Paclitaxel

Morinda citrifolia protective effects on paclitaxel-induced testis parenchyma toxicity: An experimental study

The current study aimed to investigate the sensitivity of male testis parenchyma cells to chemotherapy agents and the protective effects and mechanisms of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) administration against structural and functional changes before and after chemotherapy (Paclitaxel (PTX)). For this purpose, rats were randomly assigned into four groups (Control = G1, PTX 5 mg/kg = G2; PTX + Noni 10 mg/kg = G3, PTX + Noni 20 mg/kg = G4). PTX was injected intraperitoneally for 4 consecutive weeks, at a dose of 5 mg/kg to all groups except the control group. Then noni was administrated in 10 (G3) and 20 (G4) mg/kg groups orally (gavage) for 14 days. Biochemical analyses, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and immunohistochemical analyses were performed. According to our results, Total Oxidative Stress (TOS) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly increased in the PTX group (P < 0.01). Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) levels were decreased (P < 0.01). The changes in the rats treated with PTX + Noni 20 mg/kg were noteworthy. The increased levels of IL1-β (Interleukin 1 beta) and TNFα (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) with PTX were down-regulated after treatment with PTX + Noni 20 mg/kg (P < 0.01) (9 % and 5 % respectively). In addition, Noni restored the testicular histopathological structure by reducing caspase-3 expression and significantly (61 %) suppressed oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis (by regulating the Bax (bcl-2-like protein 4)/Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma gene-2) ratio). In conclusion, Noni reduced cellular apoptosis and drastically changed Caspase 8 and Bax/Bcl-2 levels. Furthermore, it considerably decreases oxidative damage and can be used in testicular degeneration.

Antioxidants activities of phytochemicals perspective modulation of autophagy and apoptosis to treating cancer

The study of chemicals extracted from natural sources should be encouraged due to the significant number of cancer deaths each year and the financial burden imposed by this disease on society. The causes of almost all cancers involve a combination of lifestyle, environmental factors, and genetic and inherited factors. Modern medicine researchers are increasingly interested in traditional phytochemicals as they hold potential for new bioactive compounds with medical applications. Recent publications have provided evidence of the antitumor properties of phytochemicals, a key component of traditional Chinese medicine, thereby opening new avenues for their use in modern medicine. Various studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between apoptosis and autophagy, two critical mechanisms involved in cancer formation and regulation, indicating diverse forms of crosstalk between them. Phytochemicals have the ability to activate both pro-apoptotic and pro-autophagic pathways. Therefore, understanding how phytochemicals influence the relationship between apoptosis and autophagy is crucial for developing a new cancer treatment strategy that targets these molecular mechanisms. This review aims to explore natural phytochemicals that have demonstrated anticancer effects, focusing on their role in regulating the crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy, which contributes to uncontrolled tumor cell growth. Additionally, the review highlights the limitations and challenges of current research methodologies while suggesting potential avenues for future research in this field.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Pattern Analysis of BAHD Acyltransferase Family in Taxus mairei

BAHD acyltransferases are involved in catalyzing and regulating the secondary metabolism in plants. Despite this, the members of BAHD family and their functions have not been reported in the Taxus species. In this study, a total of 123 TwBAHD acyltransferases from Taxus wallichiana var. mairei genome were identified and divided into six clades based on phylogenetic analysis, of which Clade VI contained a Taxus-specific branch of 52 members potentially involved in taxol biosynthesis. Most TwBAHDs from the same clade shared similar conserved motifs and gene structures. Besides the typical conserved motifs within the BAHD family, the YPLAGR motif was also conserved in multiple clades of T. mairei. Moreover, only one pair of tandem duplicate genes was found on chromosome 1, with a Ka/Ks ratio < 1, indicating that the function of duplicate genes did not differentiate significantly. RNA-seq analysis revealed different expression patterns of TwBAHDs in MeJA induction and tissue-specific expression experiments. Several TwBAHD genes in the Taxus-specific branch were highly expressed in different tissues of T. mairei, suggesting an important role in the taxol pathway. This study provides comprehensive information for the TwBAHD gene family and sets up a basis for its potential functions.

Andrographolide reverts multidrug resistance in KBChR 8-5 cells through AKT signaling pathway

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major obstacle in cancer chemotherapy. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) one of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters plays an important role in MDR. In this study, we examined the sensitizing property of andrographolide (Andro) to reverse MDR in the drug-resistant KBChR 8-5 cells. Andro exhibited increased cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner in the P-gp overexpressing KBChR 8-5 cells. Furthermore, Andro showed synergistic interactions with PTX and DOX in this drug-resistant cells. Andro co-administration enhanced PTX- and DOX-induced cytotoxicity and reduced cell proliferation in the MDR cancer cells. Moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were elevated with a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) during Andro and chemotherapeutic drugs combination treatment in the drug-resistant cells. Furthermore, Andro and PTX-induced cell cycle arrest was observed in the drug-resistant cell. We also noticed that the expression of ABCB1 and AKT were downregulated during Andro (4 µM) treatment. Furthermore, Andro treatment enhanced the expression of caspase 3 and caspase 9 in the combinational groups that support the enhanced apoptotic cell death in drug-resistant cancer cells. Therefore, the results reveal that Andro plays a role in the reversal of P-gp-mediated MDR in KBChR 8-5 cells which might be due to regulating ABCB1/AKT signaling pathway.

Third-generation taxanes SB-T-121605 and SB-T-121606 are effective in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic cancer is a severe malignancy with increasing incidence and high mortality due to late diagnosis and low sensitivity to treatments. Search for the most appropriate drugs and therapeutic regimens is the most promising way to improve the treatment outcomes of the patients. This study aimed to compare (1) in vitro efficacy and (2) in vivo antitumor effects of conventional paclitaxel and the newly synthesized second (SB-T-1216) and third (SB-T-121605 and SB-T-121606) generation taxanes in KRAS wild type BxPC-3 and more aggressive KRAS G12V mutated Paca-44 pancreatic cancer cell line models. In vitro, paclitaxel efficacy was 27.6 ± 1.7 nM, while SB-Ts showed 1.7-7.4 times higher efficacy. Incorporation of SB-T-121605 and SB-T-121606 into in vivo therapeutic regimens containing paclitaxel was effective in suppressing tumor growth in Paca-44 tumor-bearing mice at small doses (≤3 mg/kg). SB-T-121605 and SB-T-121606 in combination with paclitaxel are promising candidates for the next phase of preclinical testing.

Paclitaxel-loaded niosomes in combination with metformin: development, characterization and anticancer potentials

Aim: This study aims to assess the efficacy of free and niosomes-loaded paclitaxel combined with the anti-diabetic drug metformin. Methods: Paclitaxel was successfully encapsulated in all niosome formulations, using microfluidic mixing, with a maximum encapsulation efficiency of 11.9%. Results: The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for free paclitaxel in T47D cells was significantly reduced from 0.2 to 0.048 mg/ml when combined with metformin 40 mg. The IC50 of paclitaxel was significantly reduced when loaded in niosomes to less than 0.06 mg/ml alone or with metformin. Conclusion: Paclitaxel combination (free or loaded into niosomes) with metformin significantly improved the anticancer efficacy of paclitaxel, which can serve as a method to reduce the paclitaxel dose and its associated side effects.

Paclitaxel alters melanogenesis and causes pigmentation in the skin of gynecological cancer patients

BACKGROUND

Paclitaxel (PTX) is a microtubule-stabilizing antineoplastic that has been shown to damage healthy tissues like the skin. Hyperpigmentation can be found among the adverse effects caused by PTX, but the literature is limited and the mechanisms driving PTX-induced pigmentary alterations are unknown.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to describe the pigmentary alterations caused by PTX and to determine the effects of PTX on melanocytes.

