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Wang Z, Zhou X, Kong Q, He H, Sun J, Qiu W, Zhang L, Yang M. Extracellular Vesicle Preparation and Analysis: A State-of-the-Art Review. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2401069. [PMID: 38874129 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, research on Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) has gained prominence in the life sciences due to their critical roles in both health and disease states, offering promising applications in disease diagnosis, drug delivery, and therapy. However, their inherent heterogeneity and complex origins pose significant challenges to their preparation, analysis, and subsequent clinical application. This review is structured to provide an overview of the biogenesis, composition, and various sources of EVs, thereby laying the groundwork for a detailed discussion of contemporary techniques for their preparation and analysis. Particular focus is given to state-of-the-art technologies that employ both microfluidic and non-microfluidic platforms for EV processing. Furthermore, this discourse extends into innovative approaches that incorporate artificial intelligence and cutting-edge electrochemical sensors, with a particular emphasis on single EV analysis. This review proposes current challenges and outlines prospective avenues for future research. The objective is to motivate researchers to innovate and expand methods for the preparation and analysis of EVs, fully unlocking their biomedical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zesheng Wang
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Qinglong Kong
- The Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, 116033, P. R. China
| | - Huimin He
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Jiayu Sun
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Wenting Qiu
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Mengsu Yang
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
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2
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Kim YB, Kim J, Williams PS, Moon MH. Comparison of a thickness-tapered channel in flow field-flow fractionation with a conventional channel with flow rate programming. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1724:464927. [PMID: 38677152 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The thickness-tapered channel structure in flow field-flow fractionation (FlFFF), recently introduced by constructing a channel with a linear decrease in thickness along its length, demonstrated effectiveness in steric/hyperlayer separation of supramicron particles with improvements in separation speed, elution recovery, and an expanded dynamic size range of separation. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the performance between the impact of field (or crossflow rate) programming or outflow rate programming for the separation of polystyrene latex standards (50 ∼ 800 nm) with a conventional channel having uniform thickness and a thickness-tapered channel without programming. Outlet flow rate and crossflow rate conditions were also varied. Although the particle size resolution of the tapered channel does not surpass that of field programming in uniform thickness channel, it achieves higher-speed separation without a significant loss of resolution and without the need for a complex flow controller system even at a low outflow rate condition. Furthermore, it yielded an improved resolution for particles close to the steric transition regime (400 ∼ 600 nm) in the normal mode of separation. Due to the continuous increase in mean flow velocity down the channel, the tapered channel exhibits flexibility in separating submicron-sized particles at high crossflow rate conditions or low outflow rate conditions, of which the latter can be advantageous when coupled with mass spectrometry in a miniaturized setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Beom Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Jaihoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - P Stephen Williams
- Cambrian Technologies Inc, 1772 Saratoga Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA.
| | - Myeong Hee Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, South Korea.
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Wiedmer SK, Riekkola ML. Field-flow fractionation - an excellent tool for fractionation, isolation and/or purification of biomacromolecules. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1712:464492. [PMID: 37944435 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Field-flow fractionation (FFF) with its several variants, has developed into a mature methodology. The scope of the FFF investigations has expanded, covering both a wide range of basic studies and especially a wide range of analytical applications. Special attention of this review is given to the achievements of FFF with reference to recent applications in the fractionation, isolation, and purification of biomacromolecules, and from which especially those of (in alphabetical order) bacteria, cells, extracellular vesicles, liposomes, lipoproteins, nucleic acids, and viruses and virus-like particles. In evaluating the major approaches and trends demonstrated since 2012, the most significant biomacromolecule applications are compiled in tables. It is also evident that asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation is by far the most dominant technique in the studies. The industry has also shown current interest in FFF and adopted it in some sophisticated fields. FFF, in combination with appropriate detectors, handles biomacromolecules in open channel in a gentle way due to the lack of shear forces and unwanted interactions caused by the stationary phase present in chromatography. In addition, in isolation and purification of biomacromolecules quite high yields can be achieved under optimal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne K Wiedmer
- Department of Chemistry, POB 55, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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Xie H, Wei X, Zhao J, He L, Wang L, Wang M, Cui L, Yu YL, Li B, Li YF. Size characterization of nanomaterials in environmental and biological matrices through non-electron microscopic techniques. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155399. [PMID: 35472343 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENs) can enter the environment, and accumulate in food chains, thereby causing environmental and health problems. Size characterization of ENs is critical for further evaluating the interactions among ENs in biological and ecological systems. Although electron microscope is a powerful tool in obtaining the size information, it has limitations when studying nanomaterials in complex matrices. In this review, we summarized non-electron microscope-based techniques, including chromatography-based, mass spectrometry-based, synchrotron radiation- and neutron-based techniques for detecting the size of ENs in environmental and biological matrices. The advantages and disadvantages of these techniques were highlighted. The perspectives on size characterization of ENs in complex matrices were also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Xie
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China; CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xing Wei
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiating Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lina He
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liwei Cui
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong-Liang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China.
