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Pradela-Filho LA, Veloso WB, Arantes IVS, Gongoni JLM, de Farias DM, Araujo DAG, Paixão TRLC. Paper-based analytical devices for point-of-need applications. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:179. [PMID: 37041400 PMCID: PMC10089827 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05764-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) are powerful platforms for point-of-need testing since they are inexpensive devices fabricated in different shapes and miniaturized sizes, ensuring better portability. Additionally, the readout and detection systems can be accomplished with portable devices, allying with the features of both systems. These devices have been introduced as promising analytical platforms to meet critical demands involving rapid, reliable, and simple testing. They have been applied to monitor species related to environmental, health, and food issues. Herein, an outline of chronological events involving PADs is first reported. This work also introduces insights into fundamental parameters to engineer new analytical platforms, including the paper type and device operation. The discussions involve the main analytical techniques used as detection systems, such as colorimetry, fluorescence, and electrochemistry. It also showed recent advances involving PADs, especially combining optical and electrochemical detection into a single device. Dual/combined detection systems can overcome individual barriers of the analytical techniques, making possible simultaneous determinations, or enhancing the devices' sensitivity and/or selectivity. In addition, this review reports on distance-based detection, which is also considered a trend in analytical chemistry. Distance-based detection offers instrument-free analyses and avoids user interpretation errors, which are outstanding features for analyses at the point of need, especially for resource-limited regions. Finally, this review provides a critical overview of the practical specifications of the recent analytical platforms involving PADs, demonstrating their challenges. Therefore, this work can be a highly useful reference for new research and innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauro A Pradela-Filho
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - William B Veloso
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Iana V S Arantes
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana L M Gongoni
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Davi M de Farias
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Diele A G Araujo
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Thiago R L C Paixão
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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2
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Moccia M, Antonacci A, Saviano M, Caratelli V, Arduini F, Scognamiglio V. Emerging technologies in the design of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) based biosensors. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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3
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Cinti S, Marrone R, Mazzaracchio V, Moscone D, Arduini F. Novel bio-lab-on-a-tip for electrochemical glucose sensing in commercial beverages. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 165:112334. [PMID: 32729479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of portable and user-friendly sensing platforms is a hot topic in the field of analytical chemistry. Among others, electroanalytical approaches exhibit a high amenability for reaching this purpose, i.e. the commercial strips for diabetes care are an obvious success. However, providing fully-integrated and reagent-free methods is always a leitmotiv. In this work, we evaluated the use of a disposable pipette tip, opportunely configured to demonstrate the first example of an electrochemical biosystem in a pipette tip, namely bio-lab-on-a-tip. The combination of a pipette tip, wire electrodes, enzyme, and cotton wool filter, allows the fabrication of a novel electroanalytical platform that does not need expertise-required tasks. To demonstrate the feasibility of this novel method, glucose is detected in beverages by means of chronoamperometry. The experimental setup, entirely built inside the pipette tip, is able to 1) block impurities/interferences from matrix, 2) load/release reagents for the bio-assay, 3) reduce the operating task to zero, and 4) perform electrochemical detection. With optimized experimental parameters, the bio-lab-on-a-tip is able to detect glucose linearly up to 10 mM with a detection limit of 170 μM. The effectiveness of the platform was confirmed by testing commercial beverages, e.g. Coca-Cola and Coca-Cola Zero, with high accuracy. In addition, the shelf-life of the novel device was evaluated, highlighting the role of cotton wool filter for providing a suitable environment for glucose oxidase stability. The novel concept can be easily generalized for further applications in the field of non-invasive clinical diagnostics and in-situ environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Cinti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Roberta Marrone
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mazzaracchio
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Danila Moscone
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Arduini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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4
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Electrochemical determination of capsaicin in pepper samples using sustainable paper-based screen-printed bulk modified with carbon black. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Ozer T, McMahon C, Henry CS. Advances in Paper-Based Analytical Devices. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2020; 13:85-109. [PMID: 31986055 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-114845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) are the newest generation of lab-on-a-chip devices and have made significant strides in both our understanding of fundamental behavior and performance characteristics and expansion of their applications. μPADs have become useful analytical techniques for environmental analysis in addition to their more common application as medical point-of-care devices. Although the most common method for device fabrication is wax printing, numerous other techniques exist and have helped address factors ranging from solvent compatibility to improved device function. This review highlights recent reports of fabrication and design, modes of detection, and broad applications of μPADs. Such advances have enabled μPADs to be used in field and laboratory studies to address critical needs in fast, cheaper measurement technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Ozer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, USA;
- Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34220, Turkey
| | - Catherine McMahon
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, USA;
| | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, USA;
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6
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Colozza N, Sassolini A, Agosta L, Bonfanti A, Hermansson K, Arduini F. A Paper‐Based Potentiometric Sensor for Solid Samples: Corrosion Evaluation of Reinforcements Embedded in Concrete Structures as a Case Study. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Colozza
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche Università di Roma Tor Vergata Via della Ricerca Scientifica 00133 Rome Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Agosta
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström /Uppsala University Box 538 S-75121 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Alfredo Bonfanti
- Municipality of Milan – Monuments and Fountains Maintenance and Management Office
| | - Kersti Hermansson
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström /Uppsala University Box 538 S-75121 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Fabiana Arduini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche Università di Roma Tor Vergata Via della Ricerca Scientifica 00133 Rome Italy
- SENSE4MED via Renato Rascel 30 00128 Rome Italy
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Ratajczak K, Stobiecka M. High-performance modified cellulose paper-based biosensors for medical diagnostics and early cancer screening: A concise review. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 229:115463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Qamar AZ, Shamsi MH. Desktop Fabrication of Lab-On-Chip Devices on Flexible Substrates: A Brief Review. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E126. [PMID: 31979275 PMCID: PMC7074936 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flexible microfluidic devices are currently in demand because they can be mass-produced in resource-limited settings using simple and inexpensive fabrication tools. Finding new ways to fabricate microfluidic platforms on flexible substrates has been a hot area. Integration of customized detection tools for different lab-on-chip applications has made this area challenging. Significant advancements have occurred in the area over the last decade; therefore, there is a need to review such interesting fabrication tools employed on flexible substrates, such as paper and plastics. In this short review, we review individual fabrication tools and their combinations that have been used to develop such platforms in the past five years. These tools are not only simple and low-cost but also require minimal skills for their operation. Moreover, key examples of plastic-based flexible substrates are also presented, because a diverse range of plastic materials have prevailed recently for a variety of lab-on-chip applications. This review should attract audience of various levels, i.e., from hobbyists to scientists, and from high school students to postdoctoral researchers, to produce their own flexible devices in their own settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohtashim Hassan Shamsi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
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9
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Cinti S, Cinotti G, Parolo C, Nguyen EP, Caratelli V, Moscone D, Arduini F, Merkoci A. Experimental Comparison in Sensing Breast Cancer Mutations by Signal ON and Signal OFF Paper-Based Electroanalytical Strips. Anal Chem 2019; 92:1674-1679. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Cinti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Cinotti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Parolo
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emily P. Nguyen
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Veronica Caratelli
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Danila Moscone
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Arduini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Arben Merkoci
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Scognamiglio V, Antonacci A, Arduini F, Moscone D, Campos EVR, Fraceto LF, Palleschi G. An eco-designed paper-based algal biosensor for nanoformulated herbicide optical detection. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 373:483-492. [PMID: 30947038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study we reported the development of a paper-based algal biosensor for the optical detection of nanoencapsulated-atrazine, a forefront nanoformulated herbicide with a high effective post-emergence herbicidal activity. In particular, the unicellular green photosynthetic algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was immobilised on a paper substrate soaked with an agar thin film and placed in a glass optical measurement cell, obtaining a totally environmental-friendly device. Nanoencapsulated-atrazine was detected by following the variable fluorescence (1-VJ) parameter, which decreased inversely proportional to the herbicide concentrations, in a range between 0.5 and 200 nM, indicating a linear relationship in the measured dose-response curves and a detection limit of 4 pM. Interference studies resulted in a very slight interference in presence of 2 ppm copper and 10 ppb arsenic at safety limits, as well as a slight matrix effect and a satisfactory recovery value of 96 ± 5% for 75 nM nanoencapsulated-atrazine in tap water. Stability studies were also performed obtaining a good storage stability up to 3 weeks. Results demonstrated the suitability of the proposed paper-based optical biosensor as a valid support in smart agriculture for on site, environmental friendly, cost effective and sensitive nanoencapsulated-atrazine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Scognamiglio
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, Department of Chemical Sciences and Materials Technologies, Via Salaria Km 29.3, 00015, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy.
