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Büchner C, Kubitza N, Malik AM, Jamboretz J, Riaz AA, Zhu Y, Schlueter C, McCartney MR, Smith DJ, Regoutz A, Rohrer J, Birkel CS. Chemical Conversions within the Mo-Ga-C System: Layered Solids with Variable Ga Content. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:7725-7734. [PMID: 38623051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Layered carbides are fascinating compounds due to their enormous structural and chemical diversity, as well as their potential to possess useful and tunable functional properties. Their preparation, however, is challenging and forces synthesis scientists to develop creative and innovative strategies to access high-quality materials. One unique compound among carbides is Mo2Ga2C. Its structure is related to the large and steadily growing family of 211 MAX phases that crystallize in a hexagonal structure (space group P63/mmc) with alternating layers of edge-sharing M6X octahedra and layers of the A-element. Mo2Ga2C also crystallizes in the same space group, with the difference that the A-element layer is occupied by two A-elements, here Ga, that sit right on top of each other (hence named "221" compound). Here, we propose that the Ga content in this compound is variable between 2:2, 2:1, and 2: ≤1 (and 2:0) Mo/Ga ratios. We demonstrate that one Ga layer can be selectively removed from Mo2Ga2C without jeopardizing the hexagonal P63/mmc structure. This is realized by chemical treatment of the 221 phase Mo2Ga2C with a Lewis acid, leading to the "conventional" 211 MAX phase Mo2GaC. Upon further reaction with CuCl2, more Ga is removed and replaced with Cu (instead of fully exfoliating into the Ga-free Mo2CTx MXene), leading to Mo2Ga1-xCuxC still crystallizing with space group P63/mmc, however, with a significantly larger c-lattice parameter. Furthermore, 211 Mo2GaC can be reacted with Ga to recover the initial 221 Mo2Ga2C. All three reaction pathways have not been reported previously and are supported by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), electron microscopy, X-ray spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Büchner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Niels Kubitza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ali M Malik
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - John Jamboretz
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Aysha A Riaz
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Yujiang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Martha R McCartney
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - David J Smith
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Anna Regoutz
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jochen Rohrer
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christina S Birkel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
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Yang X, Zheng E, Sun X, Reynolds A, Gonzalez M, Villamil JH, Pando BD, Smith DJ, Yuan SY, Wu MH. C-TYPE LECTIN-2D RECEPTOR CONTRIBUTES TO HISTONE-INDUCED VASCULAR BARRIER DYSFUNCTION DURING BURN INJURY. Shock 2024; 61:592-600. [PMID: 37878490 PMCID: PMC10997737 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Severe burns are associated with massive tissue destruction and cell death where nucleus histones and other damage-associated molecular patterns are released into the circulation and contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple-organ dysfunction. Currently, there is limited information regarding the pathophysiology of extracellular histones after burns, and the mechanisms underlying histone-induced vascular injury are not fully understood. In this study, by comparing the blood samples from healthy donors and burn patients, we confirmed that burn injury promoted the release of extracellular histones into the circulation, evidenced by increased plasma levels of histones correlating with injury severity. The direct effects of extracellular histones on human endothelial monolayers were examined, and the results showed that histones caused cell-cell adherens junction discontinuity and barrier dysfunction in a dose-related manner. Like burn patients, mice subjected to a scald burn covering 25% total body surface area also displayed significantly increased plasma histones. Intravital microscopic analysis of mouse mesenteric microcirculation indicated that treatment with a histone antibody greatly attenuated burn-induced plasma leakage in postcapillary venules, supporting the pathogenic role of extracellular histones in the development of microvascular barrier dysfunction during burns. At the molecular level, intrigued by the recent discovery of C-type lectin domain family 2 member D (Clec2d) as a novel receptor of histones, we tested its potential involvement in the histone interaction with endothelial cells. Indeed, we identified abundant expression of Clec2d in vascular endothelial cells. Further proximity ligation assay demonstrated a close association between extracellular histones and endothelial expressing Clec2d. Functionally, in vivo administration of an anti-Clec2d antibody attenuated burn-induced plasma leakage across mesenteric microvessels. Consistently, Clec2d knockdown in endothelial cells partially inhibited histone-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction. Together, our data suggest that burn injury-induced increases in circulating histones contribute to microvascular leakage and endothelial barrier dysfunction via a mechanism involving the endothelial Clec2d receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ethan Zheng
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Xiaoqi Sun
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Amanda Reynolds
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Monica Gonzalez
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Juan Hernandez Villamil
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Briana D. Pando
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - David J. Smith
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Sarah Y. Yuan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Mack H. Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
- James A Haley Veterans’ Hospital, Tampa, Florida
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Davies KL, Miles J, Camm EJ, Smith DJ, Barker P, Taylor K, Forhead AJ, Fowden AL. Prenatal cortisol exposure impairs adrenal function but not glucose metabolism in adult sheep. J Endocrinol 2024; 260:e230326. [PMID: 38109257 PMCID: PMC10895281 DOI: 10.1530/joe-23-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Adverse environmental conditions before birth are known to programme adult metabolic and endocrine phenotypes in several species. However, whether increments in fetal cortisol concentrations of the magnitude commonly seen in these conditions can cause developmental programming remains unknown. Thus, this study investigated the outcome of physiological increases in fetal cortisol concentrations on glucose-insulin dynamics and pituitary-adrenal function in adult sheep. Compared with saline treatment, intravenous fetal cortisol infusion for 5 days in late gestation did not affect birthweight but increased lamb body weight at 1-2 weeks after birth. Adult glucose dynamics, insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion were unaffected by prenatal cortisol overexposure, assessed by glucose tolerance tests, hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamps and acute insulin administration. In contrast, prenatal cortisol infusion induced adrenal hypo-responsiveness in adulthood with significantly reduced cortisol responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia and exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) administration relative to saline treatment. The area of adrenal cortex expressed as a percentage of the total cross-sectional area of the adult adrenal gland was also lower after prenatal cortisol than saline infusion. In adulthood, basal circulating ACTH but not cortisol concentrations were significantly higher in the cortisol than saline-treated group. The results show that cortisol overexposure before birth programmes pituitary-adrenal development with consequences for adult stress responses. Physiological variations in cortisol concentrations before birth may, therefore, have an important role in determining adult phenotypical diversity and adaptability to environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Davies
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Miles
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - E J Camm
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - D J Smith
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - P Barker
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Mouse Biochemistry Laboratory, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - K Taylor
- Endocrine Laboratory, Blood Sciences, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - A J Forhead
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - A L Fowden
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
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Sesana A, Smith DJ, Das S. Laser-assisted dacryocystorhinostomy of acquired dacryops in a dog. Vet Ophthalmol 2024. [PMID: 38425127 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a novel minimally invasive surgical approach to treatment of a nasolacrimal duct cyst in a dog and outcome. ANIMAL STUDIED A 10-year-old, male entire, Springer Spaniel with a chronic right-sided maxillary swelling and associated right eye epiphora and sneezing. PROCEDURE Computed tomography with dacryocystography confirmed a cystic structure and destruction of the right maxilla and zygomatic bone with invasion of the nasal cavity. Obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct was confirmed. Rhinoscopy was performed allowing visualization of the ventromedial wall of the cyst. Under direct visualization, dacryocystorhinostomy was performed and the wall of the cyst was ablated with the aid of a thulium laser fiber. RESULTS No intraoperative complications occurred during the procedure. Full resolution of clinical signs was noted within 2 weeks of treatment. No recurrence had occurred on long-term follow-up at 32 months. CONCLUSIONS Laser-assisted dacrocystorhinostomy under direct visualization was successful in the treatment and resolution of a nasolacrimal duct cyst (dacryops) in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Smita Das
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Higham Gobion, UK
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Shelver WL, McGarvey AM, Holthusen JE, Young JM, Byrd CJ, Smith DJ. Comparison of immunoassay and LC-tandem mass spectrometry analyses of ractopamine in hog oral fluid. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:162-174. [PMID: 38190266 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2300738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The accurate detection of ractopamine in food animals is crucial for marketing since some entities require animals or animal carcasses to be free of ractopamine residues. Field-based ractopamine screening tests that are rapid, sensitive, and capable of high-throughput are highly desirable to ensure that inadvertent exposure to ractopamine did not occur in animals marketed as animals that have not been fed ractopamine. An immunochemically based lateral flow assay was used to analyze oral fluids from hogs never exposed to ractopamine and from hogs that were presumed positives and results were confirmed using an enhanced sensitivity LC-MSMS method. We found that an immunochemically based lateral flow system having a working range of 2.5 to 15 ng mL-1 worked well as a screening assay with 1.7% false positive results in freshly collected hog oral fluids. Using ractopamine glucuronide standards and LC-MSMS, we determined that the false positive results were not due to the presence of ractopamine glucuronide metabolites in oral fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin L Shelver
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Amy M McGarvey
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Jason E Holthusen
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Jennifer M Young
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Christopher J Byrd
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - David J Smith
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
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Singh A, Smith DJ, Strahan GD, Lehotay SJ. Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of 13 C 4 -labeled 4-cyano-2-oxobutyraldehyde semicarbazone: A metabolite of nitrofurazone. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2024; 67:18-24. [PMID: 38044291 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.4077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrofurazone usage in food-producing animals is prohibited in most countries, including the United States. Regulatory agencies regularly monitor its use in domestic, export/import animals' food products by measuring the semicarbazide (SEM) metabolite as a biomarker of nitrofurazone exposure. However, the use of SEM is controversial because it is also produced in food naturally and thus gives false positive results. A cyano-metabolite, 4-cyano-2-oxobutyraldehyde semicarbazone (COBS), is proposed as an alternate specific marker of nitrofurazone to distinguish nitrofurazone from treated or untreated animals. A synthetic method was developed to produce COBS via metallic hydrogenation of nitrofurazone. The product was isolated and characterized by one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic spectroscopy (NMR) experiments, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and mass spectrometry. The developed synthetic procedure was further extended to synthesize isotopically labeled 4-[13 C]-cyano-2-oxo- [2, 3, 4-13 C3 ]-butyraldehyde semicarbazone. Labeled COBS is useful as an internal standard for its quantification in food-producing animals. Thus, the developed method provides a possibility for its commercial synthesis to procure COBS. This is the first synthesis of the alternate specific marker metabolite of nitrofurazone for possible usage in regulatory analysis to solve a real-world problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Singh
- USDA-ARS Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - David J Smith
- USDA-ARS Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Gary D Strahan
- USDA-ARS Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- USDA-ARS Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, USA
