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Gradient method for accurate affinity determinations. Anal Biochem 2023; 667:115085. [PMID: 36809845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The value of the affinity constants (kd, ka, and KD) that are determined by label free interaction analysis methods are strongly affected by the ligand density at the sensor surface [1]. This paper outlines a new SPR-imaging method that applies a ligand density gradient enabling the analyte response to be extrapolated to Rmax = 0 μRIU. The mass transport limited region is used to determine the analyte concentration. Cumbersome optimization procedures for tuning the ligand density is prevented and surface dependent effects as rebinding, strong biphasic behavior etcetera are minimized. The method can be fully automated for e.g. accurate determination of the quality of antibodies from commercial sources.
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2
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Schasfoort RBM, van Weperen J, van Amsterdam M, Parisot J, Hendriks J, Koerselman M, Karperien M, Mentink A, Bennink M, Krabbe H, Terstappen LW, Mulder AHL. Presence and strength of binding of IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 during CoViD-19 infection. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 183:113165. [PMID: 33799060 PMCID: PMC7962981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Surface Plasmon Resonance imaging (SPRi) was used to determine the presence and strength of binding of IgG, IgM and IgA against the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 in sera of 119 CoViD-19 patients. The SPRi assay measures the antibody isotype levels and the strength of binding to the RBD of ultimate 384 patient samples in one run. It turns out that during the course of the disease, the IgG levels and strength of binding increased while generally the IgM and IgA levels go down. Recovered patients all show high strength of binding of the IgG type to the RBD protein. The anti-RBD immunoglobulins SPRi assay provides additional insights in the immune status of patients recovering from CoViD-19 and this new method can furthermore be applied for the assessment of the quality of the immune reaction of healthy individuals to SARS-CoV-2 in vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B M Schasfoort
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Margot van Amsterdam
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Judicaël Parisot
- Carterra, 825 N. 300 W., Suite C309, Salt Lake City, UT, 84103, USA
| | - Jan Hendriks
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Michelle Koerselman
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk Mentink
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Bennink
- NanoBio Research Group, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, PO Box 70000, 7500, KB, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Krabbe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medisch Spectrum Twente, PO Box 50000, 7500, KA, Enschede, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medlon, BV, 7512KZ, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Leon Wmm Terstappen
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - A H Leontine Mulder
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medlon, BV, 7512KZ, Enschede, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Ziekenhuis Groep Twente, PO BOX 7600, 7600, SZ, Almelo, the Netherlands
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3
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Schasfoort RBM, van Weperen J, van Amsterdam M, Parisot J, Hendriks J, Koerselman M, Karperien M, Mentink A, Bennink M, Krabbe H, Terstappen LW, Mulder AHL. High throughput surface plasmon resonance imaging method for clinical detection of presence and strength of binding of IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 during CoViD-19 infection. MethodsX 2021; 8:101432. [PMID: 34221910 PMCID: PMC8239317 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface Plasmon Resonance imaging is an unprecedented technology for high throughput screening of antibody profiling of CoViD19 patients. Fingerprinting of isotypes IgM, IgG and IgA can be performed for 384 patients in one run. Severity of the disease correlates well with the total anti-RBD of SARS-CoV-2 concentration in CoViD19 patients Affinity equilibrium constant (KD) of the polyclonal antibody binding was directly proportional to the off-rate (kd) simplifying the screening. Screening of the strength of binding of anti RBD antibodies was possible in high throughput and in one run together with the isotype analysis in the LSA SPR imager. An affinity maturation effect was shown for patients recovering from CoViD19. A tool is now available to test the quality of the immune reaction of individuals to SARS-CoV-2 and its mutants in vaccination programs.
