1
|
Veschetti L, Treccani M, De Tomi E, Malerba G. Genomic Instability Evolutionary Footprints on Human Health: Driving Forces or Side Effects? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11437. [PMID: 37511197 PMCID: PMC10380557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we propose a comprehensive perspective on genomic instability comprising not only the accumulation of mutations but also telomeric shortening, epigenetic alterations and other mechanisms that could contribute to genomic information conservation or corruption. First, we present mechanisms playing a role in genomic instability across the kingdoms of life. Then, we explore the impact of genomic instability on the human being across its evolutionary history and on present-day human health, with a particular focus on aging and complex disorders. Finally, we discuss the role of non-coding RNAs, highlighting future approaches for a better living and an expanded healthy lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Giovanni Malerba
- GM Lab, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (L.V.); (M.T.); (E.D.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Binder MJ, Pedley AM. The roles of molecular chaperones in regulating cell metabolism. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:1681-1701. [PMID: 37287189 PMCID: PMC10984649 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fluctuations in nutrient and biomass availability, often as a result of disease, impart metabolic challenges that must be overcome in order to sustain cell survival and promote proliferation. Cells adapt to these environmental changes and stresses by adjusting their metabolic networks through a series of regulatory mechanisms. Our understanding of these rewiring events has largely been focused on those genetic transformations that alter protein expression and the biochemical mechanisms that change protein behavior, such as post-translational modifications and metabolite-based allosteric modulators. Mounting evidence suggests that a class of proteome surveillance proteins called molecular chaperones also can influence metabolic processes. Here, we summarize several ways the Hsp90 and Hsp70 chaperone families act on human metabolic enzymes and their supramolecular assemblies to change enzymatic activities and metabolite flux. We further highlight how these chaperones can assist in the translocation and degradation of metabolic enzymes. Collectively, these studies provide a new view for how metabolic processes are regulated to meet cellular demand and inspire new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
|
3
|
Chaudhary S, Sindhu SS, Dhanker R, Kumari A. Microbes-mediated sulphur cycling in soil: Impact on soil fertility, crop production and environmental sustainability. Microbiol Res 2023; 271:127340. [PMID: 36889205 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Reduction in soil fertility and depletion of natural resources due to current intensive agricultural practices along with climate changes are the major constraints for crop productivity and global food security. Diverse microbial populations' inhabiting the soil and rhizosphere participate in biogeochemical cycling of nutrients and thereby, improve soil fertility and plant health, and reduce the adverse impact of synthetic fertilizers on the environment. Sulphur is 4th most common crucial macronutrient required by all organisms including plants, animals, humans and microorganisms. Effective strategies are required to enhance sulphur content in crops for minimizing adverse effects of sulphur deficiency on plants and humans. Various microorganisms are involved in sulphur cycling in soil through oxidation, reduction, mineralization, and immobilization, and volatalization processes of diverse sulphur compounds. Some microorganisms possess the unique ability to oxidize sulphur compounds into plant utilizable sulphate (SO42-) form. Considering the importance of sulphur as a nutrient for crops, many bacteria and fungi involved in sulphur cycling have been characterized from soil and rhizosphere. Some of these microbes have been found to positively affect plant growth and crop yield through multiple mechanisms including the enhanced mobilization of nutrients in soils (i.e., sulphate, phosphorus and nitrogen), production of growth-promoting hormones, inhibition of phytopathogens, protection against oxidative damage and mitigation of abiotic stresses. Application of these beneficial microbes as biofertilizers may reduce the conventional fertilizer application in soils. However, large-scale, well-designed, and long-term field trials are necessary to recommend the use of these microbes for increasing nutrient availability for growth and yield of crop plants. This review discusses the current knowledge regarding sulphur deficiency symptoms in plants, biogeochemical cycling of sulphur and inoculation effects of sulphur oxidizing microbes in improving plant biomass and crop yield in different crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Chaudhary
- Research Associate, EBL Laboratory, ICAR-Central Institute of Research on Buffaloes, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India.