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Singh A, Smith DJ. Facile synthesis of 14 C-nitrofurazone from 14 C-urea. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2023; 66:467-472. [PMID: 37941144 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.4068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The veterinary drug nitrofurazone (5-nitro-2-furaldehyde semicarbazone) exhibits excellent antimicrobial properties but its application in food-producing animals is prohibited. The illegal use of nitrofurazone is regularly monitored by food regulatory agencies. Currently, semicarbazide (SEM) is used as a marker of nitrofurazone exposure. However, the use of SEM as a marker of nitrofurazone is under scrutiny after evidence of a high incidence of false positive tests. To overcome the current dilemma, it is necessary to identify a nitrofurazone-specific marker analyte which requires conducting nitrofurazone metabolism studies in food-producing animals. The use of carbon-14 labeled nitrofurazone would facilitate metabolism studies and structural elucidation of nitrofurazone metabolites of possible utility as a marker compound. In the present work, a synthetic method is described to procure radiolabeled nitrofurazone that incorporates 14 C- carbon at the semicarbazide moiety. The method incorporates 14 C-carbon via employing readily available and more economically affordable [14 C]-urea compared with [14 C]-semicarbazide. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report on the synthesis of 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde [14 C]-semicarbazone from 14 C-urea. The developed method involves monoamination of [14 C]-urea followed by a condensation reaction with 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde to produce 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde [14 C]-semicarbazone in 85% yield with greater than 98% radiochemical purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Singh
- USDA-ARS Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - David J Smith
- USDA-ARS Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
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Newton SL, Franke A, Zahl A, Molinaro G, Kenwright A, Smith DJ, Ivanovic-Burmazovic I, Britton MM, Peacock AFA. Understanding the mechanism by which Gd(III) coiled coils achieve magnetic resonance relaxivity - a study into the water coordination chemistry. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15665-15668. [PMID: 37882137 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02909c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
A class of Gd(III) coiled coils achieve high MRI relaxivity, in part due to their slow rotational correlation time. However, extending their length is unable to further enhance performance, as the mechanism by which relaxivity is achieved is dominated by the presence of three inner sphere waters in rapid exchange, through an associative mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Newton
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
- PSIBS, School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - A Franke
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - A Zahl
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - G Molinaro
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - A Kenwright
- School of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - D J Smith
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - I Ivanovic-Burmazovic
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - M M Britton
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - A F A Peacock
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
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Smith DJ, Wynn-Thompson TM, Stremler MA, Williams MA, Seiler JR, Hession WC. Root reinforcement and extracellular products reduce streambank fluvial erosion. Sci Total Environ 2023; 896:165125. [PMID: 37392881 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the factors that impact bank erodibility is necessary to effectively model changes in channel form. This study evaluated the combined contributions of roots and soil microorganisms to soil resistance against fluvial erosion. To do this, three flume walls were constructed to simulate unvegetated and rooted streambanks. Unamended and organic material (OM) amended soil treatments with either no-roots (bare soil), synthetic (inert) roots, or living roots (Panicum virgatum) were created and tested with the corresponding flume wall treatment. OM stimulated the production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and appeared to increase the applied stress required to initiate soil erosion. Synthetic fibers alone provided a base reduction in soil erosion, regardless of the flow rate used. When used in combination, synthetic roots and OM-amendments reduced erosion rates by 86 % or more compared to bare soil; this reduction was identical to the live rooted treatments (95 % to 100 %). In summary, a synergistic relationship between roots and organic carbon inputs can significantly reduce soil erosion rates due to fiber reinforcement and EPS production. These results indicate that root-biochemical interactions, like root physical mechanisms, play an important role in influencing channel migration rates due to reductions in streambank erodibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smith
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, 220 Ag Quad Lane, Latham Hall Rm 512, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | | | - M A Stremler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - M A Williams
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, 220 Ag Quad Lane, Latham Hall Rm 512, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - J R Seiler
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - W C Hession
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, USA
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Lakio S, Smith DJ, Andrade G, Sandler N, Evans P, McDermott J, Roe C, Hӕggström E. Small is Powerful: Demonstration of the Impact of Nanoformed Piroxicam in a Controlled Clinical Study. Pharm Res 2023; 40:2317-2327. [PMID: 37910340 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE New solutions are needed to enable the efficient use of poorly water-soluble drugs. Therefore, we aimed to demonstrate that decreasing particle size with a solution-to-particle method known as nanoforming can improve dissolution and thus bioavailability. METHODS Piroxicam, a poorly water-soluble non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), was used as a model compound. A Quality-by-Design (QbD) approach was used to nanoform piroxicam and a design space was established. The pharmacokinetics of piroxicam nanoparticles were compared to two marketed products in a clinical trial. RESULTS Nanoformed tablets showed a 33% increase in exposure during the first hour after dosing (AUC0-1 h) compared with an immediate release tablet and was similar to a fast absorbing tablet incorporating complexation of piroxicam with β-cyclodextrin. CONCLUSIONS The results show that nanoforming enabled more rapid absorption in comparison to a typical marketed tablet and indicate that nanoforming is an alternative to complex formulation such as cyclodextrins based products. The study outcomes support the potential of nanoforming for producing fast-acting dosage forms of poorly soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Lakio
- Nanoform Finland Plc, Viikinkaari 4, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - David J Smith
- Nanoform Finland Plc, Viikinkaari 4, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Goncalo Andrade
- Nanoform Finland Plc, Viikinkaari 4, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niklas Sandler
- Nanoform Finland Plc, Viikinkaari 4, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
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Vishwakarma S, Patel A, Gutierrez MR, Nemanich RJ, Smith DJ. Growth of Cubic Boron Nitride/Diamond Heterostructures: Surface Preparation and Film Nucleation. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:1777-1778. [PMID: 37613753 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Vishwakarma
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Avani Patel
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - David J Smith
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Baetz N, Labroo P, Ifediba M, Miller D, Stauffer K, Sieverts M, Nicodemus-Johnson J, Chan E, Robinson I, Miess J, Roth S, Irvin J, Laun J, Mundinger G, Granick MS, Milner S, Garrett C, Li WW, Swanson EW, Smith DJ, Sopko NA. Evaluation in a porcine wound model and long-term clinical assessment of an autologous heterogeneous skin construct used to close full-thickness wounds. Tissue Cell 2023; 83:102126. [PMID: 37295271 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acute and chronic wounds involving deeper layers of the skin are often not adequately healed by dressings alone and require therapies such as skin grafting, skin substitutes, or growth factors. Here we report the development of an autologous heterogeneous skin construct (AHSC) that aids wound closure. AHSC is manufactured from a piece of healthy full-thickness skin. The manufacturing process creates multicellular segments, which contain endogenous skin cell populations present within hair follicles. These segments are physically optimized for engraftment within the wound bed. The ability of AHSC to facilitate closure of full thickness wounds of the skin was evaluated in a swine model and clinically in 4 patients with wounds of different etiologies. Transcriptional analysis demonstrated high concordance of gene expression between AHSC and native tissues for extracellular matrix and stem cell gene expression panels. Swine wounds demonstrated complete wound epithelialization and mature stable skin by 4 months, with hair follicle development in AHSC-treated wounds evident by 15 weeks. Biomechanical, histomorphological, and compositional analysis of the resultant swine and human skin wound biopsies demonstrated the presence of epidermal and dermal architecture with follicular and glandular structures that are similar to native skin. These data suggest that treatment with AHSC can facilitate wound closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Baetz
- Department of Research and Development, PolarityTE MD, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Pratima Labroo
- Department of Research and Development, PolarityTE MD, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Marytheresa Ifediba
- Department of Research and Development, PolarityTE MD, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Devin Miller
- Department of Research and Development, PolarityTE MD, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kendall Stauffer
- Department of Research and Development, PolarityTE MD, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Michael Sieverts
- Department of Research and Development, PolarityTE MD, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Eric Chan
- Department of Research and Development, PolarityTE MD, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ian Robinson
- Department of Research and Development, PolarityTE MD, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - James Miess
- Department of Research and Development, PolarityTE MD, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Stephanie Roth
- Department of Research and Development, PolarityTE MD, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jenny Irvin
- Department of Research and Development, PolarityTE MD, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jake Laun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gerhard Mundinger
- Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Mark S Granick
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Stephen Milner
- Department of Research and Development, PolarityTE MD, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Caroline Garrett
- Department of Research and Development, PolarityTE MD, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Edward W Swanson
- Department of Research and Development, PolarityTE MD, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - David J Smith
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Nikolai A Sopko
- Department of Research and Development, PolarityTE MD, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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13
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Winders TM, Holman DB, Schmidt KN, Luecke SM, Smith DJ, Neville BW, Dahlen CR, Swanson KC, Amat S. Feeding hempseed cake alters the bovine gut, respiratory and reproductive microbiota. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8121. [PMID: 37208436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies have investigated the feasibility of utilizing hemp by-products as livestock feedstuffs; however, their impact on livestock microbiomes remains unexplored. Here, we evaluated the effects of feeding hempseed cake on the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive microbiota in beef heifers. Angus-crossbred heifers (19-months old, initial body weight = 494 ± 10 kg [SE]) were fed a corn-based finishing diet containing 20% hempseed cake as a substitute for 20% corn dried distillers' grains with solubles (DM basis; Control; n = 16/group) for 111 days until slaughter. Ruminal fluid and deep nasopharyngeal swabs (days 0, 7, 42, 70 and 98), and vaginal and uterine swabs (at slaughter) were collected, and the microbiota assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Diet affected the community structure of the ruminal (d 7-98; 0.06 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.12; P < 0.05), nasopharyngeal (d 98; R2 = 0.18; P < 0.001), and vaginal (R2 = 0.06; P < 0.01) microbiota. Heifers fed hempseed cake had increased microbial diversity in the rumen, reduced microbial richness in the vagina, and greater microbial diversity and richness in the uterus. In addition to the distinct microbial communities in the rumen, nasopharynx, vagina and uterus, we identified 28 core taxa that were shared (≥ 60% of all samples) across these sampling locations. Feeding hempseed cake appeared to alter the bovine gut, respiratory and reproductive microbiota. Our results suggest that future research aiming to evaluate the use of hemp by-products in livestock diet should consider their impact on animal microbiome and microbiome mediated animal health and reproductive efficiency. Our findings also highlight the need for research evaluating the impact of hemp-associated food and personal care products on the human microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Winders
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA
| | - Devin B Holman
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB, T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - Kaycie N Schmidt
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA
| | - Sarah M Luecke
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA
| | - David J Smith
- USDA ARS, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Bryan W Neville
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA
| | - Carl R Dahlen
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA
| | - Kendall C Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA
| | - Samat Amat
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA.
