1
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Diamond KM, Burtner AE, Siddiqui D, Alvarado K, Leake S, Rolfe S, Zhang C, Kwon RY, Maga AM. Examining craniofacial variation among crispant and mutant zebrafish models of human skeletal diseases. J Anat 2023; 243:66-77. [PMID: 36858797 PMCID: PMC10273351 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic diseases affecting the skeletal system present with a wide range of symptoms that make diagnosis and treatment difficult. Genome-wide association and sequencing studies have identified genes linked to human skeletal diseases. Gene editing of zebrafish models allows researchers to further examine the link between genotype and phenotype, with the long-term goal of improving diagnosis and treatment. While current automated tools enable rapid and in-depth phenotyping of the axial skeleton, characterizing the effects of mutations on the craniofacial skeleton has been more challenging. The objective of this study was to evaluate a semi-automated screening tool can be used to quantify craniofacial variations in zebrafish models using four genes that have been associated with human skeletal diseases (meox1, plod2, sost, and wnt16) as test cases. We used traditional landmarks to ground truth our dataset and pseudolandmarks to quantify variation across the 3D cranial skeleton between the groups (somatic crispant, germline mutant, and control fish). The proposed pipeline identified variation between the crispant or mutant fish and control fish for four genes. Variation in phenotypes parallel human craniofacial symptoms for two of the four genes tested. This study demonstrates the potential as well as the limitations of our pipeline as a screening tool to examine multi-dimensional phenotypes associated with the zebrafish craniofacial skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Diamond
- Department of Biology, Rhodes College, Tennessee, Memphis, USA
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Abigail E Burtner
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daanya Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kurtis Alvarado
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sanford Leake
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sara Rolfe
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ronald Young Kwon
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - A Murat Maga
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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2
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Carver JJ, Zhu Y. Metzincin metalloproteases in PGC migration and gonadal sex conversion. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 330:114137. [PMID: 36191636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Development of a functional gonad includes migration of primordial germ cells (PGCs), differentiations of somatic and germ cells, formation of primary follicles or spermatogenic cysts with somatic gonadal cells, development and maturation of gametes, and subsequent releasing of mature germ cells. These processes require extensive cellular and tissue remodeling, as well as broad alterations of the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Metalloproteases, including MMPs (matrix metalloproteases), ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteinases), and ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs), are suggested to have critical roles in the remodeling of the ECM during gonad development. However, few research articles and reviews are available on the functions and mechanisms of metalloproteases in remodeling gonadal ECM, gonadal development, or gonadal differentiation. Moreover, most studies focused on the roles of transcription and growth factors in early gonad development and primary sex determination, leaving a significant knowledge gap on how differentially expressed metalloproteases exert effects on the ECM, cell migration, development, and survival of germ cells during the development and differentiation of ovaries or testes. We will review gonad development with focus on the evidence of metalloprotease involvements, and with an emphasis on zebrafish as a model for studying gonadal sex differentiation and metalloprotease functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Carver
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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3
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Nguyen SV, Lanni D, Xu Y, Michaelson JS, McMenamin SK. Dynamics of the Zebrafish Skeleton in Three Dimensions During Juvenile and Adult Development. Front Physiol 2022; 13:875866. [PMID: 35721557 PMCID: PMC9204358 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.875866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish are a valuable model for normal vertebrate skeletogenesis and the study of myriad bone disorders. Bones grow, ossify and change shape throughout the zebrafish lifetime, and 3D technologies allow us to examine skeletogenic processes in detail through late developmental stages. To facilitate analysis of shape, orientation and tissue density of skeletal elements throughout ontogeny and adulthood, we generated a high-resolution skeletal reference dataset of wild-type zebrafish development. Using microCT technology, we produced 3D models of the skeletons of individuals ranging from 12 to 25 mm standard length (SL). We analyzed the dynamics of skeletal density and volume as they increase during juvenile and adult growth. Our resource allows anatomical comparisons between meristic units within an individual-e.g., we show that the vertebral canal width increases posteriorly along the spine. Further, structures may be compared between individuals at different body sizes: we highlight the shape changes that the lower jaw undergoes as fish mature from juvenile to adult. We show that even reproductively mature adult zebrafish (17-25 mm SL) continue to undergo substantial changes in skeletal morphology and composition with continued adult growth. We provide a segmented model of the adult skull and a series of interactive 3D PDFs at a range of key stages. These resources allow changes in the skeleton to be assessed quantitatively and qualitatively through late stages of development, and can serve as anatomical references for both research and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy V Nguyen