METHODS

Pigmentary skin alterations were measured in 20 gynecological cancer patients under PTX treatment by using specific probes, which determine the melanin index and the pigmentation level. Melanocytes were incubated with paclitaxel to analyze melanogenesis markers gene expression, melanin content, and transcription factors activation.

RESULTS

Paclitaxel induced alterations in the skin pigmentation with no visible clinical manifestations. Gynecological cancer patients under paclitaxel treatment had an increase in the melanin index and pigmentation levels. In vitro, PTX exposure to melanocytes increased the expression of melanogenesis markers, melanin content, and induced activation of ERK and MITF.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that PTX alters pigmentation in patients with no clinically visible manifestations, and these alterations might be driven by its capacity to stimulate melanogenesis on melanocytes through the MITF activation pathway.

Monoterpenoids: An upcoming class of therapeutic agents for modulating cancer metastasis

Monoterpenoids, a sub-class of terpenoids, are secondary metabolites frequently extracted from the essential oils of aromatic plants. Their antitumor properties including antiproliferative, apoptotic, antiangiogenic, and antimetastatic effects along with other biological activities have been the subject of extensive study due to their diverse characteristics. In recent years, numerous investigations have been conducted to understand its potential anticancer impacts, specifically focusing on antiproliferative and apoptotic mechanisms. Metastasis, a malignancy hallmark, can exert either protective or destructive influences on tumor cells. Despite this, the potential antimetastatic and antiangiogenic attributes of monoterpenoids need further exploration. This review focuses on specific monoterpenoids, examining their effects on metastasis and relevant signaling pathways. The monoterpenoids exhibit a high level of complexity as natural products that regulate metastatic proteins through various signaling pathways, including phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase/jun N-terminal kinase, nuclear factor kappa B, vascular endothelial growth factor, and epithelial mesenchymal transition process. Additionally, this review delves into the biosynthesis and classification of monoterpenoids, their potential antitumor impacts on cell lines, the plant sources of monoterpenoids, and the current status of limited clinical trials investigating their efficacy against cancer. Moreover, monoterpenoids depict promising potential in preventing cancer metastasis, however, inadequate clinical trials limit their drug usage. State-of-the-art techniques and technologies are being employed to overcome the challenges of utilizing monoterpenoids as an anticancer agent.

Clinicopathological Significance and Expression Pattern of Bcl2 in Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive in silico and in vitro Study

B-cell lymphoma/leukemia gene-2 (Bcl-2) is the primary proto-oncogene that has been shown to work by preventing apoptosis/programmed cell death. Bcl-2 combines a variety of cell-generated signals associated to the survival and death of cells. In glioma, lung, and breast cancer, Bcl-2 over-expression has been linked to an increase in invasion and migration. Many treatment regimens that target Bcl2 have been established and approved, and thus increasing the survival rates of the patients. The primary goal of this research was to recognize new therapeutic compounds that target Bcl2 and assess Bcl2 expression pattern in BC patients. We used various bioinformatic tools as well as several in vitro assays to look out the expression and inhibition of Bcl2 in BC. Our study depicted that Bcl2 had a strong connection with tumour stroma, notably with suppressor cells originating from myeloid tissues. Moreover, in vitro and in silico research identified Paclitaxel as a promising natural substance that targets Bcl2. Overall, this work shows that Bcl2 overexpression accelerates the development of BC, and that targeting Bcl2 in combination with other drugs will dramatically improve BC patient's response to treatment and prevent the emergence of drug resistance.

Assessing the effectiveness of gabapentin in paclitaxel-induced arthralgia, myalgia, and neuropathic pain: An observational, cohort study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Arthralgia, myalgia, and neuropathic pain are the most common side effects observed due to paclitaxel chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the prophylactic role, maintenance, remission, and re-occurrence of arthralgia, myalgia, and neuropathic pain post-gabapentin therapy.

METHODOLOGY

This study was conducted in the Department of Oncology, Dhiraj Hospital, Vadodara with a sample of 51 patients. Newly detected cancer patients who observed arthralgia, myalgia, and neuropathic pain due to paclitaxel were taken and a baseline pain assessment was done using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) and painDETECT questionnaire. Gabapentin was given in the first cycle after symptoms appeared and prophylactic treatment was given in the subsequent three cycles and evaluation of pain was done post-gabapentin therapy to assess the symptomatic as well as prophylactic effect.

RESULTS

At baseline, neuropathic pain score was 22.7 ± 3.6 which reduced to 0.01 ± 0.14 on subsequent follow-ups. Grade 2 arthralgia, myalgia, and neuropathic pain were more observed at baseline which reduces to Grade 0 in the third cycle. The difference in baseline and post-gabapentin therapy was statistically analyzed by conducting t-test which showed p-value <0.00001 and t-value was less than -2 which indicated a statistically significant result.

CONCLUSION

This study shows that gabapentin reduces neuropathic pain. Prophylactic usage of gabapentin was highly effective at bringing about quick pain relief when compared to symptomatic treatment. In further follow-ups, it was noted that gabapentin maintained the impact throughout the cycles.

Research Progress on Immunomodulatory Effects of Poly (Lactic-co- Glycolic Acid) Nanoparticles Loaded with Traditional Chinese Medicine Monomers

Immunomodulatory mechanisms are indispensable and key factors in maintaining the balance of the environment in humans. When the immune function of the immune system is impaired, autoimmune diseases occur. Excessive body fatigue, natural aging of the human body, malnutrition, genetic factors and other reasons cause low immune function, due to which the body is prone to being infected by bacteria or cancer. Clinically, the existing therapeutic drugs still have problems such as high toxicity, long treatment cycle, drug resistance and high price, so we still need to explore and develop a high efficiency and low toxicity drug. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) refers to a nontoxic polymer compound that exhibits excellent biocompatibility. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) monomers come from natural plants, and have the characteristics of high efficiency and low toxicity. Applying PLGA to TCM monomers can make up for the defects of traditional dosage forms, improve bioavailability, reduce the frequency and dosage of drug use, and reduce toxicity and side effects, thus having the characteristics of sustained release and targeting. Accordingly, PLGA nanoparticles loaded with TCM monomers have been the focus of development. The previous research on drug loading advantages, preparation methods, and immune regulation of TCM PLGA nanoparticles is summarized in the following sections.

Activation of Adrenoceptor Alpha-2 (ADRA2A) Promotes Chemosensitization to Carboplatin in Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines

Recurrence of ovarian cancer (OvCa) following surgery and standard carboplatin/paclitaxel first-line therapy signifies poor median progression-free survival (<24 months) in the majority of patients with OvCa. The current study utilized unbiased high-throughput screening (HTS) to evaluate an FDA-approved compound library for drugs that could be repurposed to improve OvCa sensitivity to carboplatin. The initial screen revealed six compounds with agonistic activity for the adrenoceptor alpha-2a (ADRA2A). These findings were validated in multiple OvCa cell lines (TYKnu, CAOV3, OVCAR8) using three ADRA2A agonists (xylazine, dexmedetomidine, and clonidine) and two independent viability assays. In all the experiments, these compounds enhanced the cytotoxicity of carboplatin treatment. Genetic overexpression of ADRA2A was also sufficient to reduce cell viability and increase carboplatin sensitivity. Taken together, these data indicate that ADRA2A activation may promote chemosensitivity in OvCa, which could be targeted by widely used medications currently indicated for other disease states.

