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Palamar JJ, Cleland CM, Vincenti M, Salomone A. A multivariable analysis delineating hair color, hair dyeing, and hat wearing as predictors of level of cocaine and MDMA detection in human hair samples. Drug Test Anal 2023:10.1002/dta.3607. [PMID: 37986705 PMCID: PMC11102931 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that hair color, hair dyeing, and perspiration can bias hair test results regarding drug exposure, but research is needed to examine such associations in a multivariable manner. In this epidemiology study, adults were surveyed entering nightclubs and dance festivals in New York City, and 328 provided hair samples, which were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to determine the level of detection of cocaine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Reporting use was not an inclusion criterion for analysis. We used two-part multivariable models to delineate associations of hair color, past-year hair dyeing, and frequency of past-month hat wearing (which may increase perspiration) in relation to any vs. no detection of cocaine and MDMA as well as level of detection, controlling for hair length, self-reported past-year cocaine/ecstasy/MDMA use, and age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Those reporting having dyed their hair were at increased odds of having any level of cocaine detected (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.75, 95% CI confidence interval [CI]: 1.85-6.70), and compared to those with brown hair, those with blond(e) hair on average had lower levels of cocaine (ng/mg) detected (beta = -7.97, p = 0.025). Those reporting having dyed their hair were at increased odds of having any level of MDMA detected (aOR = 3.05, 95% CI: 1.44-6.48), and compared to those who reported never wearing a hat, those who reported wearing a hat daily or almost daily on average had lower levels of MDMA (ng/mg) detected (beta = -6.61, p = 0.025). This study demonstrates the importance of using multivariable models to delineate predictors of drug detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Palamar
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Drug Use and HIV/HCV Research, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles M. Cleland
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Drug Use and HIV/HCV Research, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marco Vincenti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Centro Regionale Antidoping, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Alberto Salomone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Centro Regionale Antidoping, Orbassano, Italy
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Ye Z, Yao H, Zhang Y, Su A, Sun D, Ye Y, Zhou J, Xu S. Pretreatment-free, on-site separation and sensitive identification of methamphetamine in biological specimens by SERS-active hydrogel microbeads. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1263:341285. [PMID: 37225337 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide abuse of illicit drugs led to severe consequences for human health, and society environment. Therefore, urgently required are effective and efficient on-site detection methods for illicit drugs of interest in various matrices, e.g., police samples, biofluids, and hairs. Although surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) shows power in many analytical fields, the cumbersome pretreatment of various matrices restricts its use in the easy-to-operate and on-site detection of illicit drugs. To address this problem, we adopted pore-size selectivity SERS-active hydrogel microbeads, whose meshes are adjustable to allow small molecules to access and to exclude large molecules. Meanwhile, Ag nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed and wrapped in the hydrogel matrix, providing excellent SERS performances with high sensitivity, reproducibility, and stability. By using these SERS hydrogel microbeads, one of the illicit drugs, methamphetamine (MAMP), can be rapidly and reliably detected in various biological specimens (blood, saliva, and hair) without sample pretreatment. The minimum detectable concentration is 0.1 ppm for MAMP in three biological specimens with a linear range of 0.1-100 ppm, which is lower than the maximum allowable level of 0.5 ppm set by the department of the health and human service. The SERS detection results were consistent with the gas chromatographic (GC) data. Thanks to its operational simplicity, fast response, high throughput and low cost, our established SERS hydrogel microbeads can be used as a sensing platform for facile analysis of illicit drugs through simultaneous separation, preconcentration, and optical detection, which shall be provided practically for front-line narcotics squad and resistance to the overwhelmed drug abuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Ye
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials & Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Huifang Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of the Forensic Science, Hubei University of Police, Wuhan, 430035, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials & Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Ailing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Dan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Yong Ye
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials & Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China.
| | - Ji Zhou
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials & Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China.
| | - Shuping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China.
