Higher incidence of metabolic syndrome components in vitiligo patients: a prospective cross-sectional study

Clinical patterns of vitiligo in Japan: A descriptive study using the JMDC claims database

Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune disorder that profoundly impacts patients' quality of life. Real-world data on vitiligo in Japan are limited. This descriptive, cross-sectional study used a claims database to evaluate vitiligo prevalence, patient demographics, treatments, and comorbidities in Japanese patients with vitiligo. Patients with claims for a vitiligo diagnosis in the JMDC database from January 2010 to December 2022 were included. Annual vitiligo prevalence, comorbidities, treatments, and medical facility visits were analyzed. Of 16 947 087 patients in the database during the 13-year analysis period, a total of 26 358 patients (0.16%, 95% confidence interval 0.15-0.16) had a diagnosis of vitiligo. The standardized prevalence of vitiligo by sex and age in Japan remained generally consistent between 2010 (0.051%) and 2022 (0.056%). Atopic dermatitis was the most prevalent comorbidity. Comorbid atopic dermatitis prevalence increased between 2010 (21.8%) and 2022 (34.0%), and was highest among children aged 5-9 years. Other common comorbidities in 2022 included hypertension (10.4%), dyslipidemia (8.0%), anxiety disorder (7.4%), and psoriasis (7.0%). Topical corticosteroids were the most commonly used treatment throughout the period analyzed. Between 2010 and 2022, topical corticosteroid use decreased from 75.1% to 66.9%, and the use of narrowband ultraviolet B procedures increased from 19.2% to 28.1%. Mean duration of care was 12.9 months (standard deviation 20.5 months) and the median total number of outpatient medical facility visits was 3.0 (interquartile range 1.0-12.0). Key limitations include age and occupational biases in the JMDC database and potential misclassification of comorbidities due to off-label treatment coding. Despite limitations in using a claims database, this study demonstrates consistent vitiligo prevalence in Japan, a high comorbidity burden, and evolving treatment patterns. Findings may guide clinical practice and treatment guidelines to improve management of vitiligo in Japanese patients.

Metabolic anomalies in vitiligo: a new frontier for drug repurposing strategies

Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune condition characterized by the destruction of melanocytes, leading to patchy loss of skin depigmentation. Although its precise cause remains unclear, recent evidence suggests that metabolic disturbances, particularly oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Oxidative stress is thought to damage melanocytes and trigger inflammatory responses, culminating in melanocyte immune-mediate destruction. Additionally, patients with vitiligo often exhibit extra-cutaneous metabolic abnormalities such as abnormal glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, high fasting plasma glucose levels, high blood pressure, out of range C-peptide and low biological antioxidant capacity, suggesting a potential link between metabolic impairment and vitiligo development. This implies that the loss of functional melanocytes mirrors a more general systemic targetable dysfunction. Notably, therapies targeting metabolic pathways, particularly those involving mitochondrial metabolism, such as the peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists, are currently being investigated as potential treatments for vitiligo. PPARγ activation restores mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial DNA copy number and, consequently, ATP production. Moreover, PPARγ agonists counteract oxidative stress, reduce inflammation, inhibit apoptosis, and maintain fatty acid metabolism, in addition to the well-known capability to enhance insulin sensitivity. Additionally, increasing evidence of a strong relationship between metabolic alterations and vitiligo pathogenesis suggests a role for other approved anti-diabetic treatments, like metformin and fibrates, in vitiligo treatment. Taken together, these data support the use of approaches alternative to traditional immune-suppressive treatments for the treatment of vitiligo.

Identifying potential biomarkers and molecular mechanisms related to arachidonic acid metabolism in vitiligo

Background

Numerous studies have reported that dysregulation of fatty acid metabolic pathways is associated with the pathogenesis of vitiligo, in which arachidonic acid metabolism (AAM) plays an important role. However, the molecular mechanisms of AAM in the pathogenesis of vitiligo have not been clarified. Therefore, we aimed to identify the biomarkers and molecular mechanisms associated with AAM in vitiligo using bioinformatics methods.

Methods

The GSE75819 and GSE65127 datasets were used in this study as the training and validation sets, respectively, along with 58 AAM-related genes (AAM-RGs). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the lesional and control groups in the training set were identified through differential expression analysis. A biomarker-based nomogram was constructed to predict the risk of vitiligo.

Results

15 overlapping candidate genes were obtained between the DEGs and AAM-RGs. Machine-learning algorithms were used to identify six key genes as PTGDS, PNPLA8, FAAH, ABHD12, PTGS1, and MGLL. In both the training and validation sets, PTGDS, PNPLA8, and MGLL. In both the training and validation sets, PTGDS, PNPLA8, and MGLL were regarded as biomarkers. A nomogram based on these biomarkers showed potential for predicting the risk of vitiligo. Functional enrichment, immune cell infiltration, and regulatory network analyses were used to elucidate the molecular mechanisms.

Conclusion

In conclusion, PTGDS, PNPLA8, and MGLL were implicated in AAM to influence the pathogenesis of vitiligo. These findings offer insights into vitiligo treatment, although further research is needed for a comprehensive understanding.

Focusing on the Dark Side of the Moon: Involvement of the Nonlesional Skin in Vitiligo

Research over the last decade has revealed that the normally pigmented skin of patients with vitiligo is not normal at all, as evidenced by alterations in cutaneous morphology and modifications in cellular and metabolic functions that ultimately drive immune activation against melanocytes. Furthermore, nonlesional skin is in a state of subclinical inflammation until triggered by internal and/or external exposomal events. Therefore, targeting early processes that drive immune dysregulation in normally pigmented skin may avoid or reduce melanocyte loss. Thus, shifting the focus to nonlesional skin may prevent the appearance of clinical manifestations of the disease rather than treating the lesions.

Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in patients with vitiligo: an analysis of current evidence

OBJECTIVE

The relationship between vitiligo and cardiovascular diseases remains controversial. This study aimed to systematically review the evidence comparing cardiovascular disease risk factors between patients with vitiligo and controls and to perform a meta-analysis of the results.

