1
|
Euler L, Wagener F, Thomas A, Thevis M. Determination and enantioselective separation of zilpaterol in human urine after mimicking consumption of contaminated meat using high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry techniques. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9357. [PMID: 35851724 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The synthetic β-adrenoreceptor agonist zilpaterol is legitimately used as an animal feed supplement in selected countries due to its known effects on lipolysis and protein biosynthesis. These pharmacological characteristics of zilpaterol have contributed to its classification as doping agent in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency. However, the use as a feed supplement can lead to residues of the drug in edible tissues and, possibly, also in the urine of consumers. METHODS To provide urinary elimination profiles of microdosed zilpaterol and to determine whether the ingestion of zilpaterol below or at the acceptable daily intake level of 0.04 μg/kg bodyweight can result in an adverse analytical finding (AAF) in doping controls, healthy volunteers were administered single or multiple oral doses of 0.5 μg or 3 μg zilpaterol to mimic ingestion of contaminated cattle meat. Urine samples were collected and analyzed using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method and a newly developed chiral high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-APCI-MS/MS) method. RESULTS Urinary peak concentrations of zilpaterol were observed for all volunteers 1.5-12.5 h after ingestion, and maximum levels >5 ng/mL, which would constitute an AAF in doping controls, were found after the intake of 3 μg of zilpaterol on five consecutive days in one out of five study participants. Noteworthy, the enantiomeric ratio of excreted zilpaterol remained constant over time. CONCLUSION This study provides first insights into the urinary excretion of microdosed zilpaterol. Furthermore, a method was successfully developed and applied for the separation of the zilpaterol enantiomers with mass spectrometric detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Euler
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felicitas Wagener
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dolores-Hernández M, Morales-Hipólito EA, Villaseñor A, López-Arellano R. Determination of zilpaterol in a residue depletion study using LC-MS/MS in cattle plasma, muscle, liver and kidney. Food Chem 2022; 382:132287. [PMID: 35139465 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zilpaterol is a β-agonist compound which promotes fat loss and muscle gain in cattle, providing economic benefits. However, zilpaterol residues in the animal might introduce a significant risk to humans after consumption. In the present manuscript, a highly specific, sensitive method using Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM) in positive electrospray ionization (ESI +) mode by liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for plasma, muscle, liver and kidney is presented. For method development, composition of the aqueous mobile phase, precipitation agent, and solid phase extraction (SPE) conditions were optimized. The method was fully validated showing a good linearity and recovery average greater than or equal to 97 % for all matrices. The method was applied to residue depletion studies in cattle after withdrawal of zilpaterol supplementation at 3, 4, 5 and 6 days showing that tissues can be consumed by humans after 4th day of zilpaterol withdrawal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Dolores-Hernández
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Development Tests, Multidisciplinary Research Unit (UIM), Faculty of Higher Education Cuautitlán, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Carr. Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan Km 2.5, San Sebastián Xhala, 54714 Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
| | - Elvia A Morales-Hipólito
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Development Tests, Multidisciplinary Research Unit (UIM), Faculty of Higher Education Cuautitlán, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Carr. Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan Km 2.5, San Sebastián Xhala, 54714 Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
| | - Alma Villaseñor
- IMMA, Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina, San Pablo CEU Universities, Madrid, España
| | - Raquel López-Arellano
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Development Tests, Multidisciplinary Research Unit (UIM), Faculty of Higher Education Cuautitlán, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Carr. Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan Km 2.5, San Sebastián Xhala, 54714 Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moeller BC, Clifford A, Emery RT, Alarcio G, Favro G, Arthur RM. Detection and Confirmation of Zilpaterol in Equine Hair Using Liquid Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:31-38. [PMID: 34355536 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Zilpaterol is a β2 -adrenergic agonist and a repartitioning agent that has a high potential for abuse in equine performance athletes. Analysis of zilpaterol in hair is an alternative sampling matrix that extends detection time periods beyond those found in urine or blood samples. Our laboratory has been screening for zilpaterol in hair for many years and recently detected and confirmed its presence in official samples. Accordingly, a liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to detect and confirm zilpaterol in equine hair. Briefly, equine hair was decontaminated, cut, and pulverized prior to disruption and liquid-liquid extraction in basic conditions. Following extraction, the sample was introduced to an Agilent 1260 HPLC and zilpaterol was separated using a reverse phase gradient with a total run time of 12.5 minutes. Following chromatographic separation, zilpaterol and its corresponding stable isotope labeled internal standard were introduced via positive mode electrospray ionization to a Thermo Q-Exactive Plus mass spectrometer and spectra collected using parallel reaction monitoring. The methodology was validated using in-house criteria including characterization of accuracy, precision, recovery, linear range, matrix effects, limit of detection and limit of quantitation and the method was found to be fit-for-purpose to confirm the presence of zilpaterol in equine hair. This methodology has been used to detect and confirm the presence of zilpaterol from out-of-competition hair samples submitted by regional racing authorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Moeller