Triphenylphosphine Derivatives of Allylbenzenes Express Antitumor and Adjuvant Activity When Solubilized with Cyclodextrin-Based Formulations

Allylbenzenes (apiol, dillapiol, myristicin and allyltetramethoxybenzene) are individual components of plant essential oils that demonstrate antitumor activity and can enhance the antitumor activity of cytotoxic drugs, such as paclitaxel, doxorubicin, cisplatin, etc. Triphenylphosphine (PPh3) derivatives of allylbenzenes are two to three orders of magnitude more potent than original allylbenzenes in terms of IC50. The inhibition of efflux pumps has been reported for allylbenzenes, and the PPh3 moiety is deemed to be responsible for preferential mitochondrial accumulation and the depolarization of mitochondrial membranes. However, due to poor solubility, the practical use of these substances has never been an option. Here, we show that this problem can be solved by using a complex formation with cyclodextrin (CD-based molecular containers) and polyanionic heparin, stabilizing the positive charge of the PPh3 cation. Such containers can solubilize both allylbenzenes and their PPh3 derivatives up to 0.4 mM concentration. Furthermore, we have observed that solubilized PPh3 derivatives indeed work as adjuvants, increasing the antitumor activity of paclitaxel against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549) by an order of magnitude (in terms of IC50) in addition to being quite powerful cytostatics themselves (IC50 in the range 1-10 µM). Even more importantly, CD-solubilized PPh3 derivatives show pronounced selectivity, being highly toxic for the A549 tumor cell line and minimally toxic for HEK293T non-tumor cells, red blood cells and sea urchin embryos. Indeed, in many cancers, the mitochondrial membrane is more prone to depolarization compared to normal cells, which probably explains the observed selectivity of our compounds, since PPh3 derivatives are known to act as mitochondria-targeting agents. According to the MTT test, 100 µM solution of PPh3 derivatives of allylbenzenes causes the death of up to 85% of A549 cancer cells, while for HEK293T non-cancer cells, only 15-20% of the cells died. The hemolytic index of the studied substances did not exceed 1%, and the thrombogenicity index was < 1.5%. Thus, this study outlines the experimental foundation for developing combined cytostatic medications, where effectiveness and selectivity are achieved through decreased concentration of the primary ingredient and the inclusion of adjuvants, which are safe or practically harmless substances.

An exploratory research on antitumor effect of drug-eluting slow-releasing electrospinning membranes

Objective

To evaluate the long-term inhibition of malignant biliary tumor growth using paclitaxel (PTX)-covered polycaprolactone (PCL) electrospun membranes.

Methods

A mixture of PCL, a material used to fabricate polymer stents, and PTX, a widely used chemotherapeutic agent, was synthesized by electrospinning. After preparing the drug-eluting membrane, drug release and fiber degradation were assessed in vitro under different pH conditions. The QBC939 cholangiocarcinoma cell line was cultured to establish a xenograft nude mouse model. Finally, the drug-eluting membrane was implanted into the mouse model, and the relative tumor inhibition rate was evaluated.

Results

A new PTX-loaded PCL electrospun fiber membrane was developed. The drug release rate was about 20-40% in the 32-day release cycle, and the release quantity was between 20 and 170 mg. As pH decreased, the release rate increased significantly. The degradation rate of the fiber membranes in vitro was approximately 20-48%, and was positively correlated with the drug loading rate. In animal experiments, the growth of tumors in mice was suppressed using drug-eluting membranes.

Conclusion

The PTX-loaded PCL electrospun fiber membrane enhanced the long-term drug release and exhibited excellent antitumor effects in vivo.

Oncoviruses: How do they hijack their host and current treatment regimes

Viruses have the ability to modulate the cellular machinery of their host to ensure their survival. While humans encounter numerous viruses daily, only a select few can lead to disease progression. Some of these viruses can amplify cancer-related traits, particularly when coupled with factors like immunosuppression and co-carcinogens. The global burden of cancer development resulting from viral infections is approximately 12%, and it arises as an unfortunate consequence of persistent infections that cause chronic inflammation, genomic instability from viral genome integration, and dysregulation of tumor suppressor genes and host oncogenes involved in normal cell growth. This review provides an in-depth discussion of oncoviruses and their strategies for hijacking the host's cellular machinery to induce cancer. It delves into how viral oncogenes drive tumorigenesis by targeting key cell signaling pathways. Additionally, the review discusses current therapeutic approaches that have been approved or are undergoing clinical trials to combat malignancies induced by oncoviruses. Understanding the intricate interactions between viruses and host cells can lead to the development of more effective treatments for virus-induced cancers.

Exploring the tumor immune microenvironment in ovarian cancer: a way-out to the therapeutic roadmap

INTRODUCTION

Despite cancer treatment strides, mortality due to ovarian cancer remains high globally. While immunotherapy has proven effective in treating cancers with low cure rates, it has limitations. Growing evidence suggests that both tumoral and non-tumoral components of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) play a significant role in cancer growth. Therefore, developing novel and focused therapy for ovarian cancer is critical. Studies indicate that TIME is involved in developing ovarian cancer, particularly genome-, transcriptome-, and proteome-wide studies. As a result, TIME may present a prospective therapeutic target for ovarian cancer patients.

AREAS COVERED

We examined several TIME-targeting medicines and the connection between TIME and ovarian cancer. The key protagonists and events in the TIME and therapeutic strategies that explicitly target these events in ovarian cancer are discussed.

EXPERT OPINION

We highlighted various targeted therapies against TIME in ovarian cancer, including anti-angiogenesis therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors. While these therapies are in their infancy, they have shown promise in controlling ovarian cancer progression. The use of 'omics' technology is helping in better understanding of TIME in ovarian cancer and potentially identifying new therapeutic targets. TIME-targeted strategies could account for an additional treatment strategy when treating ovarian cancer.

The role of nanotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by targeting tumor microenvironment

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) refers to a group of highly malignant and pathogenically complex tumors. Traditional treatment methods include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, with advancements in genetics, molecular medicine, and nanotherapy, more effective and safer treatments have been developed. Nanotherapy, in particular, has the potential to be an alternative therapeutic option for HNSCC patients, given its advantageous targeting capabilities, low toxicity and modifiability. Recent research has highlighted the important role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in the development of HNSCC. The TME is composed of various cellular components, such as fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and immune cells, as well as non-cellular agents such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, extracellular matrix (ECM), and extracellular vesicles (EVs). These components greatly influence the prognosis and therapeutic efficacy of HNSCC, making the TME a potential target for treatment using nanotherapy. By regulating angiogenesis, immune response, tumor metastasis and other factors, nanotherapy can potentially alleviate HNSCC symptoms. This review aims to summarize and discuss the application of nanotherapy that targets HNSCC's TME. We highlight the therapeutic value of nanotherapy for HNSCC patients.

Pancreatic cancer and exosomes: role in progression, diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most dangerous diseases that threaten human life, and investigating the details affecting its progression or regression is particularly important. Exosomes are one of the derivatives produced from different cells, including tumor cells and other cells such as Tregs, M2 macrophages, and MDSCs, and can help tumor growth. These exosomes perform their actions by affecting the cells in the tumor microenvironment, such as pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) that produce extracellular matrix (ECM) components and immune cells that are responsible for killing tumor cells. It has also been shown that pancreatic cancer cell (PCC)-derived exosomes at different stages carry molecules. Checking the presence of these molecules in the blood and other body fluids can help us in the early stage diagnosis and monitoring of PC. However, immune system cell-derived exosomes (IEXs) and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes can contribute to PC treatment. Immune cells produce exosomes as part of the mechanisms involved in the immune surveillance and tumor cell-killing phenomenon. Exosomes can be modified in such a way that their antitumor properties are enhanced. One of these methods is drug loading in exosomes, which can significantly increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy drugs. In general, exosomes form a complex intercellular communication network that plays a role in developing, progressing, diagnosing, monitoring, and treating pancreatic cancer.

