Associations between COVID-19 risk perceptions and smoking and quitting behavior among U.S. adults

Influence of the home smoking environment and stress on smoking behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic among patients of federally qualified health centers in rural Georgia

INTRODUCTION

The COVID-19 pandemic caused major stress, as well as changes to home and work environments, with the potential to alter smoking-related behaviors. This study examined determinants of smoking-related behaviors among patients of federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) in Georgia.

METHODS

We analyzed survey data from 353 patients (mean age=50 years, 62.9% women, 54.4% Black/African American, 27.8%

RESULTS

Most study participants (85.6%) smoked daily, and 41.6% had smoke-free homes. Compared to pre-pandemic, 36.3% reported increased stress, 28.8% increased smoking, 18.8% increased in-home smoking, and 55.4% quit attempts. Regression models showed more household members who smoke (AOR=1.56; 95% CI: 1.02-2.39) and greater stress (AOR=5.52; 95% CI: 2.74-11.12) were associated with increased smoking (vs no change) since the pandemic began. Non-daily (vs daily) smoking (OR=4.79; 95% CI: 1.71-13.46) was associated with decreased smoking (vs no change). Allowing smoking in the home and greater stress were associated with both increased and decreased in-home smoking (vs no change). We found no associations with quit attempts.

CONCLUSIONS

Home environments, specifically home smoking restrictions, as well as stress, may be important intervention targets during societal stressors.

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Key Words

• COVID-19
• cessation attempts
• rural
• smoking behavior
• tobacco use

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Affiliation(s)

Michelle C. Kegler Department of Behavioral, Social and Health Education Sciences, Emory Prevention Research Center, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
Angela Zhang Department of Behavioral, Social and Health Education Sciences, Emory Prevention Research Center, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
Regine Haardörfer Department of Behavioral, Social and Health Education Sciences, Emory Prevention Research Center, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
Ja'Shondra Pouncy Department of Behavioral, Social and Health Education Sciences, Emory Prevention Research Center, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
Crystal Owens Community Health Care Systems, Tennille, United States
Carla J. Berg Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, United States GW Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington D.C., United States

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Motivational and behavioral mechanisms underlying generalized health risking behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic in smokers

Under the threat of public health challenges such as the recent COVID-19 pandemic, individual citizens' active and cooperative participation in precautionary measures is crucial. Although non-compliance is recognized as a recurring problem, it remains unknown why some individuals tend to comply less than others and whether violations of preventive behaviors are observed consistently across different public health issues. To test our hypothesis that individuals would show consistent public health behavior transcending domains, we collected self-reports from two independent samples of participants (total N = 2983) on health risk beliefs and behavioral choices. Participants' responses were collected in regard to two separate yet closely related public health issues: smoking and the COVID-19 pandemic. Our data reveal that on average, individuals' beliefs and behaviors are consistent across different public health domains. In particular, smokers showed diminished compliance behaviors during the pandemic, which was mediated by their lower motives to protect public health. These results provide a psychological mechanism of how individuals' health risk behaviors are generalized across different public health domains that may explain why some individuals (here, current-smokers) are more prone to violate public health behaviors.

Association of tobacco purchasing behaviors with tobacco use by user groups during the COVID-19 pandemic: A mixed methods analysis

PURPOSE

To understand changes in purchasing behaviors and use of tobacco products such as e-cigarettes and cigarettes among different tobacco user groups during the COVID-19 pandemic using a mixed methods approach.

METHODS

A quantitative online survey was conducted in October-November 2020 using a national probability sample of US adults (N = 1,460) comprising exclusive cigarette smokers (n = 1,080), dual users of both cigarettes and e-cigarettes (n = 143), and exclusive e-cigarette users (n = 237). Simultaneously, ten online focus groups were conducted with 61 adults in the Atlanta, GA area including exclusive smokers (n = 16), current E-cigarette users (n = 22), and transitioning (recently quit or currently quitting) smokers and/or E-cigarette users (n = 23).

