development of psychiatric disorders may lead to a more classified and objective diagnostic system, but also open up new therapeutic targets for these patients.
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Mahaman YAR, Huang F, Embaye KS, Wang X, Zhu F. The Implication of STEP in Synaptic Plasticity and Cognitive Impairments in Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurological Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:680118. [PMID: 34195199 PMCID: PMC8236946 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.680118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
STriatal-Enriched protein tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP) is a tyrosine phosphatase that has been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, and many other neurological diseases. The protein level and activity of STEP have been found to be elevated in most of these disorders, and specifically in AD as a result of dysregulation of different pathways including PP2B/DARPP32/PP1, PKA as well as impairments of both proteasomal and lysosomal systems. The upregulation in STEP leads to increased binding to, and dephosphorylation of, its substrates which are mainly found to be synaptic plasticity and thus learning and memory related proteins. These proteins include kinases like Fyn, Pyk2, ERK1/2 and both NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits GluN2B and GluA2. The dephosphorylation of these molecules results in inactivation of these kinases and internalization of NMDA and AMPA receptor complexes leading to synapse loss and cognitive impairments. In this study, we aim to review STEP regulation and its implications in AD as well as other neurological disorders and then summarize data on targeting STEP as therapeutic strategy in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacoubou Abdoul Razak Mahaman
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kidane Siele Embaye
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Feiqi Zhu
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Wang P, Li M, Zhao A, Ma J. Application of animal experimental models in the research of schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2021; 186:209-227. [PMID: 34155806 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a relatively common but serious mental illness that results in a heavy burden to patients, their families, and society. The disease can be triggered by multiple factors, while the specific pathogenesis remains unclear. The development of effective therapeutic drugs for schizophrenia relies on a comprehensive understanding of the basic biology and pathophysiology of the disease. Therefore, effective animal experimental models play a vital role in the study of schizophrenia. Based on different molecular mechanisms and modeling methods, the currently used experimental animal experimental models of schizophrenia can be divided into four categories that can better simulate the clinical symptoms and the interplay between susceptible genes and the environment: neurodevelopmental, drug-induced, genetic-engineering, and genetic-environmental interaction of animal experimental models. Each of these categories contains multiple subtypes, which has its own advantages and disadvantages and therefore requires careful selection in a research application. The emergence and utilization of these models are promising in the prediction of the risk of schizophrenia at the molecular level, which will shed light on effective and targeted treatment at the genetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjie Wang
- Medical Research Center, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Electron Microscope, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Manling Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gui Yang, Guizhou, China
| | - Aizhen Zhao
- Medical Research Center, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Medical Research Center, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Electron Microscope, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Choudhury Z, Lennox B. Maternal Immune Activation and Schizophrenia-Evidence for an Immune Priming Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:585742. [PMID: 33679468 PMCID: PMC7925413 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.585742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder affecting around 19. 8 million people worldwide. The etiology of the disorder is due to many interacting genetic and environmental factors, with no one element causing the full spectrum of disease symptoms. Amongst these factors, maternal immune activation (MIA) acting during specific gestational timings has been implicated in increasing schizophrenia risk in offspring. Epidemiological studies have provided the rationale for this link with prevalence of maternal infection correlating to increased risk, but these studies have been unable to prove causality due to lack of control of confounding factors like genetic susceptibility and inability to identify specific cellular and molecular mechanisms. Animal models have proved significantly more useful in establishing the extent to which MIA can predispose an individual to schizophrenia, displaying how maternal infection alone can directly result in behavioral abnormalities in rodent offspring. Alongside information from genome wide association studies (GWAS), animal models have been able to identify the role of complement proteins, particularly C4, and display how alterations in this system can cause development of schizophrenia-associated neuropathology and behavior. This article will review the current literature in order to assess whether schizophrenia can, therefore, be viewed as an immune priming disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Choudhury
- The Queens College, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Belinda Lennox
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Analysis of global gene expression at seven brain regions of patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2020; 223:119-127. [PMID: 32631700 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous transcriptome analyses of brain samples provided several insights into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In this study, we aimed to re-investigate gene expression datasets from seven brain regions of patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls by adopting a unified approach. After adjustment for confounding factors, we detected gene expression changes in 2 out of 7 brain regions - the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and parietal cortex (PC). We found relatively small effect sizes, not exceeding absolute log fold changes of 1. Gene-set enrichment analysis revealed the following alterations: 1) down-regulation of GABAergic signaling (in DLPFC and PC); 2) up-regulation of interleukin-23 signaling together with up-regulation of transcription mediated by RUNX1 and RUNX3 as well as down-regulation of RUNX2 signaling (in DLPFC) and 3) up-regulation of genes associated with responses to metal ions and RUNX1 signaling (PC). The number of neurons was significantly lower and the number of astrocytes was significantly higher at both brain regions. In turn, the index of microglia was increased in DLPFC and decreased in PC. Finally, our unsupervised analysis demonstrated that cellular composition of the samples was a major confounding factor in the analysis of gene expression across all datasets. In conclusion, our analysis provides further evidence that small but significant changes in the expression of genes related to GABAergic signaling, brain development, neuroinflammation and responses to metal ions might be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Cell sorting techniques need to be used by future studies to dissect the effect of cellular content.