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Ji JJ, Xu D, Yan H, Xiang P, Shen M. Micro-segmental analysis of the entry pathway and distribution of zolpidem in hair from different scalp regions after a single dose. Front Chem 2023; 11:1115247. [PMID: 37214486 PMCID: PMC10198615 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1115247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hair testing is well established for the assessment of past drug exposure; however, more research is needed to understand drug incorporation mechanisms and drug entry pathways into hair. Method: In this study, a micro-segmental LC-MS/MS method was used to analyze a 0.4 mm segment of hair after a single oral administration of zolpidem. Five single hairs were plucked at 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days after administration from the vertex posterior of three subjects, and 5 single hairs were also plucked from the parietal, left temporal, and right temporal regions of the head at 28 days. Results and discussion: Proximal S1 (0-0.4 mm) in hair plucked at 1 day had the highest level of zolpidem at 1.5-2.4 pg/mm; much lower concentrations (< 1 pg/mm) were detected at proximal S2-S8 (0.4-3.2 mm). The drug concentration decreased gradually in S1 for 7 days after drug intake and disappeared by 28 days, suggesting that the drug from the bloodstream initially combined with the hair follicle and then gradually moved to the hair tip as the hair grew. The zolpidem concentration-hair segment profiles exhibited a large peak (root side) and a small peak (tip side) for the four sampling times in all three subjects, indicating that drug incorporation in the hair bulb occurred mainly from the blood but probably also entered the hair through sweat and sebum. Zolpidem was also detected in all hairs from the vertex posterior in all three subjects but was not detected in 1 hair from the parietal region and 2 hairs from the left temporal region. The consistency in drug detection, drug concentration level, and peak position was better in hair from the vertex posterior than from the other three regions, indicating that the vertex posterior is a suitable sampling region for estimating drug intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Ji
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Duoqi Xu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
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Spear B, DeCaprio AP. Evaluation of extraction parameters in authentic hair reference material using statistical design of experiments. J Forensic Sci 2022; 67:1607-1616. [PMID: 35506703 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Optimal methods for forensic hair analysis are often debated, especially regarding extraction parameters that include incubation time, temperature, and size of extracted hair particles. To assess hair pretreatment parameters for analysis of drugs of abuse, the statistical technique known as Design of Experiments (DoE) is useful. DoE evaluates both the individual roles and the combinatorial associations between multiple variables and overall drug extraction efficiency. Previous reports have focused on incorporated hair reference material (HRM), which is prepared in the lab at a specified drug concentration. In contrast, authentic HRM, which is prepared by diluting hair from drug users with blank hair to achieve specific drug concentrations, is an effective matrix for standardization of forensic hair testing, since the drug is incorporated into the hair matrix via uptake from systemic distribution. In the present study, extraction parameters for authentic HRM samples containing multiple drugs (diazepam, alprazolam, cocaine, methamphetamine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, and morphine) and metabolites (nordiazepam, cocaethylene, norcocaine, hydroxycocaine, and 6-monoacetylmorphine) were optimized based on recovery using a 23 full factorial DoE matrix. The factors evaluated included extraction solvent volume/sample weight ratio (12.5 or 25 μL/mg), particle size (pulverized or cut into 1 mm snippets), and extraction time (2 or 24 h) using solvent swelling. DoE analysis revealed significant differences in the optimal combinations of extraction parameters for maximum recovery. However, for the majority of drugs and metabolites, the most effective extraction method consisted of pulverizing hair prior to a 2-h extraction with a 12.5 μL/mg extraction solvent volume/sample weight ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Spear
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Anthony P DeCaprio
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA.,International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
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Substance use onset in high-risk 9-13 year-olds in the ABCD study. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2022; 91:107090. [PMID: 35341934 PMCID: PMC9623820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2022.107090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM A key aim of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development℠ (ABCD) Study is to document substance use onset, patterns, and sequelae across adolescent development. However, substance use misreporting can obscure accurate drug use characterization. Hair toxicology provides objective historical substance use data but is rarely used in studies of youth. Here, we compare objective hair toxicology results with self-reported substance use in high-risk youth. METHODS A literature-based substance use risk algorithm prioritized 696 ABCD Study® hair samples from 677 participants for analysis at baseline, and 1 and 2-year follow-ups (spanning ages 9-13). Chi-square and t-tests assessed differences between participants' demographics, positive and negative hair tests, risk-for-use algorithm scores, and self-reported substance use. RESULTS Hair testing confirmed that 17% of at-risk 9-13 year-olds hair samples had evidence of past 3-month use of one (n = 97), two (n = 14), three (n = 2), or four (n = 2) drug classes. After considering prescribed medication and self-reported substance use, 10% had a positive test indicating substance use that was not reported. Participants with any positive hair result reported less sipping of alcohol (p < 0.001) and scored higher on the risk-for-use algorithm (p < 0.001) than those with negative toxicology results. CONCLUSIONS 10% of hair samples from at-risk 9-13 year-olds tested positive for at least one unreported substance, suggesting underreporting in high-risk youth when participating in a research study. As hair testing prioritized youth with risk characteristics, the overall extent of underreporting will be calculated in future studies. Nonetheless, hair toxicology was key to characterizing substance use in high-risk youth.