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Dominic Lanni
- Biology Department, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY, United States
| | - Yongqi Xu
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - James S Michaelson
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sarah K McMenamin
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
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4
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Eom DS, Patterson LB, Bostic RR, Parichy DM. Immunoglobulin superfamily receptor Junctional adhesion molecule 3 (Jam3) requirement for melanophore survival and patterning during formation of zebrafish stripes. Dev Biol 2021; 476:314-327. [PMID: 33933422 PMCID: PMC10069301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adhesive interactions are essential for tissue patterning and morphogenesis yet difficult to study owing to functional redundancies across genes and gene families. A useful system in which to dissect roles for cell adhesion and adhesion-dependent signaling is the pattern formed by pigment cells in skin of adult zebrafish, in which stripes represent the arrangement of neural crest derived melanophores, cells homologous to melanocytes. In a forward genetic screen for adult pattern defects, we isolated the pissarro (psr) mutant, having a variegated phenotype of spots, as well as defects in adult fin and lens. We show that psr corresponds to junctional adhesion protein 3b (jam3b) encoding a zebrafish orthologue of the two immunoglobulin-like domain receptor JAM3 (JAM-C), known for roles in adhesion and signaling in other developing tissues, and for promoting metastatic behavior of human and murine melanoma cells. We found that zebrafish jam3b is expressed post-embryonically in a variety of cells including melanophores, and that jam3b mutants have defects in melanophore survival. Jam3b supported aggregation of cells in vitro and was required autonomously by melanophores for an adherent phenotype in vivo. Genetic analyses further indicated both overlapping and non-overlapping functions with the related receptor, Immunoglobulin superfamily 11 (Igsf11) and Kit receptor tyrosine kinase. These findings suggest a model for Jam3b function in zebrafish melanophores and hint at the complexity of adhesive interactions underlying pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Seok Eom
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | | | - Raegan R Bostic
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - David M Parichy
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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5
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Tseng TL, Wang YT, Tsao CY, Ke YT, Lee YC, Hsu HJ, Poss KD, Chen CH. The RNA helicase Ddx52 functions as a growth switch in juvenile zebrafish. Development 2021; 148:271093. [PMID: 34323273 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate animals usually display robust growth trajectories during juvenile stages, and reversible suspension of this growth momentum by a single genetic determinant has not been reported. Here, we report a single genetic factor that is essential for juvenile growth in zebrafish. Using a forward genetic screen, we recovered a temperature-sensitive allele, pan (after Peter Pan), that suspends whole-organism growth at juvenile stages. Remarkably, even after growth is halted for a full 8-week period, pan mutants are able to resume a robust growth trajectory after release from the restrictive temperature, eventually growing into fertile adults without apparent adverse phenotypes. Positional cloning and complementation assays revealed that pan encodes a probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase (DEAD-Box Helicase 52; ddx52) that maintains the level of 47S precursor ribosomal RNA. Furthermore, genetic silencing of ddx52 and pharmacological inhibition of bulk RNA transcription similarly suspend the growth of flies, zebrafish and mice. Our findings reveal evidence that safe, reversible pauses of juvenile growth can be mediated by targeting the activity of a single gene, and that its pausing mechanism has high evolutionary conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Lun Tseng
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ting Wang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yu Tsao
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Teng Ke
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Lee
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-Jan Hsu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Department of Cell Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Chen-Hui Chen
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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6
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Delbaere S, De Clercq A, Mizumoto S, Noborn F, Bek JW, Alluyn L, Gistelinck C, Syx D, Salmon PL, Coucke PJ, Larson G, Yamada S, Willaert A, Malfait F. b3galt6 Knock-Out Zebrafish Recapitulate β3GalT6-Deficiency Disorders in Human and Reveal a Trisaccharide Proteoglycan Linkage Region. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:597857. [PMID: 33363150 PMCID: PMC7758351 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.597857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans are structurally and functionally diverse biomacromolecules found abundantly on cell membranes and in the extracellular matrix. They consist of a core protein linked to glycosaminoglycan chains via a tetrasaccharide linkage region. Here, we show that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated b3galt6 knock-out zebrafish, lacking galactosyltransferase II, which adds the third sugar in the linkage region, largely recapitulate the phenotypic abnormalities seen in human β3GalT6-deficiency disorders. These comprise craniofacial dysmorphism, generalized skeletal dysplasia, skin involvement and indications for muscle hypotonia. In-depth TEM analysis revealed disturbed collagen fibril organization as the most consistent ultrastructural characteristic throughout different affected tissues. Strikingly, despite a strong reduction in glycosaminoglycan content, as demonstrated by anion-exchange HPLC, subsequent LC-MS/MS analysis revealed a small amount of proteoglycans containing a unique linkage region consisting of only three sugars. This implies that formation of glycosaminoglycans with an immature linkage region is possible in a pathogenic context. Our study, therefore unveils a novel rescue mechanism for proteoglycan production in the absence of galactosyltransferase II, hereby opening new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Delbaere