RESULTS

From the survey, dual users vs. exclusive smokers had higher odds of buying cheaper cigarette brands (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.49, 4.20), buying cigarettes online (aOR = 2.79; 95% CI = 1.02, 7.69), buying from Indian Reservations (aOR = 3.99; 95% CI = 2.07, 7.69), buying fewer cigarettes than normal (aOR = 4.01; 95% CI = 2.42, 6.65) and buying other tobacco products (aOR = 4.44; 95% CI = 2.24, 8.79). From the focus groups, participants perceived reduced accessibility, fear of contracting COVID-19, rising prices, and convenience to influence their purchasing behaviors and tobacco use.

CONCLUSIONS

Exclusive and dual users differed in their tobacco purchasing behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic, such that dual users were more likely to change their purchasing behaviors (e.g., buying other tobacco products) than exclusive users. Educational campaigns and public health workers may promote interventions targeting dual users either to switch to reduced-risk products or quit smoking, particularly during stressful societal situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

IMPLICATIONS

The findings inform public health educators and policymakers to develop policies and interventions carefully tailored for tobacco user groups targeting the perceived factors influencing purchasing behaviors during challenging situations affecting tobacco product availability.

Nursing leadership in tobacco dependence treatment to advance health equity: An American Academy of Nursing policy manuscript

BACKGROUND

Tobacco use remains the leading cause of preventable disease, disability, and death in the United States and is a significant cause of health disparities.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this paper is to update the Tobacco Control policy paper published over a decade ago by the American Academy of Nursing's Health Behavior Expert Panel Tobacco Control subcommittee.

METHODS

Members reviewed and synthesized published literature from 2012 to 2024 to identify the current state of the science related to nurse-led tobacco dependence treatment and implications for nursing practice, education, and research.

FINDINGS

The results confirmed that nurse-led tobacco dependence treatment interventions are successful in enhancing cessation outcomes across settings.

DISCUSSION

Recommendations for nursing leaders include: promote tobacco dependence treatment as standard care, accelerate research on implementation of evidence-based treatment guidelines, reduce health disparities by extending access to evidence-based treatment, increase nursing competency in providing tobacco treatment, and drive equity-focused tobacco control policies.

Exposure to IQOS ads and reduced exposure claims, and association with perceived risk from COVID-19 on IQOS purchase and use intentions: results from a web-based survey

Introduction

IQOS was authorized to be marketed as a reduced exposure product by the Food and Drug Administration in October 2020 during the global COVID-19 pandemic. Those who smoke may be more sensitive to reduced exposure marketing claims and may have an increased inclination toward IQOS use. We evaluated the likelihood of trying and purchasing IQOS as a function of exposure to ads, product appeal, and COVID-19 risk perceptions using the original IQOS ads with reduced exposure marketing.

Method

An online cross-sectional survey recruited 604 US adults (18-45 years), both who smoke and do not smoke. Participants saw one of the six randomly assigned IQOS ads with or without reduced exposure claims, and they answered questions about product appeal and likelihood to try and purchase IQOS. Generalized linear models were used to examine associations.

Results

A per unit increase in product appeal was associated with a greater likelihood of purchasing (B = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.15-0.18) and trying IQOS (B = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.14-0.18). Current smokers and former e-cigarette users reported greater intentions to try IQOS than never-smokers and never e-cigarette users, respectively. Likelihood to purchase IQOS was associated with greater confidence in not contracting COVID-19 (B = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.01-0.21). No significant differences were observed between different ad conditions. Current (B = -0.34, 95% CI = -0.50-(-0.19)) and former (B = -0.92, 95% CI = -0.15-(-0.68)) cigarette smokers who were someday e-cigarette users reported less intentions to purchase IQOS than never e-cigarette users. However, never smokers who were someday (B = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.27-0.89; B = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.39-0.98) and former e-cigarette (B = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.15-0.61) users reported greater intentions to purchase and try IQOS, respectively.

Discussion

IQOS may have a higher product appeal, especially for those who currently smoke and those who have lower risk perceptions from COVID-19. Among never smokers, those who currently use or have used e-cigarettes in the past may be more receptive to IQOS marketing. The data are informative for potential trends in the use of IQOS in the future and may have implications for marketing regulations of heated tobacco products (HTPs).