Surface Plasmon Resonance imaging (SPRi) was used to determine the presence and strength of binding of IgG, IgM and IgA against the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 in sera of 102 CoViD-19 and non-CoViD-19 patients. The SPRi assay simultaneously measures the antibody isotype levels and the strength of binding to the RBD of ultimate 384 patient samples in one run. It turns out that during the course of the disease, the IgG levels and strength of binding increased while generally the IgM and IgA levels go down. Recovered patients all show high strength of binding of the IgG type to the RBD protein. The anti-RBD immunoglobulins SPRi assay provides additional insights in the immune status of patients recovering from CoViD-19. This new high throughput method can be applied for the assessment of the quality of the immune reaction of healthy individuals to SARS-CoV-2 and its mutants in vaccination programs.Surface Plasmon Resonance imaging is an unprecedented technology for high throughput screening of antibody profiling of CoViD19 patients. Fingerprinting of isotypes IgM, IgG and IgA can be performed for 384 patients in one run. An affinity maturation effect was shown for patients recovering from CoViD19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B M Schasfoort
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Margot van Amsterdam
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Judicaël Parisot
- Carterra, 825 N. 300 W., Suite C309, Salt Lake City, UT 84103, USA
| | - Jan Hendriks
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle Koerselman
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Mentink
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Bennink
- NanoBio research group, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, PO Box 70000, 7500 KB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Krabbe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medisch Spectrum Twente, PO Box 50000. 7500 KA Enschede, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medlon BV, 7512 KZ Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Leon Wmm Terstappen
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - A H Leontine Mulder
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medlon BV, 7512 KZ Enschede, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Ziekenhuis Groep Twente, PO BOX 7600, 7600 SZ Almelo, The Netherlands
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4
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On the Use of Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensing to Understand IgG-FcγR Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126616. [PMID: 34205578 PMCID: PMC8235063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based optical biosensors offer real-time and label-free analysis of protein interactions, which has extensively contributed to the discovery and development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). As the biopharmaceutical market for these biologics and their biosimilars is rapidly growing, the role of SPR biosensors in drug discovery and quality assessment is becoming increasingly prominent. One of the critical quality attributes of mAbs is the N-glycosylation of their Fc region. Other than providing stability to the antibody, the Fc N-glycosylation influences immunoglobulin G (IgG) interactions with the Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), modulating the immune response. Over the past two decades, several studies have relied on SPR-based assays to characterize the influence of N-glycosylation upon the IgG-FcγR interactions. While these studies have unveiled key information, many conclusions are still debated in the literature. These discrepancies can be, in part, attributed to the design of the reported SPR-based assays as well as the methodology applied to SPR data analysis. In fact, the SPR biosensor best practices have evolved over the years, and several biases have been pointed out in the development of experimental SPR protocols. In parallel, newly developed algorithms and data analysis methods now allow taking into consideration complex biomolecular kinetics. In this review, we detail the use of different SPR biosensing approaches for characterizing the IgG-FcγR interactions, highlighting their merit and inherent experimental complexity. Furthermore, we review the latest SPR-derived conclusions on the influence of the N-glycosylation upon the IgG-FcγR interactions and underline the differences and similarities across the literature. Finally, we explore new avenues taking advantage of novel computational analysis of SPR results as well as the latest strategies to control the glycoprofile of mAbs during production, which could lead to a better understanding and modelling of the IgG-FcγRs interactions.
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5
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Wu J, Raba K, Guglielmi R, Behrens B, Van Dalum G, Flügen G, Koch A, Patel S, Knoefel WT, Stoecklein NH, Neves RPL. Magnetic-Based Enrichment of Rare Cells from High Concentrated Blood Samples. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E933. [PMID: 32290064 PMCID: PMC7225976 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we tested two magnetic-bead based systems for the enrichment and detection of rare tumor cells in concentrated blood products. For that, the defined numbers of cells from three pancreatic cancer cell lines were spiked in 108 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) concentrated in 1 mL, mimicking diagnostic leukapheresis (DLA) samples, and samples were processed for circulating tumor cells (CTC) enrichment with the IsoFlux or the KingFisher systems, using different types of magnetic beads from the respective technology providers. Beads were conjugated with different anti-EpCAM and MUC-1 antibodies. Recovered cells were enumerated and documented by fluorescent microscopy. For the IsoFlux system, best performance was obtained with IsoFlux CTC enrichment kit, but these beads compromised the subsequent immunofluorescence staining. For the KingFisher system, best recoveries were obtained using Dynabeads Biotin Binder beads. These beads also allowed one to capture CTCs with different antibodies and the subsequent immunofluorescence staining. KingFisher instrument allowed a single and streamlined protocol for the enrichment and staining of CTCs that further prevented cell loss at the enrichment/staining interface. Both IsoFlux and KingFisher systems allowed the enrichment of cell line cells from the mimicked-DLA samples. However, in this particular experimental setting, the recovery rates obtained with the KingFisher system were globally higher, the system was more cost-effective, and it allowed higher throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Wu
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.W.); (R.G.); (B.B.); (G.V.D.); (G.F.); (W.T.K.)