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adelbert De Clercq
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fredrik Noborn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Willem Bek
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien Alluyn
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Gistelinck
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Delfien Syx
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Paul J. Coucke
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Andy Willaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fransiska Malfait
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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7
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Sloan JL, Achilly NP, Arnold ML, Catlett JL, Blake T, Bishop K, Jones M, Harper U, English MA, Anderson S, Trivedi NS, Elkahloun A, Hoffmann V, Brooks BP, Sood R, Venditti CP. The vitamin B12 processing enzyme, mmachc, is essential for zebrafish survival, growth and retinal morphology. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:2109-2123. [PMID: 32186706 PMCID: PMC7399538 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobalamin C (cblC) deficiency, the most common inborn error of intracellular cobalamin metabolism, is caused by mutations in MMACHC, a gene responsible for the processing and intracellular trafficking of vitamin B12. This recessive disorder is characterized by a failure to metabolize cobalamin into adenosyl- and methylcobalamin, which results in the biochemical perturbations of methylmalonic acidemia, hyperhomocysteinemia and hypomethioninemia caused by the impaired activity of the downstream enzymes, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and methionine synthase. Cobalamin C deficiency can be accompanied by a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, including progressive blindness, and, in mice, manifests with very early embryonic lethality. Because zebrafish harbor a full complement of cobalamin metabolic enzymes, we used genome editing to study the loss of mmachc function and to develop the first viable animal model of cblC deficiency. mmachc mutants survived the embryonic period but perished in early juvenile life. The mutants displayed the metabolic and clinical features of cblC deficiency including methylmalonic acidemia, severe growth retardation and lethality. Morphologic and metabolic parameters improved when the mutants were raised in water supplemented with small molecules used to treat patients, including hydroxocobalamin, methylcobalamin, methionine and betaine. Furthermore, mmachc mutants bred to express rod and/or cone fluorescent reporters, manifested a retinopathy and thin optic nerves (ON). Expression analysis using whole eye mRNA revealed the dysregulation of genes involved in phototransduction and cholesterol metabolism. Zebrafish with mmachc deficiency recapitulate the several of the phenotypic and biochemical features of the human disorder, including ocular pathology, and show a response to established treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Sloan
- Organic Acid Research Section, Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Nathan P Achilly
- Organic Acid Research Section, Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Madeline L Arnold
- Organic Acid Research Section, Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Jerrel L Catlett
- Organic Acid Research Section, Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Trevor Blake
- Zebrafish Core Facility, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Kevin Bishop
- Zebrafish Core Facility, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Marypat Jones
- Genomics Core, Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Ursula Harper
- Genomics Core, Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Milton A English
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Stacie Anderson
- Flow Cytometry, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Niraj S Trivedi
- Social Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- Microarray Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Victoria Hoffmann
- Diagnostic and Research Services Branch, Division of Veterinary Resources, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Brian P Brooks
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Raman Sood
- Zebrafish Core Facility, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Charles P Venditti
- Organic Acid Research Section, Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
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8
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Adaptation of blind cavefish to nutrient poor environments: uncovering diverse new mechanisms that regulate body fat levels. Dev Biol 2020; 463:99-100. [PMID: 30738814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Hromowyk KJ, Talbot JC, Martin BL, Janssen PML, Amacher SL. Cell fusion is differentially regulated in zebrafish post-embryonic slow and fast muscle. Dev Biol 2020; 462:85-100. [PMID: 32165147 PMCID: PMC7225055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fusion occurs during development, growth, and regeneration. To investigate how muscle fusion compares among different muscle cell types and developmental stages, we studied muscle cell fusion over time in wild-type, myomaker (mymk), and jam2a mutant zebrafish. Using live imaging, we show that embryonic myoblast elongation and fusion correlate tightly with slow muscle cell migration. In wild-type embryos, only fast muscle fibers are multinucleate, consistent with previous work showing that the cell fusion regulator gene mymk is specifically expressed throughout the embryonic fast muscle domain. However, by 3 weeks post-fertilization, slow muscle fibers also become multinucleate. At this late-larval stage, mymk is not expressed in muscle fibers, but is expressed in small cells near muscle fibers. Although previous work showed that both mymk and jam2a are required for embryonic fast muscle cell fusion, we observe that muscle force and function is almost normal in mymk and jam2a mutant embryos, despite the lack of fast muscle