DATA SOURCES

A comprehensive database search was performed for all studies in PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register databases from inception to November, 2023. The main keywords used were vitiligo, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome, obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, C-reactive protein, and homocysteine.

STUDY SELECTION

Only observational studies and no randomized controlled trials were included. Of the 1269 studies initially selected, the full texts of 108 were assessed for eligibility, and 74 were ultimately included in the analysis.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS

Three reviewers independently extracted the following data: study design, number and characteristics of participants, inclusion indicators, and disease duration. A meta-analysis of the single-group rates was performed for the diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obesity groups. Random-effects or fixed-effects models were used to calculate the sample-size weighted averages for the indicators included in the studies.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

The primary outcomes were co-morbidity analysis and co-morbidity rates of vitiligo with metabolic syndrome, obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Secondary outcomes were factors associated with vitiligo and cardiovascular disease.

RESULTS

This meta-analysis concluded that comorbidities in patients with vitiligo included metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension, with comorbidity rates of 28.3%, 6.0%, 38.5%, 43.0%, and 15.8%, respectively. Simultaneously, we showed that the vitiligo group differed significantly from the control group in the following aspects: fasting blood glucose, insulin, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, homocysteine, C-reactive protein, smoking, and alcohol consumption. However, no significant differences were observed between the vitiligo and control groups in terms of waist circumference, body mass index, or phospholipid levels.

LIMITATIONS

The vast majority of the studies were from Eastern countries; therefore, extrapolation of these results to Western populations is questionable. The significant heterogeneity may be due to different protocols, doses, durations, center settings, population registries, etc., which severely compromise the validity of the results.

CONCLUSION

This study summarized not only the factors associated with, but also those not associated with, cardiovascular disease in patients with vitiligo. This study provides a foundation for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease in patients with vitiligo.

Exploring the Role of Adipose Tissue Dysregulation in Vitiligo Pathogenesis: A Body Composition Analysis

Vitiligo is a commonly acquired pigmentary disease characterized by the progressive destruction of melanocytes. The role of adipose tissue in vitiligo remains unclear. To investigate the role of adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of vitiligo, 50 patients newly diagnosed with vitiligo and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled, and fat mass and distribution using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and serum adipokine levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were assessed. The trunk and whole-body fat mass and the trunk/limb fat mass ratio were significantly higher in patients with vitiligo. Higher leptin and resistin levels and lower adiponectin levels were observed. Positive correlation of the trunk fat mass index with vitiligo area scoring index scores (r = 0.38, p = 0.0071) was found. Additionally, plasma adiponectin levels were negatively correlated with vitiligo disease activity scores (r = -0.307, p < 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the percentage of limb lean tissue mass, trunk/limb fat mass ratio, and serum adipokine levels achieved a high area under the curve score for distinguishing patients with vitiligo from healthy controls. In conclusion, the incidence of central obesity and adipokine dysregulation was higher in patients with vitiligo. The potential role of adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of vitiligo should be emphasized.

Healthy lifestyle choices: new insights into vitiligo management

Background

The treatment of vitiligo is complex, and providing guidance based on lifestyle habits is a good option that has not been summarized or analyzed.

Objective

To elucidate the relationship between vitiligo and lifestyle factors.

Methods

Four databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and China National Knowledge Internet) were searched for articles published between 1980 and December 2022. Keywords such as smoking, drinking, exercise, diet, and sleep were used.

Results

Based on the search strategy, 875 relevant studies were retrieved, and 73 were included in this study, of which 41 studies with 8,542 patients with vitiligo were included in the meta-analysis. Vitamin C [mean difference (MD), -0.342; 95% confidence interval (CI), -1.090-0.407; p >0.05), folic acid (MD, -1.463; 95% CI, -7.133-4.208; p >0.05), and selenium (MD, 0.350; 95% CI, -0.687-1.387; p >0.05) levels did not differ between the groups. Vitamin E (MD, -1.408; 95% CI, -2.611--0.206; p <0.05), vitamin B12 (MD, -0.951; 95% CI, -1.672--0.275; p <0.05), copper (MD, -0.719; 95% CI, -1.185--0.252, p <0.005), and zinc (MD, -0.642; 95% CI, -0.731--0.554; p <0.001) levels were lower in the vitiligo group than in the control group. The serum iron level of the vitiligo group was significantly higher than that of the control group (MD, 1.181; 95% CI, 0.390-1.972; p <0.005). Finally, more participants in the vitiligo group smoked and drank alcohol than those in the control group.

Limitations

Most studies are from Eastern countries; thus, extrapolating these results to Western populations is questionable. The significant heterogeneity may be attributed to the different stages, types, duration, center settings, population registries, etc., which seriously impair the validity of the results.

Conclusions

Patients with vitiligo should reduce smoking and alcohol consumption and take appropriate vitamin E, B12, copper, and zinc supplements. However, vitamin C, vitamin D, selenium, iron, and folic acid supplements are unnecessary. Moreover, they should consider sun protection and avoid permanent hair dye use. Patients with vitiligo may experience sleep disturbances and sexual dysfunction, and these patients should seek help from a specialist if necessary.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#recordDetails, identifier CRD42023480757.