| | - Bai Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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5
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Ventouri IK, Loeber S, Somsen GW, Schoenmakers PJ, Astefanei A. Field-flow fractionation for molecular-interaction studies of labile and complex systems: A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1193:339396. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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Piffoux M, Silva AKA, Gazeau F, Salmon H. Potential of on‐chip analysis and engineering techniques for extracellular vesicle bioproduction for therapeutics. VIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Max Piffoux
- Department of Medical Oncology Centre Léon Bérard Lyon France
- INSERM UMR 1197‐Interaction cellules souches‐niches: physiologie tumeurs et réparation tissulaire Villejuif France
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS Université de Paris Paris France
| | - Amanda K. A. Silva
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS Université de Paris Paris France
| | - Florence Gazeau
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS Université de Paris Paris France
| | - Hugo Salmon
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS Université de Paris Paris France
- Université de Paris, T3S, INSERM Paris France
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7
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Ojeda D, Sánchez P, Bolea E, Laborda F, Castillo JR. How the use of a short channel can improve the separation efficiency of nanoparticles in asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461759. [PMID: 33278672 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of a commercially available short length channel (14 cm length) is proposed to improve the efficiency associated to the separation by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation of particles in the nanometer range respect to a standard channel (27 cm length). The effect of channel length on elution times, separation efficiency and resolution have been studied. Polystyrene particles between 50 and 500 nm in size have been used to compare the behavior of both channels. Theoretical aspects based on the different contributions on particle diffusion inside the channel during the separation process have been considered to justify the results obtained. Non-equilibrium diffusion contribution to the efficiency has shown to be the most relevant aspect to be controlled during the separation. The increment of the field strength applied through the cross-flow velocityallows the reduction of diffusion while keep elution times constant. The use of the same cross-flow in a channel with a smaller area is the key factor that justifies the better efficiencies observed along the whole size range studied (improvements that reach factors up to 4.7 in experimental efficiency respect to the standard channel were achieved). The separation of polystyrene particles of 100 and 200 nm was achieved with a resolution of 1.20, whereas a 0.66 value was obtained with the standard channel at the same elution times. Channel recoveries have been also compared under optimized conditions to ensure that no side effects are produced, including the separation of mixtures of TiO2 nanoparticles. Similar or even better values were obtained with the short length channel, with recoveries higher than 85% for all the polystyrene particles tested and 75% recovery for the TiO2 nanoparticle mixture, which justifies its use for the separation of nanoparticles, providing better resolutions without compromise elution times or recoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ojeda
- Group of Analytical Spectroscopy and Sensors (GEAS), Institute of Environmental Sciences (IUCA), University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna, 12., 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pablo Sánchez
- Group of Analytical Spectroscopy and Sensors (GEAS), Institute of Environmental Sciences (IUCA), University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna, 12., 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eduardo Bolea
- Group of Analytical Spectroscopy and Sensors (GEAS), Institute of Environmental Sciences (IUCA), University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna, 12., 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Francisco Laborda
- Group of Analytical Spectroscopy and Sensors (GEAS), Institute of Environmental Sciences (IUCA), University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna, 12., 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan R Castillo
- Group of Analytical Spectroscopy and Sensors (GEAS), Institute of Environmental Sciences (IUCA), University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna, 12., 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
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8
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Multia E, Liangsupree T, Jussila M, Ruiz-Jimenez J, Kemell M, Riekkola ML. Automated On-Line Isolation and Fractionation System for Nanosized Biomacromolecules from Human Plasma. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13058-13065. [PMID: 32893620 PMCID: PMC7586295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
An
automated on-line isolation and fractionation system including
controlling software was developed for selected nanosized biomacromolecules
from human plasma by on-line coupled immunoaffinity chromatography-asymmetric
flow field-flow fractionation (IAC-AsFlFFF). The on-line system was
versatile, only different monoclonal antibodies, anti-apolipoprotein
B-100, anti-CD9, or anti-CD61, were immobilized on monolithic disk
columns for isolation of lipoproteins and extracellular vesicles (EVs).