| | - Amina Antonacci
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, Department of Chemical Sciences and Materials Technologies, Via Salaria Km 29.3, 00015, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Arduini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Danila Moscone
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Estefania V R Campos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba, Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology, Av. Três de Março, 511 - CEP 18-087-180, Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Leonardo F Fraceto
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba, Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology, Av. Três de Março, 511 - CEP 18-087-180, Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palleschi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
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Bagheri N, Cinti S, Caratelli V, Massoud R, Saraji M, Moscone D, Arduini F. A 96-well wax printed Prussian Blue paper for the visual determination of cholinesterase activity in human serum. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 134:97-102. [PMID: 30959394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, there is a growing search for analytical strategies to ensure clinical analysis without the need of laboratory set-up and skilled personnel. Indeed, user-friendly and low-cost devices are highly valued in the era of sustainability for their capability to be applied in low-resource contexts, such as developing countries. To address this issue, herein we report a 96-well paper-based and laboratory setup-free optical platform for the detection of butyrylcholinesterase enzyme (BChE) activity in human serum. We used chromatographic paper to realize a novel analytical tool exploiting its porous structure for reagentless synthesize Prussian Blue Nanoparticles (the sensing element), as well to load all the reagents required for the measurement. The principle of BChE activity detection relies on the reaction between the enzymatic product thiocholine and Prussian Blue, giving the Prussian White with subsequently Prussian Blue's fading, detected by a common office scanner supported by ImageJ software. Using this novel paper-based optical platform, BChE activity was linearly detected in the 2-15 U/mL range with a detection limit down to 0.8 U/mL. The accuracy was successfully demonstrated by recovery study with spiked serum and by comparing the data with the gold standard method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Bagheri
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Stefano Cinti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Veronica Caratelli
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Renato Massoud
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Mohammad Saraji
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Danila Moscone
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Arduini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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12
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Novel paper-based electroanalytical tools for food surveillance. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4303-4311. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Nanotheranostics Approaches in Antimicrobial Drug Resistance. Nanotheranostics 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29768-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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14
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Cinti S, Proietti E, Casotto F, Moscone D, Arduini F. Paper-Based Strips for the Electrochemical Detection of Single and Double Stranded DNA. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13680-13686. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Cinti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Proietti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Casotto
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Danila Moscone
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Arduini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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A lab-on-a-tip approach to make electroanalysis user-friendly and de-centralized: Detection of copper ions in river water. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1029:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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16
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Martins GV, Marques AC, Fortunato E, Sales MGF. Wax-printed paper-based device for direct electrochemical detection of 3-nitrotyrosine. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.07.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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17
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18
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Cinti S, Mazzaracchio V, Cacciotti I, Moscone D, Arduini F. Carbon Black-Modified Electrodes Screen-Printed onto Paper Towel, Waxed Paper and Parafilm M ®. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17102267. [PMID: 28972566 PMCID: PMC5676850 DOI: 10.3390/s17102267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we evaluated the use of paper towel, waxed paper, and Parafilm M® (Heathrow Scientific, Vernon Hills, IL, USA) as alternative substrates for screen-printed sensor manufacturing. Morphological study was performed to evaluate the adhesion of the ink on these uncommon substrates, as well as the morphology of the working electrode. The electrochemical characterization was carried out using ferricyanide/ferrocyanide as redox couple. To enhance the electrochemical properties of the developed sensors, the nanomaterial carbon black was used as nanomodifier. The modification by drop casting of the working electrode surface, using a stable dispersion of carbon black, allows to obtain a sensor with improved electrochemical behavior in terms of peak-to-peak separation, current intensity, and the resistance of charge transfer. The results achieved confirm the possibility of printing the electrode on several cost-effective paper-based materials and the improvement of the electrochemical behavior by using carbon black as sustainable nanomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Cinti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Mazzaracchio
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Cacciotti
- Department of Engineering, University of Rome Niccolò Cusano, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Danila Moscone
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Fabiana Arduini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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