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Sultana R, Lee CC. Expression of Behavioral Phenotypes in Genetic and Environmental Mouse Models of Schizophrenia. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:29. [PMID: 32184711 PMCID: PMC7058961 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by multifactorial etiology involving complex interactions among genetic and environmental factors. "Multiple-hit" models of the disorder can explain its variable incidence and prevalence in related individuals. Hence, there is a dire need to understand these interactions in the emergence of schizophrenia. To test these factors in the emergence of schizophrenia-like behaviors, we employed a genetic mouse model of the disorder (harboring the DISC1 mutation) along with various environmental insults, such as early life stress (maternal separation of pups) and/or pharmacological interventions (ketamine injections). When assessed on a battery of behavioral tests, we found that environmental interventions affect the severity of behavioral phenotypes in terms of increased negative behavior, as shown by reduced mobility in the forced swim and tail suspension tests, and changes to positive and cognitive symptoms, such as increased locomotion and disrupted PPI along with reduced working memory, respectively. Among the various interventions, the genetic mutation had the most profound effect on behavioral aberrations, followed by an environmental intervention by ketamine injections and ketamine-injected animals that were maternally separated during early postnatal days. We conclude that although environmental factors increased the prevalence of aberrant behavioral phenotypes, genetic background is still the predominant influence on phenotypic alterations in these mouse models of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razia Sultana
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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Ben-Shachar D. The bimodal mechanism of interaction between dopamine and mitochondria as reflected in Parkinson's disease and in schizophrenia. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 127:159-168. [PMID: 31848775 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and schizophrenia (SZ) are two CNS disorders in which dysfunctions in the dopaminergic system and mitochondria are major pathologies. The symptomology of both, PD a neurodegenerative disorder and SZ a neurodevelopmental disorder, is completely different. However, the pharmacological treatment of each of the diseases can cause a shift of symptoms into those characteristic of the other disease. In this review, I describe a pathological interaction between dopamine and mitochondria in both disorders, which due to differences in the extent of oxidative stress leads either to cell death and tissue degeneration as in PD substantia nigra pars compacta or to distorted neuronal activity, imbalanced neuronal circuitry and abnormal behavior and cognition in SZ. This review is in the honor of Moussa Youdim who introduced me to the secrets of research work. His enthusiasm, curiosity and novelty-seeking inspired me throughout my career. Thank you Moussa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Ben-Shachar
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Health Care Campus, and B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, POB 9649, 31096, Haifa, Israel.