multinucleation. We show that genetic requirements change post-embryonically, with jam2a becoming much less important by late-larval stages and mymk now required for muscle fusion and growth in both fast and slow muscle cell types. Correspondingly, adult mymk mutants perform poorly in sprint and endurance tests compared to wild-type and jam2a mutants. We show that adult mymk mutant muscle contains small mononucleate myofibers with average myonuclear domain size equivalent to that in wild type adults. The mymk mutant fibers have decreased Laminin expression and increased numbers of Pax7-positive cells, suggesting that impaired fiber growth and active regeneration contribute to the muscle phenotype. Our findings identify several aspects of muscle fusion that change with time in slow and fast fibers as zebrafish develop beyond embryonic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Hromowyk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jared C Talbot
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Brit L Martin
- Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Paul M L Janssen
- Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sharon L Amacher
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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10
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Volkening A, Abbott MR, Chandra N, Dubois B, Lim F, Sexton D, Sandstede B. Modeling Stripe Formation on Growing Zebrafish Tailfins. Bull Math Biol 2020; 82:56. [PMID: 32356149 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-020-00731-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
As zebrafish develop, black and gold stripes form across their skin due to the interactions of brightly colored pigment cells. These characteristic patterns emerge on the growing fish body, as well as on the anal and caudal fins. While wild-type stripes form parallel to a horizontal marker on the body, patterns on the tailfin gradually extend distally outward. Interestingly, several mutations lead to altered body patterns without affecting fin stripes. Through an exploratory modeling approach, our goal is to help better understand these differences between body and fin patterns. By adapting a prior agent-based model of cell interactions on the fish body, we present an in silico study of stripe development on tailfins. Our main result is a demonstration that two cell types can produce stripes on the caudal fin. We highlight several ways that bone rays, growth, and the body-fin interface may be involved in patterning, and we raise questions for future work related to pattern robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Volkening
- NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - M R Abbott
- Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Macalester College, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - N Chandra
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - B Dubois
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - F Lim
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - D Sexton
- Department of Mathematics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - B Sandstede
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Data Science Initiative, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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11
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Abstract
Self-organized pattern behavior is ubiquitous throughout nature, from fish schooling to collective cell dynamics during organism development. Qualitatively these patterns display impressive consistency, yet variability inevitably exists within pattern-forming systems on both microscopic and macroscopic scales. Quantifying variability and measuring pattern features can inform the underlying agent interactions and allow for predictive analyses. Nevertheless, current methods for analyzing patterns that arise from collective behavior capture only macroscopic features or rely on either manual inspection or smoothing algorithms that lose the underlying agent-based nature of the data. Here we introduce methods based on topological data analysis and interpretable machine learning for quantifying both agent-level features and global pattern attributes on a large scale. Because the zebrafish is a model organism for skin pattern formation, we focus specifically on analyzing its skin patterns as a means of illustrating our approach. Using a recent agent-based model, we simulate thousands of wild-type and mutant zebrafish patterns and apply our methodology to better understand pattern variability in zebrafish. Our methodology is able to quantify the differential impact of stochasticity in cell interactions on wild-type and mutant patterns, and we use our methods to predict stripe and spot statistics as a function of varying cellular communication. Our work provides an approach to automatically quantifying biological patterns and analyzing agent-based dynamics so that we can now answer critical questions in pattern formation at a much larger scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R McGuirl
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912;
| | - Alexandria Volkening
- NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Björn Sandstede
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
- Data Science Initiative, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
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12
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Patterson LB, Parichy DM. Zebrafish Pigment Pattern Formation: Insights into the Development and Evolution of Adult Form. Annu Rev Genet 2019; 53:505-530. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-112618-043741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate pigment patterns are diverse and fascinating adult traits that allow animals to recognize conspecifics, attract mates, and avoid predators. Pigment patterns in fish are among the most amenable traits for studying the cellular basis of adult form, as the cells that produce diverse patterns are readily visible in the skin during development. The genetic basis of pigment pattern development has been most studied in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Zebrafish adults have alternating dark and light horizontal stripes, resulting from the precise arrangement of three main classes of pigment cells: black melanophores, yellow xanthophores, and iridescent iridophores. The coordination of adult pigment cell lineage specification and differentiation with specific cellular interactions and morphogenetic behaviors is necessary for stripe development. Besides providing a nice example of pattern formation responsible for an adult trait of zebrafish, stripe-forming mechanisms also provide a conceptual framework for posing testable hypotheses about pattern diversification more broadly. Here, we summarize what is known about lineages and molecular interactions required for pattern formation in zebrafish, we review some of what is known about pattern diversification in Danio, and we speculate on how patterns in more distant teleosts may have evolved to produce a stunningly diverse array of patterns in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David M. Parichy