Laboratory and clinical haemostatic aberrations in primary dermatologic disease: A review

Inflammatory dermatologic diseases have long been viewed as a "skin limited" disease process. Current literature on inflammatory dermatologic diseases investigates their relationship and influence on thromboembolic states and thromboembolic complications and the understanding of their pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms.Studies specifically discuss known inflammatory skin diseases including alopecia areata, vitiligo, psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, atopic dermatitis, chronic spontaneous urticaria, and autoimmune bullous diseases, and their effects on systemic inflammation, associated cardiovascular comorbidities, and thromboembolic or hypercoagulable states. The limited current literature shows potential for links between inflammatory skin diseases and hypercoagulable states. Biomarkers such as F1 + 2, D-dimer, eosinophilic cationic protein, and PAI-1 are currently being studied to outline the mechanisms connecting inflammatory skin disease to the coagulation system. Further study and larger amounts of data are needed to draw definitive conclusions, especially when interpreting biomarkers alone such as PAI-1.The mechanisms, rates of systemic inflammation, and clinical outcomes of traditionally "skin limited" inflammatory diseases remain chronically understudied in dermatology. Many organ systems have well established connections between inflammatory disease and hypercoagulable states, but there are significant gaps in the literature regarding skin diseases. There is a significant need for comprehensive investigation of molecular mechanisms behind inflammatory dermatologic disease and hypercoagulability, how hypercoagulability effects clinical outcomes, and proper intervention to optimize patient outcomes.

Markers of Metabolic Abnormalities in Vitiligo Patients

While vitiligo is primarily caused by melanocyte deficiency or dysfunction, recent studies have revealed a notable prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among patients with vitiligo. This suggests shared pathogenic features between the two conditions. Individuals with vitiligo often exhibit variations in triglyceride levels, cholesterol, and blood pressure, which are also affected in MetS. Given the similarities in their underlying mechanisms, genetic factors, pro-inflammatory signalling pathways, and increased oxidative stress, this study aims to highlight the common traits between vitiligo and metabolic systemic disorders. Serum analyses confirmed increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in patients with vitiligo, compared to physiological values. In addition, we reported significant decreases in folate and vitamin D (Vit D) levels. Oxidative stress is one of the underlying causes of the development of metabolic syndromes and is related to the advancement of skin diseases. This study found high levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and chemokine 10 (CXCL10), which are markers of inflammation and disease progression. The accumulation of insulin growth factor binding proteins 5 (IGFBP5) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) entailed in atherosclerosis and diabetes onset, respectively, were also disclosed in vitiligo. In addition, the blood-associated activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (Cat) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was impaired. Moreover, the plasma fatty acid (FAs) profile analysis showed an alteration in composition and specific estimated activities of FAs biosynthetic enzymes resembling MetS development, resulting in an imbalance towards pro-inflammatory n6-series FAs. These results revealed a systemic metabolic alteration in vitiligo patients that could be considered a new target for developing a more effective therapeutic approach.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Vitiligo Patients and its Relation to Vitiligo Severity - A Cross-Sectional Study

Background

In vitiligo, there is a significant decrease in melanocytes and melanin. The decrease in melanin causes oxidative stress, with a chance of causing metabolic syndrome. Hence, there is a need to look for metabolic syndrome in vitiligo.

Aim and Objectives

To estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in vitiligo patients and to evaluate the relationship between the severity and progression of vitiligo and metabolic syndrome.

Materials and Methods

A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 178 vitiligo cases and 178 controls who were age- and sex-matched. The type of vitiligo, stability by vitiligo disease activity score (VIDA), and severity by vitiligo area severity index (VASI) were noted. The waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting lipid profile, and fasting blood sugar were measured for cases and controls. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed based on Harmonization Asian criteria.

Results

The mean age in cases was 34.38 years, and in controls, it was 35.67 years. The majority were females in both cases (52.2%) and controls (55.6%). Most have a VIDA score of 2+ (41.6%). The mean VASI score was 2.54. The percentage of metabolic syndrome was higher in cases (36%) compared to controls (24.2%) (P = 0.015). The mean age was lower in vitiligo cases with metabolic syndrome (38.83 years) compared to controls with metabolic syndrome (43.14 years). Metabolic syndrome was more frequent in the vitiligo vulgaris type (48.9%) than in acral and segmental vitiligo. Metabolic syndrome was more common in patients with high VIDA (45%) and VASI (52.3%) scores compared to patients with low VIDA (25%) and VASI (27.3%) scores.

Limitation

It is a hospital-based study, so controls were not from the general population.

Conclusion

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in vitiligo patients compared to controls, and it was higher in patients with active and severe disease. Screening and close monitoring of vitiligo patients help in the early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Roles of blood metabolites in mediating the relationship between vitiligo and autoimmune diseases: Evidence from a Mendelian randomization study

OBJECTIVE

This study employed Mendelian Randomization (MR) to investigate the causal relationship between genetic susceptibility to vitiligo and the risk of various autoimmune diseases, along with the mediating role of blood metabolites.

METHODS

We performed two-sample MR analyses using aggregated genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data on 486 blood metabolites, vitiligo, and nine autoimmune diseases to investigate blood metabolites' causal effects on the susceptibility of vitiligo and the associations of vitiligo with nine autoimmune comorbidities. We also applied multivariable MR to unravel metabolites by which vitiligo influences the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.

RESULTS

Our findings indicate that vitiligo amplified the risk of several autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (OR 1.17; 95 % CI 1.08-1.27), psoriasis (OR 1.10; 95 % CI 1.04-1.17), type 1 diabetes (OR 1.41; 95 % CI 1.23-1.63), pernicious anemia (OR 1.23; 95 % CI 1.12-1.36), autoimmune hypothyroidism (OR 1.19; 95 % CI 1.11-1.26), alopecia areata (OR 1.22; 95 % CI 1.10-1.35), and autoimmune Addison's disease (OR 1.22; 95 % CI 1.12-1.33). Additionally, our analysis identified correlations with vitiligo for 14 known (nine risk, five protective) and seven uncharacterized serum metabolites. After adjusting for genetically predicted levels of histidine and pyruvate, the associations between vitiligo and these diseases were attenuated.

CONCLUSIONS

We substantiated vitiligo's influence on susceptibility to seven autoimmune diseases and conducted a thorough investigation of serum metabolites correlated with vitiligo. Histidine and pyruvate are potential mediators of vitiligo associated with autoimmune diseases.By combining metabolomics with genomics, we provide new perspectives on the etiology of vitiligo and its immune comorbidities.