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14
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Smith DJ. Preface to special section on imaging, diffraction and crystallography - John Spence's legacy. Ultramicroscopy 2023:113758. [PMID: 37221100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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15
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Moore CC, Corona J, Griffiths C, Heberling MT, Hewitt JA, Keiser DA, Kling CL, Massey DM, Papenfus M, Phaneuf DJ, Smith DJ, Vossler CA, Wheeler W. Measuring the social benefits of water quality improvements to support regulatory objectives: Progress and future directions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2120247120. [PMID: 37094157 PMCID: PMC10160971 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120247120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chris C Moore
- National Center for Environmental Economics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460
| | - Joel Corona
- Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460
| | - Charles Griffiths
- National Center for Environmental Economics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460
| | - Matthew T Heberling
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268
| | - Julie A Hewitt
- Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460
| | - David A Keiser
- Department of Resource Economics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Catherine L Kling
- Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - D Matthew Massey
- National Center for Environmental Economics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460
| | - Michael Papenfus
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR 97333
| | - Daniel J Phaneuf
- Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - David J Smith
- National Center for Environmental Economics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460
| | - Christian A Vossler
- Department of Economics, Center for Public Policy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
- Howard H. Baker Jr., Center for Public Policy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - William Wheeler
- National Center for Environmental Economics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460
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16
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Wang W, Smith DJ, Ngo H, Jin ZT, Mitchell AE, Fan X. Lipid Oxidation and Volatile Compounds of Almonds as Affected by Gaseous Chlorine Dioxide Treatment to Reduce Salmonella Populations. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:5345-5357. [PMID: 36946919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The effects of gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) treatment, applied to inactivate Salmonella, on lipid oxidation, volatile compounds, and chlorate levels of dehulled almonds were evaluated during a 3 month accelerated storage at 39 °C. At treatment levels that yielded a 2.91 log reduction of Salmonella, ClO2 promoted lipid oxidation as indicated by increased peroxide values, total acid number, conjugated dienes, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. Furthermore, several chlorine-containing volatile compounds including trichloromethane, 1-chloro-2-propanol, 1,1,1-trichloro-2-propanol, and 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol were identified in ClO2-treated samples. However, all the volatile chlorine-containing compounds decreased during the 3 months of storage. Chlorate (26.4 ± 5.1 μg/g) was found on the ClO2-treated samples. The amounts of non-ethanol alcohols, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids increased following ClO2 treatments. Some volatiles such as 2,3-butanediol that were present in non-treated samples became non-detectable during post-ClO2 treatment storage. Overall, our results demonstrated that gaseous ClO2 treatment promoted lipid oxidation, generation of volatiles of lipid origin, and several chlorine-containing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Wang
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA
| | - David J Smith
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, 1616 Albrecht Blvd., Fargo, North Dakota 58102, USA
| | - Helen Ngo
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA
| | - Zhonglin Tony Jin
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA
| | - Alyson E Mitchell
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Xuetong Fan
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA
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17
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Casten M, Herbert S, Smith DJ, Petoumenos K, Coorey C, Edmiston N. What are the predictors of change in multimorbidity among people with HIV? A longitudinal observational cohort study. HIV Med 2023. [PMID: 36929663 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multimorbidity is common among people living with HIV (PLWH), with numerous cross-sectional studies demonstrating associations with older age and past immunosuppression. Little is known about the progression of multimorbidity, particularly in the setting of long-term access to antiretrovirals. This study aims to determine factors predictive of change in multimorbidity in PLWH. METHODS People living with HIV who attended a regional HIV service were recruited to a consented observational cohort between September 2016 and March 2020. Demographic data, laboratory results and a Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS) were collected at enrolment and first clinical review of every subsequent year. Change in CIRS score was calculated from enrolment to February 2021. Associations with change were determined through univariate and multivariate linear regression. RESULTS Of 253 people, median age was 58.9 [interquartile range (IQR): 51.9-64.4] years, 91.3% were male, and HIV was diagnosed a median of 22.16 years (IQR: 12.1-30.9) beforehand. Length of time in the study was a median of 134 weeks (IQR: 89.0-179.0), in which a mean CIRS score change of 1.21 (SD 2.60) was observed. Being older (p < 0.001) and having a higher body mass index (p = 0.008) and diabetes (p = 0.014) were associated with an increased likelihood of worsening multimorbidity. PLWH with a higher level of multimorbidity at baseline were less likely to worsen over time (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION As diabetes and weight predict worsening multimorbidity, routine diabetes screening, body mass index measurement, and multimorbidity status awareness are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Casten
- Western Sydney University School of Medicine, Sydney, Australia
| | - Simone Herbert
- North Coast Sexual Health Services, MNCLHD NSW, Port Macquarie, Australia
| | - David J Smith
- North Coast Sexual Health Services, MNCLHD NSW, Port Macquarie, Australia
| | - Kathy Petoumenos
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Natalie Edmiston
- Western Sydney University School of Medicine, Sydney, Australia.,North Coast Sexual Health Services, MNCLHD NSW, Port Macquarie, Australia
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18
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Smith DJ, Serum EM, Winders TM, Neville B, Herges GR, Dahlen CR, Swanson KC. Excretion and residue depletion of cannabinoids in beef cattle fed hempseed cake for 111 days. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:552-565. [PMID: 36897320 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2187645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-two crossbred heifers were fed either a control diet or 20% (dry matter basis) hempseed cake in a complete ration for 111 days; of the cattle fed hempseed cake, four each were harvested with 0, 1, 4, and 8-day withdrawal periods. Urine and plasma were collected during the feeding and withdrawal periods and liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue were collected at harvest. Total cannabinoid (n = 10) concentration of hempseed cake averaged 11.3 ± 11.7 mg kg-1 across the feeding period with total cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol (CBD/THC) concentrations of 1.3 ± 0.8 mg kg-1. Neutral cannabinoids (cannabinol [CBN], CBD/THC, and cannabidivarin [CBDV]) were not detected in plasma or urine, but CBD/THC was measured in adipose tissue at all withdrawal periods (6.3 ± 2.1 to 10.1 ± 2.5 ng g-1). In contrast, cannabinoid acids (cannabinolic acid [CBNA], cannabidiolic acid [CBDA]/tetrahydrocannabinolic acid [THCA], cannabichromenic acid [CBCA], and cannabidivarinic acid [CBDVA]) were sporadically detected (<15 ng mL-1) in plasma and urine of cattle fed hempseed cake. Cannabinoid acids were depleted from liver by withdrawal day 4, but could still be measured (<1 ng g-1) in kidney of some animals harvested on withdrawal day 8. Assessment of human exposures to CBD/THC residues through the consumption of beef fat from animals fed hempseed cake suggests that the probability of consuming the equivalent of an acute reference dose (ARfD) is remote, even with the use of a conservative reference dose ARfD (1 μg kg-1 body weight).
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Smith
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Eric M Serum
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Thomas M Winders
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Bryan Neville
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - Grant R Herges
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Carl R Dahlen
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Kendall C Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
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19
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Gallagher MT, Kirkman-Brown JC, Smith DJ. Axonemal regulation by curvature explains sperm flagellar waveform modulation. PNAS Nexus 2023; 2:pgad072. [PMID: 37007706 PMCID: PMC10063217 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Flagellar motility is critical to natural and many forms of assisted reproduction. Rhythmic beating and wave propagation by the flagellum propels sperm through fluid and enables modulation between penetrative progressive motion, activated side-to-side yaw and hyperactivated motility associated with detachment from epithelial binding. These motility changes occur in response to the properties of the surrounding fluid environment, biochemical activation state, and physiological ligands, however a parsimonious mechanistic explanation of flagellar beat generation that can explain motility modulation is lacking. In this paper we present the Axonemal Regulation of Curvature, Hysteretic model (ARCH), a curvature controltype theory based on switching of active moment by local curvature, embedded within a geometrically nonlinear elastic model of the flagellum exhibiting planar flagellar beats, together with nonlocal viscous fluid dynamics. The biophysical system is parameterised completely by four dimensionless parameter groupings. The effect of parameter variation is explored through computational simulation, revealing beat patterns that are qualitatively representative of penetrative (straight progressive), activated (highly yawing) and hyperactivated (non-progressive) modes. Analysis of the flagellar limit cycles and associated swimming velocity reveals a cusp catastrophe between progressive and non-progressive modes, and hysteresis in the response to changes in critical curvature parameter. Quantitative comparison to experimental data on human sperm exhibiting typical penetrative, activated and hyperactivated beats shows a good fit to the time-average absolute curvature profile along the flagellum, providing evidence that the model is capable of providing a framework for quantitative interpretation of imaging data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meurig T Gallagher
- Centre for Systems Modelling and Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT , United Kingdom
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT , United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Reproductive Science, University of Birmingham and Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust , Birmingham B15 2TT , United Kingdom
| | - Jackson C Kirkman-Brown
- Centre for Human Reproductive Science, University of Birmingham and Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust , Birmingham B15 2TT , United Kingdom
| | - David J Smith
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT , United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Reproductive Science, University of Birmingham and Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust , Birmingham B15 2TT , United Kingdom
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20
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Greenhalgh DG, Cartotto R, Taylor SL, Fine JR, Lewis GM, Smith DJ, Marano MA, Gibson A, Wibbenmeyer LA, Holmes JH, Rizzo JA, Foster KN, Khandelwal A, Fischer S, Hemmila MR, Hill D, Aballay AM, Tredget EE, Goverman J, Phelan H, Jimenez CJ, Baldea A, Sood R. Burn Resuscitation Practices in North America: Results of the Acute Burn ResUscitation Multicenter Prospective Trial (ABRUPT). Ann Surg 2023; 277:512-519. [PMID: 34417368 PMCID: PMC8857312 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000005166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES ABRUPT was a prospective, noninterventional, observational study of resuscitation practices at 21 burn centers. The primary goal was to examine burn resuscitation with albumin or crystalloids alone, to design a future prospective randomized trial. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA No modern prospective study has determined whether to use colloids or crystalloids for acute burn resuscitation. METHODS Patients ≥18 years with burns ≥ 20% total body surface area (TBSA) had hourly documentation of resuscitation parameters for 48 hours. Patients received either crystalloids alone or had albumin supplemented to crystalloid based on center protocols. RESULTS Of 379 enrollees, two-thirds (253) were resuscitated with albumin and one-third (126) were resuscitated with crystalloid alone. Albumin patients received more total fluid than Crystalloid patients (5.2 ± 2.3 vs 3.7 ± 1.7 mL/kg/% TBSA burn/24 hours), but patients in the Albumin Group were older, had larger burns, higher admission Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores, and more inhalation injury. Albumin lowered the in-to-out (I/O) ratio and was started ≤12 hours in patients with the highest initial fluid requirements, given >12 hours with intermediate requirements, and avoided in patients who responded to crystalloid alone. CONCLUSIONS Albumin use is associated with older age, larger and deeper burns, and more severe organ dysfunction at presentation. Albumin supplementation is started when initial crystalloid rates are above expected targets and improves the I/O ratio. The fluid received in the first 24 hours was at or above the Parkland Formula estimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Greenhalgh
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis School of Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA
| | - Robert Cartotto
- Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Medical Center, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Sandra L. Taylor
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Jeffrey R. Fine
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | | | - David J. Smith
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | | | - Angela Gibson
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | - James H. Holmes
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forrest University, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Julie A. Rizzo
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, TX
| | | | | | - Sarah Fischer
- Department of Surgery, Ascension Via Christi St. Francis, Wichita, KS
| | - Mark R. Hemmila
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - David Hill
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Edward E. Tredget
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Jeremy Goverman
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Herbert Phelan
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Carlos J. Jimenez
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Anthony Baldea
- Department of Surgery, University of Loyola, Maywood, IL
| | - Rajiv Sood
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Indiana, Indianapolis, IN
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21
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Smith DJ. A Year of Sustainable Developments. ChemSusChem 2023; 16:e202202275. [PMID: 36577012 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David J Smith
- Wiley-VCH GmbH, Boschstrasse 12, 69469, Weinheim, Germany
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22
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Ishimoto K, Gaffney EA, Smith DJ. Squirmer hydrodynamics near a periodic surface topography. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1123446. [PMID: 37123410 PMCID: PMC10133482 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1123446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The behaviour of microscopic swimmers has previously been explored near large-scale confining geometries and in the presence of very small-scale surface roughness. Here, we consider an intermediate case of how a simple microswimmer, the tangential spherical squirmer, behaves adjacent to singly and doubly periodic sinusoidal surface topographies that spatially oscillate with an amplitude that is an order of magnitude less than the swimmer size and wavelengths that are also within an order of magnitude of this scale. The nearest neighbour regularised Stokeslet method is used for numerical explorations after validating its accuracy for a spherical tangential squirmer that swims stably near a flat surface. The same squirmer is then introduced to different surface topographies. The key governing factor in the resulting swimming behaviour is the size of the squirmer relative to the surface topography wavelength. For instance, directional guidance is not observed when the squirmer is much larger, or much smaller, than the surface topography wavelength. In contrast, once the squirmer size is on the scale of the topography wavelength, limited guidance is possible, often with local capture in the topography troughs. However, complex dynamics can also emerge, especially when the initial configuration is not close to alignment along topography troughs or above topography crests. In contrast to sensitivity in alignment and topography wavelength, reductions in the amplitude of the surface topography or variations in the shape of the periodic surface topography do not have extensive impacts on the squirmer behaviour. Our findings more generally highlight that the numerical framework provides an essential basis to elucidate how swimmers may be guided by surface topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Ishimoto
- Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kenta Ishimoto,
| | - Eamonn A. Gaffney
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Smith
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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23
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Lupton SJ, Smith DJ, Scholljegerdes E, Ivey S, Young W, Genualdi S, DeJager L, Snyder A, Esteban E, Johnston JJ. Plasma and Skin Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) Levels in Dairy Cattle with Lifetime Exposures to PFAS-Contaminated Drinking Water and Feed. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:15945-15954. [PMID: 36475664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plasma and ear notch samples were removed from 164 Holstein cows and heifers, which had lifetime exposures to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through consumption of contaminated feed and water sources. A suite of nine PFAS including five perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCA) and four perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSA) was quantified in plasma and ear notch samples by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Bioaccumulation of four- to nine-carbon PFCAs did not occur in plasma or skin, but PFSAs longer than four carbons accumulated in both plasma and skin. Exposure periods of at least 1 year were necessary for PFSAs to reach steady-state concentrations in plasma. Neither parity (P = 0.76) nor lactation status (P = 0.30) affected total PFSA concentrations in mature cow plasma. In contrast, lactation status greatly affected (P < 0.0001) total PFSA concentrations in ear notch samples. Skin samples could be used for biomonitoring purposes in instances when on-farm blood collection and plasma preparation are not practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Lupton
- USDA ARS, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota58102, United States
| | - David J Smith
- USDA ARS, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota58102, United States
| | - Eric Scholljegerdes
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Box 30003, Las Cruces, New Mexico88003, United States
| | - Shanna Ivey
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Box 30003, Las Cruces, New Mexico88003, United States
| | - Wendy Young
- U.S. FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland20740, United States
| | - Susan Genualdi
- U.S. FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland20740, United States
| | - Lowri DeJager
- U.S. FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland20740, United States
| | - Abigail Snyder
- USDA ARS, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota58102, United States
| | - Emilio Esteban
- USDA FSIS, Office of Public Health Science, 1400 Independence Avenue South West, Washington, District of Columbia20250, United States
| | - John J Johnston
- USDA FSIS, Office of Public Health Science, 2150 Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado80526, United States
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Ingvordsen CH, Hendriks PW, Smith DJ, Bechaz KM, Rebetzke GJ. Seedling and field assessment of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) dwarfing genes and their influence on root traits in multiple genetic backgrounds. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:6292-6306. [PMID: 35802045 PMCID: PMC9578352 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Deployment of the Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b dwarfing genes helped facilitate the Green Revolution to increase wheat yields globally. Much is known of the influence of these genes on plant height and agronomic performance, but not of their effects on root architecture. We assessed 29 near-isogenic lines (NILs) representing 11 Green Revolution and alternative dwarfing genes across multiple genetic backgrounds for root architecture characteristics in controlled and field environments. Genetic background did not influence plant height, but had a small and significant (P<0.05) effect on root architecture. All dwarfing gene NILs were significantly (P<0.01) shorter compared with tall controls. The Green Revolution Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b sometimes had longer seedling roots but were not different from their respective tall controls for root depth in the field. The Rht8, Rht12, and Rht18 dwarfing gene NILs produced long seminal roots in seedling pouches, and a greater maximum rooting depth (MRD) and root penetration rate (RPR) in the field. Genotypic increases in MRD and RPR were strongly correlated with increased harvest index and grain yield, particularly in dry environments. Careful root phenotyping highlights the potential of novel dwarfing genes for wheat genetic improvement under water-limited conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pieter-Willem Hendriks
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food, Canberra ACTAustralia
- Charles Sturt University, School of Agriculture and Wine Sciences, Wagga-Wagga NSWAustralia
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Winders T, Holman D, Schmidt K, Smith DJ, Neville BW, Dahlen CR, Swanson KC, Amat S. 346 Feeding Hempseed Cake Alters the Bovine gut, Respiratory and Reproductive Microbiota. J Anim Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac247.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A growing number of studies have investigated the viability of feeding hemp by-products as livestock feedstuffs; however, their impact on livestock microbiomes remains unexplored. Here, we evaluated the effects of feeding hempseed cake (HSC) on the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive microbiota in beef heifers. Angus-crossbred heifers [19-months old; initial body weight (BW) = 494 ± 10 kg] were fed a corn-based finishing diet (10% forage) containing either 20% HSC (n = 15) or 20% corn distillers grains (Control, n = 16) for 111 days until slaughter. Individual feed intake, feeding behavior and BW were measured throughout the study. Rumen fluid and deep nasopharyngeal swabs (days 0 7, 42, 70 and 98), and vaginal and uterine swabs (at slaughter) were collected, and the microbiota assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. HSC feeding resulted in reduced average daily gain (P = 0.05) without influencing feed intake and feeding behavior (P > 0.05) (reported elsewhere). Sampling time had a significant effect on both ruminal (PERMANOVA: R2 = 0.39; P < 0.001) and nasopharyngeal (R2 = 0.18; P < 0.001) microbial community structure. There was also a significant effect of diet on the ruminal (d7– 98; 0.06 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.12; P < 0.05), nasopharyngeal (d 42; R2= 0.18; P < 0.001), and vaginal (R2 = 0.06; P < 0.01) microbiota. Although microbial richness in the rumen, nasopharynx, vagina, and uterus was not affected (P > 0.05) by HSC feeding, microbial diversity (Shannon diversity) was increased in the rumen (d42-98) but reduced in the uterus of HSC heifers (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of five ruminal genera was enriched, while five vaginal genera were reduced in HSC heifers (P < 0.05). Overall, the results of our longitudinal study suggest that feeding hemp by-products can alter the bovine gut, respiratory and reproductive microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Devin Holman
- Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Lacomb Research and Development Center
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26
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Khan S, Angeles F, Wright J, Vishwakarma S, Ortiz VH, Guzman E, Kargar F, Balandin AA, Smith DJ, Jena D, Xing HG, Wilson R. Properties for Thermally Conductive Interfaces with Wide Band Gap Materials. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:36178-36188. [PMID: 35895030 PMCID: PMC9376929 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study is to determine how bulk vibrational properties and interfacial structure affect thermal transport at interfaces in wide band gap semiconductor systems. Time-domain thermoreflectance measurements of thermal conductance G are reported for interfaces between nitride metals and group IV (diamond, SiC, Si, and Ge) and group III-V (AlN, GaN, and cubic BN) materials. Group IV and group III-V semiconductors have systematic differences in vibrational properties. Similarly, HfN and TiN are also vibrationally distinct from each other. Therefore, comparing G of interfaces formed from these materials provides a systematic test of how vibrational similarity between two materials affects interfacial transport. For HfN interfaces, we observe conductances between 140 and 300 MW m-2 K-1, whereas conductances between 200 and 800 MW m-2 K-1 are observed for TiN interfaces. TiN forms exceptionally conductive interfaces with GaN, AlN, and diamond, that is, G > 400 MW m-2 K-1. Surprisingly, interfaces formed between vibrationally similar and dissimilar materials are similarly conductive. Thus, vibrational similarity between two materials is not a necessary requirement for high G. Instead, the time-domain thermoreflectance experiment (TDTR) data, an analysis of bulk vibrational properties, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) suggest that G depends on two other material properties, namely, the bulk phonon properties of the vibrationally softer of the two materials and the interfacial structure. To determine how G depends on interfacial structure, TDTR and TEM measurements were conducted on a series of TiN/AlN samples prepared in different ways. Interfacial disorder at a TiN/AlN interface adds a thermal resistance equivalent to ∼1 nm of amorphous material. Our findings improve fundamental understanding of what material properties are most important for thermally conductive interfaces. They also provide benchmarks for the thermal conductance of interfaces with wide band gap semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samreen Khan
- University
of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Frank Angeles
- University
of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - John Wright
- Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United
States
| | | | - Victor H. Ortiz
- University
of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Erick Guzman
- University
of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Fariborz Kargar
- University
of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | | | - David J. Smith
- Arizona
State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United
States
| | - Debdeep Jena
- Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United
States
| | - H. Grace Xing
- Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United
States
| | - Richard Wilson
- University
of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Chakrabarty S, Serum EM, Winders TM, Neville B, Kleinhenz MD, Magnin G, Coetzee JF, Dahlen CR, Swanson KC, Smith DJ. Rapid quantification of cannabinoids in beef tissues and bodily fluids using direct-delivery electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1705-1717. [PMID: 35939416 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2107711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Hempseed cake is a byproduct of hempseed oil extraction and is potentially a useful source of protein and fiber for use in ruminant diets. However, data are lacking on the appearance and/or clearance of cannabinoids in tissues of animals fed hempseed cake. To this end, a rapid method for quantifying cannabinol (CBN), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinolic acid (CBNA), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabichromenic acid (CBCA), cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) in cattle tissues, plasma, and urine was developed using rapid screen electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (RS-ESI-MS). Regression coefficients of matrix-matched standard curves ranged from 0.9946 to >0.9999 and analyte recoveries averaged from 90.2 ± 15.5 to 108.7 ± 18.7% across all compounds. Limits of detection and quantification ranged from 0.05 to 2.79 ng · mL-1 and 0.17 to 9.30 ng · mL-1, respectively, while the inter-day relative standard deviation ranged from 5.1 to 15.1%. Rapid screening electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (RS-ESI-MS) returned no false positives for any cannabinoid in plasma, urine, and tissue (liver, skeletal muscle) samples from 6 non-dosed control animals (n = 90 samples; of which 72 samples were plasma or urine and 18 samples were tissues). Across-animal cannabinoid concentrations measured in 32 plasma samples of cattle dosed with ground hemp were quantified by RS-ESI-MS; analytical results correlated well (r2 = 0.963) with independent LC-MS/MS analysis of the same samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhashis Chakrabarty
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.,USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Eric M Serum
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Thomas M Winders
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Bryan Neville
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, US Meat Animal Research Center, NE, USA
| | - Michael D Kleinhenz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Geraldine Magnin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Carl R Dahlen
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Kendall C Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - David J Smith
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND, USA
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Urbaniak C, Morrison MD, Thissen JB, Karouia F, Smith DJ, Mehta S, Jaing C, Venkateswaran K. Microbial Tracking-2, a metagenomics analysis of bacteria and fungi onboard the International Space Station. Microbiome 2022; 10:100. [PMID: 35765106 PMCID: PMC9241228 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The International Space Station (ISS) is a unique and complex built environment with the ISS surface microbiome originating from crew and cargo or from life support recirculation in an almost entirely closed system. The Microbial Tracking 1 (MT-1) project was the first ISS environmental surface study to report on the metagenome profiles without using whole-genome amplification. The study surveyed the microbial communities from eight surfaces over a 14-month period. The Microbial Tracking 2 (MT-2) project aimed to continue the work of MT-1, sampling an additional four flights from the same locations, over another 14 months. METHODS Eight surfaces across the ISS were sampled with sterile wipes and processed upon return to Earth. DNA extracted from the processed samples (and controls) were treated with propidium monoazide (PMA) to detect intact/viable cells or left untreated and to detect the total DNA population (free DNA/compromised cells/intact cells/viable cells). DNA extracted from PMA-treated and untreated samples were analyzed using shotgun metagenomics. Samples were cultured for bacteria and fungi to supplement the above results. RESULTS Staphylococcus sp. and Malassezia sp. were the most represented bacterial and fungal species, respectively, on the ISS. Overall, the ISS surface microbiome was dominated by organisms associated with the human skin. Multi-dimensional scaling and differential abundance analysis showed significant temporal changes in the microbial population but no spatial differences. The ISS antimicrobial resistance gene profiles were however more stable over time, with no differences over the 5-year span of the MT-1 and MT-2 studies. Twenty-nine antimicrobial resistance genes were detected across all samples, with macrolide/lincosamide/streptogramin resistance being the most widespread. Metagenomic assembled genomes were reconstructed from the dataset, resulting in 82 MAGs. Functional assessment of the collective MAGs showed a propensity for amino acid utilization over carbohydrate metabolism. Co-occurrence analyses showed strong associations between bacterial and fungal genera. Culture analysis showed the microbial load to be on average 3.0 × 105 cfu/m2 CONCLUSIONS: Utilizing various metagenomics analyses and culture methods, we provided a comprehensive analysis of the ISS surface microbiome, showing microbial burden, bacterial and fungal species prevalence, changes in the microbiome, and resistome over time and space, as well as the functional capabilities and microbial interactions of this unique built microbiome. Data from this study may help to inform policies for future space missions to ensure an ISS surface microbiome that promotes astronaut health and spacecraft integrity. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Urbaniak
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Michael D Morrison
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - James B Thissen
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Fathi Karouia
- KBRwyle, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Mountain View, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Exobiology Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - David J Smith
- Space Biosciences Research Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Satish Mehta
- JesTech, NASA-Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Crystal Jaing
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Kasthuri Venkateswaran
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA.