Tobacco harm perceptions, regulatory attitudes, and cessation intentions before and after the COVID-19 lockdown in California

The present study examined tobacco health perceptions, regulation attitudes, and cessation intentions among California adults before and after the COVID-19 lockdown, given the pandemic's mixed impact on tobacco use. An online survey of California adults was conducted in two phases: pre-lockdown (March 2020, n = 1349) and post-lockdown (May 2020, n = 1201). Participants (M age 30.29 years; SD = 5.91) from both samples were predominately former or current smokers, male, and non-Hispanic White (>60% for all). This method allowed for a comparison of attitudes and behaviors across two distinct periods with two samples. There were significant differences between pre- and post-lockdown risk perceptions, regulatory attitudes, and cessation intentions. Examining shifts in perceptions and attitudes amidst the pandemic aids in understanding the complex and dynamic nature of tobacco behavior change through the lens of a major socioenvironmental event to guide future tobacco control efforts.

Risk profiles for smoke behavior in COVID-19: a classification and regression tree analysis approach

BACKGROUND

COVID-19 pandemic emerged worldwide at the end of 2019, causing a severe global public health threat, and smoking is closely related to COVID-19. Previous studies have reported changes in smoking behavior and influencing factors during the COVID-19 period, but none of them explored the main influencing factor and high-risk populations for smoking behavior during this period.

METHODS

We conducted a nationwide survey and obtained 21,916 valid data. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationships between each potential influencing factor (sociodemographic characteristics, perceived social support, depression, anxiety, and self-efficacy) and smoking outcomes. Then, variables related to smoking behavior were included based on the results of the multiple logistic regression, and the classification and regression tree (CART) method was used to determine the high-risk population for increased smoking behavior during COVID-19 and the most profound influencing factors on smoking increase. Finally, we used accuracy to evaluated the performance of the tree.

RESULTS

The strongest predictor of smoking behavior during the COVID-19 period is acceptance degree of passive smoking. The subgroup with a high acceptation degree of passive smoking, have no smokers smoked around, and a length of smoking of ≥ 30 years is identified as the highest smoking risk (34%). The accuracy of classification and regression tree is 87%.

CONCLUSION

The main influencing factor is acceptance degree of passive smoking. More knowledge about the harm of secondhand smoke should be promoted. For high-risk population who smoke, the "mask protection" effect during the COVID-19 pandemic should be fully utilized to encourage smoking cessation.

Changing patterns of cigarette and ENDS transitions in the USA: a multistate transition analysis of adults in the PATH Study in 2017-2019 vs 2019-2021

Introduction

The use of cigarettes and electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) has likely changed since 2019 with the rise of pods and disposables, the outbreak of lung injuries related to vaping THC, flavor bans, and the COVID pandemic. We analyzed patterns of initiation, cessation, and transitions between cigarettes, ENDS, and dual use before and after 2019.

Methods

Using the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, we applied a multistate transition model to 28,061 adults in Waves 4-5 (2017-19) and 24,751 adults in Waves 5-6 (2019-21), estimating transition rates for initiation, cessation, and switching products for each period overall and by age group.

Results

Cigarette initiation among adults who never used either product decreased from 2017-19 to 2019-21, but ENDS initiation did not significantly change. Persistence of ENDS-only use remained high, with 75-80% still using ENDS only after 1 year. Cigarette-only use transitions remained similar, with about 88% remaining, 7% transitioning to non-current use, and 5% transitioning to dual or ENDS-only use. In contrast, dual use to ENDS-only transitions increased from 9.5% (95%CI: 7.3-11.7%) to 20.1% (95%CI: 17.5-22.7%) per year from 2017-19 to 2019-21, decreasing the persistence of dual use. The dual use to cigarette-only transition remained at about 25%. These changes were qualitatively similar across adult age groups, though adults ages 18-24 years exhibited the highest probability of switching from cigarette-only use to dual use and from dual use to ENDS-only use.

Conclusions

Persistence of ENDS use among adults remained high in 2019-21, but a larger fraction of dual users transitioned to ENDS-only use compared to 2017-19. Because the fraction of cigarette-only users switching to dual use remained low, the public health implications of the increased dual use to ENDS-only transition are minimal.