Dietary habits in adult Japanese patients with vitiligo

Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin disease with acquired depigmentation. Dietary habits may modulate the pathogenesis of vitiligo. We evaluated dietary habits in adult Japanese patients with nonsegmental vitiligo, and compared their results with those of age- and sex-matched controls. We also examined the relationship between dietary habits and Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI), or vitiligo on different anatomical sites. The intakes of energy, nutrients, and foods in the participants were analyzed using a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. Patients with vitiligo showed higher body mass index (BMI) and lower intakes of manganese, vitamin D, pulses, and confection, compared with controls. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that vitiligo was associated with high BMI. VASI was higher in males than in females, and negatively correlated with age or intakes of potatoes and vegetables other than green/yellow vegetables. Linear multivariate regression analysis showed that high VASI was associated with younger age. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that moderate to severe vitiligo (VASI ≥ 4.25) was associated with male sex and longer disease duration. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed the following association with vitiligo on respective anatomical sites: high intake of eggs and dairy products and high VASI on the head or neck, high intake of oils and fats and high VASI on the trunk, high intake of cereals and high VASI on the upper limbs, male sex and high VASI on the lower limbs, and high BMI and high VASI on the hands or feet. In conclusion, the control of obesity might have prophylactic or therapeutic effects on vitiligo.

Circadian clock gene expression and polymorphism in non-segmental vitiligo

BACKGROUND

Vitiligo is an acquired and progressive mucocutaneous disease with the damage of functioning epidermal melanocytes. Metabolic syndrome is associated with inflammatory skin diseases incorporating vitiligo. The circadian dysfunction triggers the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, so our study aimed to determine the relationship between aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like gene, a ligand-activated transcription factor and sensor of environmental chemicals, expression and polymorphism with non-segmental vitiligo, as well as its effect on lipid profile.

METHODS

This case-control study was handled on 50 non-segmental vitiligo patients (generalized (12) and localized type (focal; 24 and acrofacial; 14)) and 50 matched controls. Each subject was proposed for full history taking, clinical examinations, serum lipid profile, and measurement of BMAL1 gene expression in the blood, and BMAL1 rs2279287 polymorphism of DNA extract from whole blood by real time-PCR.

RESULTS

We identified that total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein were significantly higher, but high-density lipoprotein was significantly lower in non-segmental vitiligo patients than in the control group. A significant increase in circadian gene expression in non-segmental vitiligo patients was observed, with more detection of the BMAL1 T/C genotype (92%) than the T/T genotype. There was a significant positive relationship between the level of the circadian gene and the vitiligo patient's age, age of onset, and VIDA Score. The level of the circadian gene at Cutoff  ≥ 1.16 can predict the prognosis of vitiligo with a sensitivity of 78%, specificity of 84%, and accuracy of 81%.

CONCLUSION

The circadian gene has an active role in the progress of non-segmental vitiligo and targeting this gene could have a significant impact on its management.

Bibliometric evaluation of Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia (2013-2022)

The Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia, published since 1925, is the most influential dermatological journal in Latin America, indexed in the main international bibliographic databases, and occupies the 50th position among the 70 dermatological journals indexed in the Journal of Citations Reports, in 2022. In this article, the authors present a critical analysis of its trajectory in the last decade and compare its main bibliometric indices with Brazilian medical and international dermatological journals. The journal showed consistent growth in different bibliometric indices, which indicates a successful editorial policy and greater visibility in the international scientific community, attracting foreign authors. The increases in citations received (4.1×) and in the Article Influence Score (2.9×) were more prominent than those of the main Brazilian medical and international dermatological journals. The success of Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia in the international scientific scenario depends on an assertive editorial policy, on promptly publication of high-quality articles, and on institutional stimulus to encourage clinical research in dermatology.

Vitiligo and insulin resistance as a component of metabolic syndrome: an analysis

There have been many studies on the association between vitiligo and metabolic syndrome, while only few scientific papers on vitiligo and insulin resistance. In recent years, there have been significant developments in research to trace and understand the aetiology of both conditions. In this article we have analysed pathophysiological mechanisms and the association of insulin resistance (as a component of metabolic syndrome) and vitiligo.

Beyond skin white spots: Vitiligo and associated comorbidities

Vitiligo is a common depigmentation disorder of an unknown origin characterized by the selective loss of melanocytes, resulting in typical white macules and patches. However, vitiligo is now recognized as more than just a skin disease, what a dermatologist observes as a white spot of skin is just the "tip of the iceberg" of the condition. We attempt to clarify the classification of comorbidities associated with vitiligo from various reviews and reports, and describe their possible pathogenesis. In conclusion, the literature provides evidence of an association between vitiligo and ocular and auditory abnormalities, autoimmune disorders, other dermatological diseases, metabolic syndrome and related disorders, and psychological diseases. These associations highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in managing vitiligo patients.

Leptin deficiency in CD8+ T cells ameliorates non-segmental vitiligo by reducing interferon-γ and Granzyme B

Background

Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin disease mainly mediated by CD8⁺ T cells, which affects about 0.1%-2% population of the world. Leptin plays a critical role in regulating the activation of CD8⁺ T cells. However, the effect of Leptin on vitiligo remains unclear.

Objectives

To explore the effect of leptin on CD8⁺ T cells and its influence on vitiligo.

Methods

RNA sequencing and Quantitative Real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) were used to explore the differentially expressed genes. Immunofluorescence staining was performed on skin lesions. Leptin in serum was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The peripheral blood mononuclear cells were detected by flow cytometry after leptin stimulation for 72 hours. A vitiligo model was established by monobenzone on Leptin KO mice.