The platelet-derived CD61-positive EVs and CD9-positive EVs, isolated
by IAC, were further fractionated by AsFlFFF to their size-based subpopulations
(e.g., exomeres and exosomes) for further analysis. Field-emission
scanning electron microscopy elucidated the morphology of the subpopulations,
and 20 free amino acids and glucose in EV subpopulations were identified
and quantified in the ng/mL range using hydrophilic interaction liquid
chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS). The study revealed
that there were significant differences between EV origin and size-based
subpopulations. The on-line coupled IAC-AsFlFFF system was successfully
programmed for reliable execution of 10 sequential isolation and fractionation
cycles (37–80 min per cycle) with minimal operator involvement,
minimal sample losses, and contamination. The relative standard deviations
(RSD) between the cycles for human plasma samples were 0.84–6.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgen Multia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thanaporn Liangsupree
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Jussila
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jose Ruiz-Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marianna Kemell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Riekkola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Witos J, Karjalainen E, Tenhu H, Wiedmer SK. CE and asymmetrical flow-field flow fractionation studies of polymer interactions with surfaces and solutes reveal conformation changes of polymers. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2495-2505. [PMID: 32227669 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic diblock copolymers consisting of a hydrophobic core containing a polymerized ionic liquid and an outer shell composed of poly(N-isoprolylacrylamide) were investigated by capillary electrophoresis and asymmetrical flow-field flow fractionation. The polymerized ionic liquid comprised poly(2-(1-butylimidazolium-3-yl)ethyl methacrylate tetrafluoroborate) with a constant block length (n = 24), while the length of the poly(N-isoprolylacrylamide) block varied (n = 14; 26; 59; 88). Possible adsorption of the block copolymer on the fused silica capillary, due to alterations in the polymeric conformation upon a change in the temperature (25 and 45 °C), was initially studied. For comparison, the effect of temperature on the copolymer conformation/hydrodynamic size was determined with the aid of asymmetrical flow-field flow fractionation and light scattering. To get more information about the hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties of the synthesized block copolymers, they were used as a pseudostationary phase in electrokinetic chromatography for the separation of some model compounds, that is, benzoates and steroids. Of particular interest was to find out whether a change in the length or concentration of the poly(N-isoprolylacrylamide) block would affect the separation of the model compounds. Overall, our results show that capillary electrophoresis and asymmetrical flow-field flow fractionation are suitable methods for characterizing conformational changes of such diblock copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Witos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Erno Karjalainen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Tenhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Zhang H, Lyden D. Asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation technology for exomere and small extracellular vesicle separation and characterization. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:1027-1053. [PMID: 30833697 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We describe the protocol development and optimization of asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) technology for separating and characterizing extracellular nanoparticles (ENPs), particularly small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), known as exosomes, and even smaller novel nanoparticles, known as exomeres. This technique fractionates ENPs on the basis of hydrodynamic size and demonstrates a unique capability to separate nanoparticles with sizes ranging from a few nanometers to an undefined level of micrometers. ENPs are resolved by two perpendicular flows-channel flow and cross-flow-in a thin, flat channel with a semi-permissive bottom wall membrane. The AF4 separation method offers several advantages over other isolation methods for ENP analysis, including being label-free, gentle, rapid (<1 h) and highly reproducible, as well as providing efficient recovery of analytes. Most importantly, in contrast to other available techniques, AF4 can separate ENPs at high resolution (1 nm) and provide a large dynamic range of size-based separation. In conjunction with real-time monitors, such as UV absorbance and dynamic light scattering (DLS), and an array of post-separation characterizations, AF4 facilitates the successful separation of distinct subsets of exosomes and the identification of exomeres. Although the whole procedure of cell culture and ENP isolation from the conditioned medium by ultracentrifugation (UC) can take ~3 d, the AF4 fractionation step takes only 1 h. Users of this technology will require expertise in the working principle of AF4 to operate and customize protocol applications. AF4 can contribute to the development of high-quality, exosome- and exomere-based molecular diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Zhang