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Yang X, Chatterjee V, Zheng E, Reynolds A, Ma Y, Villalba N, Tran T, Jung M, Smith DJ, Wu MH, Yuan SY. Burn Injury-Induced Extracellular Vesicle Production and Characteristics. Shock 2022; 57:228-242. [PMID: 35613455 PMCID: PMC9246995 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized membrane-bound particles containing biologically active cargo molecules. The production and molecular composition of EVs reflect the physiological state of parent cells, and once released into the circulation, they exert pleiotropic functions via transferring cargo contents. Thus, circulating EVs not only serve as biomarkers, but also mediators in disease processes or injury responses. In the present study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of plasma EVs from burn patients and healthy subjects, characterizing their size distribution, concentration, temporal changes, cell origins, and cargo protein contents. Our results indicated that burn injury induced a significant increase in circulating EVs, the response peaked at the time of admission and declined over the course of recovery. Importantly, EV production correlated with injury severity, as indicated by the total body surface area and depth of burn, requirement for critical care/ICU stay, hospitalization length, wound infection, and concurrence of sepsis. Burn patients with inhalation injury showed a higher level of EVs than those without inhalation injury. We also evaluated patient demographics (age and sex) and pre-existing conditions (hypertension, obesity, and smoking) and found no significant correlation between these conditions and overall EV production. At the molecular level, flow cytometric analysis showed that the burn-induced EVs were largely derived from leukocytes and endothelial cells (ECs), which are known to be activated postburn. Additionally, a high level of zona-occludens-1 (ZO-1), a major constituent of tight junctions, was identified in burn EV cargos, indicative of injury in tissues that form barriers via tight junctions. Moreover, when applied to endothelial cell monolayers, burn EVs caused significant barrier dysfunction, characterized by decreased transcellular barrier resistance and disrupted cell-cell junction continuity. Taken together, these data suggest that burn injury promotes the production of EVs containing unique cargo proteins in a time-dependent manner; the response correlates with injury severity and worsened clinical outcomes. Functionally, burn EVs serve as a potent mediator capable of reducing endothelial barrier resistance and impairing junction integrity, a pathophysiological process underlying burn-associated tissue dysfunction. Thus, further in-depth characterization of circulating EVs will contribute to the development of new prognostic tools or therapeutic targets for advanced burn care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Victor Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Ethan Zheng
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Amanda Reynolds
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Yonggang Ma
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Nuria Villalba
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Thanh Tran
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Michelle Jung
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - David J. Smith
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Mack H. Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Sarah Y. Yuan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Tagwerker C, Carias-Marines MJ, Smith DJ. Effects of Pharmacogenomic Testing in Clinical Pain Management: Retrospective Study. JMIRx Med 2022; 3:e32902. [PMID: 37725552 PMCID: PMC10414297 DOI: 10.2196/32902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The availability of pharmacogenomic (PGx) methods to determine the right drug and dosage for individualized patient treatment has increased over the past decade. Adoption of the resulting PGx reports in a clinical setting and monitoring of clinical outcomes is a challenging and long-term commitment. OBJECTIVE This study summarizes an extended PGx deep sequencing panel intended for medication dosing and prescription guidance newly adopted in a pain management clinic. The primary outcome of this retrospective study reports the number of cases and types of drugs covered, for which PGx data appears to have assisted in optimal drug prescription and dosing. METHODS A PGx panel is described, encompassing 23 genes and 141 single-nucleotide polymorphisms or indels, combined with PGx dosing guidance and drug-gene interaction (DGI) and drug-drug interaction (DDI) reporting to prevent adverse drug reactions (ADRs). During a 2-year period, patients (N=171) were monitored in a pain management clinic. Urine toxicology, PGx reports, and progress notes were studied retrospectively for changes in prescription regimens before and after the PGx report was made available to the provider. An additional algorithm provided DGIs and DDIs to prevent ADRs. RESULTS Among patient PGx reports with medication lists provided (n=146), 57.5% (n=84) showed one or more moderate and 5.5% (n=8) at least one serious PGx interaction. A total of 96 (65.8%) patients showed at least one moderate and 15.1% (n=22) one or more serious DGIs or DDIs. A significant number of active changes in prescriptions based on the 102 PGx/DGI/DDI report results provided was observed for 85 (83.3%) patients for which a specific drug was either discontinued or switched within the defined drug classes of the report, or a new drug was added. CONCLUSIONS Preventative action was observed for all serious interactions, and only moderate interactions were tolerated for the lack of other alternatives. This study demonstrates the application of an extended PGx panel combined with a customized informational report to prevent ADRs and improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David J Smith
- Alcala Testing and Analysis Services, San Diego, CA, United States
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Winders TM, Serum EM, Smith DJ, Neville BW, Mia GK, Amat S, Dahlen CR, Swanson KC. Influence of hempseed cake inclusion on growth performance, carcass characteristics, feeding behavior and blood parameters in finishing heifers. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6577173. [PMID: 35511706 PMCID: PMC9169985 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the hemp industry continues to develop in the US, there is interest in feeding byproducts of industrial hemp production to livestock. A completely randomized design experiment using crossbred finishing heifers [initial body weight (BW) ± SE = 494 ± 10 kg] was conducted to determine the effects of feeding hempseed cake in a corn-based finishing diet (10% forage) formulated to meet or exceed ruminally degradable and metabolizable protein requirements on growth performance, carcass characteristics, feeding behavior, and plasma parameters. Dietary treatments were inclusion of 20% [dry matter (DM) basis] of: dried corn distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS, n = 16), or hempseed cake (HEMP, n = 15). Cattle were housed in two pens, had ad-libitum access to feed and water, and individual intakes and feeding behavior were monitored using the Insentec feeding system. Cattle were fed treatment diets for 111 days, and every 14 days BW were measured, and blood samples collected. Blood plasma was analyzed for glucose, urea nitrogen, and individual amino acids and results analyzed using repeated measures analysis in SAS. Final BW, average daily gain, gain:feed, and hot carcass weight decreased (P ≤ 0.05) by 2.3%, 7.7%, 7.7%, and 2.6% respectively in heifers fed the HEMP diet than in heifers fed the DDGS diet. Net energy for maintenance and gain (Mcal/kg of feed, DM basis), estimated based on heifer intake and performance, were greater (P = 0.02) for the DDGS diet than the HEMP diet. All other performance and carcass characteristics were not different (P ≥ 0.20) between treatments. Heifers fed the HEMP diet had greater (P < 0.05) plasma urea nitrogen concentration in samples from each collection day compared to heifers fed the DDGS diet, although there was a treatment by day interaction (P < 0.01) because of variability in the magnitude of treatment differences over time. Plasma glucose concentration was not influenced (P = 0.17) by dietary treatment. Plasma concentrations of total amino acids, non-essential amino acids, and essential amino acids were not different between treatments (P ≥ 0.09), although there were several interactions between treatment and day (P ≤ 0.04) for individual amino acids. These data suggest that hempseed cake has a lower NEm and NEg relative to dried corn distillers grains plus solubles when adequate metabolizable protein is supplied, while still providing adequate nutrition to support acceptable performance of finishing cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Winders
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | | | | | - Bryan W Neville
- Carrington Research Extension Center, Carrington, ND 58421-0219, USA
| | - Golam K Mia
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Samat Amat
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Carl R Dahlen
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Kendall C Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
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Laun J, Maynell KB, Taylor L, Simmons L, Krenitsky A, Smith DJ. 727 Novel silver based “suitâ€#157; dressing technique for Steven Johnson Syndrome and other cutaneous exfoliative conditions. J Burn Care Res 2022. [PMCID: PMC8945667 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irac012.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Exfoliative skin conditions such as Steven Johnson Syndrome (SJS)/toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and other significant drug related reactions are complex medical conditions that provide a challenge to the burn surgeon, especially with regards to local wound care. Various modalities of wound care require frequent dressing changes; however, these changes put the patient through significant pain and potentially harmful experiences that could lead to worse skin exfoliation, scarring and pigmentation changes. As part of our burn unit, we have created a dressing utilizing silver impregnated nylon sheets that limits the amount of wound care performed and therefore the amount of potential exfoliative damage.
Methods
We have employed this means of dressing in all our Steven Johnson patients with significant open or blistered areas. We performed a retrospective analysis looking at our patients who were admitted with Steven Johnson Syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis or other exfoliative skin disorder over the last 7 years. We had 52 patients who ranged from having 2-100% of skin involved with significant blistering or exposed areas. The suit is made specific to the patient as each area is measured and the silver sheets are formed to the patient and secured in place. The silver sheets are saturated with sterile water and rewet with saline every four hours and changed every three days.
Results
By utilizing these silver-based dressings, we have limited the amount of dressing changes and concomitant pain for patients while also limiting skin infections to only 1 out of our 52 patients. For blisters on the face, a local antibiotic ointment was used; and once the skin lesions had healed, a moisturizing lotion was used.
