1
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Loughran ST, Walls D. Tagging Recombinant Proteins to Enhance Solubility and Aid Purification. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2699:97-123. [PMID: 37646996 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3362-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein fusion technology has had a major impact on the efficient production and purification of individual recombinant proteins. The use of genetically engineered affinity and solubility-enhancing polypeptide "tags" has a long history, and there is a considerable repertoire of these that can be used to address issues related to the expression, stability, solubility, folding, and purification of their fusion partner. In the case of large-scale proteomic studies, the development of purification procedures tailored to individual proteins is not practicable, and affinity tags have become indispensable tools for structural and functional proteomic initiatives that involve the expression of many proteins in parallel. In this chapter, the rationale and applications of a range of established and more recently developed solubility-enhancing and affinity tags is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad T Loughran
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, School of Health and Science, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk, Louth, Ireland.
| | - Dermot Walls
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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2
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Abstract
The reversible interaction between an affinity ligand and a complementary receptor has been widely explored in purification systems for several biomolecules. The development of tailored affinity ligands highly specific toward particular target biomolecules is one of the options in affinity purification systems. However, both genetic and chemical modifications in proteins and peptides widen the application of affinity ligand-tag receptors pairs toward universal capture and purification strategies. In particular, this chapter will focus on two case studies highly relevant for biotechnology and biomedical areas, namely the affinity tags and receptors employed on the production of recombinant fusion proteins, and the chemical modification of phosphate groups on proteins and peptides and the subsequent specific capture and enrichment, a mandatory step before further proteomic analysis.
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3
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Abstract
Protein fusion technology has had a major impact on the efficient production and purification of individual recombinant proteins. The use of genetically engineered affinity and solubility-enhancing polypeptide "tags" has increased greatly in recent years and there now exists a considerable repertoire of these that can be used to solve issues related to the expression, stability, solubility, folding, and purification of their fusion partner. In the case of large-scale proteomic studies, the development of purification procedures tailored to individual proteins is not practicable, and affinity tags have therefore become indispensable tools for structural and functional proteomic initiatives that involve the expression of many proteins in parallel. Here, the rationale and applications of a range of established and more recently developed solubility-enhancing and affinity tags is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad T Loughran
- Department of Applied Sciences, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk, Ireland
| | - Dermot Walls
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
- National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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4
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Yadav DK, Yadav N, Yadav S, Haque S, Tuteja N. An insight into fusion technology aiding efficient recombinant protein production for functional proteomics. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 612:57-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Łojewska E, Kowalczyk T, Olejniczak S, Sakowicz T. Extraction and purification methods in downstream processing of plant-based recombinant proteins. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 120:110-7. [PMID: 26742898 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades, the production of recombinant proteins in plant systems has been receiving increased attention. Currently, proteins are considered as the most important biopharmaceuticals. However, high costs and problems with scaling up the purification and isolation processes make the production of plant-based recombinant proteins a challenging task. This paper presents a summary of the information regarding the downstream processing in plant systems and provides a comprehensible overview of its key steps, such as extraction and purification. To highlight the recent progress, mainly new developments in the downstream technology have been chosen. Furthermore, besides most popular techniques, alternative methods have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Łojewska
- Department of Genetics and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Department of Genetics and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Szymon Olejniczak
- Department of Genetics and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sakowicz
- Department of Genetics and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
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6
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Pina AS, Lowe CR, Roque ACA. Challenges and opportunities in the purification of recombinant tagged proteins. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:366-81. [PMID: 24334194 PMCID: PMC7125906 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The purification of recombinant proteins by affinity chromatography is one of the most efficient strategies due to the high recovery yields and purity achieved. However, this is dependent on the availability of specific affinity adsorbents for each particular target protein. The diversity of proteins to be purified augments the complexity and number of specific affinity adsorbents needed, and therefore generic platforms for the purification of recombinant proteins are appealing strategies. This justifies why genetically encoded affinity tags became so popular for recombinant protein purification, as these systems only require specific ligands for the capture of the fusion protein through a pre-defined affinity tag tail. There is a wide range of available affinity pairs "tag-ligand" combining biological or structural affinity ligands with the respective binding tags. This review gives a general overview of the well-established "tag-ligand" systems available for fusion protein purification and also explores current unconventional strategies under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Pina
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; IBET-Instituto de Biologia Experimental Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Christopher R Lowe