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - David Lyden
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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11
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Comparison of Miniaturized and Conventional Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (AF4) Channels for Nanoparticle Separations. SEPARATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/separations4010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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12
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Size fractionation and size characterization of nanoemulsions of lipid droplets and large unilamellar lipid vesicles by asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation/multi-angle light scattering and dynamic light scattering. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1418:185-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Sitar S, Kejžar A, Pahovnik D, Kogej K, Tušek-Žnidarič M, Lenassi M, Žagar E. Size characterization and quantification of exosomes by asymmetrical-flow field-flow fractionation. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9225-33. [PMID: 26291637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years extracellular vesicles called exosomes have gained huge interest of scientific community since they show a great potential for human diagnostic and therapeutic applications. However, an ongoing challenge is accurate size characterization and quantification of exosomes because of the lack of reliable characterization techniques. In this work, the emphasis was focused on a method development to size-separate, characterize, and quantify small amounts of exosomes by asymmetrical-flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) technique coupled to a multidetection system (UV and MALS). Batch DLS (dynamic light-scattering) and NTA (nanoparticle tracking analysis) analyses of unfractionated exosomes were also conducted to evaluate their shape and internal structure, as well as their number density. The results show significant influence of cross-flow conditions and channel thickness on fractionation quality of exosomes, whereas the focusing time has less impact. The AF4/UV-MALS and DLS results display the presence of two particles subpopulations, that is, the larger exosomes and the smaller vesicle-like particles, which coeluted in AF4 together with impurities in early eluting peak. Compared to DLS and AF4-MALS results, NTA somewhat overestimates the size and the number density for larger exosome population, but it discriminates the smaller particle population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Sitar
- National Institute of Chemistry , Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Kejžar
- University of Ljubljana , Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Vrazov Trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Pahovnik
- National Institute of Chemistry , Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ksenija Kogej
- University of Ljubljana , Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Metka Lenassi
- University of Ljubljana , Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Vrazov Trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- National Institute of Chemistry , Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Müller D, Cattaneo S, Meier F, Welz R, de Mello AJ. Nanoparticle separation with a miniaturized asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation cartridge. Front Chem 2015; 3:45. [PMID: 26258119 PMCID: PMC4510429 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2015.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (AF4) is a separation technique applicable to particles over a wide size range. Despite the many advantages of AF4, its adoption in routine particle analysis is somewhat limited by the large footprint of currently available separation cartridges, extended analysis times and significant solvent consumption. To address these issues, we describe the fabrication and characterization of miniaturized AF4 cartridges. Key features of the down-scaled platform include simplified cartridge and reagent handling, reduced analysis costs and higher throughput capacities. The separation performance of the miniaturized cartridge is assessed using certified gold and silver nanoparticle standards. Analysis of gold nanoparticle populations indicates shorter analysis times and increased sensitivity compared to conventional AF4 separation schemes. Moreover, nanoparticulate titanium dioxide populations exhibiting broad size distributions are analyzed in a rapid and efficient manner. Finally, the repeatability and reproducibility of the miniaturized platform are investigated with respect to analysis time and separation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Müller
- Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique Landquart, Switzerland ; Department for Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Cattaneo
- Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique Landquart, Switzerland
| | | | - Roland Welz