Results

557 differentially expressed genes were found, including 154 up-regulated and 403 down-regulated genes. Lipid metabolism pathways showed a close relationship to the pathogenesis of vitiligo, especially the PPAR signaling pathway. RT-qPCR (p = 0.013) and immunofluorescence staining (p = 0.0053) verified that LEPR expressed significantly higher in vitiligo. The serum leptin level of vitiligo patients was significantly lower than that of healthy controls (p = 0.0245). The interferon-γ subset of CD8⁺LEPR⁺ T cells from vitiligo patients was significantly higher (p = 0.0189). The protein level of interferon-γ was significantly increased after leptin stimulation in vitro (p = 0.0217). In mice, Leptin deficiency resulted in less severe hair depigmentation. Leptin deficiency also resulted in significantly lower expressed vitiligo-related genes, such as Cxcl9 (p = 0.0497), Gzmb (p < 0.001), Ifng (p = 0.0159), and Mx1 (p < 0.001) after modeling.

Conclusion

Leptin could promote the progression of vitiligo by enhancing the cytotoxic function of CD8⁺ T cells. Leptin may become a new target for vitiligo treatment.

Simvastatin and non-segmental vitiligo: A new potential treatment option?

There is a paucity of data about the impact of systemic statins on vitiliginous lesions in non-segmental vitiligo (NSV) patients. To the best of our knowledge, no other studies have considered the correlation between lipid disturbances in vitiligo and vitiligo disease activity (VIDA) score. We sought in this study to evaluate the influence of simvastatin on vitiliginous lesions in NSV patients with dyslipidemia and study the correlation between VIDA score and lipid profile. This clinical trial started with 120 patients with NSV, 79 patients had dyslipidemia and received simvastatin 80 mg daily (till normalization of lipid profile or for 4 months, which came first) and only 63 patients continued till the end of the study. Lipid profile, vitiligo area severity index and VIDA were assessed before and 6 months after the end of simvastatin use. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein, and LDL/HDL ratio showed statistically significant increases in the NSV than in the control group (p ˂ 0.001). There was a statistically significant positive correlation between VIDA and serum levels of TC and LDL and with LDL/HDL ratio. Simvastatin significantly improved the lipid profile and significantly decreased VIDA (p < 0.011). Negative moderate correlation was found between the decrease in VIDA and duration of disease (r = -0.562, p < 0.001). Simvastatin 80 mg daily could be a helpful treatment for NSV patients with dyslipidemia, controlling the vitiligo activity and protecting against the hazardous effects of dyslipidemia. Better results can be obtained in patients with short duration of the disease.

Comorbidities in Patients with Vitiligo: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Vitiligo has been reported to be associated with a variety of diseases, but it has not been systematically reviewed. Therefore, we aimed to identify prevalent diseases in patients with vitiligo and quantify their associations compared with those in healthy controls. A comprehensive search of MEDLINE and EMBASE from the inception to June 2022 was conducted. Observational studies on prevalent diseases in patients with vitiligo compared with those in healthy controls were included, whereas studies limited to pediatrics or providing only laboratory results were excluded. A total of 78 studies were eligible for analyses. Patients with vitiligo showed higher risks of having comorbid autoimmune and connective tissue diseases, including alopecia areata (OR = 2.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.50‒2.78), discoid lupus erythematosus (OR = 2.54, 95% CI = 1.74‒3.72), Sjogren's syndrome (OR = 2.50, 95% CI = 1.98‒3.16), myasthenia gravis (OR = 2.30, 95% CI = 1.74‒3.02), systemic lupus erythematosus (OR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.52‒2.52), and rheumatoid arthritis (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.55‒2.15). Thyroid diseases, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, sensorineural hypoacusis, and ophthalmic abnormalities were also more prevalent in patients with vitiligo. In conclusion, vitiligo is associated with various systemic diseases. Physicians should evaluate and manage potential comorbid conditions in patients with vitiligo.

Immunometabolism in the pathogenesis of vitiligo

Vitiligo is a common depigmenting skin disorder characterized by the selective loss of melanocytes. Autoimmunity, genetic, environmental, and biochemical etiology have been proposed in vitiligo pathogenesis. However, the exact molecular mechanisms of vitiligo development and progression are unclear, particularly for immunometabolism. Sporadic studies have suggested mitochondrial dysfunction, enhanced oxidative stress, and specific defects in other metabolic pathways can promote dysregulation of innate and adaptive immune responses in vitiligo. These abnormalities appear to be driven by genetic and epigenetic factors modulated by stochastic events. In addition, glucose and lipid abnormalities in metabolism have been associated with vitiligo. Specific skin cell populations are also involved in the critical role of dysregulation of metabolic pathways, including melanocytes, keratinocytes, and tissue-resident memory T cells in vitiligo pathogenesis. Novel therapeutic treatments are also raised based on the abnormalities of immunometabolism. This review summarizes the current knowledge on immunometabolism reprogramming in the pathogenesis of vitiligo and novel treatment options.

LIVING WITH VITILIGO: IMPACT OF THE DISEASE ON THE INDIVIDUALS’ QUALITY OF LIFE

Introduction: Vitiligo is a disease characterized by asymptomatic hypochromic and/or achromic macules, localized or generalized in the integumentary system. The visible depigmentation in the skin of the individual and usually exposed in daily life changes the body image, impacting their quality of life. Objective: To evaluate the quality of life of people living with vitiligo. Method: This is a cross-sectional study carried out with 86 individuals with vitiligo. For data collection, the Vitiligo-Specific Quality-of-Life Instrument questionnaire was used for quality of life. Results: Adult women (81.4%) (mean age 39 years old) with vitiligo had a medium impact on quality of life, and the factors that interfered with quality of life are related to intensified skin care, progression, and appearance of the disease. Conclusion: The vitiligo pathology interfered in the quality of life of adults. The factors that impacted quality of life were intensified skin care in leisure activities, the progression of the disease and the appearance of hypochromic spots.