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, CB2 1QT Cambridge, UK
| | - Ana Cecília A Roque
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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7
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Pina AS, Batalha IL, Roque ACA. Affinity tags in protein purification and peptide enrichment: an overview. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1129:147-68. [PMID: 24648075 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-977-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The reversible interaction between an affinity ligand and a complementary receptor has been widely explored in purification systems for several biomolecules. The development of tailored affinity ligands highly specific towards particular target biomolecules is one of the options in affinity purification systems. However, both genetic and chemical modifications on proteins and peptides widen the application of affinity ligand-tag receptor pairs towards universal capture and purification strategies. In particular, this chapter will focus on two case studies highly relevant for biotechnology and biomedical areas, namely, the affinity tags and receptors employed on the production of recombinant fusion proteins and the chemical modification of phosphate groups on proteins and peptides and the subsequent specific capture and enrichment, a mandatory step before further proteomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Pina
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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8
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Saraswat M, Musante L, Ravidá A, Shortt B, Byrne B, Holthofer H. Preparative purification of recombinant proteins: current status and future trends. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:312709. [PMID: 24455685 PMCID: PMC3877584 DOI: 10.1155/2013/312709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Advances in fermentation technologies have resulted in the production of increased yields of proteins of economic, biopharmaceutical, and medicinal importance. Consequently, there is an absolute requirement for the development of rapid, cost-effective methodologies which facilitate the purification of such products in the absence of contaminants, such as superfluous proteins and endotoxins. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of a selection of key purification methodologies currently being applied in both academic and industrial settings and discuss how innovative and effective protocols such as aqueous two-phase partitioning, membrane chromatography, and high-performance tangential flow filtration may be applied independently of or in conjunction with more traditional protocols for downstream processing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Saraswat
- Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences (CBAS), Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Luca Musante
- Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences (CBAS), Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Alessandra Ravidá
- Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences (CBAS), Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Brian Shortt
- Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences (CBAS), Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Barry Byrne
- Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences (CBAS), Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Harry Holthofer
- Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences (CBAS), Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin 9, Ireland
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9
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Perotti N, Etcheverrigaray M, Kratje R, Oggero M. A versatile ionic strength sensitive tag from a human GM-CSF-derived linear epitope. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 91:10-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Young CL, Britton ZT, Robinson AS. Recombinant protein expression and purification: A comprehensive review of affinity tags and microbial applications. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:620-34. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Stalder ES, Nagy LH, Batalla P, Arthur TM, Thompson NE, Burgess RR. The epitope for the polyol-responsive monoclonal antibody 8RB13 is in the flap-domain of the beta-subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase and can be used as an epitope tag for immunoaffinity chromatography. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 77:26-33. [PMID: 21215316 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyol-responsive monoclonal antibodies (PR-mAbs) are useful for the purification of proteins in an easy, one step immunoaffinity step. These antibodies allow for gentle purification of proteins and protein complexes using a combination of a low molecular weight polyhydroxylated compound (polyol) and a nonchaotrophic salt in the eluting buffer. mAb 8RB13 has been characterized as one of these PR-mAbs and has been used to purify RNA polymerase from five species of bacteria. Here the epitope for 8RB13 has been identified as PEEKLLRAIFGEKAS, a sequence that is highly conserved in the β-subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. This sequence is located in the "beta-flap" domain of RNA polymerase (and essentially comprises the "flap-tip helix"), an important binding site for sigma70. This location explains why only the core RNAP is purified using this mAb. This amino acid sequence has been developed into an epitope tag that can be used to purify a target protein from either bacterial or eukaryotic cells when genetically fused to a protein of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Stalder
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
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12
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Walls D, Loughran ST. Tagging recombinant proteins to enhance solubility and aid purification. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 681:151-175. [PMID: 20978965 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-913-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Protein fusion technology has enormously facilitated the efficient production and purification of individual recombinant proteins. The use of genetically engineered affinity and solubility-enhancing polypeptide "tags" has increased greatly in recent years and there now exists a considerable repertoire of these that can be used to solve issues related to the expression, stability, solubility, folding, and purification of their fusion partner. In the case of large-scale proteomic studies, the development of purification procedures tailored to individual proteins is not practicable, and affinity tags have therefore become indispensable tools for structural and functional proteomic initiatives that involve the expression of many proteins in parallel. Here, the rationale and applications of a range of established and more recently developed solubility-enhancing and affinity tags are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dermot Walls