Conclusions
Steven Johnson Syndrome and other exfoliative skin conditions require significant wound care. By minimizing dressing changes, one can lessen the pain to patients and by utilizing dressings that are infused with silver, one can also potentially decrease the risk for infection as was seen in our patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Laun
- University of South Florida, Riverview, Florida; Tampa General Regional Burn Center, Tampa, Florida; Tampa General Regional Burn Center, Tampa, Florida; Tampa General Regional Burn Center, Tampa, Florida; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of, Tampa, Florida
| | - Kimberly Brown Maynell
- University of South Florida, Riverview, Florida; Tampa General Regional Burn Center, Tampa, Florida; Tampa General Regional Burn Center, Tampa, Florida; Tampa General Regional Burn Center, Tampa, Florida; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of, Tampa, Florida
| | - Loryn Taylor
- University of South Florida, Riverview, Florida; Tampa General Regional Burn Center, Tampa, Florida; Tampa General Regional Burn Center, Tampa, Florida; Tampa General Regional Burn Center, Tampa, Florida; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of, Tampa, Florida
| | - Lancia Simmons
- University of South Florida, Riverview, Florida; Tampa General Regional Burn Center, Tampa, Florida; Tampa General Regional Burn Center, Tampa, Florida; Tampa General Regional Burn Center, Tampa, Florida; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of, Tampa, Florida
| | - Amanda Krenitsky
- University of South Florida, Riverview, Florida; Tampa General Regional Burn Center, Tampa, Florida; Tampa General Regional Burn Center, Tampa, Florida; Tampa General Regional Burn Center, Tampa, Florida; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of, Tampa, Florida
| | - David J Smith
- University of South Florida, Riverview, Florida; Tampa General Regional Burn Center, Tampa, Florida; Tampa General Regional Burn Center, Tampa, Florida; Tampa General Regional Burn Center, Tampa, Florida; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of, Tampa, Florida
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Smith DJ. Keeping it Green. ChemSusChem 2022; 15:e202102612. [PMID: 34936224 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David J Smith
- Wiley-VCH GmbH, Boschstrasse 12, 69469, Weinheim, Germany
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Lupton SJ, Casey F, Smith DJ, Hakk H. Perfluorooctanoic Acid Transport in Soil and Absorption and Distribution in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa). J Food Prot 2022; 85:164-172. [PMID: 34591092 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is used as a surfactant in consumer and industrial products and is frequently found in biosolids from wastewater treatment plants. When present in biosolids applied to croplands, PFOA can contaminate feed and fodder used by livestock, but the extent of PFOA transfer from soil to plants is not well characterized. A single dose of radiocarbon (14C)-tagged PFOA was applied to unplanted soil or soil containing growing alfalfa. PFOA transport through unplanted soil and uptake by alfalfa was monitored over a 10-week study period. Radiocarbon was initially measured in roots, stems, and leaves 7 days after [14C]-PFOA application to soil. PFOA accumulation was greatest in leaves during the 10-week sampling. By week 10, PFOA migration through unplanted soil had reached a depth of 22.8 ± 2.5 cm. In contrast, PFOA migrated to 7.5 ± 2.5 cm in soil containing alfalfa plants. The greatest predictor of PFOA concentration in alfalfa leaves was PFOA concentration in the top 5 cm of soil; PFOA concentrations at lower depths were not correlated with alfalfa PFOA concentrations. PFOA transport through soil may be slowed by the presence of forage; however, PFOA accumulation in edible portions of forage plants may increase food animal exposure to PFOA residues. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Lupton
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102
| | - Francis Casey
- Department of Soil Science, North Dakota State University, Department 7680, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA
| | - David J Smith
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102
| | - Heldur Hakk
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102
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Shelver WL, Chakrabarty S, Young JM, Byrd CJ, Smith DJ. Evaluation of rapid and standard tandem mass spectrometric methods to analyse veterinary drugs and their metabolites in antemortem bodily fluids from food animals. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 39:462-474. [PMID: 34939883 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.2006801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Antemortem bodily fluids can serve as an indicator of veterinary medicine exposure prior to food animal slaughter. A multi-residue, rapid screen electrospray ionisation mass spectrometric (RS-ESI-MS) method was developed to analyse 10 veterinary drugs or metabolites (clenbuterol, erythromycin, flunixin, 5-hydroxyflunixin, meloxicam, ractopamine, ractopamine-glucuronide, salbutamol, tylosin, and zilpaterol) in hog oral fluid and bovine urine. Simple acetonitrile extraction with salting-out was employed to remove the analytes from matrices in less than 30 minutes. Instrumental analysis time was < 1 min/injection. Regression coefficients of matrix-matched calibration curves ranged 0.9743-0.9999 across all compounds with limits of detection ranging from 0.46-108 ng mL-1 for cattle urine and 0.19-64.4 ng mL-1 for hog oral fluid across all analytes. Except for ractopamine-glucuronide, analyte recoveries ranged from 92.7-106% for oral fluid and urine fortified at 30, 100, and 300 ng mL-1, with inter-day variations of < 25%. Ractopamine-glucuronide recovery was 93.3% for oral fluid fortified at 300 ng mL-1. The RS-ESI-MS method accurately identified ractopamine and/or ractopamine-glucuronide in incurred cattle urine with results correlating well with traditional LC-MS/MS and HPLC fluorescence methods. As far as we are aware, this is the first report of the direct quantification of ractopamine-glucuronide from biological matrices without lengthy hydrolysis and cleanup steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin L Shelver
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, ND, USA
| | | | - Jennifer M Young
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Christopher J Byrd
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - David J Smith
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, ND, USA
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36
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Lamont TAC, Williams B, Chapuis L, Prasetya ME, Seraphim MJ, Harding HR, May EB, Janetski N, Jompa J, Smith DJ, Radford AN, Simpson SD. The sound of recovery: Coral reef restoration success is detectable in the soundscape. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben Williams
- Biosciences University of Exeter Exeter UK
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research University College London London UK
| | | | | | - Marie J. Seraphim
- School of Health and Life Sciences University of the West of Scotland Paisley UK
| | | | | | | | - Jamaluddin Jompa
- Graduate School Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar Indonesia
- Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar Indonesia
| | - David J. Smith
- Mars Incorporated London UK
- Coral Reef Research Unit School of Life Sciences University of Essex Colchester UK
| | | | - Stephen D. Simpson
- Biosciences University of Exeter Exeter UK
- School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK
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37
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Linnstaedt SD, Mauck MC, Son EY, Tungate AS, Pan Y, Rueckeis C, Yu S, Lechner M, Datner E, Cairns BA, Danza T, Velilla MA, Pearson C, Shupp JW, Smith DJ, McLean SA. Peritraumatic 17β-estradiol levels influence chronic posttraumatic pain outcomes. Pain 2021; 162:2909-2916. [PMID: 34028234 PMCID: PMC8464624 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Biologic factors that predict risk for and mediate the development of common outcomes of trauma exposure such as chronic posttraumatic pain (CPTP) are poorly understood. In the current study, we examined whether peritraumatic circulating 17β-estradiol (E2) levels influence CPTP trajectories. 17β-estradiol levels were measured in plasma samples (n = 254) collected in the immediate aftermath of trauma exposure from 3 multiethnic longitudinal cohorts of men and women trauma survivors. Chronic posttraumatic pain severity was evaluated 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year after traumatic stress exposure. Repeated measures mixed models were used to test the relationship between peritraumatic E2 levels and prospective CPTP. Secondary analyses in a nested cohort assessed the influence of participant body mass index on the E2-CPTP relationship. In women, a statistically significant inverse relationship between peritraumatic E2 and CPTP was observed (β = -0.280, P = 0.043) such that higher E2 levels predicted lower CPTP severity over time. Secondary analyses identified an E2 * body mass index interaction in men from the motor vehicle collision cohort such that obese men with higher E2 levels were at greater risk of developing CPTP. In nonobese men from the motor vehicle collision cohort and in men from the major thermal burn injury cohort, no statistically significant relationship was identified. In conclusion, peritraumatic circulating E2 levels predict CPTP vulnerability in women trauma survivors. In addition, these data suggest that peritraumatic administration of E2 might improve CPTP outcomes for women; further research is needed to test this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D. Linnstaedt
- Institute for Trauma Recovery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matthew C. Mauck
- Institute for Trauma Recovery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Esther YeEun Son
- Institute for Trauma Recovery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew S. Tungate
- Institute for Trauma Recovery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yue Pan
- Institute for Trauma Recovery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cathleen Rueckeis
- Institute for Trauma Recovery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shan Yu
- Institute for Trauma Recovery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Megan Lechner
- Forensic Nursing Program, Memorial Health System, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth Datner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bruce A. Cairns
- Jaycee Burn Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Teresa Danza
- Forensic Nursing Program, Albuquerque SANE Collaborative, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Claire Pearson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Detroit Receiving, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - David J. Smith
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Samuel A. McLean
- Institute for Trauma Recovery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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38
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Smith DJ, Scapanski A, Herges G. The fate of sodium chlorite in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids and residues of chlorate in broiler chickens after oral administration of sodium chlorite. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 39:242-255. [PMID: 34732111 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1992513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The fate of sodium [36Cl]chlorite in simulated intestinal fluids and residues of chlorate in broiler chickens fed 0, 10, 100, or 1000 mg•kg-1 of dietary sodium chlorite for 7 days was determined. [36Cl]Chlorite was stable in water and simulated intestinal fluid during 6 h incubations but was rapidly degraded to chlorine dioxide, sodium chloride, and sodium chlorate in simulated gastric fluids. Addition of starch, citrate, or soybean shifted the relative proportions of chloroxyanions formed; addition of ferrous chloride caused quantitative formation of sodium chloride in gastric and intestinal fluids. [36Cl]Chlorite underwent reductive transformation when fortified into chicken serum. Residues of chlorate in broiler chickens ranged from 3.5 to 374 ng•g-1 in gizzard, were <6.8 to 126 ng•g-1 in liver and were <7.2 to 190 ng•g-1 in muscle when slaughtered with no withdrawal period. Data are presented suggesting that reductive processes govern the fate of chlorite when present in closed biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Smith
- USDA ARS, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Abigail Scapanski
- USDA ARS, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Grant Herges
- USDA ARS, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND, USA
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39
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Winders T, Serum E, Smith DJ, Neville BW, Mia K, Amat S, Dahlen CR, Swanson KC. 335 Evaluation of Hempseed Cake on Cattle Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Feeding Behavior in Finishing Diets. J Anim Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab235.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
As cannabinoid production continues to increase, there is increasing interest in feeding byproducts of industrial hemp production to livestock. An experiment using crossbred heifers (n = 31; initial BW= 494 kg, SE = 10) was conducted to determine the effects of feeding hempseed cake in a corn-based finishing diet (10% forage) formulated to meet or exceed ruminally degradable and metabolizable protein requirements on growth, performance, carcass characteristics, and feeding behavior. Heifers were assigned randomly to one of two treatments: 1.) diet containing 20% dried distillers grains plus solubles (CON, n = 16), or 2.) diet containing 20% hempseed cake (HEMP, n = 15) on a dry-matter basis. Cattle were housed in two pens, had ad-libitum access to feed and water, and individual intakes and feeding behavior were captured using the Insentec BV feeding system across the feeding period (111 d). Final BW was not different (P = 0.28) between CON (696 kg, SE = 12) and HEMP (683 kg, SE = 12) heifers. Dry matter intake was not different between treatments (P = 0.99), while CON cattle had improved ADG and feed efficiency (G:F; P ≤ 0.04) compared to HEMP cattle. Carcass characteristics were not different (P ≥ 0.20) between treatments for all parameters measured. Control and HEMP cattle were not different (P ≥ 0.34) for number of meals, time spent eating, number of visits to the bunk per day, meal size, or eating rate. Feeding hempseed cake reduced ADG and G:F while having no effect on other performance measures, carcass characteristics, or feeding behavior. Overall, these data suggest hempseed cake could be a viable alternative feed source for ruminants depending on availability and cost. Further understanding of hempseed cakes’ nutrient utilization is critical to determining this products viability as a feedstuff for cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carl R Dahlen