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Amel Clifford
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Richard T Emery
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Gwen Alarcio
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Gianna Favro
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Rick M Arthur
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Asakura T, Kitamura M, Ishikawa T, Iida T, Nakazato M, Yasuda K, Nemoto S. [Determination of Zilpaterol in Livestock Products by LC-MS/MS]. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2020; 60:127-133. [PMID: 31956238 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.60.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method for the determination of zilpaterol in livestock products was developed. The sample was stirred with n-hexane and n-hexane saturated acetonitrile, and zilpaterol in the sample was extracted with acetonitrile. The extract was cleaned up on a ODS cartridge column (1 g) and SCX cartridge column (500 mg). The LC separation was carried out using an Inertsil ODS-4 column and linear gradient elution with 0.1%formic acid and acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid as mobile phase. Detection of MS was carried out positive ion electrospray ionization mode. Average recoveries (n=5) of zilpaterol from 6 kinds of livestock products fortified at the MRLs (0.01 mg/kg) were 87.0-99.4%, and the relative standard deviations were 2.4-6.3%. The limits of quantitation were 0.01 mg/kg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Asakura
- Institute for Food and Environment Sciences, Incorporated Foundation Tokyo Kenbikyo-in
| | - Mariko Kitamura
- Institute for Food and Environment Sciences, Incorporated Foundation Tokyo Kenbikyo-in
| | - Takaaki Ishikawa
- Institute for Food and Environment Sciences, Incorporated Foundation Tokyo Kenbikyo-in
| | - Tomonari Iida
- Institute for Food and Environment Sciences, Incorporated Foundation Tokyo Kenbikyo-in
| | - Mitsuo Nakazato
- Institute for Food and Environment Sciences, Incorporated Foundation Tokyo Kenbikyo-in
| | - Kazuo Yasuda
- Institute for Food and Environment Sciences, Incorporated Foundation Tokyo Kenbikyo-in
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Smith DJ, Shelver WL, Chakrabarty S, Hoffman TW. Detection and quantification of residues in sheep exposed to trace levels of dietary zilpaterol HCl. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1289-1301. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1627005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Smith
- USDA ARS, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Weilin L. Shelver
- USDA ARS, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Shubhashis Chakrabarty
- USDA ARS, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND, USA
- ORISE Post-Doctoral Fellow, Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Travis W. Hoffman
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chakrabarty S, Shelver WL, Hakk H, Smith DJ. Atmospheric Solid Analysis Probe and Modified Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Rapid Screening and Semi-Quantification of Zilpaterol in Urine and Tissues of Sheep. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:10871-10880. [PMID: 30295475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ambient ionization mass spectrometric methods including desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) and atmospheric solid analysis probe (ASAP) have great potential for applications requiring real-time screening of target molecules in complex matrixes. Such techniques can also rapidly produce repeatable semiquantitative data, with minimal sample preparation, relative to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In this study, a commercial ASAP probe was used to conduct both ASAP-MS and modified DESI (MDESI) MS analyses. We conducted real-time qualitative and semiquantitative analysis of the leanness-enhancing agent zilpaterol in incurred sheep urine, kidney, muscle, liver, and lung samples using ASAP-MS and MDESI MS. Using ASAP, limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) in urine were 1.1 and 3.7 ng/mL, respectively, while for MDESI MS they were 1.3 and 4.4 ng/mL, respectively. The LODs for tissues were 0.1-0.4 ng/g using ASAP, and 0.2-0.6 ng/g with MDESI MS. The LOQs of the tissues in ASAP were 0.4-1.2 ng/g and 0.5-2.1 ng/g in MDESI MS. Trace levels of zilpaterol were accurately analyzed in urine and tissues of sheep treated with dietary zilpaterol HCl. The correlation coefficient ( R2) between semiquantitative ASAP-MS and MDESI MS results of urine samples was 0.872. The data from ASAP and MDESI MS were validated using LC-MS/MS; urinary zilpaterol concentrations ≥5.0 ng/mL or tissue zilpaterol concentrations ≥1.5 ng/g were detected by ASAP and MDESI MS, respectively, 100% of the time. Forty samples could be analyzed in triplicate, directly from biological matrixes in under an hour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubhashis Chakrabarty
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service , Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory , 1616 Albrecht Boulevard , Fargo , North Dakota 58102 , United States
| | - Weilin L Shelver
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service , Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory , 1616 Albrecht Boulevard , Fargo , North Dakota 58102 , United States
| | - Heldur Hakk
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service , Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory , 1616 Albrecht Boulevard , Fargo , North Dakota 58102 , United States
| | - David J Smith
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service , Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory , 1616 Albrecht Boulevard , Fargo , North Dakota 58102 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Analysis of beta-agonist residues in bovine hair: Development of a UPLC–MS/MS method and stability study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1036-1037:76-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
8
|