| | - Satyavir Singh Sindhu
- Department of Microbiology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, Haryana, India.
| | - Rinku Dhanker
- International Institute of Veterinary, Education & Research, Bahuakbarpur, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India.
| | - Anju Kumari
- Center of Food Science and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, Haryana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ren Z, Zhang F, Kang W, Wang C, Shin H, Zeng X, Gunawardana S, Bowatte K, Krau Ü N, Lamparter T, Yang X. Spin-Coupled Electron Densities of Iron-Sulfur Cluster Imaged by In Situ Serial Laue Diffraction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.09.523341. [PMID: 36711581 PMCID: PMC9882091 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.09.523341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur clusters are inorganic cofactors found in many proteins involved in fundamental biological processes including DNA processing. The prokaryotic DNA repair enzyme PhrB, a member of the protein family of cryptochromes and photolyases, carries a four-iron-four-sulfur cluster [4Fe4S] in addition to the catalytic cofactor flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and a second pigment 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine (DMRL). The light-induced redox reactions of this multi-cofactor protein complex were recently shown as two interdependent photoreductions of FAD and DMRL mediated by the [4Fe4S] cluster functioning as an electron cache to hold a fine balance of electrons. Here, we apply the more traditional temperature-scan cryo-trapping technique in protein crystallography and the newly developed technology of in situ serial Laue diffraction at room temperature. These diffraction methods in dynamic crystallography enable us to capture strong signals of electron density changes in the [4Fe4S] cluster that depict quantized electronic movements. The mixed valence layers of the [4Fe4S] cluster due to spin coupling and their dynamic responses to light illumination are observed directly in our difference maps between its redox states. These direct observations of the quantum effects in a protein bound iron-sulfur cluster have thus opened a window into the mechanistic understanding of metal clusters in biological systems.
Collapse
|
5
|
Naidu SAG, Clemens RA, Naidu AS. SARS-CoV-2 Infection Dysregulates Host Iron (Fe)-Redox Homeostasis (Fe-R-H): Role of Fe-Redox Regulators, Ferroptosis Inhibitors, Anticoagulants, and Iron-Chelators in COVID-19 Control. J Diet Suppl 2023; 20:312-371. [PMID: 35603834 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2022.2075072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe imbalance in iron metabolism among SARS-CoV-2 infected patients is prominent in every symptomatic (mild, moderate to severe) clinical phase of COVID-19. Phase-I - Hypoxia correlates with reduced O2 transport by erythrocytes, overexpression of HIF-1α, altered mitochondrial bioenergetics with host metabolic reprogramming (HMR). Phase-II - Hyperferritinemia results from an increased iron overload, which triggers a fulminant proinflammatory response - the acute cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Elevated cytokine levels (i.e. IL6, TNFα and CRP) strongly correlates with altered ferritin/TF ratios in COVID-19 patients. Phase-III - Thromboembolism is consequential to erythrocyte dysfunction with heme release, increased prothrombin time and elevated D-dimers, cumulatively linked to severe coagulopathies with life-threatening outcomes such as ARDS, and multi-organ failure. Taken together, Fe-R-H dysregulation is implicated in every symptomatic phase of COVID-19. Fe-R-H regulators such as lactoferrin (LF), hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1), erythropoietin (EPO) and hepcidin modulators are innate bio-replenishments that sequester iron, neutralize iron-mediated free radicals, reduce oxidative stress, and improve host defense by optimizing iron metabolism. Due to its pivotal role in 'cytokine storm', ferroptosis is a potential intervention target. Ferroptosis inhibitors such as ferrostatin-1, liproxstatin-1, quercetin, and melatonin could prevent mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, up-regulate antioxidant/GSH levels and abrogate iron overload-induced apoptosis through activation of Nrf2 and HO-1 signaling pathways. Iron chelators such as heparin, deferoxamine, caffeic acid, curcumin, α-lipoic acid, and phytic acid could protect against ferroptosis and restore mitochondrial function, iron-redox potential, and rebalance Fe-R-H status. Therefore, Fe-R-H restoration is a host biomarker-driven potential combat strategy for an effective clinical and post-recovery management of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger A Clemens