Achievement of the Selectivity of Cytotoxic Agents against Cancer Cells by Creation of Combined Formulation with Terpenoid Adjuvants as Prospects to Overcome Multidrug Resistance

Oncological diseases are difficult to treat even with strong drugs due to development the multidrug resistance (MDR) of cancer cells. A strategy is proposed to increase the efficiency and selectivity of cytotoxic agents against cancer cells to engage the differences in the morphology and microenvironment of tumor and healthy cells, including the pH, membrane permeability, and ion channels. Using this approach, we managed to develop enhanced formulations of cytotoxic agents with adjuvants (which are known as efflux inhibitors and as ion channel inhibitors in tumors)-with increased permeability in A549 and a protective effect on healthy HEK293T cells. The composition of the formulation is as follows: cytotoxic agents (doxorubicin (Dox), paclitaxel (Pac), cisplatin) + adjuvants (allylbenzenes and terpenoids) in the form of inclusion complexes with β-cyclodextrin. Modified cyclodextrins make it possible to obtain soluble forms of pure substances of the allylbenzene and terpenoid series and increase the solubility of cytotoxic agents. A comprehensive approach based on three methods for studying the interaction of drugs with cells is proposed: MTT test-quantitative identification of surviving cells; FTIR spectroscopy-providing information on the molecular mechanisms inaccessible to study by any other methods (including binding to DNA, surface proteins, or lipid membrane); confocal microscopy for the visualization of observed effects of Dox accumulation in cancer or healthy cells depending on the drug formulation as a direct control of the correctness of interpretation of the results obtained by the two other methods. We found that eugenol (EG) and apiol increase the intracellular concentration of cytostatic in A549 cells by 2-4 times and maintain it for a long time. However, an important aspect is the selectivity of the enhancing effect of adjuvants on tumor cells in relation to healthy ones. Therefore, the authors focused on adjuvant's effect on the control healthy cells (HEK293T): EG and apiol demonstrate "protective" properties from cytostatic penetration by reducing intracellular concentrations by about 2-3 times. Thus, a combined formulation of cytostatic drugs has been found, showing promise in the aspects of improving the efficiency and selectivity of antitumor drugs; thereby, one of the perspective directions for overcoming MDR is suggested.

Gemini surfactant-like peptide-based nanocages with β-sheet-enhanced stability and encapsulation efficiency of hydrophobic anticancer drugs

Peptide-based scaffolds have been widely applied to drug delivery because of their ease and high yields of synthesis, well-defined structure, biocompatibility, diversity, tunability of properties, and molecular recognition abilities. However, the stability of peptide-based nanostructures highly depends on the intermolecular assembling manner, e.g., α-helix based coiled coils, β-sheet. Inspired by the robust protein fibril structures in amyloidosis, herein we constructed a β-sheet-forming gemini surfactant-like peptide to self-assemble into nanocages with the help of molecular dynamics simulation. As expected, the experimental results showed that nanocages can be formed with the inner diameter of up to ∼400 nm, which were robust enough even under both transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, indicating the significant contribution of β-sheet conformation. The β-nanocages can load hydrophobic anticancer drugs, e.g., paclitaxel with a very high encapsulation efficiency, which holds great potential for clinic drug delivery due to the improved anticancer effect as compared with paclitaxel alone.

Biopharmaceutical applications of microbial polysaccharides as materials: A review

Biological characteristics of natural polymers make microbial polysaccharides an excellent choice for biopharmaceuticals. Due to its easy purifying procedure and high production efficiency, it is capable of resolving the existing application issues associated with some plant and animal polysaccharides. Furthermore, microbial polysaccharides are recognized as prospective substitutes for these polysaccharides based on the search for eco-friendly chemicals. In this review, the microstructure and properties of microbial polysaccharides are utilized to highlight their characteristics and potential medical applications. From the standpoint of pathogenic processes, in-depth explanations are provided on the effects of microbial polysaccharides as active ingredients in the treatment of human diseases, anti-aging, and drug delivery. In addition, the scholarly developments and commercial applications of microbial polysaccharides as medical raw materials are also discussed. The conclusion is that understanding the use of microbial polysaccharides in biopharmaceuticals is essential for the future development of pharmacology and therapeutic medicine.

Efficacy and safety evaluation of PSOX, DOF and SOX regimens as neoadjuvant chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer

Aim: To explore the efficacy and safety of paclitaxel+oxaliplatin+S-1 (PSOX), docetaxel+oxaliplatin+fluorouracil (DOF) and oxaliplatin+S-1 (SOX) regimens as neoadjuvant chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer (GC). Methods: A retrospective analysis was used in 306 patients with GC who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy, consisting of 102 from the PSOX group, 100 from the DOF group and 104 from the SOX group. Results: The total effective rates and disease control rates for the PSOX, DOF and SOX groups were 31.4, 18 and 16.3% and 96.1, 94 and 92.3%, respectively. The highest total effective rate and disease control rate were found in the PSOX groups. Moreover, no difference among the PSOX, DOF and SOX groups on the incidence of adverse events was observed (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The PSOX regimen is an alternative neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen for GC patients.

Autophagy in cancer resistance to paclitaxel: Development of combination strategies

Paclitaxel, a compound naturally occurring in yew, is a commonly used drug for the treatment of different types of cancer. Unfortunately, frequent cancer cell resistance significantly decreases its anticancer effectivity. The main reason for the resistance development is the paclitaxel-induced phenomenon of cytoprotective autophagy occurring by different mechanisms of action in dependence on a cell type and possibly even leading to metastases. Paclitaxel also induces autophagy in cancer stem cells, which greatly contributes to tumor resistance development. Paclitaxel anticancer effectivity can be predicted by the presence of several autophagy-related molecular markers, such as tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 13 in triple-negative breast cancer or cystine/glutamate transporter encoded by the SLC7A11 gene in ovarian cancer. Nevertheless, the undesired effects of paclitaxel-induced autophagy can be eliminated by paclitaxel co-administration with autophagy inhibitors, such as chloroquine. Interestingly, in certain cases, it is worthy of potentiating autophagy by paclitaxel combination with autophagy inducers, for instance, apatinib. A modern strategy in anticancer research is also to encapsulate chemotherapeutics into nanoparticle carriers or develop their novel derivatives with improved anticancer properties. Hence, in this review article, we summarize not only the current knowledge of paclitaxel-induced autophagy and its role in cancer resistance but mainly the possible drug combinations based on paclitaxel and their administration in nanoparticle-based formulations as well as paclitaxel analogs with autophagy-modulating properties.

Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of oral gabapentin for prevention of neuropathy in patients receiving paclitaxel

BACKGROUND

Peripheral neuropathy is a common dose-limiting side effect of paclitaxel. To date, there is no effective strategy to prevent paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy. A recent small phase II study demonstrated the potential role of oral gabapentin in this setting. This phase III study is aimed to assess the efficacy of oral gabapentin in preventing paclitaxel-induced neuropathy.

OBJECTIVE

To compare the efficacy of oral gabapentin with placebo in preventing clinically significant peripheral neuropathy (NCI CTCAEv5.0 grade 2 or higher) in patients receiving paclitaxel.

METHODS

This is a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group superiority trial. The primary outcome is the development of grade 2 or higher chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Secondary outcomes include any grade neuropathy, the percentage change in sensory nerve conduction velocities in peripheral nerves, time to development of any grade neuropathy, paclitaxel dose reductions and delays due to peripheral neuropathy, patient-reported outcomes, adverse events, and adherence to oral therapy. A total of 136 patients receiving paclitaxel will be randomly allocated (stratified by weekly vs. non-weekly administration) to receive either oral gabapentin or placebo till three weeks after the last dose of chemotherapy or occurrence of the primary outcome.

CONCLUSION

This study aims to find if oral gabapentin reduces the incidence of grade 2 or higher chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in patients receiving paclitaxel.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

The trial is registered prospectively with the Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI/2022/02/040030) on April 4, 2022.

A Review of Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Chemoablative Techniques for Pancreatic Cystic Lesions

Pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) are known precursors to pancreatic cancer, one of the deadliest types of cancer worldwide. Surgical removal or pancreatectomies remain the central approach to managing precancerous high-risk PCLs. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided therapeutic management of PCLs is a novel management strategy for patients with prohibitive surgical risks. Various ablation techniques have been explored in previous studies utilizing EUS-guided fine needle injection (FNI) of alcohol and chemotherapeutic agents. This review article focuses on EUS-FNI and chemoablation, encompassing the evolution of chemoablation, pancreatic cyst selection, chemotherapy drug selection, including novel agents, and a discussion of its safety and efficacy.