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Evidence for Gender Differences in the Amphetamine/Methamphetamine Ratio in the Hair of Subjects undergoing Fitness-to-Drive Testing. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 530:87-93. [PMID: 35276222 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Retrospective analysis of hair testing data provides insights in drugs abuse patterns and improves results interpretation. Cases from subjects undergoing driving fitness assessment (2010-2020) were examined to evidence patterns in methamphetamine (MA) abuse. MATERIALS AND METHODS All cases with positive MA (≥0.025 ng/mg) were included (n=585). Data available were gender, age, MA and A (amphetamine) in hair (h), hair color/treatment, length of proximal hair. Cases with Ah/MAh≤0.35 (n=469) were arbitrarily selected to remove as many combined A, MA users. ANOVA was performed to detect Ah/MAh predictors. RESULTS No predictors affected Ah/MAh. A bimodal frequency distribution was observed. We clustered cases in two groups (1, Ah/MAh 0.025-0.070; 2, Ah/MAh 0.071-0.120) and performed logistic regression. Only gender exhibited significant difference across groups (p=0.0080). Odds ratio for females falling into group 2 was 2.86 times higher (CI97.5 1.34-6.44). CONCLUSION Literature data support the hypothesis that the two Ah/MAh groups represent different phenotypes of the CYP2D6-mediated MA N-demethylation. Whether gender plays a role in such difference could not be confirmed. However, these results provide further suggestion of an association of gender and pharmacogenomics with MA disposition, requiring these factors to be considered in future research.
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Kong R, Li L, Liu W, Xiang P, Zhao J. Rapid characterization of drugs in a single hair using thermal desorption ionization mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:806-812. [PMID: 35138309 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01908b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hair remains the most common type of physical evidence found in most crime scenes. However, the amount of hair found at a crime scene is limited and analysis of drugs in hair by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is laborious and time-consuming. In this study, a rapid and simple method is developed using thermal desorption ionization mass spectrometry (TDI-MS) to analyze drugs directly in a single hair. A single hair is put onto a heated metal ceramic heater (MCH) and then a high voltage direct current and solvent are applied to the single hair. The drugs in the hair are thermally desorbed and ionized, and subsequently transferred to the MS inlet and detected. A typical hair analysis can be completed in a few minutes. This novel technique provides a new orientation for forensic scientists to study drugs in a single hair that is found at a crime scene, on a suspect, or on a victim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Kong
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Le Li
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Wanhui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China.
| | - Junbo Zhao
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China.
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Evaluating the reliability of hair analysis in monitoring the compliance of ADHD patients under treatment with Lisdexamphetamine. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248747. [PMID: 33784320 PMCID: PMC8009440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the high clinical and forensic relevance of pharmaco-adherence during lisdexamphetamine (LDX) treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the aim here was to evaluate hair analysis as a tool for monitoring compliance in patients currently undergoing long term treatment with LDX, by detecting possible interruptions of medication intake or changes in dosage. For this purpose, a total of 24 patients from an outpatient clinic for ADHD were recruited. Hair and urine samples were taken after three consecutive therapy sessions over a 7-month period and analyzed for amphetamine (AMP) enantiomers and other drugs, using chiral and achiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Participants also provided information on the condition of their hair, the consumption of illegal psychotropic substances and the regularity of taking LDX. Two participants withdrew from the study early. Urine analyses were positive for D-AMP in all urine samples and therapy sessions, except in two patients who did not take LDX on a daily basis. D-AMP was detected in all hair samples; however, no correlation was found between prescribed dose/day and D-AMP concentrations in proximal hair segments. Qualitative interpretation of hair analysis showed that 18 of the 22 study completers were compliant concerning the intake of LDX without additional consumption of illegal D,L-AMP. Analysis of urine taken during the therapy sessions showed no correlation between D-AMP concentrations and prescribed dosage, with or without normalization for creatinine. In conclusion, chiral LC-MS/MS hair analysis might represent a non-invasive way to confirm LDX use within the approximate period covered by the hair segment tested, but it does not allow for quantitative therapeutic drug monitoring because of interindividual variability of concentrations in hair. Drug concentrations in hair at different stages of long-term treatment should thus be interpreted with caution by clinicians and forensic experts alike when making assessments of treatment adherence.