- Department of Biology and Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
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13
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Elemans LM, Cervera IP, Riley SE, Wafer R, Fong R, Tandon P, Minchin JE. Quantitative analyses of adiposity dynamics in zebrafish. Adipocyte 2019; 8:330-338. [PMID: 31411107 PMCID: PMC6768273 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2019.1648175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissues often exhibit subtle, quantitative differences between individuals, leading to a graded series of adiposity phenotypes at the population level. Robust, quantitative analyses are vital for studying these differences. In this Commentary we highlight two articles from our lab that employ sensitive new methods in zebrafish capable of delineating complex and quantitative adiposity phenotypes. In the first article, we utilized in vivo imaging to systematically quantify zebrafish adipose tissues. We identified 34 regionally distinct zebrafish adipose tissues and developed statistical models to predict the size and variance of each adipose tissue over the course of zebrafish growth. We then employed these models to identify effects of strain and diet on adipose tissue growth. In the second article, we employed deep phenotyping to study complex disease-related adiposity traits. Using this methodology, we identified that adipose tissues have unique capacities to re-deposit lipid following food restriction and re-feeding. These distinct re-deposition potentials led to widespread fat distribution changes following re-feeding. We discuss how these novel findings may provide relevance to health conditions such as anorexia nervosa. Together, the strategies described in these two articles can be used as unbiased and quantitative methods to uncover new relationships between genotype, diet and adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loes M.H. Elemans
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - Susanna E. Riley
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Rebecca Wafer
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Rosalyn Fong
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Panna Tandon
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - James E.N. Minchin
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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14
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Galindo D, Sweet E, DeLeon Z, Wagner M, DeLeon A, Carter C, McMenamin SK, Cooper WJ. Thyroid hormone modulation during zebrafish development recapitulates evolved diversity in danionin jaw protrusion mechanics. Evol Dev 2019; 21:231-246. [PMID: 31374588 PMCID: PMC6815664 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protrusile jaws are a highly useful innovation that has been linked to extensive diversification in fish feeding ecology. Jaw protrusion can enhance the performance of multiple functions, such as suction production and capturing elusive prey. Identifying the developmental factors that alter protrusion ability will improve our understanding of fish diversification. In the zebrafish protrusion arises postmetamorphosis. Fish metamorphosis typically includes significant changes in trophic morphology, accompanies a shift in feeding niche and coincides with increased thyroid hormone production. We tested whether thyroid hormone affects the development of zebrafish feeding mechanics. We found that it affected all developmental stages examined, but that effects were most pronounced after metamorphosis. Thyroid hormone levels affected the development of jaw morphology, feeding mechanics, shape variation, and cranial ossification. Adult zebrafish utilize protrusile jaws, but an absence of thyroid hormone impaired development of the premaxillary bone, which is critical to jaw protrusion. Premaxillae from early juvenile zebrafish and hypothyroid adult zebrafish resemble those from adults in the genera Danionella, Devario, and Microdevario that show little to no jaw protrusion. Our findings suggest that evolutionary changes in how the developing skulls of danionin minnows respond to thyroid hormone may have promoted diversification into different feeding niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demi Galindo
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Elly Sweet
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Zoey DeLeon
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Mitchel Wagner
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Adrian DeLeon
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Casey Carter
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | | | - W. James Cooper
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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15