Social Risk and Smoking Among Women Smokers Early in the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Mental Health

Background: We examined patterns of smoking in relation to health-related socioeconomic vulnerability (HRSV) among U.S. women early in the pandemic and whether mental health symptoms mediated these relationships. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained from the April 2020 National U.S. Women's Health COVID-19 Study (N = 3200). Among current smokers, adjusted odds of increased smoking since the start of the pandemic (vs. same or less) by incident and worsening HRSVs were modeled. Structural equation modeling was used to assess anxiety, depression, and traumatic stress symptoms as mediators of the relationship between six HRSVs (food insecurity; housing, utilities, and transportation difficulties; interpersonal violence; financial strain) and increased smoking early in the pandemic. Results: Nearly half (48%) of current smokers reported increased smoking since the pandemic started. Odds of increased smoking were higher among women with incident financial strain (aOR = 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.3), incident food insecurity (aOR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.7-5.1), any worsening HRSV (aOR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.5-3.0), and worsening food insecurity (aOR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.3-3.0). Anxiety symptoms were a significant, partial mediator of the relationship between increased smoking and any worsening HRSVs (proportion mediated = 0.17, p = 0.001) and worsening food insecurity (0.19, p = 0.023), specifically. Depression symptoms were a significant, partial mediator of the relationship between increased smoking and any worsening HRSVs (0.15, p = 0.004) and incident financial strain (0.19, p = 0.034). Traumatic stress was not a significant mediator of any tested relationship. Conclusions: Anxiety and depression symptoms partially explain the relationship between rising socioeconomic vulnerability and increased smoking among women early in the pandemic. Addressing HRSVs and mental health may help reduce increased smoking during a public health crisis.

A telephone-based smoking cessation intervention for individuals with COVID-19: A randomized controlled feasibility study

INTRODUCTION

Increasing evidence suggests that a diagnosis of a respiratory health condition, such as COVID-19, can prompt a smoker to quit, providing an opportunity to promote and support smoking cessation. However, mandatory quarantine, because of a COVID-19 infection, may stimulate an increase in smoking, making such efforts seem inappropriate or ineffective. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of a telephone-based smoking cessation intervention for smokers with COVID-19 in Malta.

METHODS

An experimental design with a mixed-methods approach was adopted. Participants (n=80) were recruited from a COVID-19 testing center and equally randomized to the intervention (advised to quit and offered three or four telephone-based smoking cessation support sessions) and control (no intervention) groups. Both groups were asked about their smoking habits at baseline and at follow-up at 1 month and at 3 months. The participants in the intervention group were invited to provide feedback on the intervention using questionnaires and by holding interviews.

RESULTS

Participants were recruited at a rate of 74.1% between March and April 2022. Most participants were female (58.8%), with a mean age of 41.6 years who smoked about 13 cigarettes per day. The majority (75%) accepted the offered smoking cessation support, receiving an average of two to three sessions. Findings indicate that the participants were satisfied with the support, finding it useful for attempting to quit. More participants in the intervention group reported a serious quitting attempt and a 7-day point prevalence abstinence at any point during the first month. However, 7-day point prevalence abstinence rates did not differ at the follow-up at 3 months.

CONCLUSIONS

The study suggests that providing smoking cessation support to individuals with COVID-19 is feasible and well-received. However, the findings suggest that the intervention's impact may have been brief. Thus, further research is recommended before conducting a conclusive trial.

When Cigarette Smoking Meets COVID-19: How the Two Types of Threat and Efficacy Perceptions Interactively Predict Danger Control and Fear Control Processes

Growing evidence indicates that communicating the combined risk of smoking and COVID-19 encourages smoking cessation. Guided by the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM), we examined how perceived threats of smoking and COVID-19 independently and interactively predicted danger control responses (i.e., quit intentions and COVID-19-protective behavioral intentions) and fear control responses (i.e., fear and fatalism). We also explored the direct and interactive impacts of perceived efficacy of quitting smoking and COVID-protective behaviors on message outcomes. Structural equation modeling results (N = 747 U.S. adults who smoke) indicated that the perceived efficacy of COVID-protective behaviors positively predicted quit intentions. Higher perceived threat of COVID-19 and greater quitting efficacy predicted higher quit intentions directly and indirectly via fear. As perceived COVID-protective efficacy increased, the positive association between perceived quitting efficacy and quit intentions also increased. Smoking-related threat and efficacy perceptions did not predict COVID-protective behavioral intentions. This study added to EPPM by considering how threat and efficacy perceptions deriving from two different yet closely related risks affect protective behaviors. Thus, combining multiple threats in a single message might be a promising strategy to motivate smoking cessation amid the pandemic.