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Abstract
Schizophrenia and diabetes have been known to be linked disorders for decades. One reason is due to the fact that a major side effect of antipsychotic medication treatment is metabolic syndrome, which increases the risk of the patients developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. However, signs of metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia patients were identified more than 100 years ago, even before the development of antipsychotic drugs. This suggests that schizophrenia itself predisposes towards diabetes and, in turn, insulin resistance may be a risk factor for the development of schizophrenia. This review summarizes the findings surrounding this issue and places them into context with regards to increasing our understanding of the aetiology of schizophrenia and in support of biomarker and drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Guest
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
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Orsolini L, Sarchione F, Vellante F, Fornaro M, Matarazzo I, Martinotti G, Valchera A, Di Nicola M, Carano A, Di Giannantonio M, Perna G, Olivieri L, De Berardis D. Protein-C Reactive as Biomarker Predictor of Schizophrenia Phases of Illness? A Systematic Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:583-606. [PMID: 29357805 PMCID: PMC5997872 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180119144538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a complex illness in which genetic, environmental, and epigenetic components have been implicated. However, recently, psychiatric disorders appear to be related to a chronic inflammatory state, at the level of specific cerebral areas which have been found as well impaired and responsible for schizophrenia symptomatology. Hence, a role of inflammatory mediators and cytokines has been as well defined. Accordingly, the role of an acute inflammatory phase protein, the C-reactive protein (CRP) has been recently investigated. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study is to evaluate how PCR may represent a biomarker in schizophrenia, i.e. correlated with illness phases and/or clinical manifestation and/or psychopathological severity. METHODS A systematic review was here carried out by searching the following keywords ((C-reactive protein AND ((schizophrenia) OR (psychotic disorder))) for the topics 'PCR' and 'Schizophrenia', by using MESH terms. RESULTS An immune dysfunction and inflammation have been described amongst schizophrenic patients. Findings reported elevated CRP levels in schizophrenia, mainly correlated with the severity of illness and during the recrudescent phase. CRP levels are higher when catatonic features, negative symptomatology and aggressiveness are associated. CRP levels appeared not to be related to suicidal behaviour and ideation. CONCLUSION CRP and its blood levels have been reported higher amongst schizophrenic patients, by suggesting a role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Further studies are needed to better understand if CRP may be considered a biomarker in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Orsolini
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, College Lane Campus, Hatfield, HertsAL10 9AB, UK
- Polyedra Research, Teramo, Italy
| | - Fabiola Sarchione
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University “G. D’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Federica Vellante
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University “G. D’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Michele Fornaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, School of Medicine ‘Federico II’ Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Matarazzo
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University “G. D’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University “G. D’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandro Valchera
- Polyedra Research, Teramo, Italy
- Villa S. Giuseppe Hospital, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - Marco Di Nicola
- Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Carano
- NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital “Madonna Del Soccorso”, San Benedetto del Tronto, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - Massimo Di Giannantonio
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University “G. D’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Perna
- Hermanas Hospitalarias, FoRiPsi, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Villa San Benedetto Menni, Albese con Cassano, Como, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Luigi Olivieri
- NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital “G. Mazzini”, ASL 4 Teramo, Italy
| | - Domenico De Berardis
- NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital “G. Mazzini”, ASL 4 Teramo, Italy
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Uniting the neurodevelopmental and immunological hypotheses: Neuregulin 1 receptor ErbB and Toll-like receptor activation in first-episode schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28646138 PMCID: PMC5482801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03736-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current pathophysiological models of schizophrenia focus on neurodevelopmental and immunological mechanisms. We investigated a molecular pathway traditionally linked to the neurodevelopmental hypothesis (neuregulin 1 - ErbB), and pathogen-associated pattern recognition receptors associated with the immune hypothesis (Toll-like receptors, TLRs). We recruited 42 first-episode, drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia and 42 matched healthy control subjects. In monocytes TLR4/TLR5 and ErbB expressions were measured with flow-cytometry. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were determined following the stimulation of TLR4/TLR5 and ErbB. Results revealed increased TLR4/TLR5 and decreased ErbB4 expression in schizophrenia relative to the control subjects. The expression of ErbB2 and ErbB3 receptors was unaltered in schizophrenia. TLR4 stimulation resulted in lower pro-inflammatory cytokine production in schizophrenia compared to the control levels, whereas the stimulation of ErbB by neuregulin 1 led to higher pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in patients with schizophrenia relative to the control group. In healthy controls, ErbB activation was associated with a marked production of IL-10, which was dampened in schizophrenia. These results indicate that the stimulation of TLR4 and ErbB induces opposite pro-inflammatory cytokine responses in schizophrenia.
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