- Department of International Regulatory Science, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Myriam P, Braulio P, Javiera RA, Claudia MV, Omar O, Renato C, Gloria L. Insights into Systems for Iron-Sulfur Cluster Biosynthesis in Acidophilic Microorganisms. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:1110-1119. [PMID: 36039043 PMCID: PMC9628965 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2206.06045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fe-S clusters are versatile and essential cofactors that participate in multiple and fundamental biological processes. In Escherichia coli, the biogenesis of these cofactors requires either the housekeeping Isc pathway, or the stress-induced Suf pathway which plays a general role under conditions of oxidative stress or iron limitation. In the present work, the Fe-S cluster assembly Isc and Suf systems of acidophilic Bacteria and Archaea, which thrive in highly oxidative environments, were studied. This analysis revealed that acidophilic microorganisms have a complete set of genes encoding for a single system (either Suf or Isc). In acidophilic Proteobacteria and Nitrospirae, a complete set of isc genes (iscRSUAX-hscBA-fdx), but not genes coding for the Suf system, was detected. The activity of the Isc system was studied in Leptospirillum sp. CF-1 (Nitrospirae). RT-PCR experiments showed that eight candidate genes were co-transcribed and conform the isc operon in this strain. Additionally, RT-qPCR assays showed that the expression of the iscS gene was significantly up-regulated in cells exposed to oxidative stress imposed by 260 mM Fe2(SO4)3 for 1 h or iron starvation for 3 h. The activity of cysteine desulfurase (IscS) in CF-1 cell extracts was also up-regulated under such conditions. Thus, the Isc system from Leptospirillum sp. CF-1 seems to play an active role in stressful environments. These results contribute to a better understanding of the distribution and role of Fe-S cluster protein biogenesis systems in organisms that thrive in extreme environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pérez Myriam
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Biología. Av. Libertador Bernardo O´Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Paillavil Braulio
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Biología. Av. Libertador Bernardo O´Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Rivera-Araya Javiera
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Biología. Av. Libertador Bernardo O´Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Muñoz-Villagrán Claudia
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Biología. Av. Libertador Bernardo O´Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Orellana Omar
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Bacteriana City, 8380453, Chile
| | - Chávez Renato
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Biología. Av. Libertador Bernardo O´Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Levicán Gloria
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Biología. Av. Libertador Bernardo O´Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago 9170022, Chile,Corresponding author Phone: +56-2-27181125 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Song YS, Annalora AJ, Marcus CB, Jefcoate CR, Sorenson CM, Sheibani N. Cytochrome P450 1B1: A Key Regulator of Ocular Iron Homeostasis and Oxidative Stress. Cells 2022; 11:2930. [PMID: 36230892 PMCID: PMC9563809 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1 belongs to the superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases. Unlike other CYP enzymes, which are highly expressed in the liver, CYP1B1 is predominantly found in extrahepatic tissues, such as the brain, and ocular tissues including retina and trabecular meshwork. CYP1B1 metabolizes exogenous chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. CYP1B1 also metabolizes endogenous bioactive compounds including estradiol and arachidonic acid. These metabolites impact various cellular and physiological processes during development and pathological processes. We previously showed that CYP1B1 deficiency mitigates ischemia-mediated retinal neovascularization and drives the trabecular meshwork dysgenesis through increased levels of oxidative stress. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for CYP1B1-deficiency-mediated increased oxidative stress remain largely unresolved. Iron is an essential element and utilized as a cofactor in a variety of enzymes. However, excess iron promotes the production of hydroxyl radicals, lipid peroxidation, increased oxidative stress, and cell damage. The retinal endothelium is recognized as a major component of the blood-retinal barrier, which controls ocular iron levels through the modulation of proteins involved in iron regulation present in retinal endothelial cells, as well as other ocular cell types including trabecular meshwork cells. We previously showed increased levels of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation in the absence of CYP1B1, and in the retinal vasculature and trabecular meshwork, which was reversed by administration of antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Here, we review the important role CYP1B1 expression and activity play in maintaining retinal redox homeostasis through the modulation of iron levels by retinal endothelial cells. The relationship between CYP1B1 expression and activity and iron levels has not been previously delineated. We review the potential significance of CYP1B1 expression, estrogen metabolism, and hepcidin-ferroportin regulatory axis in the local regulation of ocular iron levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Seok Song
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Andrew J. Annalora
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Organ State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Craig B. Marcus
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Organ State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Colin R. Jefcoate
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Christine M. Sorenson
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang H, Kim J, Lee W, Lee J, Seo J. Electronic property of
alkoxo‐bridged
tetranuclear Fe(
II
) cluster and
CO
2
hydrogenation reactivity. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyoyi Yang
- Department of Chemistry Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjung Lee
- Department of Chemistry Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Junseong Lee
- Department of Chemistry Chonnam National University Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyeok Seo
- Department of Chemistry Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology Gwangju Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Torgasheva NA, Diatlova EA, Grin IR, Endutkin AV, Mechetin GV, Vokhtantsev IP, Yudkina AV, Zharkov DO. Noncatalytic Domains in DNA Glycosylases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137286. [PMID: 35806289 PMCID: PMC9266487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many proteins consist of two or more structural domains: separate parts that have a defined structure and function. For example, in enzymes, the catalytic activity is often localized in a core fragment, while other domains or disordered parts of the same protein participate in a number of regulatory processes. This situation is often observed in many DNA glycosylases, the proteins that remove damaged nucleobases thus initiating base excision DNA repair. This review covers the present knowledge about the functions and evolution of such noncatalytic parts in DNA glycosylases, mostly concerned with the human enzymes but also considering some unique members of this group coming from plants and prokaryotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Torgasheva
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentieva Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (N.A.T.); (E.A.D.); (I.R.G.); (A.V.E.); (G.V.M.); (I.P.V.); (A.V.Y.)
| | - Evgeniia A. Diatlova
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentieva Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (N.A.T.); (E.A.D.); (I.R.G.); (A.V.E.); (G.V.M.); (I.P.V.); (A.V.Y.)
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Street, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Inga R. Grin
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentieva Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (N.A.T.); (E.A.D.); (I.R.G.); (A.V.E.); (G.V.M.); (I.P.V.); (A.V.Y.)
| | - Anton V. Endutkin
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentieva Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (N.A.T.); (E.A.D.); (I.R.G.); (A.V.E.); (G.V.M.); (I.P.V.); (A.V.Y.)
| | - Grigory V. Mechetin
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentieva Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (N.A.T.); (E.A.D.); (I.R.G.); (A.V.E.); (G.V.M.); (I.P.V.); (A.V.Y.)
| | - Ivan P. Vokhtantsev
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentieva Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (N.A.T.); (E.A.D.); (I.R.G.); (A.V.E.); (G.V.M.); (I.P.V.); (A.V.Y.)
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Street, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anna V. Yudkina
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentieva Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (N.A.T.); (E.A.D.); (I.R.G.); (A.V.E.); (G.V.M.); (I.P.V.); (A.V.Y.)
| | - Dmitry O. Zharkov
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentieva Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (N.A.T.); (E.A.D.); (I.R.G.); (A.V.E.); (G.V.M.); (I.P.V.); (A.V.Y.)