Knockdown of PROM2 Enhances Paclitaxel Sensitivity in Endometrial Cancer Cells by Regulating the AKT/FOXO1 Pathway

BACKGROUND

Endometrial cancer is a very common and highly lethal reproductive malignant tumour in women. Paclitaxel (PTX) is a usual drug utilized in chemotherapy for endometrial cancer. It has been uncovered that PROM2 participates in the progression of various cancers through playing a promoter. However, the regulatory function of PROM2 in PTX treatment for endometrial cancer remains unclear.

METHODS

The cell viability (IC50) was examined through CCK8 assay. The mRNA and protein expressions of genes were measured through RT-qPCR and western blot. The proliferation was evaluated through colony formation and EdU assays. The cell apoptosis was assessed through flow cytometry.

RESULTS

In this work, through bioinformatic analysis on online websites, it is found that the up-regulated expression of PROM2 existed in endometrial cancer. In addition, the survival probability of UCEC patients with high PROM2 expression was worse. This study adopted PTX treatment for obtaining the PTX-resistant cells (HEC-1A/PTX and KLE/PTX). Furthermore, suppression of PROM2 enhanced PTX sensitivity through decreasing IC50 and proliferation in endometrial cancer. Additionally, knockdown of PROM2 facilitated cell apoptosis in HEC-1A/PTX and KLE/PTX cells. Next, we found that silencing of PROM2 retards the AKT/FOXO1 pathway. At last, rescue assays reversed the strengthened PTX sensitivity mediated by PROM2 inhibition after SC79 treatment (AKT activator).

CONCLUSION

Knockdown of PROM2 enhanced PTX sensitivity in endometrial cancer through modulating the AKT/FOXO1 pathway. This study hinted that PROM2 may be a useful therapeutic target for PTX treatment in endometrial cancer.

Target Identification of 22-(4-Pyridinecarbonyl) Jorunnamycin A, a Tetrahydroisoquinoline Derivative from the Sponge Xestospongia sp., in Mediating Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cell Apoptosis

A dysregulation of the cell-death mechanism contributes to poor prognosis in lung cancer. New potent chemotherapeutic agents targeting apoptosis-deregulating molecules have been discovered. In this study, 22-(4-pyridinecarbonyl) jorunnamycin A (22-(4'py)-JA), a synthetic derivative of bistetrahydroisoquinolinequinone from the Thai blue sponge, was semisynthesized by the Steglich esterification method, and its pharmacological mechanism in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was elucidated by a network pharmacology approach. All predicted targets of 22-(4'py)-JA and genes related to NSCLC were retrieved from drug-target and gene databases. A total of 78 core targets were identified, and their associations were analyzed by STRING and Cytoscape. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses revealed that molecules in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling were potential targets of 22-(4'py)-JA in the induction of NSCLC apoptosis. In silico molecular docking analysis displayed a possible interaction of ERK1/2 and MEK1 with 22-(4'py)-JA. In vitro anticancer activity showed that 22-(4'py)-JA has strong cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing effects in H460, H292 and A549 NSCLC cells. Furthermore, immunoblotting confirmed that 22-(4'py)-JA induced apoptotic cell death in an ERK/MEK/Bcl-2-dependent manner. The present study demonstrated that 22-(4'py)-JA exhibited a potent anticancer effect that could be further developed for clinical application and showed that network pharmacology approaches are a powerful tool to illustrate the molecular pathways of new drugs or compounds.

Recent Advances of Tubulin Inhibitors Targeting the Colchicine Binding Site for Cancer Therapy

Cancer accounts for numerous deaths each year, and it is one of the most common causes of death worldwide, despite many breakthroughs in the discovery of novel anticancer candidates. Each new year the FDA approves the use of new drugs for cancer treatments. In the last years, the biological targets of anticancer agents have started to be clearer and one of these main targets is tubulin protein; this protein plays an essential role in cell division, as well as in intracellular transportation. The inhibition of microtubule formation by targeting tubulin protein induces cell death by apoptosis. In the last years, numerous novel structures were designed and synthesized to target tubulin, and this can be achieved by inhibiting the polymerization or depolymerization of the microtubules. In this review article, recent novel compounds that have antiproliferation activities against a panel of cancer cell lines that target tubulin are explored in detail. This review article emphasizes the recent developments of tubulin inhibitors, with insights into their antiproliferative and anti-tubulin activities. A full literature review shows that tubulin inhibitors are associated with properties in the inhibition of cancer cell line viability, inducing apoptosis, and good binding interaction with the colchicine binding site of tubulin. Furthermore, some drugs, such as cabazitaxel and fosbretabulin, have been approved by FDA in the last three years as tubulin inhibitors. The design and development of efficient tubulin inhibitors is progressively becoming a credible solution in treating many species of cancers.

A novel ligand-modified nanocomposite microparticles improved efficiency of quercetin and paclitaxel delivery in the non-small cell lung cancer

Chemotherapy is the first choice for the treatment of cancer but it is still limited by insufficient kill efficiency and drug resistance. These problems urgently need to be overcome in a way that minimizes damage to the body. In this study, we designed the nanocomposite microparticles (NMPs) modified by cetuximab (Cet) and loaded anti-tumor agents- quercetin (QUE) and paclitaxel (PTX)- for eliciting specific drugs homing and enhancing the killing efficiency of chemotherapy drugs (P/Q@CNMPs). Physicochemical characteristics results presented that P/Q@CNMPs have a suitable aerodynamic diameter and uniform morphology that could meet the requirements of particles deposition in the lung. And it also had the characteristics of sustained-release and pH-responsive which could release the agents in the right place and has a continuous effect. In vitro and in vivo analysis results presented that P/Q@CNMPs have the accuracy targeting ability and killing effect on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) which express positive epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on the membrane. Furthermore, this system also has low toxicity and good biocompatibility. These results demonstrated that P/Q@CNMPs could be a potential intelligent targeting strategy used for chemo-resistant NSCLC therapies.

Natural products in drug discovery and development: Synthesis and medicinal perspective of leonurine

Natural products, those molecules derived from nature, have been used by humans for thousands of years to treat ailments and diseases. More recently, these compounds have inspired chemists to use natural products as structural templates in the development of new drug molecules. One such compound is leonurine, a molecule isolated and characterized in the tissues of Herb leonuri. This molecule has received attention from scientists in recent years due to its potent anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties. More recently researchers have shown leonurine to be useful in the treatment of cardiovascular and nervous system diseases. Like other natural products such as paclitaxel and artemisinin, the historical development of leonurine as a therapeutic is very interesting. Therefore, this review provided an overview of natural product discovery, through to the development of a potential new drug. Content will summarize known plant sources, the pathway used in the synthesis of leonurine, and descriptions of leonurine’s pharmacological properties in mammalian systems.

From Plant to Yeast-Advances in Biosynthesis of Artemisinin

Malaria is a life-threatening disease. Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is the preferred choice for malaria treatment recommended by the World Health Organization. At present, the main source of artemisinin is extracted from Artemisia annua; however, the artemisinin content in A. annua is only 0.1-1%, which cannot meet global demand. Meanwhile, the chemical synthesis of artemisinin has disadvantages such as complicated steps, high cost and low yield. Therefore, the application of the synthetic biology approach to produce artemisinin in vivo has magnificent prospects. In this review, the biosynthesis pathway of artemisinin was summarized. Then we discussed the advances in the heterologous biosynthesis of artemisinin using microorganisms (Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as chassis cells. With yeast as the cell factory, the production of artemisinin was transferred from plant to yeast. Through the optimization of the fermentation process, the yield of artemisinic acid reached 25 g/L, thereby producing the semi-synthesis of artemisinin. Moreover, we reviewed the genetic engineering in A. annua to improve the artemisinin content, which included overexpressing artemisinin biosynthesis pathway genes, blocking key genes in competitive pathways, and regulating the expression of transcription factors related to artemisinin biosynthesis. Finally, the research progress of artemisinin production in other plants (Nicotiana, Physcomitrella, etc.) was discussed. The current advances in artemisinin biosynthesis may help lay the foundation for the remarkable up-regulation of artemisinin production in A. annua through gene editing or molecular design breeding in the future.