CONVIVENDO COM O VITILIGO: IMPACTO DA DOENÇA NA QUALIDADE DE VIDA DAS PESSOAS

Introdução:O vitiligo é uma doença caracterizada por máculas hipocrômicas e/ou acrômicas assintomáticas, localizadas ou generalizadas no sistema tegumentar. A despigmentação visível na pele do indivíduo e, usualmente, exposta no cotidiano altera a imagem corporal, impactando na sua qualidade de vida. Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade de vida das pessoas que convivem com o vitiligo. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com 86 indivíduos com vitiligo. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se o questionário Vitiligo-Specific Quality-of-Life Instrument para a qualidade de vida. Resultados: As mulheres (81,4%) em idade adulta (média de 39 anos) com vitiligo apresentaram médio impacto na qualidade de vida, e os fatores que interferiram na qualidade de vida estão relacionados aos cuidados intensificados com a pele, à progressão e à aparência da patologia. Conclusão: A patologia vitiligo interferiu na qualidade de vida dos indivíduos adultos. Os fatores que impactaram na qualidade de vida foram os cuidados intensificados com a pele em atividades de lazer, a preocupação com a progressão da doença e a aparência das manchas hipocrômicas.

Zusammenhang zwischen Vitiligo und wichtigen Komponenten des metabolischen Syndroms: eine systematische Übersicht und Metaanalyse

HINTERGRUND UND ZIELE

Ziel dieser Studie war die Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen Vitiligo und dem metabolischen Syndrom (MetS) sowie dessen relevanten Komponenten.

MATERIAL UND METHODEN

Die Datenbanken PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library und Embase wurden von deren Beginn bis zum 30. März 2021 nach relevanten Studien durchsucht. Querschnitts- und Fall-Kontroll-Studien, die entweder die Prävalenz oder die Odds-Ratio [OR] des MetS oder seiner Komponenten bei Vitiligo-Patienten berichteten, wurden eingeschlossen. Die Daten wurden entsprechend der Heterogenität entweder mit einem Zufallseffektmodell oder einem Modell mit festen Effekten gepoolt.

ERGEBNISSE

Es wurden 30 Studien mit insgesamt 28.325 Vitiligo-Patienten eingeschlossen. Signifikante Zusammenhänge wurden zwischen Vitiligo und Diabetes mellitus (gepoolte OR, 3,30; 95 %-Konfidenzintervall [KI], 2,10-5,17) sowie zwischen Vitiligo und Adipositas (gepoolte OR, 2,08; 95 %-KI, 1,40-3,11) ermittelt. Die Gesamtprävalenz der Hypertonie bei Patienten mit Vitiligo betrug 19,0 % (95 %-KI, 2,0 %-36,0 %).

SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN

Unserer Ergebnisse lassen auf einen Zusammenhang zwischen Vitiligo und Diabetes mellitus sowie Hypertonie schließen. Dermatologen wird empfohlen diese Zusammenhänge zu berücksichtigen, um potenzielle Begleiterkrankungen bei Vitiligo-Patienten zeitnah zu identifizieren. Zudem wird Vitiligo-Patienten empfohlen, Parameter wie BMI, Blutzuckerspiegel und Blutdruck zu überwachen und bei auffälligen Veränderungen dieser Parameter unverzüglich einen Spezialisten zu konsultieren.

Association between vitiligo and relevant components of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to investigate the association of vitiligo with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its relevant components.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Embase databases from inception to March 30, 2021, for relevant studies. Cross-sectional and case-control studies that reported either the prevalence or odds ratio [OR] of MetS or its components in vitiligo patients were included. Data were pooled using either random-effects model or fixed-effects model according to the heterogeneity.

RESULTS

Thirty studies with a total of 28,325 vitiligo patients were included. Significant associations were found between vitiligo and diabetes mellitus (pooled OR, 3.30; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 2.10-5.17) and between vitiligo and obesity (pooled OR, 2.08; 95 % CI, 1.40-3.11). The overall prevalence of hypertension in the patients with vitiligo was 19.0 % (95 % CI, 2.0 %-36.0 %).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest the association of vitiligo with diabetes mellitus, obesity, and hypertension. It is recommended for dermatologists to take these associations into account so as to identify potential comorbidities promptly in vitiligo patients. Additionally, vitiligo patients are advised to monitor the indexes including BMI, blood glucose, and blood pressure levels and the consultation with specialists is necessary upon abnormal changes of these indexes.

Does weight loss lead to improvement of dermatological conditions: What is the evidence?

Obese and overweight individuals may have a wide gamut of cutaneous features and can have more severe manifestations of multiple dermatological conditions. There have been multiple expert opinions on the favorable effects of weight reduction in improving skin conditions. Over the past decade, there have been few studies evaluating the response of exercise and other modes of weight loss on various dermatoses such as psoriasis, acne, hidradenitis suppurativa, acanthosis nigricans. In this review, we have attempted to provide a summary of the benefits of reduction of body weight on various skin aliments.

Vitiligo and Metabolic Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been associated with various skin conditions including vitiligo. However, the association between these 2 conditions has yet to be determined by quantitative meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this paper was to determine the association between vitiligo and metabolic syndrome via systematic review and meta-analysis.

METHODS

A systematic literature search of Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science was performed for all published literature prior to August 16, 2020. Case control and prospective cross-sectional studies analyzing the association between vitiligo and MetS were included in this review. The primary outcome measures include the type of vitiligo, diagnostic criteria for MetS, components of MetS (waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, fasting glycemic index, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and BMI. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the prevalence and association of MetS in patients with vitiligo.

RESULTS

A total of 6 studies (n=734 participants) meeting eligibility criteria were included for systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of MetS in patients with vitiligo was (0.296, 95% CI 0.206, 0.386; P<.001). Patients with vitiligo were no more likely to develop MetS compared to control patients (odds ratio 1.66, 95% CI 0.83, 3.33; P=.01). A leave-one-out sensitivity analysis showed a significant association between MetS and vitiligo (P<.001). Significant elevations in fasting glycemic index (mean difference 5.35, 95% CI 2.77, 7.93; P<.001) and diastolic blood pressure (mean difference 1.97, 95% CI 0.02, 3.92; P=.05) were observed in patients with vitiligo compared to control patients.