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Street, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Batiha GES, Al-Gareeb AI, Qusti S, Alshammari EM, Kaushik D, Verma R, Al-Kuraishy HM. Deciphering the immunoboosting potential of macro and micronutrients in COVID support therapy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:43516-43531. [PMID: 35391642 PMCID: PMC8989262 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The immune system protects human health from the effects of pathogenic organisms; however, its activity is affected when individuals become infected. These activities require a series of molecules, substrates, and energy sources that are derived from diets. The consumed nutrients from diets help to enhance the immunity of infected individuals as it relates to COVID-19 patients. This study aims to review and highlight requirement and role of macro- and micronutrients of COVID-19 patients in enhancing their immune systems. Series of studies were found to have demonstrated the enhancing potentials of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) and micronutrients (vitamins, copper, zinc, iron, calcium, magnesium, and selenium) in supporting the immune system's fight against respiratory infections. Each of these nutrients performs a vital role as an antiviral defense in COVID-19 patients. Appropriate consumption or intake of dietary sources that yield these nutrients will help provide the daily requirement to support the immune system in its fight against pathogenic viruses such as COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt.
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Safaa Qusti
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eida M Alshammari
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deepak Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, India.
| | - Ravinder Verma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, G.D. Goenka University, Gurugram, 122103, India
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
So M, Stiban J, Ciesielski GL, Hovde SL, Kaguni LS. Implications of Membrane Binding by the Fe-S Cluster-Containing N-Terminal Domain in the Drosophila Mitochondrial Replicative DNA Helicase. Front Genet 2021; 12:790521. [PMID: 34950192 PMCID: PMC8688847 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.790521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that iron-sulfur clusters (ISCs) in DNA replicative proteins sense DNA-mediated charge transfer to modulate nuclear DNA replication. In the mitochondrial DNA replisome, only the replicative DNA helicase (mtDNA helicase) from Drosophila melanogaster (Dm) has been shown to contain an ISC in its N-terminal, primase-like domain (NTD). In this report, we confirm the presence of the ISC and demonstrate the importance of a metal cofactor in the structural stability of the Dm mtDNA helicase. Further, we show that the NTD also serves a role in membrane binding. We demonstrate that the NTD binds to asolectin liposomes, which mimic phospholipid membranes, through electrostatic interactions. Notably, membrane binding is more specific with increasing cardiolipin content, which is characteristically high in the mitochondrial inner membrane (MIM). We suggest that the N-terminal domain of the mtDNA helicase interacts with the MIM to recruit mtDNA and initiate mtDNA replication. Furthermore, Dm NUBPL, the known ISC donor for respiratory complex I and a putative donor for Dm mtDNA helicase, was identified as a peripheral membrane protein that is likely to execute membrane-mediated ISC delivery to its target proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung So
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Mitochondrial Science and Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Johnny Stiban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Mitochondrial Science and Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine
| | - Grzegorz L Ciesielski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Mitochondrial Science and Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Chemistry, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | - Stacy L Hovde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Mitochondrial Science and Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Laurie S Kaguni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Mitochondrial Science and Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wozniak KJ, Simmons LA. Hydroxyurea Induces a Stress Response That Alters DNA Replication and Nucleotide Metabolism in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e0017121. [PMID: 34031038 PMCID: PMC8407345 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00171-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyurea (HU) is classified as a ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) inhibitor and has been widely used to stall DNA replication by depleting deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pools. Recent evidence in Escherichia coli shows that HU readily forms breakdown products that damage DNA directly, indicating that toxicity is a result of secondary effects. Because HU is so widely used in the laboratory and as a clinical therapeutic, it is important to understand its biological effects. To determine how Bacillus subtilis responds to HU-induced stress, we performed saturating transposon insertion mutagenesis followed by deep sequencing (Tn-seq), transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis, and measurement of replication fork progression. Our data show that B. subtilis cells elongate, and replication fork progression is slowed, following HU challenge. The transcriptomic data show that B. subtilis cells initially mount a metabolic response likely caused by dNTP pool depletion before inducing the DNA damage response (SOS) after prolonged exposure. To compensate for reduced nucleotide