| | - Katharina Raba
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Rosa Guglielmi
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.W.); (R.G.); (B.B.); (G.V.D.); (G.F.); (W.T.K.)
| | - Bianca Behrens
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.W.); (R.G.); (B.B.); (G.V.D.); (G.F.); (W.T.K.)
| | - Guus Van Dalum
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.W.); (R.G.); (B.B.); (G.V.D.); (G.F.); (W.T.K.)
| | - Georg Flügen
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.W.); (R.G.); (B.B.); (G.V.D.); (G.F.); (W.T.K.)
| | - Andreas Koch
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Postfach 200152, Frankfurter Str. 129B, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany;
| | - Suraj Patel
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 3 Fountain Drive, Inchinnan, Renfrew PA4 9RF, UK;
| | - Wolfram T. Knoefel
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.W.); (R.G.); (B.B.); (G.V.D.); (G.F.); (W.T.K.)
| | - Nikolas H. Stoecklein
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.W.); (R.G.); (B.B.); (G.V.D.); (G.F.); (W.T.K.)
| | - Rui P. L. Neves
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.W.); (R.G.); (B.B.); (G.V.D.); (G.F.); (W.T.K.)
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6
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Mathew DG, Beekman P, Lemay SG, Zuilhof H, Le Gac S, van der Wiel WG. Electrochemical Detection of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Nanointerdigitated Electrodes. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:820-828. [PMID: 31536360 PMCID: PMC7020140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (tdEVs) are attracting much attention due to their essential function in intercellular communication and their potential as cancer biomarkers. Although tdEVs are significantly more abundant in blood than other cancer biomarkers, their concentration compared to other blood components remains relatively low. Moreover, the presence of particles in blood with a similar size as that of tdEVs makes their selective and sensitive detection further challenging. Therefore, highly sensitive and specific biosensors are required for unambiguous tdEV detection in complex biological environments, especially for decentralized point-of-care analysis. Here, we report an electrochemical sensing scheme for tdEV detection, with two-level selectivity provided by a sandwich immunoassay and two-level amplification through the combination of an enzymatic assay and redox cycling on nanointerdigitated electrodes to respectively enhance the specificity and sensitivity of the assay. Analysis of prostate cancer cell line tdEV samples at various concentrations revealed an estimated limit of detection for our assay as low as 5 tdEVs/μL, as well as an excellent linear sensor response spreading over 6 orders of magnitude (10-106 tdEVs/μL), which importantly covers the clinically relevant range for tdEV detection in blood. This novel nanosensor and associated sensing scheme opens new opportunities to detect tdEVs at clinically relevant concentrations from a single blood finger prick.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilu G. Mathew
- NanoElectronics
Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, 7500 AE The
Netherlands
| | - Pepijn Beekman
- Laboratory
for Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708WE The
Netherlands
- Applied
Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
TechMed Center, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, 7500 AE The Netherlands
| | - Serge G. Lemay
- Bioelectronics,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, 7500 AE The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory
for Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708WE The
Netherlands
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King
Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Séverine Le Gac
- Applied
Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
TechMed Center, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, 7500 AE The Netherlands
| | - Wilfred G. van der Wiel
- NanoElectronics
Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, 7500 AE The
Netherlands
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7
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Andree KC, Mentink A, Nguyen AT, Goldsteen P, van Dalum G, Broekmaat JJ, van Rijn CJM, Terstappen LWMM. Tumor cell capture from blood by flowing across antibody-coated surfaces. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1006-1012. [PMID: 30762848 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01158c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The load of circulating tumor cells (CTC) is related to poor outcomes in cancer patients. A sufficient number of these cells would enable a full characterization of the cancer. An approach to probe larger blood volumes, allowing for the detection of more of these very rare CTC, is the use of leukapheresis. Currently available techniques allow only the analysis of a small portion of leukapheresis products. Here, we present a method that uses flow rather than static conditions which allows processing of larger volumes. We evaluated the conditions needed to isolate tumor cells from blood while passing antibody coated surfaces. Results show that our set-up efficiently captures cancer cells from whole blood. Results show that the optimal velocity at which cells are captured from blood is 0.6 mm s-1. Also, it can be concluded that the VU1D9 antibody targeting the EpCAM antigen has very high capture efficiency. When using an antibody that does not capture 100% of all cells, combining multiple antibodies on the capture surface is very beneficial leading to an increase in cell capture and is therefore worthwhile considering in any cancer cell capture methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Andree
- Medical Cell Biophysics Group, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
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8
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Hendriks J, Stojanovic I, Schasfoort RBM, Saris DBF, Karperien M. Nanoparticle Enhancement Cascade for Sensitive Multiplex Measurements of Biomarkers in Complex Fluids with Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6563-6571. [PMID: 29732889 PMCID: PMC5990928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
![]()
There is a large
unmet need for reliable biomarker measurement
systems for clinical application. Such systems should meet challenging
requirements for large scale use, including a large dynamic detection
range, multiplexing capacity, and both high specificity and sensitivity.