COVID-related social determinants of substance use disorder among diverse U.S. racial ethnic groups

OBJECTIVE

Black, Asian, and Hispanic/Latino people are disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and were more likely to experience coronavirus-related racial discrimination. This study examined the association between pandemic-related stressors, including employment and housing disruptions, coronavirus-related victimization distress, and perceptions of pandemic-associated increase in societal racial biases, and substance use disorder (SUD) risk among Asian, Black, Hispanic/Latino, and non-Hispanic White adults in the U.S.

METHODS

Data were collected as part of a larger national survey on substance use during the pandemic. Eligible participants for the current study were 1336 adults self-identified as Asian (8.53%), Black (10.55%), Hispanic/Latino (10.93%), and non-Hispanic White (69.99%). Measures included demographic and COVID-19-related employment, housing, and health items, the coronavirus victimization distress scale (CVD), the coronavirus racial bias scale (CRB), and measures of substance use risk.

RESULTS

Across racial/ethnic groups, employment disruption distress and housing disruption due to the pandemic were associated with SUD risk. Binary logistic regression analyses controlling for demographic variables indicated CVD was associated with higher odds of tobacco use risk (AOR = 1.36, 95% CI [1.01, 1.81]) and polysubstance use risk (AOR = 1.87, 95% CI [1.14, 3.06]), yet CRB was unrelated to any SUDs. Logistic regressions for each racial/ethnic group found different patterns of relationships between stressors and risk for SUDs.

CONCLUSIONS

Results highlight the significance of examining how the current pandemic has exacerbated racial/ethnic systemic inequalities through COVID-19 related victimization. The data also suggest that across all racial/ethnic groups employment and housing disruptions and perceptions of pandemic instigated increases in societal racial bias are risk factors for SUD. The study calls for further empirical research on substance use prevention and intervention practice sensitive to specific needs of diverse populations during the current and future health crises.

Potential Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Public Perception of Water Pipes on Reddit: Observational Study

Background

Socializing is one of the main motivations for water pipe smoking. Restrictions on social gatherings during the COVID-19 pandemic might have influenced water pipe smokers' behaviors. As one of the most popular social media platforms, Reddit has been used to study public opinions and user experiences.

Objective

In this study, we aimed to examine the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on public perception and discussion of water pipe tobacco smoking using Reddit data.

Methods

We collected Reddit posts between December 1, 2018, and June 30, 2021, from a Reddit archive (PushShift) using keywords such as "waterpipe," "hookah," and "shisha." We examined the temporal trend in Reddit posts mentioning water pipes and different locations (such as homes and lounges or bars). The temporal trend was further tested using interrupted time series analysis. Sentiment analysis was performed to study the change in sentiment of water pipe-related posts before and during the pandemic. Topic modeling using latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) was used to examine major topics discussed in water pipe-related posts before and during the pandemic.

Results

A total of 45,765 nonpromotion water pipe-related Reddit posts were collected and used for data analysis. We found that the weekly number of Reddit posts mentioning water pipes significantly increased at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic (P<.001), and gradually decreased afterward (P<.001). In contrast, Reddit posts mentioning water pipes and lounges or bars showed an opposite trend. Compared to the period before the COVID-19 pandemic, the average number of Reddit posts mentioning lounges or bars was lower at the beginning of the pandemic but gradually increased afterward, while the average number of Reddit posts mentioning the word "home" remained similar during the COVID-19 pandemic (P=.29). While water pipe-related posts with a positive sentiment were dominant (12,526/21,182, 59.14% before the pandemic; 14,686/24,583, 59.74% after the pandemic), there was no change in the proportion of water pipe-related posts with different sentiments before and during the pandemic (P=.19, P=.26, and P=.65 for positive, negative, and neutral posts, respectively). Most topics related to water pipes on Reddit were similar before and during the pandemic. There were more discussions about the opening and closing of hookah lounges or bars during the pandemic.

Conclusions

This study provides a first evaluation of the possible impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public perceptions of and discussions about water pipes on Reddit.

Smoking cessation in the elderly as a sign of susceptibility to symptomatic COVID-19 reinfection in the United States

Background

We aimed to clarify the relationship between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reinfection and basic disease and smoking status.