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Hu Y, Mauri A, Donahue J, Singh R, Acosta B, McMenamin S. Thyroid hormone coordinates developmental trajectories but does not underlie developmental truncation in danionins. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:1144-1154. [PMID: 31228301 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in postembryonic developmental trajectories can profoundly alter adult phenotypes and life histories. Thyroid hormone (TH) regulates metamorphosis in many vertebrate taxa with multiphasic ecologies, and alterations to TH metabolism underlie notable cases of paedomorphosis in amphibians. We tested the requirement for TH in multiple postembryonic developmental processes in zebrafish, which has a monophasic ecology, and asked if TH production was compromised in paedomorphic Danionella. RESULTS We showed that TH regulates allometric growth in juvenile zebrafish, and inhibits relative head growth. The lateral line system showed differential requirements for TH: the hormone promotes canal neuromast formation and inhibits neuromast proliferation in the head, but causes expansion of the neuromast population in the trunk. While Danionella morphology resembled that of larval zebrafish, the two Danionella species analyzed were not similar to hypothyroid zebrafish in their shape or neuromast distribution, and both possessed functional thyroid follicles. CONCLUSIONS Although zebrafish do not undergo a discrete ecological transformation, we found that multiple tissues undergo transitions in developmental trajectories that are dependent on TH, suggesting the TH axis and its downstream pathways as likely targets for adaptation. Nonetheless, we found no evidence that evolutionary paedomorphosis in Danionella is the result of compromised TH production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Hu
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Angela Mauri
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Joan Donahue
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin Acosta
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah McMenamin
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
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16
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Roux N, Salis P, Lambert A, Logeux V, Soulat O, Romans P, Frédérich B, Lecchini D, Laudet V. Staging and normal table of postembryonic development of the clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris). Dev Dyn 2019; 248:545-568. [PMID: 31070818 PMCID: PMC6771578 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris is one of the rare coral reef fish species that can be reared in aquaria. With relatively short embryonic and larval development, it could be used as a model species to study the impact of global changes such as temperature rise or anthropogenic threats (eg, pollution) on the postembryonic development at molecular and endocrinological levels. Establishing a developmental table allows us to standardize sampling for the scientific community willing to conduct experiments on this species on different areas: ecology, evolution, and developmental biology. Results Here, we describe the postembryonic developmental stages for the clownfish A. ocellaris from hatching to juvenile stages (30 days posthatching). We quantitatively followed the postembryonic growth and described qualitative traits: head, paired and unpaired fins, notochord flexion, and pigmentation changes. The occurrence of these changes over time allowed us to define seven stages, for which we provide precise descriptions. Conclusions Our work gives an easy system to determine A. ocellaris postembryonic stages allowing, thus, to develop this species as a model species for coral reef fishes. In light of global warming, the access to the full postembryonic development stages of coral reef fish is important to determine stressors that can affect such processes. Seven developmental stages have been identified to describe the larval development of the clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris. Clownfish larvae undergo two distinct developmental growth phases that correspond to growth and metamorphosis. A dichotomous key determination has been created to assist users in identifying the various developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Roux
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, CNRS UMR 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.,PSL Research University, USR 3278, EPHE-CNRS-UPVD, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Pauline Salis
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, CNRS UMR 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Anne Lambert
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Valentin Logeux
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, CNRS UMR 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Olivier Soulat
- Aquarium de Canet-en-Roussillon, Canet-en-Roussillon, France
| | - Pascal Romans
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, CNRS UMR 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Bruno Frédérich
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology, FOCUS, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - David Lecchini
- PSL Research University, USR 3278, EPHE-CNRS-UPVD, Moorea, French Polynesia.,Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, CNRS UMR 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
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17
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Dhillon SS, Torell F, Donten M, Lundstedt-Enkel K, Bennett K, Rännar S, Trygg J, Lundstedt T. Metabolic profiling of zebrafish embryo development from blastula period to early larval stages. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213661. [PMID: 31086370 PMCID: PMC6516655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish embryo is a popular model for drug screening, disease modelling and molecular genetics. In this study, samples were obtained from zebrafish at different developmental stages. The stages that were chosen were 3/4, 4/5, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours post fertilization (hpf). Each sample included fifty embryos. The samples were analysed using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS). Principle component analysis (PCA) was applied to get an overview of the data and orthogonal projection to latent structure discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was utilised to discriminate between the developmental stages. In this way, changes in metabolite profiles during vertebrate development could be identified. Using a GC-TOF-MS metabolomics approach it was found that nucleotides and metabolic fuel (glucose) were elevated at early stages of embryogenesis, whereas at later stages amino acids and intermediates in the Krebs cycle were abundant. This agrees with zebrafish developmental biology, as organs such as the liver and pancreas develop at later stages. Thus, metabolomics of zebrafish embryos offers a unique opportunity to investigate large scale changes in metabolic processes during important developmental stages in vertebrate development. In terms of stability of the metabolic profile and viability of the embryos, it was concluded at 72 hpf was a suitable time point for the use of zebrafish as a model system in numerous scientific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundeep S. Dhillon