- School of Biotechnology and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
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13
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Tabata S, Nampo M, Mihara E, Tamura-Kawakami K, Fujii I, Takagi J. A rapid screening method for cell lines producing singly-tagged recombinant proteins using the "TARGET tag" system. J Proteomics 2010; 73:1777-85. [PMID: 20566373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant production of extracellular glycoproteins in stable mammalian cell lines is an ideal technique for obtaining a large quantity of high-quality proteins. In most cases, however, current methodologies do not allow for sufficiently rapid cell line development and protein purification. Here, we describe a 21-residue peptide tag (designated as TARGET tag) and its use for rapid stable cell line development and purification. The ability of the anti-tag antibody P20.1 to withstand repetitive regeneration cycles has enabled the development of a sensitive surface plasmon resonance-based screening format that requires only 20 microl of cell culture supernatants. Direct and semi-quantitative screening at the 96-well culture scale eliminated the need for a second screening, re-cloning, or sorting, thereby minimizing culture pre-production time. Using this system, "high producer" cell lines were established in less than a month, and milligram quantities of target proteins could be purified with a standardized protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Tabata
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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14
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Abstract
Immunoaffinity chromatography is a powerful tool for purification of proteins and protein complexes. The availability of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has revolutionized the field of immunoaffinity chromatography by providing a continuous supply of highly uniform antibody. Before the availability of mAbs, the recovery of the target protein from immobilized polyclonal antibodies usually required very harsh, often denaturing conditions. Although harsh conditions are often still used to disrupt the antigen-antibody interaction when using a mAb, various methods have been developed to exploit the uniformity of the antigen-antibody reaction in order to identify agents or conditions that gently disrupt this interaction and thus result in higher recovery of active protein from immunoaffinity chromatography. We discuss here the use of a specific type of monoclonal antibody that we have designated "polyol-responsive monoclonal antibodies" (PR-mAbs). These are naturally occurring mAbs that have high affinity for the antigen under binding conditions, but have low affinity in the presence of a combination of low molecular weight hydroxylated compounds (polyols) and nonchaotropic salts. Therefore, these PR-mAbs can be used for gentle immunoaffinity chromatography. PR-mAbs can be easily identified and adapted to a powerful protein purification method for a target protein.
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15
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Gruschke S, Bußmann BM, Reiche S, Jassoy C. Peptides from the SARS-associated coronavirus as tags for protein expression and purification. Protein Expr Purif 2008; 61:138-41. [PMID: 18565762 PMCID: PMC7129034 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein tagging with a peptide is a commonly used technique to facilitate protein detection and to carry out protein purification. Flexibility with respect to the peptide tag is essential since no single tag suites all purposes. This report describes the usage of two short peptides from the SARS-associated coronavirus nucleocapsid (SARS-N) protein as protein tags. Plasmids for the generation of tagged proteins were generated by ligating synthetic oligonucleotides for the peptide-coding regions downstream of the protein coding sequence. The data show recognition of prokaryotically expressed HIV-1 Gag/p24 fusion protein by Western blot and efficient affinity purification using monoclonal antibodies against the tags. The SARS peptide antibody system described presents an alternative tagging opportunity in the growing field of protein science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christian Jassoy
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Max Bürger Research Centre, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Gaj T, Meyer SC, Ghosh I. The AviD-tag, a NeutrAvidin/avidin specific peptide affinity tag for the immobilization and purification of recombinant proteins. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 56:54-61. [PMID: 17697784 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2007.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The widespread success of affinity tags throughout the biological sciences has prompted interest in developing new and convenient labeling strategies. Affinity tags are well-established tools for recombinant protein immobilization and purification. More recently these tags have been utilized for selective biological targeting towards multiplexed protein detection in numerous imaging applications as well as for drug-delivery. Recently, we discovered a phage-display selected cyclic peptide motif that was shown to bind selectively to NeutrAvidin and avidin but not to the structurally similar streptavidin. Here, we have exploited this selectivity to develop an affinity tag based on the evolved DRATPY moiety that is orthogonal to known Strep-tag technologies. As proof of principle, the divalent AviD-tag (Avidin-Di-tag) was expressed as a Green Fluorescent Protein variant conjugate and exhibited superior immobilization and elution characteristics to the first generation Strep-tag and a monovalent DRATPY GFP-fusion protein analogue. Additionally, we demonstrate the potential for a peptide based orthogonal labeling strategy involving our divalent AviD-tag in concert with existing streptavidin-based affinity reagents. We believe the AviD-tag and its unique recognition properties will provide researchers with a useful new affinity reagent and tool for a variety of applications in the biological and chemical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gaj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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17
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Dalal S, Klemba M. Roles for two aminopeptidases in vacuolar hemoglobin catabolism in Plasmodium falciparum. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:35978-87. [PMID: 17895246 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703643200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