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Ramírez Fernández MDM, Baumgartner WA, Wille SM, Farabee D, Samyn N, Baumgartner AM. A different insight in hair analysis: Simultaneous measurement of antipsychotic drugs and metabolites in the protein and melanin fraction of hair from criminal justice patients. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 312:110337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Arbouche N, Batt MO, Raul JS, Kintz P. Development of a new GC-MS/MS method for the determination of metformin in human hair. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1380-1386. [PMID: 32472626 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most important public health challenges. Metformin (1,1-dimethylbiguanide) represents the "gold standard" for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. Despite its important role in reducing mortality and morbidity in the diabetic population, metformin is associated with an increased risk of stroke. To document exposure to a drug, hair is considered to be the specimen of choice to complement blood and urine, since it provides historical detail of a subject's chronic exposure to drug(s). Measuring hair concentration of metformin can be important for forensic toxicologists investigating criminal poisoning or Munchausen's syndrome by proxy. In clinical toxicology, drug monitoring using hair to document metformin observance has not yet been described. To document the interest of hair analysis for metformin, the authors have developed and validated a method using a gas-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry system and applied it to authentic hair obtained from 9 diabetic patients under daily treatment. The validation procedure demonstrated a LOD an LOQ of 1 and 100 pg/mg, respectively and acceptable linearity, repeatability and reproducibility. The hair of the 9 patients tested positive in the low ng/mg range with concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 3.8 ng/mg. It seems obvious, in comparison with other drugs, that metformin is badly incorporated into hair, as the daily dosage varied from 1 to 3 g. Although limited in the number of subjects, the study allowed to postulate a possible correlation between daily dose and concentration in dark hair, while for light hair no correlation was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Arbouche
- Institut de médecine légale, 11 rue Humann, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Marie-Odile Batt
- Centre hospitalier de Bischwiller, 17 rue de Strasbourg, Bischwiller, 67240, France
| | | | - Pascal Kintz
- Institut de médecine légale, 11 rue Humann, Strasbourg, 67000, France.,X-Pertise Consulting, 42 rue principale, Mittelhausbergen, 67206, France
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11
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Determination of steroid profile in hair by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1624:461179. [PMID: 32540057 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous determination of a large number of steroids (a.k.a. steroid profile) is a powerful tool that provides useful information about the status of steroid hormones. Steroid profile evaluated in matrices such as urine, saliva and plasma provide one-off moment information about the hormonal status and is highly affected by different factors such as circadian rhythm or apprehension to needles. In contrast, the determination of the steroid profile in hair would provide information about the chronic status of the steroid hormones. The objective of the current research was to develop and validate a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methodology for the determination of 11 steroids in hair, including 6 hormones and 5 metabolites. We have optimized different parts of the analytical procedure such as (i) hair shredding, (ii) hair amount, (iii) extraction from hair, (iv) extraction time, (v) required extractions and (vi) analytes preconcentration. MS parameters such as the inclusion of ESI- transitions were also evaluated. The optimization of these parameters was found to be critical to achieve the required sensitivity for the determination of steroids in hair. The method was validated with appropriate linearity in the endogenous range, intra- and inter-assay accuracies and matrix effect between 80% and 120% and intra- and inter-assay precisions below 20% for all analytes. Most of the analytes showed to be stable up to 10 months at room temperature. The suitability of the method was evaluated by obtaining the endogenous concentration range of steroids in 30 healthy volunteers. Results agreed with the scarce data previously reported for some steroids. For others, endogenous concentration ranges in hair were reported for the first time. Additionally, the method was used to compare intraindividual levels of steroids in beard and hair. Results revealed that with the exception of testosterone, beard is a suitable alternative to the hair determination of the steroid profile. In summary, the present strategy to evaluate the steroid profile in hair may be a useful tool with a high potential for a wide range of clinical purposes.