pools, B. subtilis upregulates the purine and pyrimidine biosynthetic machinery and downregulates the enzymes producing ribose 5-phosphate. We show that overexpression of the RNR genes nrdEF suppresses the growth interference caused by HU, suggesting that RNR is an important target of HU in B. subtilis. Although genes involved in nucleotide and carbon metabolism showed considerable differential expression, we also find that genes of unknown function (y-genes) represent the largest class of differentially expressed genes. Deletion of individual y-genes caused moderate growth interference in the presence of HU, suggesting that cells have several ways of coping with HU-induced metabolic stress. IMPORTANCE Hydroxyurea (HU) has been widely used as a clinical therapeutic and an inhibitor of DNA replication. Some evidence suggests that HU inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, depleting dNTP pools, while other evidence shows that toxic HU breakdown products are responsible for growth inhibition and genotoxic stress. Here, we use multiple, complementary approaches to characterize the response of Bacillus subtilis to HU. B. subtilis responds by upregulating the expression of purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis. We show that HU challenge reduced DNA replication and that overexpression of the ribonucleotide reductase operon suppressed growth interference by HU. Our results demonstrate that HU targets RNR and several other metabolic enzymes contributing to toxicity in bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J. Wozniak
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lyle A. Simmons
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Schwartz AJ, Goyert JW, Solanki S, Kerk SA, Chen B, Castillo C, Hsu PP, Do BT, Singhal R, Dame MK, Lee HJ, Spence JR, Lakhal-Littleton S, Vander Heiden MG, Lyssiotis CA, Xue X, Shah YM. Hepcidin sequesters iron to sustain nucleotide metabolism and mitochondrial function in colorectal cancer epithelial cells. Nat Metab 2021; 3:969-982. [PMID: 34155415 PMCID: PMC8316354 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) requires massive iron stores, but the complete mechanisms by which CRC modulates local iron handling are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that hepcidin is activated ectopically in CRC. Mice deficient in hepcidin specifically in the colon tumour epithelium, compared with wild-type littermates, exhibit significantly diminished tumour number, burden and size in a sporadic model of CRC, whereas accumulation of intracellular iron by deletion of the iron exporter ferroportin exacerbates these tumour parameters. Metabolomic analysis of three-dimensional patient-derived CRC tumour enteroids indicates a prioritization of iron in CRC for the production of nucleotides, which is recapitulated in our hepcidin/ferroportin mouse CRC models. Mechanistically, our data suggest that iron chelation decreases mitochondrial function, thereby altering nucleotide synthesis, whereas exogenous supplementation of nucleosides or aspartate partially rescues tumour growth in patient-derived enteroids and CRC cell lines in the presence of an iron chelator. Collectively, these data suggest that ectopic hepcidin in the tumour epithelium establishes an axis to sequester iron in order to maintain the nucleotide pool and sustain proliferation in colorectal tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Schwartz
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joshua W Goyert
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sumeet Solanki
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Samuel A Kerk
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brandon Chen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Cristina Castillo
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peggy P Hsu
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brian T Do
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rashi Singhal
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael K Dame
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ho-Joon Lee
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiang Xue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Yatrik M Shah
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Evolutionary Origins of DNA Repair Pathways: Role of Oxygen Catastrophe in the Emergence of DNA Glycosylases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071591. [PMID: 34202661 PMCID: PMC8307549 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It was proposed that the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) evolved under high temperatures in an oxygen-free environment, similar to those found in deep-sea vents and on volcanic slopes. Therefore, spontaneous DNA decay, such as base loss and cytosine deamination, was the major factor affecting LUCA’s genome integrity. Cosmic radiation due to Earth’s weak magnetic field and alkylating metabolic radicals added to these threats. Here, we propose that ancient forms of life had only two distinct repair mechanisms: versatile apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonucleases to cope with both AP sites and deaminated residues, and enzymes catalyzing the direct reversal of UV and alkylation damage. The absence of uracil–DNA N-glycosylases in some Archaea, together with the presence of an AP endonuclease, which can cleave uracil-containing DNA, suggests that the AP endonuclease-initiated nucleotide incision repair (NIR) pathway evolved independently from DNA glycosylase-mediated base excision repair. NIR may be a relic that appeared in an early thermophilic ancestor to counteract spontaneous DNA damage. We hypothesize that a rise in the oxygen level in the Earth’s atmosphere ~2 Ga triggered the narrow specialization of AP endonucleases and DNA glycosylases to cope efficiently with a widened array of oxidative base damage and complex DNA lesions.