Kim JY, Chae YS, Moon JA, Baek SH. Establishment of a Method for Analyzing the Zilpaterol Residue in Beef Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.20.1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Kim
- Accident Prevention and Assessment Division, National Institute of Chemical Safety, Ministry of Environment
| | - Young-Sik Chae
- Pesticide and Veterinary Drug Residues Division, Department of Food Safety Evaluation, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
| | - Jin-Ah Moon
- Nutrition Safety Policy Division, Bureau of Food Nutrition and Dietary Safety, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
| | - Seung-Hwa Baek
- Department of Biofood Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk Provincial University
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shelver WL, Smith DJ. Immunochemical-based zilpaterol measurement and validation in urine and tissues. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2011.565038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
10
|
Shelver WL, Thorson JF, Hammer CJ, Smith DJ. Depletion of urinary zilpaterol residues in horses as measured by ELISA and UPLC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:4077-4083. [PMID: 20218607 DOI: 10.1021/jf904253t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Three horses were dosed with dietary zilpaterol and the urine concentrations measured from withdrawal day 0 to withdrawal day 21. The analyses were carried out using both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an ultraperformance liquid chromatography with triple-quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometric detection (UPLC-MS/MS). The UPLC-MS/MS method was developed to provide rapid analysis with positive analyte identification by following three product ions and computing the two independent ion ratios. When urinary zilpaterol concentrations were between 0.2 and 2 ng/mL, the ELISA had interday recoveries of 114-120% with coefficients of variation (CV) of <22%; intraday recoveries were 79-111% with CVs of <13%. For urinary zilpaterol concentrations of 0.4-40 ng/mL the UPLC-MS/MS method had interday recoveries of 94-104% with CVs of <8%; intraday recoveries were 97-102% with CVs of < or = 7.5%. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the ELISA and UPLC-MS/MS methods returned essentially the same results, especially at urinary zilpaterol concentrations below 2000 ng/mL. Urinary excretion peaked rapidly after dosing between 5300 and 10800 ng/mL (UPLC-MS/MS) or between 5900 and 17900 ng/mL (ELISA) for the different horses, much higher than observed in other species. Urinary zilpaterol concentrations declined rapidly to below 3000 ng/mL within 24 h of study day 1. After about 5 days, zilpaterol elimination slowed markedly, taking nearly 10 days for an order of magnitude decrease. The analytical methods were able to detect zilpaterol in the urine even at withdrawal day 21, demonstrating the sensitivity of each analytical method and the slow rate of zilpaterol depuration from horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weilin L Shelver
- USDA-ARS, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mondragón J, Domínguez-Vara IA, Pinos-Rodríguez JM, González M, Bórquez JL, Domínguez A, Mejia ML. Effects of feed supplementation of zilpaterol hydrochloride on growth performance and carcass traits of finishing lambs. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09064701003605158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
12
|
De Brabander H, Noppe H, Verheyden K, Vanden Bussche J, Wille K, Okerman L, Vanhaecke L, Reybroeck W, Ooghe S, Croubels S. Residue analysis: Future trends from a historical perspective. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7964-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
13
|
De Brabander HF, Le Bizec B, Pinel G, Antignac JP, Verheyden K, Mortier V, Courtheyn D, Noppe H. Past, present and future of mass spectrometry in the analysis of residues of banned substances in meat-producing animals. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:983-98. [PMID: 17657726 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A residue is a trace (microg kg(-1), ng kg(-1)) of a substance, present in a matrix. Banned substances, such as growth promoters, which are abused in animal fattening and where this article is focused on, may be divided into four major groups: thyreostats, anabolics or anabolic steroids, corticosteroids and beta-agonists or repartitioning agents. The combination of chromatographic techniques with mass spectrometry (GC-MS(n), LC-MS(n), etc.) plays a key role in the production of specific results in residue analysis. In this review, the past, present and future of mass spectrometry in this area are discussed in the light of the impact of these substances on human health and the reliable production of analytical results, ready for challenge in a court.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H F De Brabander
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Lab Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shelver‡ WL, Keum YS, Li QX, Fodey TL, Elliott CT. Development of an immunobiosensor assay for the beta-adrenergic compound zilpaterol. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/09540100500253279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
|
15
|
Van Hoof N, Courtheyn D, Antignac JP, Van de Wiele M, Poelmans S, Noppe H, De Brabander H. Multi-residue liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric analysis of beta-agonists in urine using molecular imprinted polymers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:2801-8. [PMID: 16145647 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ion suppression, a matrix effect that affects quantitative mass spectrometry, is one of the main problems encountered in liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Two different clean-up steps for the multi-residue analysis of beta-agonists in urine were evaluated with respect to minimisation of ion suppression, namely, a mixed-phase solid phase extraction (SPE) column, i.e., clean screen Dau (CSD), and a molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) SPE column. Ion suppression experiments revealed that CSD sample clean-up can lead to false negative results for some beta-agonists, and that clean-up using MIP columns is more selective for beta-agonists than the use of CSD columns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Van Hoof
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|