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University
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41
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Abstract
Ancient Venus and Earth may have been similar in crucial ways for the development of life, such as liquid water oceans, land-ocean interfaces, favorable chemical ingredients, and energy pathways. If life ever developed on, or was transported to, early Venus from elsewhere, it might have thrived, expanded, and then survived the changes that have led to an inhospitable surface on Venus today. The Venus cloud layer may provide a refugium for extant life that persisted from an earlier more habitable surface environment. We introduce the Venus Life Equation (VLE)-a theory and evidence-based approach to calculate the probability of extant life on Venus, L, using three primary factors of life: Origination, Robustness, and Continuity, or L = O · R · C. We evaluate each of these factors using our current understanding of Earth and Venus environmental conditions from the Archean to the present. We find that the probability of origination of life on Venus would be similar to that of Earth, and argue that the other factors should be nonzero, comparable with other promising astrobiological targets in the solar system. The VLE also identifies poorly understood aspects of Venus that can be addressed by direct observations with future exploration missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam R Izenberg
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Department, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHUAPL), Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Diana M Gentry
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - David J Smith
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Martha S Gilmore
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | | | - Grzegorz P Słowik
- Institute of Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
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42
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Limaye SS, Mogul R, Baines KH, Bullock MA, Cockell C, Cutts JA, Gentry DM, Grinspoon DH, Head JW, Jessup KL, Kompanichenko V, Lee YJ, Mathies R, Milojevic T, Pertzborn RA, Rothschild L, Sasaki S, Schulze-Makuch D, Smith DJ, Way MJ. Venus, an Astrobiology Target. Astrobiology 2021; 21:1163-1185. [PMID: 33970019 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a case for the exploration of Venus as an astrobiology target-(1) investigations focused on the likelihood that liquid water existed on the surface in the past, leading to the potential for the origin and evolution of life, (2) investigations into the potential for habitable zones within Venus' present-day clouds and Venus-like exo atmospheres, (3) theoretical investigations into how active aerobiology may impact the radiative energy balance of Venus' clouds and Venus-like atmospheres, and (4) application of these investigative approaches toward better understanding the atmospheric dynamics and habitability of exoplanets. The proximity of Venus to Earth, guidance for exoplanet habitability investigations, and access to the potential cloud habitable layer and surface for prolonged in situ extended measurements together make the planet a very attractive target for near term astrobiological exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay S Limaye
- Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rakesh Mogul
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Cal Poly Pomona, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Kevin H Baines
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | | | - Charles Cockell
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - James A Cutts
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Diana M Gentry
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | | | - James W Head
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Vladimir Kompanichenko
- Institute for Complex Analysis of Regional Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Birobidzhan, Russia
| | - Yeon Joo Lee
- Zentrum für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Mathies
- Chemistry Department and Space Sciences Lab, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Tetyana Milojevic
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rosalyn A Pertzborn
- Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Satoshi Sasaki
- School of Health Sciences, Tokyo University of Technology, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Dirk Schulze-Makuch
- Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics (ZAA), Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Potsdam, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Stechlin, Germany
| | - David J Smith
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Michael J Way
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York, USA
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Davies KL, Camm EJ, Smith DJ, Vaughan OR, Forhead AJ, Murray AJ, Fowden AL. Glucocorticoid maturation of mitochondrial respiratory capacity in skeletal muscle before birth. J Endocrinol 2021; 251:53-68. [PMID: 34321363 PMCID: PMC8428072 DOI: 10.1530/joe-21-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In adults, glucocorticoids act to match the supply and demand for energy during physiological challenges, partly through actions on tissue mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity. However, little is known about the role of the natural prepartum rise in fetal glucocorticoid concentrations in preparing tissues for the increased postnatal energy demands. This study examined the effect of manipulating cortisol concentrations in fetal sheep during late gestation on mitochondrial OXPHOS capacity of two skeletal muscles with different postnatal locomotive functions. Mitochondrial content, biogenesis markers, respiratory rates and expression of proteins and genes involved in the electron transfer system (ETS) and OXPHOS efficiency were measured in the biceps femoris (BF) and superficial digital flexor (SDF) of fetuses either infused with cortisol before the prepartum rise or adrenalectomised to prevent this increment. Cortisol infusion increased mitochondrial content, biogenesis markers, substrate-specific respiration rates and abundance of ETS complex I and adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT1) in a muscle-specific manner that was more pronounced in the SDF than BF. Adrenalectomy reduced mitochondrial content and expression of PGC1α and ANT1 in both muscles, and ETS complex IV abundance in the SDF near term. Uncoupling protein gene expression was unaffected by cortisol manipulations in both muscles. Gene expression of the myosin heavy chain isoform, MHCIIx, was increased by cortisol infusion and reduced by adrenalectomy in the BF alone. These findings show that cortisol has a muscle-specific role in prepartum maturation of mitochondrial OXPHOS capacity with important implications for the health of neonates born pre-term or after intrauterine glucocorticoid overexposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Davies
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E J Camm
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - D J Smith
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - O R Vaughan
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - A J Forhead
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - A J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A L Fowden
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to A L Fowden:
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44
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Tagwerker C, Baig I, Brunson EJ, Dutra-Smith D, Carias MJ, de Zoysa RS, Smith DJ. Multiplex Analysis of 230 Medications and 30 Illicit Compounds in Dried Blood Spots and Urine. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:581-592. [PMID: 32886782 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs of abuse and medication reconciliation testing can benefit from analysis methods capable of detecting a broader range of drug classes and analytes. Mass spectrometry analysis of a wide variety of commonly prescribed medications and over-the-counter drugs per sample also allows for application of a drug-drug interaction (DDI) algorithm to detect adverse drug reactions. In order to prevent adulteration of commonly collected clinical samples such as urine, dried blood spots (DBS) present a reliable alternative. A novel method is described for qualitative and quantitative multiplex analysis of 230 parent drugs, 30 illicit drugs and 43 confirmatory metabolites by HPLC-MS-MS This method is applicable to DBS specimens collected by volumetric absorptive microsamplers and confirmable in urine specimens. A patient cohort (n = 67) providing simultaneous urine specimens and DBS resulted in 100% positive predictive values of medications or illicits confirmed by detection of a parent drug and/or its metabolite during routine medication adherence analysis. An additional 5,508 DBS specimens screened (n = 5,575) showed 5,428 (97%) with an inconsistent positive compared to the provided medication list (including caffeine, cotinine or ethanol metabolites), 29 (0.5%) with no medication list and no unexpected positive results (consistent negative) and 22 (0.4%) showed all positive results matching the provided medication list (consistent positive). A DDI algorithm applied to all positive results revealed 17% with serious and 56% with moderate DDI warnings. Comprehensive DBS analysis proves a reliable alternative to urine drug testing for extended medication reconciliation, with the added advantage of detecting DDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Tagwerker
- NRCC (CC/CT) - Alcala Testing and Analysis Services, 3703 Camino del Rio South #100-A, San Diego, CA, 92108
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David J Smith
- Laboratory and Medical Director - Alcala Testing and Analysis Services
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45
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Grulich AE, Jin F, Bavinton BR, Yeung B, Hammoud MA, Amin J, Cabrera G, Clackett S, Ogilvie E, Vaccher S, Vickers T, McNulty A, Smith DJ, Dharan NJ, Selvey C, Power C, Price K, Zablotska I, Baker DA, Bloch M, Brown K, Carmody CJ, Carr A, Chanisheff D, Doong N, Finlayson R, Lewis DA, Lusk J, Martin S, Ooi C, Read P, Ryder N, Smith D, Tuck Meng Soo C, Templeton DJ, Vlahakis E, Guy R. Long-term protection from HIV infection with oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in gay and bisexual men: findings from the expanded and extended EPIC-NSW prospective implementation study. Lancet HIV 2021; 8:e486-e494. [PMID: 34217426 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(21)00074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Daily pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is effective in preventing HIV, but few long-term data are available on effectiveness and adherence in real-world settings. Here, we report trends in HIV incidence over 3 years in individuals at high risk who were prescribed PrEP in New South Wales (NSW), as well as adherence before the transition to subsidised PrEP. METHODS Expanded PrEP Implementation in Communities-New South Wales (EPIC-NSW) was a pragmatic, prospective, single-arm, implementation study of daily, oral PrEP in 31 sites (sexual health clinics, general practices, and a hospital) in NSW, Australia. Eligible participants were HIV-negative adults (aged ≥18 years) who were at high risk of HIV infection as defined in local PrEP guidelines. Participants were prescribed coformulated (once-daily, oral tablet) tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (300 mg) and emtricitabine (200 mg) as HIV PrEP and were followed up with HIV testing, sexually transmitted infection testing, and PrEP dispensing. Originally planned for 3700 participants followed for 1 year, the study was expanded so that all eligible participants in the state could obtain PrEP and extended until publicly subsidised PrEP became available in Australia. The primary outcome was new HIV infection among all participants who were dispensed PrEP at least once and had at least one follow-up HIV test result. Adherence was estimated by medication possession ratio (MPR), defined as the proportion of PrEP pills dispensed in 90 days, assuming daily dosing. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02870790. FINDINGS Between March 1, 2016, and April 30, 2018, we enrolled 9709 participants. 9596 participants were dispensed PrEP, of whom 9448 (98·3%) were gay or bisexual men. Participants were followed up until March 31, 2019, with at least one follow-up HIV test available in 9520 (99·2%) participants. Mean MPR declined from 0·93 to 0·64 from the first to the ninth quarter. There were 30 HIV seroconversions over 18 628 person-years, an incidence of 1·61 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 1·13-2·30). Being younger, living in a postcode with fewer gay men, reporting more risk behaviours at baseline, and having an MPR of less than 0·6 were each univariately associated with increased HIV incidence. In the final year of follow-up, when PrEP was mostly purchased rather than provided free by the study, HIV incidence remained low at 2·24 per 1000 person-years (1·46-3·44). INTERPRETATION HIV incidence remained low over up to 3 years of follow-up, including during a transition from study-provided to publicly subsidised PrEP. In a setting of affordable PrEP and associated health-care services, very low HIV incidence of 1 to 2 per 1000 person-years can be maintained in gay and bisexual men who were previously at high risk. FUNDING New South Wales Ministry of Health, Australian Capital Territory Health Directorate, Gilead Sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Grulich
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Fengyi Jin
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Barbara Yeung
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mohamed A Hammoud
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Janaki Amin
- Department of Health Systems and Populations, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gesalit Cabrera
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shawn Clackett
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; New South Wales Ministry of Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Erin Ogilvie
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stefanie Vaccher
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tobias Vickers
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anna McNulty
- Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David J Smith
- North Coast HIV/Sexual Health Services, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Nila J Dharan
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Cherie Power
- New South Wales Ministry of Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Iryna Zablotska
- Western Sydney Sexual Health Centre and Sydney Medical School Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Mark Bloch
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Holdsworth House Medical Practice, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Andrew Carr
- St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | - David A Lewis