3-Deoxysappanchalcone isolated from Caesalpinia sinensis shows anticancer effects on HeLa and PC3 cell lines: invasion, migration, cell cycle arrest, and signaling pathway

To study the antitumor activity of compound 3-desoxysulforaphane (3-DSC) isolated from Caesalpinia sinensis, SRB assay, clone formation assay, flow cytometric cell cycle assay, scratch assay, transwell assay, and molecular docking were used to investigate the inhibitory effect of 3-DSC on HeLa and PC3 cells. The results showed that 3-DSC inhibited the cell migration and invasion by down-regulating expression of N-cadherin, Vimentin, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in HeLa and PC3 cells; It also inhibits cell proliferation by promoting the expression of CDK1 (cyclin-dependent kinases 1) and CDK2 (cyclin-dependent kinases 2), which arrests the tumor cell cycle at G2 phase. 3-DSC inhibits phosphorylation of AKT and ERK and upregulates the expression of the tumor suppressor gene p53. Molecular docking results confirmed that 3-DSC could bind firmly to AKT. In conclusion, 3-DSC inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of HeLa and PC3 cells.

Pharmacogenetics of taxane-induced neurotoxicity in breast cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Taxane-based chemotherapy regimens are used as first-line treatment for breast cancer. Neurotoxicity, mainly taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy (TIPN), remains the most important dose-limiting adverse event. Multiple genes may be associated with TIPN; however, the strength and direction of the association remain unclear. For this reason, we systematically reviewed observational studies of TIPN pharmacogenetic markers in breast cancer treatment. We conducted a systematic search of terms alluding to breast cancer, genetic markers, taxanes, and neurotoxicity in Ovid, ProQuest, PubMed, Scopus, Virtual Health, and Web of Science. We assessed the quality of evidence and bias profile. We extracted relevant variables and effect measures. Whenever possible, we performed random-effects gene meta-analyses and examined interstudy heterogeneity with meta-regression models and subgroup analyses. This study follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and STrengthening the REporting of Genetic Association Studies (STREGA) reporting guidance. A total of 42 studies with 19,431 participants were included. These evaluated 262 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across 121 genes. We conducted meta-analyses on 23 genes with 60 SNPs (19 studies and 6246 participants). Thirteen individual SNPs (ABCB1-rs2032582, ABCB1-rs3213619, BCL6/-rs1903216, /CAND1-rs17781082, CYP1B1-rs1056836, CYP2C8-rs10509681, CYP2C8-rs11572080, EPHA5-rs7349683, EPHA6-rs301927, FZD3-rs7001034, GSTP1-rs1138272, TUBB2A-rs9501929, and XKR4-rs4737264) and the overall SNPs' effect in four genes (CYP3A4, EphA5, GSTP1, and SLCO1B1) were statistically significantly associated with TIPN through meta-analysis. In conclusion, through systematic review and meta-analysis, we found that polymorphisms, and particularly 13 SNPs, are associated with TIPN, suggesting that genetics does play a role in interindividual predisposition. Further studies could potentially use these findings to develop individual risk profiles and guide decision making.

3D Printing of Triamcinolone Acetonide in Triblock Copolymers of Styrene–Isobutylene–Styrene as a Slow-Release System

Additive manufacturing has a wide range of applications and has opened up new methods of drug formulation, in turn achieving attention in medicine. We prepared styrene–isobutylene–styrene triblock copolymers (SIBS; Mn = 10 kDa–25 kDa, PDI 1,3–1,6) as a drug carrier for triamcinolone acetonide (TA), further processed by fused deposition modeling to create a solid drug release system displaying improved bioavailability and applicability. Living carbocationic polymerization was used to exert control over block length and polymeric architecture. Thermorheological properties of the SIBS polymer (22.3 kDa, 38 wt % S) were adjusted to the printability of SIBS/TA mixtures (1–5% of TA), generating an effective release system effective for more than 60 days. Continuous drug release and morphological investigations were conducted to probe the influence of the 3D printing process on the drug release, enabling 3D printing as a formulation method for a slow-release system of Triamcinolone.

Inhibition of TNF-α and JNK Signaling Pathway Can Reduce Paclitaxel-Induced Apoptosis of Mouse Cardiomyocytes

Paclitaxel (PTX) is a widely used chemotherapeutic drug for treating tumors. However, studies have shown that it can cause cardiac problems such as arrhythmia, myocarditis, chronic cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. Therefore, it is essential to study the mechanism behind the cardiotoxicity of PTX in tumor treatment. In this study, we initially injected PTX into mice to establish a myocardial cell apoptosis model to observe the degree of damage to mouse myocardium caused by PTX. Upon determining the levels of mouse myocardial creatine phosphokinase (CK), myokinase isoenzyme (CK-MB), aspartate transaminase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), we found that all of these levels showed apparent increases in mice treated with PTX. Further analyses of the TNF-α level and the expression of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Bcl-2 family-related proteins in myocardial tissue were performed. It was found that PTX increased the protein levels of TNF-α, Bax, p-JNK, and JNK in myocardial tissue but decreased the protein level of Bcl-2. After 1 month of PTX treatment in mice, we inhibited the expression of TNF-α and JNK proteins, which reduced the effect of paclitaxel on the apoptosis of mouse cardiomyocytes. The protein levels of Bax, p-JNK, and TNF-α in cardiomyocytes were reduced, while there was a relative increase in the Bcl-2 protein level. The findings suggested that inhibition of the NK signaling pathway and TNF-α can lessen the effect of PTX on mouse cardiomyocytes.

Unfolding the Potency of Adenosine in Targeting Triple Negative Breast Cancer via Paclitaxel-Incorporated pH-Responsive Stealth Liposomes

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) belongs to the category of the most destructive forms of breast cancer. Being a highly potent chemotherapeutic agent, paclitaxel (PTX) is extensively utilized in the management of various cancers. Commercially available PTX formulations contain non-targeted drug carriers that result in low antitumor activity because of non-specific tissue distribution. Thus, to resolve this issue, we designed PTX-loaded pH-sensitive liposomes (pH Lipos) in the present investigation and used adenosine (ADN) as a targeting ligand. Further, d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) was incorporated into the liposomes to impart a stealth effect to the system. For the development of these pH Lipos, different conjugates were synthesized (ADN-CHEMS and TPGS-ADN) and further utilized for the preparation of ADN-PEG-pH Lipo and ADN-pH Lipo by a thin-film hydration method. DOPE:HSPC:CHEMS:cholesterol at a molar ratio of 3:3:2:2 was selected for the preparation of pH-Lipo possessing 7.5% w/w drug loading. They showed a particle size below 140 nm, a PDI below 0.205, and a % EE greater than 60%. All of the pH Lipos displayed a biphasic pattern of PTX release at pH 7.4 and 5.5. However, the percent drug release at pH 5.5 was substantially greater because of the pH-sensitive nature of the liposomes. The MDA MB 231 and 4T1 cell lines depicted improvement in the qualitative as well as quantitative cellular uptake of PTX ADN-PEG-pH Lipo with a substantial decrease in the IC₅₀ value. Moreover, a higher apoptotic index was observed with pH Lipo compared to free PTX. PTX ADN-PEG-pH Lipo revealed a 3.98- and 3.41-fold rise in the AUC and t_1/2 values of PTX compared to Intaxel, respectively. Overall, characteristic decreases in tumor volume and serum toxicity marker levels were observed, which confirmed the development of an efficient and safe formulation.