During the erythrocytic stage of its life cycle, the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum catabolizes large quantities of host-cell hemoglobin in an acidic organelle, the food vacuole. A current model for the catabolism of globin-derived oligopeptides invokes peptide transport out of the food vacuole followed by hydrolysis to amino acids by cytosolic aminopeptidases. To test this model, we have examined the roles of four parasite aminopeptidases during the erythrocytic cycle. Localization of tagged aminopeptidases, coupled with biochemical analysis of enriched food vacuoles, revealed the presence of amino acid-generating pathways in the food vacuole as well as the cytosol. Based on the localization data and in vitro assays, we propose a specific role for one of the plasmodial enzymes, aminopeptidase P, in the catabolism of proline-containing peptides in both the vacuole and the cytosol. We establish an apparent requirement for three of the four aminopeptidases (including the two food vacuole enzymes) for efficient parasite proliferation. To gain insight into the impact of aminopeptidase inhibition on parasite development, we examined the effect of the presence of amino acids in the culture medium of the parasite on the toxicity of the aminopeptidase inhibitor bestatin. The ability of bestatin to block parasite replication was only slightly affected when 19 of 20 amino acids were withdrawn from the medium, indicating that exogenous amino acids cannot compensate for the loss of aminopeptidase activity. Together, these results support the development of aminopeptidase inhibitors as novel chemotherapeutics directed against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Dalal
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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18
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Probasco MD, Thompson NE, Burgess RR. Immunoaffinity purification and characterization of RNA polymerase from Shewanella oneidensis. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 55:23-30. [PMID: 17507238 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2007.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Shewanella oneidensis is of particular interest for research because of its unique ability to use a variety of metals as final respiratory electron acceptors and reduce them into insoluble oxides. A collection of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that were prepared towards Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) was tested for reactivity with proteins extracted from S. oneidensis. Two polyol-responsive monoclonal antibodies (PR-mAbs) were used to purify RNA polymerase from S. oneidensis using immunoaffinity purification techniques. A collection of mAbs towards E. coli sigma subunits was also examined for cross-reactivity with S. oneidensis proteins. Reactions were identified with mAbs to E. coli sigma(70) and sigma(54). These mAbs will be useful tools for immunoaffinity purifying and studying the transcriptional machinery of S. oneidensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell D Probasco
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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19
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Wang J, Lindner SE, Leight ER, Sugden B. Essential elements of a licensed, mammalian plasmid origin of DNA synthesis. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:1124-34. [PMID: 16428463 PMCID: PMC1347036 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.3.1124-1134.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a mammalian plasmid replicon with a formerly uncharacterized origin of DNA synthesis, 8xRep*. 8xRep* functions efficiently to support once-per-cell-cycle synthesis of plasmid DNA which initiates within Rep*. By characterizing Rep*'s requirements for acting as an origin, we have uncovered several striking properties it shares with DS, the only other well-characterized, licensed, mammalian plasmid origin of DNA synthesis. Rep* contains a pair of previously unrecognized Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1)-binding sites that are both necessary and sufficient in cis for its origin activity. These sites have an essential 21-bp center-to-center spacing, are bent by EBNA1, and recruit the origin recognition complex. The properties shared between DS and Rep* define cis and trans characteristics of a mammalian, extrachromosomal replicon. The role of EBNA1 likely reflects its evolution from cellular factors involved in the assembly of the initiation machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Wang
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin--Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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20
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Thompson NE, Jensen DB, Lamberski JA, Burgess RR. Purification of protein complexes by immunoaffinity chromatography: application to transcription machinery. GENETIC ENGINEERING 2006; 27:81-100. [PMID: 16382873 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-25856-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Thompson
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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21
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Arnau J, Lauritzen C, Petersen GE, Pedersen J. Current strategies for the use of affinity tags and tag removal for the purification of recombinant proteins. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 48:1-13. [PMID: 16427311 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2005.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 12/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Affinity tags are highly efficient tools for protein purification. They allow the purification of virtually any protein without any prior knowledge of its biochemical properties. The use of affinity tags has therefore become widespread in several areas of research e.g., high throughput expression studies aimed at finding a biological function to large numbers of yet uncharacterized proteins. In some cases, the presence of the affinity tag in the recombinant protein is unwanted or may represent a disadvantage for the projected application of the protein, like for clinical use. Therefore, an increasing number of approaches are available at present that are designed for the removal of the affinity tag from the recombinant protein. Most of these methods employ recombinant endoproteases that recognize a specific sequence. These process enzymes can subsequently be removed from the process by affinity purification, since they also include a tag. Here, a survey of the most common affinity tags and the current methods for tag removal is presented, with special emphasis on the removal of N-terminal histidine tags using TAGZyme, a system based on exopeptidase cleavage. In the quest to reduce the significant costs associated with protein purification at large scale, relevant aspects involved in the development of downstream processes for pharmaceutical protein production that incorporate a tag removal step are also discussed. A comparison of the yield of standard vs. affinity purification together with an example of tag removal using TAGZyme is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Arnau
- Unizyme Laboratories A/S, Dr. Neergaards vej 17, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark.