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Frida Torell
- Computational Life Science Cluster (CLiC), Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Accelerator Lab (ACL), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- AcureOmics, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Katrin Lundstedt-Enkel
- AcureOmics, Umeå, Sweden
- Environmental toxicology, Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Stefan Rännar
- AcureOmics, Umeå, Sweden
- Corporate Research, Sartorius AG, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johan Trygg
- Computational Life Science Cluster (CLiC), Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Corporate Research, Sartorius AG, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Torbjörn Lundstedt
- AcureOmics, Umeå, Sweden
- Deparment of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Shkil F, Siomava N, Voronezhskaya E, Diogo R. Effects of hyperthyroidism in the development of the appendicular skeleton and muscles of zebrafish, with notes on evolutionary developmental pathology (Evo-Devo-Path). Sci Rep 2019; 9:5413. [PMID: 30931985 PMCID: PMC6443675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41912-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis plays a crucial role in the metabolism, homeostasis, somatic growth and development of teleostean fishes. Thyroid hormones regulate essential biological functions such as growth and development, regulation of stress, energy expenditure, tissue compound, and psychological processes. Teleost thyroid follicles produce the same thyroid hormones as in other vertebrates: thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), making the zebrafish a very useful model to study hypo- and hyperthyroidism in other vertebrate taxa, including humans. Here we investigate morphological changes in T3 hyperthyroid cases in the zebrafish to better understand malformations provoked by alterations of T3 levels. In particular, we describe musculoskeletal abnormalities during the development of the zebrafish appendicular skeleton and muscles, compare our observations with those recently done by us on the normal developmental of the zebrafish, and discuss these comparisons within the context of evolutionary developmental pathology (Evo-Devo-Path), including human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedor Shkil
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 26, Moscow, 119334, Russia
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Leninskii 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Natalia Siomava
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, 520W Street NW, 20059, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elena Voronezhskaya
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 26, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, 520W Street NW, 20059, Washington, DC, USA.
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19
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Volkening A, Sandstede B. Iridophores as a source of robustness in zebrafish stripes and variability in Danio patterns. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3231. [PMID: 30104716 PMCID: PMC6089994 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) feature black and yellow stripes, while related Danios display different patterns. All these patterns form due to the interactions of pigment cells, which self-organize on the fish skin. Until recently, research focused on two cell types (melanophores and xanthophores), but newer work has uncovered the leading role of a third type, iridophores: by carefully orchestrated transitions in form, iridophores instruct the other cells, but little is known about what drives their form changes. Here we address this question from a mathematical perspective: we develop a model (based on known interactions between the original two cell types) that allows us to assess potential iridophore behavior. We identify a set of mechanisms governing iridophore form that is consistent across a range of empirical data. Our model also suggests that the complex cues iridophores receive may act as a key source of redundancy, enabling both robust patterning and variability within Danio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Volkening
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, 182 George Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute, Ohio State University, 1735 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Björn Sandstede
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, 182 George Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
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20
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Delomas TA, Dabrowski K. Larval rearing of zebrafish at suboptimal temperatures. J Therm Biol 2018; 74:170-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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21
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Zada D, Blitz E, Appelbaum L. Zebrafish - An emerging model to explore thyroid hormone transporters and psychomotor retardation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 459:53-58. [PMID: 28274736 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate a variety of fundamental physiological processes, including the development and maintenance of the brain. For decades, it was thought that THs enter the cells by passive diffusion. However, it is now clear that TH transport across the cell membrane requires specific transporter proteins that facilitate the uptake and efflux of THs. Several thyroid hormone transmembrane transporters (THTTs) have been identified, including monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), MCT10, and organic anion transporting polypeptide 1C1 (OATP1C1). The critical role of THTTs in regulating metabolism and brain function is demonstrated in the Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS), an X-linked psychomotor retardation associated with mutations in the MCT8/SLC16A2 gene. In addition to traditional research on humans, cell-lines, and rodents, the zebrafish has recently emerged as an attractive model to study THTTs and neuroendocrinological-related disorders. In this review, we describe the unique contribution of zebrafish studies to the understanding of the functional role of THTTs in live animals, and how this transparent vertebrate model can be used for translational studies on TH-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zada