Site-Selective Amide Functionalization by Catalytic Azoline Engrafting

Direct peptide and protein activation is a challenging transformation because of the stabilizing effect of the amide group. While enzymes can be considered as prototypical systems that have evolved to achieve high selectivity and specificity, small-molecule catalysts that functionalize the amide group may accommodate a much larger selection of substrates but currently remain scarce. Here, by combining the desired features from both catalytic regimes we designed an artificial cyclodehydratase, a catalytic system for the site-selective modification of peptides and natural products by engrafting heterocycles into their scaffolds. The catalytic system features a molybdenum(VI) center that was decorated with a sterically congested tripod ligand. The optimized catalyst can introduce azolines into small molecules, natural products, and oligopeptides with high efficiency and minimal waste. We further demonstrate the utility of the new protocol in the direct functionalization of a single amide group in the presence of up to seven other chemically similar positions and in the direct conversion of these groups into amines and thioamides. This new mechanistic paradigm may address an unmet need for a general method for the selective and sustainable functionalization of peptides and natural products.

Nicotinic receptors modulate antitumor therapy response in triple negative breast cancer cells

BACKGROUND

Triple negative breast cancer is more aggressive than other breast cancer subtypes and constitutes a public health problem worldwide since it has high morbidity and mortality due to the lack of defined therapeutic targets. Resistance to chemotherapy complicates the course of patients’ treatment. Several authors have highlighted the participation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in the modulation of conventional chemotherapy treatment in cancers of the airways. However, in breast cancer, less is known about the effect of nAChR activation by nicotine on chemotherapy treatment in smoking patients.

AIM

To investigate the effect of nicotine on paclitaxel treatment and the signaling pathways involved in human breast MDA-MB-231 tumor cells.

METHODS

Cells were treated with paclitaxel alone or in combination with nicotine, administered for one or three 48-h cycles. The effect of the addition of nicotine (at a concentration similar to that found in passive smokers’ blood) on the treatment with paclitaxel (at a therapeutic concentration) was determined using the 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The signaling mediators involved in this effect were determined using selective inhibitors. We also investigated nAChR expression, and ATP “binding cassette” G2 drug transporter (ABCG2) expression and its modulation by the different treatments with Western blot. The effect of the treatments on apoptosis induction was determined by flow cytometry using annexin-V and 7AAD markers.

RESULTS

Our results confirmed that treatment with paclitaxel reduced MDA-MB-231 cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner and that the presence of nicotine reversed the cytotoxic effect induced by paclitaxel by involving the expression of functional α7 and α9 nAChRs in these cells. The action of nicotine on paclitaxel treatment was linked to modulation of the protein kinase C, mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and NF-κB signaling pathways, and to an up-regulation of ABCG2 protein expression. We also detected that nicotine significantly reduced the increase in cell apoptosis induced by paclitaxel treatment. Moreover, the presence of nicotine reduced the efficacy of paclitaxel treatment administered in three cycles to MDA-MB-231 tumor cells.

CONCLUSION

Our findings point to nAChRs as responsible for the decrease in the chemotherapeutic effect of paclitaxel in triple negative tumors. Thus, nAChRs should be considered as targets in smoking patients.

Screening of Specific and Common Pathways in Breast Cancer Cell Lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Treated with Chlorophyllides Composites

Our previous findings have shown that the chlorophyllides composites have anticancer activities to breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). In the present study, microarray gene expression profiling was utilized to investigate the chlorophyllides anticancer mechanism on the breast cancer cells lines. Results showed that chlorophyllides composites induced upregulation of 43 and 56 differentially expressed genes (DEG) in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, respectively. In both cell lines, chlorophyllides composites modulated the expression of annexin A4 (ANXA4), chemokine C-C motif receptor 1 (CCR1), stromal interaction molecule 2 (STIM2), ethanolamine kinase 1 (ETNK1) and member of RAS oncogene family (RAP2B). Further, the KEGG annotation revealed that chlorophyllides composites modulated DEGs that are associated with the endocrine system in MCF-7 cells and with the nervous system in MDA-MB-231 cells, respectively. The expression levels of 9 genes were validated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). The expression of CCR1, STIM2, ETNK1, MAGl1 and TOP2A were upregulated in both chlorophyllides composites treated-MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. The different expression of NLRC5, SLC7A7 and PKN1 provided valuable information for future investigation and development of novel cancer therapy.

Three-Dimensional 3D Culture Models in Gynecological and Breast Cancer Research

Traditional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cell cultures have long been the gold standard for cancer biology research. However, their ability to accurately reflect the molecular mechanisms of tumors occurring in vivo is limited. Recent development of three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models facilitate the possibility to better recapitulate several of the biological and molecular characteristics of tumors in vivo, such as cancer cells heterogeneity, cell-extracellular matrix interactions, development of a hypoxic microenvironment, signaling pathway activities depending on contacts with extracellular matrix, differential growth kinetics, more accurate drugs response, and specific gene expression and epigenetic patterns. In this review, we discuss the utilization of different types of 3D culture models including spheroids, organotypic models and patient-derived organoids in gynecologic cancers research, as well as its potential applications in oncological research mainly for screening drugs with major physiological and clinical relevance. Moreover, microRNAs regulation of cancer hallmarks in 3D cell cultures from different types of cancers is discussed.

DHW-221, a Dual PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor, Overcomes Multidrug Resistance by Targeting P-Glycoprotein (P-gp/ABCB1) and Akt-Mediated FOXO3a Nuclear Translocation in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is considered as a primary hindrance for paclitaxel failure in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, in which P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is overexpressed and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is dysregulated. Previously, we designed and synthesized DHW-221, a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, which exerts a remarkable antitumor potency in NSCLC cells, but its effects and underlying mechanisms in resistant NSCLC cells remain unknown. Here, we reported for the first time that DHW-221 had favorable antiproliferative activity and suppressed cell migration and invasion in A549/Taxol cells in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, DHW-221 acted as a P-gp inhibitor via binding to P-gp, which resulted in decreased P-gp expression and function. A mechanistic study revealed that the DHW-221-induced FOXO3a nuclear translocation via Akt inhibition was involved in mitochondrial apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest only in A549/Taxol cells and not in A549 cells. Interestingly, we observed that high-concentration DHW-221 reinforced the pro-paraptotic effect via stimulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Additionally, intragastrically administrated DHW-221 generated superior potency without obvious toxicity via FOXO3a nuclear translocation in an orthotopic A549/Taxol tumor mouse model. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that DHW-221, as a novel P-gp inhibitor, represents a prospective therapeutic candidate to overcome MDR in Taxol-resistant NSCLC treatment.

Efficacy and prognostic factors of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer mainly occurs in young and premenopausal women; its incidence is increasing annually. Patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) have relatively high recurrence and transfer rates during the operation and 3 years after postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. Currently, the treatment for patients with TNBC is mainly based on a comprehensive combination of surgery and chemotherapy. Therefore, identifying additional effective treatments to improve patient prognosis is important.

AIM

To explore and discuss the effects and prognostic factors of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in TNBC.

METHODS

In total, 118 patients diagnosed with TNBC from January 2016 to January 2020 in our hospital were selected and divided into the observation (n = 60) and control (n = 58) groups according to therapeutic regimen. The control group received routine chemotherapy, and the observation group received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The therapeutic effects of the two groups were observed, and the survival of patients was followed up.