- Postnova Analytics GmbH Landsberg am Lech, Germany
| | - Andrew J de Mello
- Department for Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich Zürich, Switzerland
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Wagner M, Holzschuh S, Traeger A, Fahr A, Schubert US. Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation in the field of nanomedicine. Anal Chem 2014; 86:5201-10. [PMID: 24802650 DOI: 10.1021/ac501664t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) is a widely used and versatile technique in the family of field-flow fractionations, indicated by a rapidly increasing number of publications. It represents a gentle separation and characterization method, where nonspecific interactions are reduced to a minimum, allows a broad separation range from several nano- up to micrometers and enables a superior characterization of homo- and heterogenic systems. In particular, coupling to multiangle light scattering provides detailed access to sample properties. Information about molar mass, polydispersity, size, shape/conformation, or density can be obtained nearly independent of the used material. In this Perspective, the application and progress of AF4 for (bio)macromolecules and colloids, relevant for "nano" medical and pharmaceutical issues, will be presented. The characterization of different nanosized drug or gene delivery systems, e.g., polymers, nanoparticles, micelles, dendrimers, liposomes, polyplexes, and virus-like-particles (VLP), as well as therapeutic relevant proteins, antibodies, and nanoparticles for diagnostic usage will be discussed. Thereby, the variety of obtained information, the advantages and pitfalls of this emerging technique will be highlighted. Additionally, the influence of different fractionation parameters in the separation process is discussed in detail. Moreover, a comprehensive overview is given, concerning the investigated samples, fractionation parameters as membrane types and buffers used as well as the chosen detectors and the corresponding references. The perspective ends up with an outlook to the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wagner
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
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16
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Janča J, Sobota J. Trends in Polymer and Particle Characterization by Microfluidic Field-Flow Fractionation Methods: Science or Business? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2014.897788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Yang I, Kim KH, Lee JY, Moon MH. On-line miniaturized asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry with selected reaction monitoring for quantitative analysis of phospholipids in plasma lipoproteins. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1324:224-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Sneck M, Nguyen SD, Pihlajamaa T, Yohannes G, Riekkola ML, Milne R, Kovanen PT, Oörni K. Conformational changes of apoB-100 in SMase-modified LDL mediate formation of large aggregates at acidic pH. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1832-9. [PMID: 22717515 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m023218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During atherogenesis, the extracellular pH of atherosclerotic lesions decreases. Here, we examined the effect of low, but physiologically plausible pH on aggregation of modified LDL, one of the key processes in atherogenesis. LDL was treated with SMase, and aggregation of the SMase-treated LDL was followed at pH 5.5-7.5. The lower the pH, the more extensive was the aggregation of identically prelipolyzed LDL particles. At pH 5.5-6.0, the aggregates were much larger (size >1 µm) than those formed at neutral pH (100-200 nm). SMase treatment was found to lead to a dramatic decrease in α-helix and concomitant increase in β-sheet structures of apoB-100. Particle aggregation was caused by interactions between newly exposed segments of apoB-100. LDL-derived lipid microemulsions lacking apoB-100 failed to form large aggregates. SMase-induced LDL aggregation could be blocked by lowering the incubation temperature to 15°C, which also inhibited the changes in the conformation of apoB-100, by proteolytic degradation of apoB-100 after SMase-treatment, and by HDL particles. Taken together, sphingomyelin hydrolysis induces exposure of protease-sensitive sites of apoB-100, whose interactions govern subsequent particle aggregation. The supersized LDL aggregates may contribute to the retention of LDL lipids in acidic areas of atherosclerosis-susceptible sites in the arterial intima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Sneck
- Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Schachermeyer S, Ashby J, Zhong W. Advances in field-flow fractionation for the analysis of biomolecules: instrument design and hyphenation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1151-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Determination of cholesterol and triglycerides in serum lipoproteins using flow field-flow fractionation coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 706:361-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Lee JY, Choi D, Johan C, Moon MH. Improvement of lipoprotein separation with a guard channel prior to asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation using fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4144-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Yohannes G, Jussila M, Hartonen K, Riekkola ML. Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation technique for separation and characterization of biopolymers and bioparticles. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4104-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Kang DY, Moon JM, Lee SH. Comparison of Size-Exclusion Chromatography and Flow Field-Flow Fractionation for Separation of Whey Proteins. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.4.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Rambaldi DC, Reschiglian P, Zattoni A. Flow field-flow fractionation: recent trends in protein analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:1439-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Qureshi RN, Kok WT. Application of flow field-flow fractionation for the characterization of macromolecules of biological interest: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:1401-11. [PMID: 20957473 PMCID: PMC3026709 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An overview is given of the recent literature on (bio) analytical applications of flow field-flow fractionation (FlFFF). FlFFF is a liquid-phase separation technique that can separate macromolecules and particles according to size. The technique is increasingly used on a routine basis in a variety of application fields. In food analysis, FlFFF is applied to determine the molecular size distribution of starches and modified celluloses, or to study protein aggregation during food processing. In industrial analysis, it is applied for the characterization of polysaccharides that are used as thickeners and dispersing agents. In pharmaceutical and biomedical laboratories, FlFFF is used to monitor the refolding of recombinant proteins, to detect aggregates of antibodies, or to determine the size distribution of drug carrier particles. In environmental studies, FlFFF is used to characterize natural colloids in water streams, and especially to study trace metal distributions over colloidal particles. In this review, first a short discussion of the state of the art in instrumentation is given. Developments in the coupling of FlFFF to various detection modes are then highlighted. Finally, application studies are discussed and ordered according to the type of (bio) macromolecules or bioparticles that are fractionated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Nazir Qureshi
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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26
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Yohannes G, Wiedmer SK, Elomaa M, Jussila M, Aseyev V, Riekkola ML. Thermal aggregation of bovine serum albumin studied by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 675:191-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 07/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Witos J, Cilpa G, Yohannes G, Öörni K, Kovanen PT, Jauhiainen M, Riekkola ML. Sugar treatment of human lipoprotein particles and their separation by capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2528-35. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Qureshi RN, Kok WT, Schoenmakers PJ. Fractionation of human serum lipoproteins and simultaneous enzymatic determination of cholesterol and triglycerides. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 654:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Mahler HC, Friess W, Grauschopf U, Kiese S. Protein aggregation: pathways, induction factors and analysis. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:2909-34. [PMID: 18823031 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 614] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Control and analysis of protein aggregation is an increasing challenge to pharmaceutical research and development. Due to the nature of protein interactions, protein aggregation may occur at various points throughout the lifetime of a protein and may be of different quantity and quality such as size, shape, morphology. It is therefore important to understand the interactions, causes and analyses of such aggregates in order to control protein aggregation to enable successful products. This review gives a short outline of currently discussed pathways and induction methods for protein aggregation and describes currently employed set of analytical techniques and emerging technologies for aggregate detection, characterization and quantification. A major challenge for the analysis of protein aggregates is that no single analytical method exists to cover the entire size range or type of aggregates which may appear. Each analytical method not only shows its specific advantages but also has its limitations. The limits of detection and the possibility of creating artifacts through sample preparation by inducing or destroying aggregates need to be considered with each method used. Therefore, it may also be advisable to carefully compare analytical results of orthogonal methods for similar size ranges to evaluate method performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanns-Christian Mahler
- Formulation R&D Biologics, Pharmaceutical and Analytical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.