CONCLUSIONS

The association between vitiligo and metabolic syndrome carries important clinical implications. Dermatologists and other multidisciplinary team members should remain vigilant when treating this patient population in order to prevent serious cardiovascular complications that may arise as a result of metabolic disease.

Potential Role of Chronic Physical Exercise as a Treatment in the Development of Vitiligo

Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease characterized by progressive skin depigmentation and the appearance of white patches throughout the body caused by significant apoptosis of epidermal melanocytes. Despite not causing any physical pain, vitiligo can originate several psychosocial disorders, drastically reducing patients' quality of life. Emerging evidence has shown that vitiligo is associated with several genetic polymorphisms related to auto-reactivity from the immune system to melanocytes. Melanocytes from vitiligo patients suffer from excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by defective mitochondria besides a poor endogenous antioxidant system (EAS). This redox imbalance results in dramatic melanocyte oxidative stress (OS), causing significant damage in proteins, lipid membranes, and DNA. The damaged melanocytes secret damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), inducing and increasing inflammatory gene expression response that ultimately leads to melanocytes apoptosis. Vitiligo severity has been also associated with increasing the prevalence and incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) or associated disorders such as insulin resistance and hypercholesterolemia. Thus, suggesting that in genetically predisposed individuals, the environmental context that triggers MetS (i.e., sedentary lifestyle) may also be an important trigger for the development and severity of vitiligo disease. This paper will discuss the relationship between the immune system and epidermal melanocytes and their interplay with the redox system. Based on state-of-the-art evidence from the vitiligo research, physical exercise (PE) immunology, and redox system literature, we will also propose chronic PE as a potential therapeutic strategy to treat and prevent vitiligo disease progression. We will present evidence that chronic PE can change the balance of inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state, improve both EAS and the mitochondrial structure and function (resulting in the decrease of OS). Finally, we will highlight clinically relevant markers that can be analyzed in a new research avenue to test the potential applicability of chronic PE in vitiligo disease.

Metabolomics Signature and Potential Application of Serum Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Metabolism in Patients With Vitiligo

Vitiligo is a depigmented skin disorder caused by a variety of factors, including autoimmune, metabolic disturbance or their combined effect, etc. Non-targeted metabolomic analyses have denoted that dysregulated fatty acids metabolic pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. However, the exact category of fatty acids that participate in vitiligo development and how they functionally affect CD8⁺ T cells remain undefined. We aimed to determine the difference in specific fatty acids among vitiligo patients and healthy individuals and to investigate their association with clinical features in patients with vitiligo. Serum levels of fatty acids in 48 vitiligo patients and 28 healthy individuals were quantified by performing ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to evaluate the significance of differences. Moreover, flow cytometry was used to explore the effect of indicated fatty acids on the function of CD8⁺ T cells derived from patients with vitiligo. We demonstrated that serological level of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) was markedly upregulated, while that of arachidonic acid (ARA), arachidic acid (AA) and behenic acid were significantly downregulated in patients with vitiligo. Moreover, ALA levels were positively associated with vitiligo area scoring index (VASI) and ARA was a probable biomarker for vitiligo. We also revealed that supplementation with ARA or nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) could suppress the function of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results showed that vitiligo serum has disorder-specific phenotype profiles of fatty acids described by dysregulated metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Supplementation with ARA or NDGA might promote vitiligo treatment. These findings provide novel insights into vitiligo pathogenesis that might add to therapeutic options.

Metabolic derangement in patients with vitiligo: a cross-sectional study

Vitiligo is a pigmentary disorder resulting from progressive destruction of melanocytes in the skin. There is a growing body of evidence about higher risk of metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia in some dermatoses including vitiligo. We aimed to evaluate lipid profile, leptin and C reactive protein (CRP) status among Iranian patients with vitiligo, compared with healthy controls and perused the relationship between abnormal values of these parameters with disease duration and physical characteristics of patients. 40 patients with vitiligo and 40 age-matched and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Data on weight, height, lipid profile, leptin and CRP values were recorded and compared. The mean values for nearly all study parameters (except for high-density lipoprotein) were significantly higher in patients with vitiligo, compared with healthy controls, irrespective of age and sex. We could not find any correlation between vitiligo and study parameters, regarding disease severity and extension of lesions; but in patients who have been suffering from vitiligo for more than 5 years, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and CRP values were noted to be significantly higher (p<0.001, p=0.003 and p=0.03, respectively). In conclusion, screening of patients with vitiligo in regard to their lipid profile as well as blood pressure should be considered, especially in patients with longer disease duration or those who have other cardiovascular risk factors to prevent morbidity and mortality as a result of developing cardiovascular events.

Fatty acid-binding protein 4 circulating levels in non-segmental vitiligo

Background

Vitiligo is an acquired and progressive mucocutaneous disease resulting from the loss of active epidermal melanocytes. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) affects about 25% of the world’s population and is linked to inflammatory skin diseases including vitiligo. Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 4 (FABP4) is an intracellular lipid chaperone. FABP4 is closely associated with MetS.

Objectives

To evaluate the serum level of FABP4 in vitiligo patients and its relation to MetS in the investigated cases.

Methods

This case control study was conducted on 45 patients having non segmental vitiligo and 45 matched controls. Their lipid profile, blood glucose and serum FABP4 levels were measured.

Results

There were significant elevations in FABP4 (p < 0.001), cholesterol (p < 0.001), triglycerides (p = 0.005), and glucose (fasting [p = 0.001] and 2 hours post prandial [p < 0.001]) levels in patients in comparison with controls. MetS was significantly more prevalent among vitiligo patients (p < 0.001) and associated with high FABP4 serum levels (p = 0.037). In vitiligo patients, there were significant positive correlations between FABP4 serum levels and triglycerides (p = 0.047), cholesterol (p = 0.001) and LDL (p = 0.001) levels and negative correlation regarding HDL level (p = 0.009). FABP4 level was a significantly good diagnostic test for early detection of vitiligo (p < 0.001).

Study limitations

The small number of studied subjects.