More importantly, these requirements need to apply to complex biological
samples, which require extensive quality control. In this paper, we
present the development of an enhancement detection cascade for surface
plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi). The cascade applies an antibody
sandwich assay, followed by neutravidin and a gold nanoparticle enhancement
for quantitative biomarker measurements in small volumes of complex
fluids. We present a feasibility study both in simple buffers and
in spiked equine synovial fluid with four cytokines, IL-1β,
IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. Our enhancement cascade leads
to an antibody dependent improvement in sensitivity up to 40 000
times, resulting in a limit of detection as low as 50 fg/mL and a
dynamic detection range of more than 7 logs. Additionally, measurements
at these low concentrations are highly reliable with intra- and interassay
CVs between 2% and 20%. We subsequently showed this assay is suitable
for multiplex measurements with good specificity and limited cross-reactivity.
Moreover, we demonstrated robust detection of IL-6 and IL-1β
in spiked undiluted equine synovial fluid with small variation compared
to buffer controls. In addition, the availability of real time measurements
provides extensive quality control opportunities, essential for clinical
applications. Therefore, we consider this method is suitable for broad
application in SPRi for multiplex biomarker detection in both research
and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hendriks
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine , University of Twente , Enschede , 7522 NB , The Netherlands
| | - Ivan Stojanovic
- Medical Cell Biophysics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine , University of Twente , Enschede , 7522 NB , The Netherlands
| | - Richard B M Schasfoort
- Medical Cell Biophysics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine , University of Twente , Enschede , 7522 NB , The Netherlands
| | - Daniël B F Saris
- Department of Orthopedics , UMC Utrecht , Utrecht , 3584 CX , The Netherlands.,Department of Reconstructive Medicine, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology , University of Twente , Enschede , 7522 NB , The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine , University of Twente , Enschede , 7522 NB , The Netherlands
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9
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Conserved FcγR- glycan discriminates between fucosylated and afucosylated IgG in humans and mice. Mol Immunol 2018; 94:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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Bloemendaal FM, Levin AD, Wildenberg ME, Koelink PJ, McRae BL, Salfeld J, Lum J, van der Neut Kolfschoten M, Claassens JW, Visser R, Bentlage A, D'Haens GRAM, Verbeek JS, Vidarsson G, van den Brink GR. Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor With a Glyco-Engineered Fc-Region Has Increased Efficacy in Mice With Colitis. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:1351-1362.e4. [PMID: 28756234 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Although tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists reduce many clinical features of inflammatory bowel disease, complete mucosal healing occurs in fewer than 50% of patients. The Fc-region of monoclonal antibodies against TNF has immunosuppressive properties via effects on macrophage polarization. We examined the interaction between the anti-TNF Fc-region and Fcγ receptors (FcγR), and whether the absence of the Fc