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30
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Hupfeld S, Ausbacher D, Brandl M. Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation of liposomes: 2. Concentration detection and adsorptive loss phenomena. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:3555-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Rambaldi DC, Reschiglian P, Zattoni A, Johann C. Enzymatic determination of cholesterol and triglycerides in serum lipoprotein profiles by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation with on-line, dual detection. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 654:64-70. [PMID: 19850170 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 05/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of lipoproteins (LPs) and related lipid levels in blood serum are correlated to the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Fast, possibly automated methods to obtain complete, multi-parametric LP profiles are therefore welcome to be developed for routine, clinical analysis practice. In this work, asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) with on-line, dual post-fractionation reaction detection (PFRD) is applied to develop a method for single-run, simultaneous quantification of cholesterol (CHOL) and triglycerides (TGs) in each fractionated LP class. The enzymatic reagents used for the post-fractionation reaction are available as commercial kits for certified, standard clinical protocols for the analysis of CHOL and TGs in serum. Using CHOL and glycerol as reference standards, a new procedure is applied to optimize the experimental conditions for PFRD-based, quantitative analysis. Upon optimized PFRD and AF4 conditions, results obtained for the determination of total CHOL (TC), TGs, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) in a set of serum samples from healthy donors are found in agreement with the values provided by a clinical laboratory. The intra-day and inter-day precisions of the method were found always lower than 10% (CV). When the method was applied to serum samples from patients affected by sepsis, differences in CHOL and TG profiles between patients and healthy donors were observed.
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32
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An overview on field-flow fractionation techniques and their applications in the separation and characterization of polymers. Prog Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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Field-flow fractionation in bioanalysis: A review of recent trends. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 635:132-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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34
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Flow field-flow fractionation: A pre-analytical method for proteomics. J Proteomics 2008; 71:265-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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35
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Déjardin P. Permeate channel geometry to get constant separation efficiency in asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow fractionation cell with exponential breadth variation. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1203:94-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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Déjardin P. Design of an asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation cell with both mean channel and membrane velocities constant. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1187:209-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Revised: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Jain A, Posner JD. Particle dispersion and separation resolution of pinched flow fractionation. Anal Chem 2008; 80:1641-8. [PMID: 18220368 DOI: 10.1021/ac0713813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates a hydrodynamic particle separation technique that employs pinching of particles to a narrow microchannel. The particles are subject to a sudden expansion which results in a size-based particle separation transverse to the flow direction. The separation resolution and particle dispersion are measured using epifluorescence microscopy. The resolution and dispersion are predicted using a compact theoretical model. Devices are fabricated using conventional soft lithography of polydimethylsiloxane. The results show that the separation resolution is a function of the microchannel aspect ratio, particle size difference, and the microchannel sidewall roughness. A separation resolution as large as 3.8 is obtained in this work. This work shows that particles with diameters on the order of the sidewall roughness cannot be separated using pinched flow fractionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Jain
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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38
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Léger DY, Battu S, Liagre B, Cardot PJP, Beneytout JL. Sedimentation field flow fractionation to study human erythroleukemia cell megakaryocytic differentiation after short period diosgenin induction. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1157:309-20. [PMID: 17499257 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Anti-cancer differentiation therapy could be one strategy to stop cancer cell proliferation. We propose a new sedimentation field flow fractionation (SdFFF) cell separation application in the field of cancer research. It concerns the study of megakaryocytic differentiation processes after a short exposure to an inducting agent (diosgenin). Washout process and early dual SdFFF separation--removing the influence of diosgenin and decreasing the influence of undifferentiated cells--resulted in the preparation of an enriched population to study the mechanism and kinetics of megakaryocytic differentiation. A short exposure to diosgenin was able to induce complete differentiation leading to maximal maturation which ended naturally after 192h incubation without the influence of a secondary effect of diosgenin. The study of isolated undifferentiated cells also showed that no resistance to diosgenin was observed. This result suggested different sensitivities to differentiation induction, and SdFFF cell separation would be of great interest to explore this phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Léger
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, EA 4021 Biomolécules et Thérapies Anti-tumorales, Université de Limoges, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
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