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22
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Lamberski JA, Thompson NE, Burgess RR. Expression and purification of a single-chain variable fragment antibody derived from a polyol-responsive monoclonal antibody. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 47:82-92. [PMID: 16216525 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2005.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Revised: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A previously described polyol-responsive monoclonal antibody (PR-mAb) was converted to a single-chain variable fragment (scFv). This antibody, PR-mAb NT73, reacts with the beta' subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and has been used for the immunoaffinity purification of polymerase. mRNAs encoding the variable regions of the heavy chain (VH) and light chain (VL) were used as the template for cDNA synthesis. The sequences were joined by the addition of a "linker" sequence and then cloned into several expression vectors. A variety of expression plasmids and E. coli hosts were used to determine the optimal expression system. Expression was highest with the pET22b(+) vector and the Rosetta(DE3)pLysS host strain, which produced approximately 60 mg purified His-tagged scFv per liter of culture (3.3 g wet weight cells). Although the production of soluble scFv was preferred, overproduced scFv formed inclusion bodies under every expression condition. Therefore, inclusion bodies had to be isolated, washed, solubilized, and refolded. The FoldIt protein refolding kit and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were sequentially used to determine the optimal refolding conditions that would produce active His-tagged scFv. Immobilized metal affinity chromatography was used for the final purification of the refolded active scFv. The polyol-responsiveness of the scFv was determined by an ELISA-elution assay. Although the scFv loses considerable affinity for its antigen, it maintains similar polyol-responsiveness as the parent monoclonal antibody, PR-mAb NT73.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Lamberski
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Thompson NE, Foley KM, Burgess RR. Antigen-binding properties of monoclonal antibodies reactive with human TATA-binding protein and use in immunoaffinity chromatography. Protein Expr Purif 2004; 36:186-97. [PMID: 15249040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2004.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Revised: 02/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The TATA-binding protein (TBP) plays a central role in the assembly of most eukaryotic transcription initiation complexes. We have characterized 3 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that react in the far amino-terminal (N-terminal) domain of the human TBP molecule (residues 1-99). One of these mAbs (designated 1TBP22) is a polyol-responsive monoclonal antibody (PR-mAb) and was adapted to an immunoaffinity chromatography procedure for purifying bacterially expressed, recombinant human TBP. The epitope for mAb 1TBP22 maps to residues 55-99, which includes the polyglutamine region. However, mAb 1TBP22 does not react with poly-l-glutamine. Human TBP, contained on the pET11a plasmid, was expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3)pLysS. The cell lysate from 330 ml of induced culture was treated with polyethyleneimine (PEI) at 0.5 M NaCl to precipitate the nucleic acids. After centrifugation, the supernatant fluid was applied to an immunoadsorbent containing mAb 1TBP22. After extensive washing, the TBP was eluted with buffer containing 0.75 M ammonium sulfate and 40% propylene glycol. Human TPB purified by the immunoaffinity chromatography method was found to be active in gel-shift assays and transcription assays. Preliminary data indicate that this mAb might be useful for purifying protein complexes containing TBP from HeLa cell extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Thompson
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Duellman SJ, Thompson NE, Burgess RR. An epitope tag derived from human transcription factor IIB that reacts with a polyol-responsive monoclonal antibody. Protein Expr Purif 2004; 35:147-55. [PMID: 15039078 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2003.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2003] [Revised: 12/19/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Polyol-responsive monoclonal antibodies (PR-mAbs) provide a strategy to purify active, nondenatured proteins by a single-step immunoaffinity chromatography procedure. The high affinity interaction between these antibodies and the antigen can be dissociated in the presence of a nonchaotropic salt and a low molecular weight polyhydroxylated compound (polyol). The epitope for PR-mAb IIB8 is located near the N-terminus of the human transcription factor IIB (TFIIB). The epitope is an eight amino acid sequence, TKDPSRVG, that can be fused to a desired protein for use as a purification tag. This epitope tag (termed hIIB) was fused to the C-terminus of green fluorescent protein (GFP). An additional GFP fusion protein utilized another version of hIIB containing a point mutation at position two. These fusion proteins, expressed in Escherichia coli, allowed successful separation of the desired protein in a single chromatographic step. This strategy extends PR-mAb gentle-release purification to numerous expressed proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Duellman
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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