core fucose (which increases binding to FcγRIIIa) increases the efficacy of anti-TNF in mice with colitis. METHODS We generated Rag1-/- mice that lack all activating FcγRs (FcγRI, FcγRIII, and FcγRIV; called FcγR-/-Rag1-/- mice). We produced hypo-fucosylated antibodies against mouse and human TNF (adalimumab). Colitis was induced in mice by transfer of CD4+CD45RBhi to FcγR-/-Rag1-/- or Rag1-/- littermates; mice were given different antibodies against TNF or isotype (control) antibodies and disease activity index scores were determined. Colon tissues were collected and analyzed by histology. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from blood of healthy donors. T-cell proliferation and proportions of CD206+ (immune regulatory) macrophages were measured in mixed lymphocyte reactions. Human PBMCs were genotyped for FCGR3A158 (the FcγRIIIa-158F allotype displays a lower Fc binding affinity) using the TaqMan single nucleotide polymorphism genotype assay. RESULTS Rag1-/- mice with colitis given anti-TNF had near complete mucosal healing and Rag1-/- mice given an isotype control antibody developed severe colitis. In contrast, FcγR-/-Rag1-/- mice were refractory to the effects of anti-TNF: their histological colitis scores were as severe as those from FcγR-/-Rag1-/- mice given a control antibody. Colons from Rag1-/- mice that received anti-TNF had an increased number of CD206+ macrophages compared with Rag1-/- mice given control antibody; in FcγR-/-Rag1-/- mice given anti-TNF these numbers were as low as FcγR-/-Rag1-/- given the control antibody. In human PBMCs, anti-TNF increased the number of CD206+ macrophages: this required expression of FcγRIIIa; numbers of these cells were reduced in PBMCs with the low-affinity FcγRIIIa-158F genotype. A hypo-fucosylated form of adalimumab bound human FcγRIIIa with a higher affinity than control adalimumab. When hypo-fucosylated adalimumab was added to PBMCs, a larger number of CD206+ macrophages formed and T-cell proliferation was reduced, compared with addition of a control adalimumab. Hypo-fucosylated adalimumab increased the number of CD206+ macrophages in PMBCs that expressed the low-affinity FcγRIIIa. In mice with colitis, hypo-fucosylated anti-TNF significantly increased the number of CD206+ macrophages in the colon compared with control anti-TNF and was more effective in reducing colitis severity as measured by histology. CONCLUSIONS In a study of the in vitro and in vivo mechanisms of anti-TNF, we found FcγR engagement by anti-TNF to be required for reduction of colitis in mice and development of CD206+ macrophages. A hypo-fucosylated form of anti-TNF binds FcγRIIIa with higher affinity and induces development of CD206+ macrophages in human PBMCs, especially PBMCs that express low-affinity FcγRIIIa. Hypo-fucosylated anti-TNF might be more effective in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia M Bloemendaal
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alon D Levin
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manon E Wildenberg
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim J Koelink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jenifer Lum
- Janssen Prevention Center, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jill W Claassens
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Visser
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur Bentlage
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert R A M D'Haens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs R van den Brink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Center, Stevenage, United Kingdom.