- Western Sydney Sexual Health Centre and Sydney Medical School Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Biosecurity and Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Josephine Lusk
- Short Street Clinic, Kogorah, St George Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah Martin
- Canberra Sexual Health Centre, Canberra Health Services, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Phillip Read
- Kirketon Road Centre, Kings Cross, NSW, Australia
| | - Nathan Ryder
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Hunter-New England Sexual Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Don Smith
- The Albion Centre, Surry Hills, NSW, Australia
| | - Clara Tuck Meng Soo
- Hobart Place General Practice and East Canberra General Practice, ACT, Australia
| | - David J Templeton
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Sexual Health Medicine and Sexual Assault Medical Service, Sydney Local Health District Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Rebecca Guy
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Morrison MD, Thissen JB, Karouia F, Mehta S, Urbaniak C, Venkateswaran K, Smith DJ, Jaing C. Investigation of Spaceflight Induced Changes to Astronaut Microbiomes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:659179. [PMID: 34149649 PMCID: PMC8207296 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.659179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Space Station (ISS) is a uniquely enclosed environment that has been continuously occupied for the last two decades. Throughout its operation, protecting the health of the astronauts on-board has been a high priority. The human microbiome plays a significant role in maintaining human health, and disruptions in the microbiome have been linked to various diseases. To evaluate the effects of spaceflight on the human microbiome, body swabs and saliva samples were collected from four ISS astronauts on consecutive expeditions. Astronaut samples were analyzed using shotgun metagenomic sequencing and microarrays to characterize the microbial biodiversity before, during, and after the astronauts’ time onboard the ISS. Samples were evaluated at an individual and population level to identify changes in microbial diversity and abundance. No significant changes in the number or relative abundance of taxa were observed between collection time points when samples from all four astronauts were analyzed together. When the astronauts’ saliva samples were analyzed individually, the saliva samples of some astronauts showed significant changes in the relative abundance of taxa during and after spaceflight. The relative abundance of Prevotella in saliva samples increased during two astronauts’ time onboard the ISS while the relative abundance of other commensal taxa such as Neisseria, Rothia, and Haemophilus decreased. The abundance of some antimicrobial resistance genes within the saliva samples also showed significant changes. Most notably, elfamycin resistance gene significantly increased in all four astronauts post-flight and a CfxA6 beta-lactam marker significantly increased during spaceflight but returned to normal levels post-flight. The combination of both shotgun metagenomic sequencing and microarrays showed the benefit of both technologies in monitoring microbes on board the ISS. There were some changes in each astronaut’s microbiome during spaceflight, but these changes were not universal for all four astronauts. Two antimicrobial resistance gene markers did show a significant change in abundance in the saliva samples of all four astronauts across their collection times. These results provide insight for future ISS microbial monitoring studies and targets for antimicrobial resistance screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Morrison
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - James B Thissen
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Fathi Karouia
- KBRwyle, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Exobiology Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States
| | - Satish Mehta
- JesTech, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Camilla Urbaniak
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Kasthuri Venkateswaran
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - David J Smith
- Space Biosciences Research Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States
| | - Crystal Jaing
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States
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47
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Deery DM, Smith DJ, Davy R, Jimenez-Berni JA, Rebetzke GJ, James RA. Impact of Varying Light and Dew on Ground Cover Estimates from Active NDVI, RGB, and LiDAR. Plant Phenomics 2021; 2021:9842178. [PMID: 34250506 PMCID: PMC8240513 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9842178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Canopy ground cover (GC) is an important agronomic measure for evaluating crop establishment and early growth. This study evaluates the reliability of GC estimates, in the presence of varying light and dew on leaves, from three different ground-based sensors: (1) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from the commercially available GreenSeeker®; (2) RGB images from a digital camera, where GC was determined as the portion of pixels from each image meeting a greenness criterion (i.e., (Green - Red)/(Green + Red) > 0); and (3) LiDAR using two separate approaches: (a) GC from LiDAR red reflectance (whereby red reflectance less than five was classified as vegetation) and (b) GC from LiDAR height (whereby height greater than 10 cm was classified as vegetation). Hourly measurements were made early in the season at two different growth stages (tillering and stem elongation), among wheat genotypes highly diverse for canopy characteristics. The active NDVI showed the least variation through time and was particularly stable, regardless of the available light or the presence of dew. In addition, between-sample-time Pearson correlations for NDVI were consistently high and significant (P < 0.0001), ranging from 0.89 to 0.98. In comparison, GC from LiDAR and RGB showed greater variation across sampling times, and LiDAR red reflectance was strongly influenced by the presence of dew. Excluding times when the light was exceedingly low, correlations between GC from RGB and NDVI were consistently high (ranging from 0.79 to 0.92). The high reliability of the active NDVI sensor potentially affords a high degree of flexibility for users by enabling sampling across a broad range of acceptable light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Davy
- CSIRO Information Management and Technology, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jose A. Jimenez-Berni
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Instituto Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Cordoba, Spain
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48
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Mauck MC, Barton CE, Tungate AS, Shupp JW, Karlnoski R, Smith DJ, Williams FN, Jones SW, Sefton C, McGrath K, Cairns BA, McLean SA. Peritraumatic plasma Omega-3 fatty acid concentration predicts chronic pain severity following thermal burn injury. J Burn Care Res 2021; 43:109-114. [PMID: 33895836 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a significant co-morbidity of burn injury affecting up to 60% of survivors. Currently, no treatments are available to prevent chronic pain after burn injury. Accumulating evidence suggests that omega-3 fatty acids (O3FA) improve symptoms across a range of painful conditions. In this study, we evaluated whether low peritraumatic levels of O3FA predicts greater pain severity during the year after burn injury. Burn survivors undergoing skin autograft were recruited from three participating burn centers. Plasma O3FA (n=77) levels were assessed in the early aftermath of burn injury using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and pain severity was assessed via the 0-10 numeric rating scale for 1 year following burn injury. Repeated-measures linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between peritraumatic O3FA concentrations and pain severity during the year following burn injury. Peritraumatic O3FA concentration and chronic pain severity were inversely related; lower levels of peritraumatic O3FA predicted worse pain outcomes (β=-.002, p=.020). Future studies are needed to evaluate biological mechanisms mediating this association and to assess the ability of O3FA to prevent chronic pain following burn injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Mauck
- Institute for Trauma Recovery.,Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Chloe E Barton
- Institute for Trauma Recovery.,Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Andrew S Tungate
- Institute for Trauma Recovery.,Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jeffrey W Shupp
- The Burn Center, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Department of Surgery, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | | | - David J Smith
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | | | - Samuel W Jones
- Jaycee Burn Center, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Christopher Sefton
- Institute for Trauma Recovery.,Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kyle McGrath
- Institute for Trauma Recovery.,Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Bruce A Cairns
- Jaycee Burn Center, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Samuel A McLean
- Institute for Trauma Recovery.,Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.,Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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49
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Williams CG, Smith DJ. Unifying atmospheric biology research for the U.S. scientific community. Ecol Appl 2021; 31:e02275. [PMID: 33314515 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A global COVID-19 pandemic, rising asthma and allergies, along with climate change impacting storm intensity and frequency, point to an urgent need to unify U.S. atmospheric biology research. To this end, we briefly define atmospheric biology, summarize its fragmented history, and then outline how to unify the field to provide benefits for the U.S. science community and its citizens. Atmospheric biology refers to the study of concentrations, sources, sinks, transformation, and impacts of airborne microorganisms inclusive of pollen, fungal spores, algae, lichens, bacteria, viruses, cellulose fibers, and other biomolecules or fragments of cells. Here our focus is biological particles, both respirable (PM10 ) and systemic (PM2.5 ). Due to its interdisciplinary dependencies and broadness of scales from nanometers to kilometers, atmospheric biology research is highly fragmented in the U.S. science community. It lacks shared paradigms and common vocabulary. This deficit calls for recognizing atmospheric biology as a research community in its own right, thereby linking human health to climate change. We need to recognize atmospheric biology's importance to national security and science diplomacy. Advanced atmospheric biology research is being conducted in Europe, Russia, and China, not in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire G Williams
- Department of Environmental Sciences, American University, Washington, D.C., 20016, USA
| | - David J Smith
- Space Biosciences Research Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, 94035, USA
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50
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Cortesão M, Siems K, Koch S, Beblo-Vranesevic K, Rabbow E, Berger T, Lane M, James L, Johnson P, Waters SM, Verma SD, Smith DJ, Moeller R. MARSBOx: Fungal and Bacterial Endurance From a Balloon-Flown Analog Mission in the Stratosphere. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:601713. [PMID: 33692763 PMCID: PMC7937622 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.601713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether terrestrial life can withstand the martian environment is of paramount interest for planetary protection measures and space exploration. To understand microbial survival potential in Mars-like conditions, several fungal and bacterial samples were launched in September 2019 on a large NASA scientific balloon flight to the middle stratosphere (∼38 km altitude) where radiation levels resembled values at the equatorial Mars surface. Fungal spores of Aspergillus niger and bacterial cells of Salinisphaera shabanensis, Staphylococcus capitis subsp. capitis, and Buttiauxella sp. MASE-IM-9 were launched inside the MARSBOx (Microbes in Atmosphere for Radiation, Survival, and Biological Outcomes Experiment) payload filled with an artificial martian atmosphere and pressure throughout the mission profile. The dried microorganisms were either exposed to full UV-VIS radiation (UV dose = 1148 kJ m−2) or were shielded from radiation. After the 5-h stratospheric exposure, samples were assayed for survival and metabolic changes. Spores from the fungus A. niger and cells from the Gram-(–) bacterium S. shabanensis were the most resistant with a 2- and 4-log reduction, respectively. Exposed Buttiauxella sp. MASE-IM-9 was completely inactivated (both with and without UV exposure) and S. capitis subsp. capitis only survived the UV shielded experimental condition (3-log reduction). Our results underscore a wide variation in survival phenotypes of spacecraft associated microorganisms and support the hypothesis that pigmented fungi may be resistant to the martian surface if inadvertently delivered by spacecraft missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cortesão
- Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Siems
- Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stella Koch
- Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kristina Beblo-Vranesevic
- Astrobiology Research Group, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elke Rabbow
- Astrobiology Research Group, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Berger
- Biophysics Research Group, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Lane
- NASA Kennedy Space Center, Engineering Directorate, Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, FL, United States
| | - Leandro James
- NASA Kennedy Space Center, Engineering Directorate, Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, FL, United States
| | - Prital Johnson
- NASA Kennedy Space Center, Engineering Directorate, Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, FL, United States
| | - Samantha M Waters
- Universities Space Research Association, Moffett Field, CA, United States.,NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Research Branch, Moffett Field, CA, United States
| | - Sonali D Verma
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Research Branch, Moffett Field, CA, United States.,Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Moffett Field, CA, United States
| | - David J Smith
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Research Branch, Moffett Field, CA, United States
| | - Ralf Moeller
- Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
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