Methods

The electronic health records of 165,320 patients with COVID-19 from January 1, 2020, to August 27, 2021, were analyzed. Data on age, race, sex, smoking status (never, current, former), and basic disease were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard models.

Results

In total, 6,133 patients (3.7%) were reinfected. The overall reinfection rate for never, current, and former smokers was 4.2, 3.5, and 5.7%, respectively. Although the risk of reinfection was highest among former smokers aged ≥65 years (7.7% [422/5,460]), the reinfection rate among current smokers aged ≥65 years was 6.2% (341/5,543). Among reinfected patients, the number of basic diseases was higher in former smokers (2.41 ± 1.16) than in current (2.28 ± 1.07, P = 0.07) and never smokers (2.07 ± 1.05, P < 0.001). Former smokers who are older may have been exposed to factors that increase their risk of symptomatic COVID-19 reinfection.

Cigarette Smoking in Response to COVID-19: Examining Co-Morbid Medical Conditions and Risk Perceptions

During the initial wave of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the U.S., information was mixed about the relative COVID-19 risks and potential benefits associated with cigarette smoking. Therefore, we sought to understand individual differences in the impact of COVID-19 on cigarette smoking in a sample of adults who reported recent use, with a particular focus on chronic medical conditions likely associated with increased COVID-19 risk. Participants completed an online survey of smoking behavior, demographic variables, medical history, and COVID-19 risk perceptions between July and August 2020 (N = 286). We examined whether medical conditions, COVID-19 risk perceptions and/or demographic characteristics were related to smoking changes in response to the pandemic (i.e., no change, decrease, increase) using multinomial logistical regression. Younger age, higher COVID-19 risk perceptions and Black versus White race were associated with greater odds of decreased smoking compared to no smoking change. Moreover, having at least one chronic medical condition was associated with greater odds of increased smoking relative to no change. The results have important implications for tobacco cessation treatment and preventive healthcare during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and other public health threats.

Oxidative Stress-Related Mechanisms in SARS-CoV-2 Infections

The COVID-19 pandemic caused relatively high mortality in patients, especially in those with concomitant diseases (i.e., diabetes, hypertension, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)). In most of aforementioned comorbidities, the oxidative stress appears to be an important player in their pathogenesis. The direct cause of death in critically ill patients with COVID-19 is still far from being elucidated. Although some preliminary data suggests that the lung vasculature injury and the loss of the functioning part of pulmonary alveolar population are crucial, the precise mechanism is still unclear. On the other hand, at least two classes of medications used with some clinical benefits in COVID-19 treatment seem to have a major influence on ROS (reactive oxygen species) and RNS (reactive nitrogen species) production. However, oxidative stress is one of the important mechanisms in the antiviral immune response and innate immunity. Therefore, it would be of interest to summarize the data regarding the oxidative stress in severe COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the role of oxidative and antioxidant mechanisms in severe COVID-19 based on available studies. We also present the role of ROS and RNS in other viral infections in humans and in animal models. Although reactive oxygen and nitrogen species play an important role in the innate antiviral immune response, in some situations, they might have a deleterious effect, e.g., in some coronaviral infections. The understanding of the redox mechanisms in severe COVID-19 disease may have an impact on its treatment.

The COVID-19 Pandemic and Smoking Cessation-A Real-Time Data Analysis from the Polish National Quitline

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, tobacco research has delivered new evidence on the harmfulness of smoking in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the course of the COVID-19 disease. More and more research proves that smoking is an important risk factor contributing to increased risk of mortality among COVID-19 patients. The aim of this study was to assess whether and how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted decisions about quitting smoking. A total of 4072 records of anonymized data were obtained from the Polish National Quitline. Between 15 April 2020 and 31 May 2021, the callers were asked about the COVID-19 pandemic and its influence on their decisions on smoking continuation or cessation. Our results indicate that smokers are very receptive to communication concerning COVID-19 and smoking risk. This phenomenon can possibly be connected to the immediate potential health consequences of smoking and COVID-19 virus infection. Results may indicate that putting emphasis on arguments combined with short-term health consequences of smoking may result in better outcomes in smoking cessation. There is a need for further and constant education on tobacco-related health harm. Our results showed that an irregular and mass communication on health consequences may result in high effectiveness in smoking cessation.