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11
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Dekkers G, Treffers L, Plomp R, Bentlage AEH, de Boer M, Koeleman CAM, Lissenberg-Thunnissen SN, Visser R, Brouwer M, Mok JY, Matlung H, van den Berg TK, van Esch WJE, Kuijpers TW, Wouters D, Rispens T, Wuhrer M, Vidarsson G. Decoding the Human Immunoglobulin G-Glycan Repertoire Reveals a Spectrum of Fc-Receptor- and Complement-Mediated-Effector Activities. Front Immunol 2017; 8:877. [PMID: 28824618 PMCID: PMC5539844 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of the immunoglobulin G (IgG)-Fc tail is required for binding to Fc-gamma receptors (FcγRs) and complement-component C1q. A variety of IgG1-glycoforms is detected in human sera. Several groups have found global or antigen-specific skewing of IgG glycosylation, for example in autoimmune diseases, viral infections, and alloimmune reactions. The IgG glycoprofiles seem to correlate with disease outcome. Additionally, IgG-glycan composition contributes significantly to Ig-based therapies, as for example IVIg in autoimmune diseases and therapeutic antibodies for cancer treatment. The effect of the different glycan modifications, especially of fucosylation, has been studied before. However, the contribution of the 20 individual IgG glycoforms, in which the combined effect of all 4 modifications, to the IgG function has never been investigated. Here, we combined six glyco-engineering methods to generate all 20 major human IgG1-glycoforms and screened their functional capacity for FcγR and complement activity. Bisection had no effect on FcγR or C1q-binding, and sialylation had no- or little effect on FcγR binding. We confirmed that hypo-fucosylation of IgG1 increased binding to FcγRIIIa and FcγRIIIb by ~17-fold, but in addition we showed that this effect could be further increased to ~40-fold for FcγRIIIa upon simultaneous hypo-fucosylation and hyper-galactosylation, resulting in enhanced NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Moreover, elevated galactosylation and sialylation significantly increased (independent of fucosylation) C1q-binding, downstream complement deposition, and cytotoxicity. In conclusion, fucosylation and galactosylation are primary mediators of functional changes in IgG for FcγR- and complement-mediated effector functions, respectively, with galactose having an auxiliary role for FcγRIII-mediated functions. This knowledge could be used not only for glycan profiling of clinically important (antigen-specific) IgG but also to optimize therapeutic antibody applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Dekkers
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Louise Treffers
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Blood Cell Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rosina Plomp
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Arthur E H Bentlage
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marcella de Boer
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carolien A M Koeleman
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Suzanne N Lissenberg-Thunnissen
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Remco Visser
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mieke Brouwer
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Immunopathology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Hanke Matlung
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Blood Cell Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Timo K van den Berg
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Blood Cell Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Blood Cell Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Diana Wouters
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Immunopathology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Immunopathology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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12
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Bruggeman CW, Dekkers G, Bentlage AEH, Treffers LW, Nagelkerke SQ, Lissenberg-Thunnissen S, Koeleman CAM, Wuhrer M, van den Berg TK, Rispens T, Vidarsson G, Kuijpers TW. Enhanced Effector Functions Due to Antibody Defucosylation Depend on the Effector Cell Fcγ Receptor Profile. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:204-211. [PMID: 28566370 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Abs of the IgG isotype are glycosylated in their Fc domain at a conserved asparagine at position 297. Removal of the core fucose of this glycan greatly increases the affinity for FcγRIII, resulting in enhanced FcγRIII-mediated effector functions. Normal plasma IgG contains ∼94% fucosylated Abs, but alloantibodies against, for example, Rhesus D (RhD) and platelet Ags frequently have reduced fucosylation that enhances their pathogenicity. The increased FcγRIII-mediated effector functions have been put to use in various afucosylated therapeutic Abs in anticancer treatment. To test the functional consequences of Ab fucosylation, we produced V-gene-matched recombinant anti-RhD IgG Abs of the four different subclasses (IgG1-4) with and without core fucose (i.e., 20% fucose remaining). Binding to all human FcγR types and their functional isoforms was assessed with surface plasmon resonance. All hypofucosylated anti-RhD IgGs of all IgG subclasses indeed showed enhanced binding affinity for isolated FcγRIII isoforms, without affecting binding affinity to other FcγRs. In contrast, when testing hypofucosylated anti-RhD Abs with FcγRIIIa-expressing NK cells, a 12- and 7-fold increased erythrocyte lysis was observed with the IgG1 and IgG3, respectively, but no increase with IgG2 and IgG4 anti-RhD Abs. Notably, none of the hypofucosylated IgGs enhanced effector function of macrophages, which, in contrast to NK cells, express a complex set of FcγRs, including FcγRIIIa. Our data suggest that the beneficial effects of afucosylated biologicals for clinical use can be particularly anticipated when there is a substantial involvement of FcγRIIIa-expressing cells, such as NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine W Bruggeman
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
| | - Gillian Dekkers
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur E H Bentlage
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Louise W Treffers
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sietse Q Nagelkerke
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Lissenberg-Thunnissen
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carolien A M Koeleman
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Timo K van den Berg