- The Faculty of Life Sciences and the Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Einat Blitz
- The Faculty of Life Sciences and the Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Lior Appelbaum
- The Faculty of Life Sciences and the Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
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22
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Hur M, Gistelinck CA, Huber P, Lee J, Thompson MH, Monstad-Rios AT, Watson CJ, McMenamin SK, Willaert A, Parichy DM, Coucke P, Kwon RY. MicroCT-based phenomics in the zebrafish skeleton reveals virtues of deep phenotyping in a distributed organ system. eLife 2017; 6:26014. [PMID: 28884682 PMCID: PMC5606849 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenomics, which ideally involves in-depth phenotyping at the whole-organism scale, may enhance our functional understanding of genetic variation. Here, we demonstrate methods to profile hundreds of phenotypic measures comprised of morphological and densitometric traits at a large number of sites within the axial skeleton of adult zebrafish. We show the potential for vertebral patterns to confer heightened sensitivity, with similar specificity, in discriminating mutant populations compared to analyzing individual vertebrae in isolation. We identify phenotypes associated with human brittle bone disease and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor hyperactivity. Finally, we develop allometric models and show their potential to aid in the discrimination of mutant phenotypes masked by alterations in growth. Our studies demonstrate virtues of deep phenotyping in a spatially distributed organ system. Analyzing phenotypic patterns may increase productivity in genetic screens, and facilitate the study of genetic variants associated with smaller effect sizes, such as those that underlie complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hur
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | | | - Philippe Huber
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Jane Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Marjorie H Thompson
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Adrian T Monstad-Rios
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Claire J Watson
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | | | - Andy Willaert
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David M Parichy
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Paul Coucke
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ronald Y Kwon
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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23
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O'Reilly-Pol T, Kniepkamp K, Johnson SL. Three-Dimensional Printed Fish Graders: A Tool to Rapidly and Reliably Size Select Zebrafish. Zebrafish 2017; 14:280-283. [PMID: 28287927 PMCID: PMC5466055 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2016.1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research into adult zebrafish often requires fish to be of a specific size. Currently, fish must be individually measured to achieve this goal. Here, we design and utilize fish graders to quickly sort fish by width. We characterize graders individually for the length of fish they discriminate between and we also analyze graders in pairs to define the range of lengths for a retained population of fish. We note that a 1 mm increase of fish width increases fish length by 6.2-7.2 mm. We provide the schematics to print a series of eight retention widths, and note that graders of any desired retention width can easily be printed by slightly modifying our design files.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O'Reilly-Pol
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kyle Kniepkamp
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Stephen L Johnson
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
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24
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Minchin JEN, Rawls JF. A classification system for zebrafish adipose tissues. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:797-809. [PMID: 28348140 PMCID: PMC5482999 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.025759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish model system offers significant utility for in vivo imaging of adipose tissue (AT) dynamics and for screening to identify chemical and genetic modifiers of adiposity. In particular, AT can be quantified accurately in live zebrafish using fluorescent lipophilic dyes. Although this methodology offers considerable promise, the comprehensive identification and classification of zebrafish ATs has not been performed. Here, we use fluorescent lipophilic dyes and in vivo imaging systematically to identify, classify and quantify the zebrafish AT pool. We identify 34 regionally distinct zebrafish ATs, including five visceral ATs and 22 subcutaneous ATs. For each of these ATs, we describe detailed morphological characteristics to aid their identification in future studies. Furthermore, we quantify the areas for each AT and construct regression models to allow prediction of expected AT size and variation across a range of developmental stages. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of this resource for identifying effects of strain variation and high-fat diet on AT growth. Altogether, this resource provides foundational information on the identity, dynamics and expected quantities of zebrafish ATs for use as a reference for future studies. Summary: A standardized nomenclature and classification system for zebrafish adipose tissues and regression models to predict expected adipose size during the course of zebrafish development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E N Minchin
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA .,Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - John F Rawls
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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