Collapse
|
15
|
Role of Iron Chelation and Protease Inhibition of Natural Products on COVID-19 Infection. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112306. [PMID: 34070628 PMCID: PMC8198259 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the epidemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 callings for international attention to develop new effective therapeutics, no specific protocol is yet available, leaving patients to rely on general and supportive therapies. A range of respiratory diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, have been associated with higher iron levels that may promote the course of viral infection. Recent studies have demonstrated that some natural components could act as the first barrier against viral injury by affecting iron metabolism. Moreover, a few recent studies have proposed the combination of protease inhibitors for therapeutic use against SARS-CoV-2 infection, highlighting the role of viral protease in virus infectivity. In this regard, this review focuses on the analysis, through literature and docking studies, of a number of natural products able to counteract SARS-CoV-2 infection, acting both as iron chelators and protease inhibitors.
Collapse
|
16
|
Portolés J, Martín L, Broseta JJ, Cases A. Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: From Pathophysiology and Current Treatments, to Future Agents. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:642296. [PMID: 33842503 PMCID: PMC8032930 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.642296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia is a common complication in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and is associated with a reduced quality of life, and an increased morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms involved in anemia associated to CKD are diverse and complex. They include a decrease in endogenous erythropoietin (EPO) production, absolute and/or functional iron deficiency, and inflammation with increased hepcidin levels, among others. Patients are most commonly managed with oral or intravenous iron supplements and with erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA). However, these treatments have associated risks, and sometimes are insufficiently effective. Nonetheless, in the last years, there have been some remarkable advances in the treatment of CKD-related anemia, which have raised great expectations. On the one hand, a novel family of drugs has been developed: the hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF-PHIs). These agents induce, among other effects, an increase in the production of endogenous EPO, improve iron availability and reduce hepcidin levels. Some of them have already received marketing authorization. On the other hand, recent clinical trials have elucidated important aspects of iron supplementation, which may change the treatment targets in the future. This article reviews the current knowledge of the pathophysiology CKD-related anemia, current and future therapies, the trends in patient management and the unmet goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Portolés
- Department of Nephrology, Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Anemia Working Group Spanish Society of Nephrology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leyre Martín
- Department of Nephrology, Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Anemia Working Group Spanish Society of Nephrology, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Jesús Broseta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleix Cases
- Anemia Working Group Spanish Society of Nephrology, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Perricone C, Bartoloni E, Bursi R, Cafaro G, Guidelli GM, Shoenfeld Y, Gerli R. COVID-19 as part of the hyperferritinemic syndromes: the role of iron depletion therapy. Immunol Res 2020. [PMID: 32681497 DOI: 10.22541/au.158880283.34604328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by a protean clinical picture that can range from asymptomatic patients to life-threatening conditions. Severe COVID-19 patients often display a severe pulmonary involvement and develop neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and strikingly elevated levels of IL-6. There is an over-exuberant cytokine release with hyperferritinemia leading to the idea that COVID-19 is part of the hyperferritinemic syndrome spectrum. Indeed, very high levels of ferritin can occur in other diseases including hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, macrophage activation syndrome, adult-onset Still's disease, catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome and septic shock. Numerous studies have demonstrated the immunomodulatory effects of ferritin and its association with mortality and sustained inflammatory process. High levels of free iron are harmful in tissues, especially through the redox damage that can lead to fibrosis. Iron chelation represents a pillar in the treatment of iron overload. In addition, it was proven to have an anti-viral and anti-fibrotic activity. Herein, we analyse the pathogenic role of ferritin and iron during SARS-CoV-2 infection and propose iron depletion therapy as a novel therapeutic approach in the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Perricone
- Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazzale Giorgio Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elena Bartoloni
- Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazzale Giorgio Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Bursi
- Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazzale Giorgio Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cafaro
- Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazzale Giorgio Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, 5265601, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- The Mosaic of Autoimmunity Project, Saint Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roberto Gerli
- Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazzale Giorgio Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Perricone C, Bartoloni E, Bursi R, Cafaro G, Guidelli GM, Shoenfeld Y, Gerli R. COVID-19 as part of the hyperferritinemic syndromes: the role of iron depletion therapy. Immunol Res 2020; 68:213-224. [PMID: 32681497 PMCID: PMC7366458 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-020-09145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by a protean clinical picture that can range from asymptomatic patients to life-threatening conditions. Severe COVID-19 patients often display a severe pulmonary involvement and develop neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and strikingly elevated levels of IL-6. There is an over-exuberant cytokine release with hyperferritinemia leading to the idea that COVID-19 is part of the hyperferritinemic syndrome spectrum. Indeed, very high levels of ferritin can occur in other diseases including hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, macrophage activation syndrome, adult-onset Still's disease, catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome and septic shock. Numerous studies have demonstrated the immunomodulatory effects of ferritin and its association with mortality and sustained inflammatory process. High levels of free iron are harmful in tissues, especially through the redox damage that can lead to fibrosis. Iron chelation represents a pillar in the treatment of iron overload. In addition, it was proven to have an anti-viral and anti-fibrotic activity. Herein, we analyse the pathogenic role of ferritin and iron during SARS-CoV-2 infection and propose iron depletion therapy as a novel therapeutic approach in the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Perricone
- Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazzale Giorgio Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elena Bartoloni
- Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazzale Giorgio Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Bursi
- Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazzale Giorgio Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cafaro
- Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazzale Giorgio Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, 5265601, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- The Mosaic of Autoimmunity Project, Saint Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roberto Gerli
- Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazzale Giorgio Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu W, Zhang S, Nekhai S, Liu S. Depriving Iron Supply to the Virus Represents a Promising Adjuvant Therapeutic Against Viral Survival. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 7:13-19. [PMID: 32318324 PMCID: PMC7169647 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-020-00140-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of the review The ongoing outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in China is lifting widespread concerns. Thus, therapeutic options are urgently needed, and will be discussed in this review. Recent findings Iron-containing enzymes are required for viruses most likely including coronaviruses (CoVs) to complete their replication process. Moreover, poor prognosis occurred in the conditions of iron overload for patients upon infections of viruses. Thus, limiting iron represents a promising adjuvant strategy in treating viral infection through oral uptake or venous injection of iron chelators, or through the manipulation of the key iron regulators. For example, treatment with iron chelator deferiprone has been shown to prolong the survival of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Increasing intracellular iron efflux via increasing iron exporter ferroportin expression also exhibits antiviral effect on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The implications of other metals besides iron are also briefly discussed. Summary For even though we know little about iron regulation in COVID-19 patients thus far, it could be deduced from other viral infections that iron chelation might be an alternative beneficial adjuvant in treating COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085 China.,2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250062 China.,Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center, Jinan, 250062 China.,5University Creative Research Initiatives Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062 China
| | - Sergei Nekhai
- 6Center for Sickle Cell Disease and Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059 USA
| | - Sijin Liu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085 China.,2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| |
Collapse
|