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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13
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Dekkers G, Bentlage AEH, Stegmann TC, Howie HL, Lissenberg-Thunnissen S, Zimring J, Rispens T, Vidarsson G. Affinity of human IgG subclasses to mouse Fc gamma receptors. MAbs 2017; 9:767-773. [PMID: 28463043 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1323159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human IgG is the main antibody class used in antibody therapies because of its efficacy and longer half-life, which are completely or partly due to FcγR-mediated functions of the molecules. Preclinical testing in mouse models are frequently performed using human IgG, but no detailed information on binding of human IgG to mouse FcγRs is available. The orthologous mouse and human FcγRs share roughly 60-70% identity, suggesting some incompatibility. Here, we report binding affinities of all mouse and human IgG subclasses to mouse FcγR. Human IgGs bound to mouse FcγR with remarkably similar binding strengths as we know from binding to human ortholog receptors, with relative affinities IgG3>IgG1>IgG4>IgG2 and FcγRI>>FcγRIV>FcγRIII>FcγRIIb. This suggests human IgG subclasses to have similar relative FcγR-mediated biological activities in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Dekkers
- a Department of Experimental Immunohematology , Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Arthur E H Bentlage
- a Department of Experimental Immunohematology , Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Tamara C Stegmann
- a Department of Experimental Immunohematology , Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Heather L Howie
- b Department of Transfusion Medicine , Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute , Seattle , Washington , USA
| | - Suzanne Lissenberg-Thunnissen
- a Department of Experimental Immunohematology , Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - James Zimring
- b Department of Transfusion Medicine , Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute , Seattle , Washington , USA
| | - Theo Rispens
- c Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- a Department of Experimental Immunohematology , Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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14
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Modeling single cell antibody excretion on a biosensor. Anal Biochem 2016; 504:1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Andree KC, Barradas AMC, Nguyen AT, Mentink A, Stojanovic I, Baggerman J, van Dalum J, van Rijn CJM, Terstappen LWMM. Capture of Tumor Cells on Anti-EpCAM-Functionalized Poly(acrylic acid)-Coated Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:14349-56. [PMID: 27187784 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The presence of tumor cells in blood is predictive of short survival in several cancers and their isolation and characterization can guide toward the use of more effective treatments. These circulating tumor cells (CTC) are, however, extremely rare and require a technology that is sufficiently sensitive and specific to identify CTC against a background of billions of blood cells. Immuno-capture of cells expressing the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) are frequently used to enrich CTC from blood. The choice of bio conjugation strategy and antibody clone is crucial for adequate cell capture but is poorly understood. In this study, we determined the binding affinity constants and epitope binding of the EpCAM antibodies VU1D-9, HO-3, EpAb3-5, and MJ-37 by surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi). Glass surfaces were coated using a poly(acrylic acid) based coating and functionalized with anti-EpCAM antibodies. Binding of cells from the breast carcinoma cell line (SKBR-3) to the functionalized surfaces were compared. Although EpAb3-5 displayed the highest binding affinity HO-3 captured the highest amount of cells. Hence we report differences in the performance of the different antibodies and more importantly that the choice of antibody to capture CTC should be based on multiple assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiki C Andree
- Medical Cell Biophysics Group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente , 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ana M C Barradas
- Medical Cell Biophysics Group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente , 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ai T Nguyen
- Aquamarijn Micro Filtration BV , IJsselkade 7, 7201 HB Zutphen, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Mentink
- Medical Cell Biophysics Group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente , 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ivan Stojanovic
- Medical Cell Biophysics Group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente , 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob Baggerman
- Aquamarijn Micro Filtration BV , IJsselkade 7, 7201 HB Zutphen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost van Dalum
- Medical Cell Biophysics Group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente , 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Cees J M van Rijn
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leon W M M Terstappen
- Medical Cell Biophysics Group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente , 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
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16
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Sankaran S, Stojanovic I, Barendregt A, Heck AJ, Schasfoort RB, Jonkheijm P. Scaffolding of Cystine-Stabilized Miniproteins. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shrikrishnan Sankaran
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
- Bioinspired Molecular Engineering Laboratory; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Ivan Stojanovic
- Medical Cell BioPhysics Group; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Barendregt
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Albert J.R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Richard B.M. Schasfoort
- Medical Cell BioPhysics Group; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
- IBIS Technologies; 7521 PR Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Jonkheijm
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
- Bioinspired Molecular Engineering Laboratory; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
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