Conclusions

FABP4 may play an active role in the disease process of vitiligo that could be mediated through associated dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia. FABP4 may be a marker of vitiligo helping in its early diagnosis, but it does not appear to be useful for determining vitiligo severity, activity or associated MetS.

Metabolic Comorbidities in Vitiligo: A Brief Review and Report of New Data from a Single-Center Experience

Among disorders of pigmentation, vitiligo is the most common, with an estimated prevalence between 0.5% and 1%. The disease has gathered increased attention in the most recent years, leading to a better understanding of the disease’s pathophysiology and its implications and to the development of newer therapeutic strategies. A better, more integrated approach is already in use for other chronic inflammatory dermatological diseases such as psoriasis, for which metabolic comorbidities are well-established and part of the routine clinical evaluation. The pathogenesis of these might be linked to cytokines which also play a role in vitiligo pathogenesis, such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and possibly IL-17. Following the reports of intrinsic metabolic alterations reported by our group, in this brief review, we analyze the available data on metabolic comorbidities in vitiligo, accompanied by our single-center experience. Increased awareness of the metabolic aspects of vitiligo is crucial to improving patient care.

Vitiligo: The Association With Metabolic Syndrome and the Role of Simvastatin as an Immunomodulator

Vitiligo is an autoimmune condition primarily affecting the skin where there is destruction of melanocytes characterized by pinkish-white patches on the skin. It is associated with other autoimmune diseases such as thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of disorders including insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity, and is considered a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity. Simvastatin is a potent hypolipidemic drug that also possesses immunomodulating properties and is a common drug used in dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to assess the association between vitiligo and metabolic syndrome and explore the immunomodulating properties of simvastatin for use in vitiligo. We reviewed various articles from PubMed, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar using different keywords and Medical Subject Headings and finalized 33 studies to be used in our review. The articles selected showed a positive association between vitiligo and metabolic syndrome or one of the component diseases of metabolic syndrome. The benefits of using simvastatin were also addressed by few articles attributing to its antioxidant and immunomodulating effect. However, there was no concrete explanation justifying the association between vitiligo and metabolic syndrome due to a limited number of studies and smaller sample size. Large-scale clinical trials should be conducted to evaluate the use of simvastatin as an immunomodulator in vitiligo to prevent possible metabolic complications.

Levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, IL-37 cytokines in patients with active vitiligo

OBJECTIVES

Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease, and its pathogenesis involves changes in cytokine levels in the affected patients. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-17 from pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-37 in a recently detected anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of our study was to determine serum TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, IL-37 levels in patients with vitiligo to understand their possible roles in the disease etiology and to compare the results with the healthy controls.

METHODS

The study included 48 generalized vitiligo patients who were diagnosed with vitiligo, had an increase in the lesions within the last 3 months, and did not receive any systemic or topical treatment during this period; furthermore, 18 healthy controls were included.

RESULTS

Patient group: n = 48, mean age = 30.48 ± 9.86 years; control group: n = 18, mean age = 28.27 ± 9.66 years. Individuals in the patient group had significantly higher serum levels of IL-37(t = 3.90, p < .001), IL-6 (t = 3.39, p < .05), IL-17 (t = 2.08, p < .05), and TNF-α (t = 4.69 p < .001) than in the control group.

CONCLUSION

The high levels of (pro-anti) inflammatory cytokines in vitiligo patients draw attention to the importance of cytokines in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Support for increased cardiovascular risk in non-segmental vitiligo among Egyptians: A hospital-based, case-control study

BACKGROUND

Data have been accumulating in the past few years that identify vitiligo as a disorder with systemic implications.

RESULTS AND METHODS

In this hospital-based, cross-sectional, case-control study, 50 patients with non-segmental vitiligo and 50 age- and sex-matched controls underwent analysis of serum lipid profile, oxidative stress biomarkers and carotid duplex. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂ O₂ ) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly higher in patients than controls (p-value < .001, <.001, respectively); on the other hand, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was significantly lower in patients than controls (p-value = .001). A significantly higher percentage of patients had hypercholesterolemia and borderline high, high or very high levels of LDL-C, compared to controls (p-value = .001 and .001, respectively). Atherosclerotic plaques and increased common carotid intima media thickness were significantly detected in patients versus controls.

DISCUSSION

Results of the present study suggest that a subset of patients with vitiligo are at a higher risk of developing dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis, which might increase their future risk for the development of cardiovascular disease. Confirmation of these findings would subsequently influence investigative and the treatment strategies in the management plan of vitiligo patients in the near future.

SIGNIFICANCE

Vitiligo patients might be at a higher risk of developing dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis, which might increase their risk for the development of cardiovascular disease necessitating prophylactic measures to improve prognosis. Our results might influence the investigative and treatment strategies in the management plan of vitiligo patients in the near future.

Therapeutic implications of assessment of serum zinc levels in patients with vitiligo: A patient controlled prospective study

Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease characterized by patches of depigmentation. Zinc is an antiapoptotic molecule that exhibits antioxidant properties. The study aimed to investigate the serum levels of zinc in vitiligo patients compared to healthy controls and to whether exists a correlation between disease severity and serum levels of zinc. Fifty patients with vitilgo (group A) and 50 age and sex matched healthy controls (group B) were recruited and serum zinc level was measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and results were compared and correlated to each other and to disease severity and extension. The mean serum zinc levels in group A was 50.93 ± 11.02 in comparison to a mean of 77.09 ± 12.16 in group B (P = .049, T = -1.993). Vitiligo area severity index (VASI) scores in the vitiligo group ranged from 0.5 to 27 with a mean ± SD of (9.19 ± 4.47). A high statistically significant negative correlation was demonstrated between serum zinc levels and the extension of vitiligo (P value = .0001 and R value = - 0.835). A significant association exists between vitiligo and serum zinc levels. Serum zinc levels correlated negatively with vitiligo disease severity and extension. Zinc supplementation and use can be of potential importance in setting vitiligo treatment protocols.