RESULTS

The karyopherin A2 (KPNA2)-positive and SRY-related HMG box-2 (SOX2)-positive expression rates of patients with TNBC with intravascular tumor thrombus and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage IV were 92.00% and 91.67% and 96.00% and 95.83%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of patients with no intravascular tumor thrombus and TNM stage III (P < 0.05). KPNA2 was positively associated with SOX2 expression (r_s = 0.514, P < 0.50). The short-term curative effect of the observation group was better than that of the control group (P < 0.05), and the total effective rate was 58.33%. After treatment, carcinoembryonic antigen, cancer antigen (CA) 19-9, and CA125 Levels in the observation group were 11.40 ± 2.32 mg/L, 19.92 ± 3.42 kU/L, and 54.30 ± 12.28 kU/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The median survival time of the observation group was 33 mo (95%CI: 31.21-34.79), which was significantly longer than that of the control group (P < 0.05). TNM stage, degree of differentiation, lymph node metastasis, KPNA2 and SOX2 expressions, and treatment plan were prognostic factors of TNBC (relative risk = 1.575, 1.380, 1.366, 1.433, 1.411, and 0.581, respectively, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for TNBC treatment can achieve good curative effects. TNM stage, differentiation degree, lymph node metastasis, KPNA2 and SOX2 expressions, and treatment plan are prognostic factors of TNBC.

Discovery of novel microtubule stabilizers targeting taxane binding site by applying molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and anticancer activity testing

Disruption of the dynamic equilibrium of microtubules can induce cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase and apoptosis. Hence, discovery of novel tubulin polymerization inhibitors is very necessary and an important task in drug research and development for treatment of various tumors. In this investigation, 50 compounds were screened as microtubule stabilizers targeting the taxane site by combination of molecular docking methods. Among these hits, hits 19 and 38 with novel scaffolds exhibited the highest anti-proliferative activity with IC₅₀ ranging from 9.50 to 13.81 μM in four cancer cell lines. The molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that tubulin and two hits could form stable systems. Meanwhile, the mechanism of the interactions between tubulin and two hits at simulated physiological conditions were probed. The in vitro tubulin polymerization assay revealed hits 19 and 38 were able to promote tubulin polymerization in a dose-dependent manner. Further, the immunofluorescence assay suggested that hits 19 and 38 could accelerate microtubule assembly in A549 and HeLa cells. Finally, studies on antitumor activity indicated that hits 19 and 38 induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and inhibited cancer cell motility and migration in A549 and HeLa cells. Importantly, hit38 exhibited better anti-tubulin and anti-cancer activity than hit19 in A549 and HeLa cells. Therefore, these results suggest that hit38 represents a promising microtubule stabilizer for treating cancer and deserves further investigation.

RNA-seq and integrated network analysis reveals the hub genes and key pathway of paclitaxel inhibition on Adriamycin resistant diffuse large B cell lymphoma cells

About 40% of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) develop drug resistance after first-line chemotherapy, which remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The emergence of DLBCL drug resistance is mainly related to Adriamycin. Our previous research shows that Paclitaxel could be a potential therapeutic drug for the treatment of Adriamycin-resistant DLBCL. Based on the results of RNA-seq and integrated network analysis, we study the potential molecular mechanism of Paclitaxel in the treatment of Adriamycin-resistant DLBCL in multiple dimensions. A CCK-8 assay showed that the inhibitory effect of Paclitaxel on Pfeiffer and Pfeiffer/ADM (Adriamycin-resistant DLBCL cell lines) is significantly higher than that of Adriamycin (P ＜ 0.05). Five hub genes (UBC, TSR1, WDR46, HSP90AA1, and NOP56) were obtained via network analysis from 971 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) based on the RNA-seq of Paclitaxel-intervened Pfeiffer/ADM. The results of the network function module analysis showed that the inhibition of Pfeiffer/ADM by Paclitaxel was closely related to ribosome biosynthesis in eukaryotes. The results of RT-qPCR showed that the mRNA levels of the five hub genes in the Pfeiffer/ADM group were significantly lower than those in the Pfeiffer group and the Pfeiffer/ADM Paclitaxel-treated group (P ＜ 0.05). Consistent with studies, Paclitaxel exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on Adriamycin-resistant DLBCL, which may have played a role in the five hub genes (UBC, TSR1, WDR46, HSP90AA1 and NOP56) and ribosome biosynthesis in eukaryotes pathway, but the specific regulation needs further experimental verification.

Comparison of one-week versus three-week paclitaxel for advanced pan-carcinomas: systematic review and meta-analysis

Paclitaxel remains the first-line chemotherapy regimen for many malignant tumors. However, prognosis and adverse events under different dosing regimens (one-week versus three-week treatment) remain contradictory in many randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Here, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis to measure the efficacy and toxicities of these two dosing regimens. Four databases were systematically retrieved. RCTs comparing two paclitaxel dosing regimens for advanced malignant tumors with assessable outcomes (e.g., overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), toxicities, response rates) were included. In total, 19 eligible RCTs involving 9 674 patients were included. Meta-analysis of pan-cancers revealed that weekly paclitaxel treatment was more beneficial regarding PFS compared to three-week paclitaxel treatment (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.82–0.99, P = 0.02). Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in terms of OS between the two dosing regimens (HR = 0.98, 95%CI = 0.91–1.06, P = 0.62) or other tested subgroups. In terms of serious adverse events, grade 3 or 4 (G3/4) neutropenia, G3/4 febrile neutropenia, G3/4 arthritis, and G3/4 alopecia occurred less often under weekly paclitaxel treatment. In summary, Weekly paclitaxel treatment demonstrates better PFS and fewer chemotherapy-induced hematological and non-hematological toxicities compared to the three-week paclitaxel regimen.

Paclitaxel Induces Epidermal Molecular Changes and Produces Subclinical Alterations in the Skin of Gynecological Cancer Patients

Simple Summary

Skin toxicity is one of paclitaxel’s adverse effects. However, its real impact on the skin could be underestimated as these alterations can also appear asymptomatic. We have observed that paclitaxel modifies gene and protein expression of skin markers in a 3D epidermis model, and impairs physical, physiological, and biomechanical properties of the skin in gynecologic cancer patients. These subclinical alterations might be avoided by using prophylactic measures during treatment to prevent possible future adverse reactions.

Abstract

Background: Paclitaxel is a microtubule-stabilizing chemotherapeutic agent. Despite its widespread use, it damages healthy tissues such as skin. The goal of this study was to prove that the real impact of paclitaxel-induced skin toxicity could be underestimated because the adverse events might appear asymptomatic. Methods: Gynecological cancer patients were recruited. Skin parameters measurements were taken after three and six paclitaxel cycles. Measurements were conducted using specific probes which measure hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), sebum, elasticity and firmness, erythema, roughness, smoothness, skin thickness, and desquamation levels. Further, a 3D epidermis model was incubated with paclitaxel to analyze gene and protein expression of aquaporin 3, collagen type 1, elastin, and fibronectin. Results: Paclitaxel induced alterations in the skin parameters with no visible clinical manifestations. Gynecological cancer patients under paclitaxel treatment had a decrease in hydration, TEWL, sebum, elasticity, and thickness of the skin, while erythema, roughness, and desquamation were increased. The molecular markers, related to hydration and the support of the skin layers, and analyzed in the 3D epidermis model, were decreased. Conclusions: Results suggest that paclitaxel modifies gene and protein expression of skin-related molecular markers, and impairs different physical, physiological, and biomechanical properties of the skin of cancer patients at a subclinical level.

Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel: Worthy of Further Study in Sarcomas

Taxanes (paclitaxel and docetaxel) play an important role in the treatment of advanced sarcomas. Albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel) is a new kind of taxane and has many advantages compared with paclitaxel and docetaxel. Nab-paclitaxel is currently approved for the treatment of advanced breast, non-small cell lung, and pancreatic cancers. However, the efficacy of nab-paclitaxel in sarcomas has not been reviewed. In this review, we first compare the similarities and differences among nab-paclitaxel, paclitaxel, and docetaxel and then summarize the efficacy of nab-paclitaxel against various non-sarcoma malignancies based on clinical trials with reported results. The efficacy and clinical research progress on nab-paclitaxel in sarcomas are also summarized. This review will serve as a good reference for the application of nab-paclitaxel in clinical sarcoma treatment studies and the design of clinical trials.