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Kamata T, Shima N, Miki A, Matsuo E, Yamamoto T, Tsuchihashi H, Sato T, Shimma S, Katagi M. High Spatial-Resolution Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Ion Trap-Time-of-Flight Tandem Mass Spectrometry Imaging for Depicting Longitudinal and Transverse Distribution of Drugs Incorporated into Hair. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5821-5829. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tooru Kamata
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Noriaki Shima
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Akihiro Miki
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Eiichi Matsuo
- Shimadzu Corporation, 1 Nishinokyo Kuwabara-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Takushi Yamamoto
- Shimadzu Corporation, 1 Nishinokyo Kuwabara-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tsuchihashi
- Shimadzu Corporation, 1 Nishinokyo Kuwabara-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Takako Sato
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Shuichi Shimma
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Munehiro Katagi
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
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Davies C, Gautam L, Grela A, Morrissey J. Variability associated with interpreting drugs within forensic hair analysis: A three-stage interpretation. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:868-888. [PMID: 32126591 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hair analysis is capable of determining both an individual's long-term drug history and a single exposure to a drug, which can be particularly important for corroborating incidents of drug-facilitated crimes. As a source of forensic evidence that may be used in a court of law, it must be credible, impartial and reliable, yet the pathways of drug and metabolite entry into hair are still uncertain. Many variables may influence drug analysis results, most of which are outside of the control of an analyst. An individual's pharmacokinetic and metabolic responses, hair growth rates, drug incorporation routes, axial migration, ethnicity, age and gender, for example, all display interpersonal variability. At present there is little standardization of the analytical processes involved with hair analysis. Both false positives and negative results for drugs are frequently encountered, regardless of whether a person has consumed a drug or not. In this regard, we have categorized these variables and proposed a three-stage analytical approach to facilitate forensic toxicologists, hair analysis experts, judiciaries and service users in the analytical and interpretation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Davies
- Forensic and Investigative Studies, School of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lata Gautam
- Forensic and Investigative Studies, School of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Agatha Grela
- School of Human and Social Sciences, University of West London, Brentford, London, UK
| | - Joanne Morrissey
- Forensic and Investigative Studies, School of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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14
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An evaluation of the cut-off value of methamphetamine in hair samples via HPLC-MS/MS. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 306:110094. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Palamar JJ, Le A, Guarino H, Mateu-Gelabert P. A comparison of the utility of urine- and hair testing in detecting self-reported drug use among young adult opioid users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 200:161-167. [PMID: 31146203 PMCID: PMC6588496 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological testing can be used to validate or detect underreported drug use. Since hair testing is increasingly used in survey research, we examined how the utility of hair testing compares to a more common method-urine testing. METHODS 532 adults (ages 18-29) reporting past-month heroin use and/or nonmedical prescription opioid use were surveyed about past-month use of various drugs. Participants were urine-tested and the majority (79.3%) provided a hair sample for analysis. We examined the utility of urine vs. hair-testing in detecting past-month use of various drugs. RESULTS Compared to hair testing, urine testing was able to confirm higher proportions of self-reported use of heroin/opioids (85.5% vs. 80.9%), marijuana (73.9% vs. 22.9%), benzodiazepines (51.3% vs. 15.1%), and methadone (77.0% vs. 48.7%), while hair testing was more likely to detect reported cocaine use (66.3% vs. 48.0%) (Ps<.01). Compared to hair testing, urine testing was more likely to detect unreported use of marijuana (11.3% vs. 0.9%), and benzodiazepines (14.4% vs. 5.4%), and hair testing was more likely to detect unreported use of cocaine (27.0% vs. 5.8%) and oxycodone (19.7% vs. 1.4%) (Ps<.001). When added to urine testing, hair testing increased detection of reported and non-reported use of cocaine and oxycodone ranging from 14 to 22%. CONCLUSIONS While hair testing is efficacious in detecting drug use in wide window periods (e.g., past-year use), it is less efficacious than urine testing when testing for past-month use of select drugs among opiate/opioid users. However, hair testing is particularly efficacious in detecting unreported use of cocaine and/or oxycodone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Palamar
- Department of Population Health, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA,Center for Drug Use and HIV/HCV Research, New York University Rory Meyers College of Nursing, 433 1st Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Austin Le
- Department of Population Health, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA,New York University College of Dentistry, 345 E. 24th Street, 1st Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Honoria Guarino
- Center for Drug Use and HIV/HCV Research, New York University Rory Meyers College of Nursing, 433 1st Avenue, New York, NY, USA,National Development and Research Institutes, 71 W 23rd St, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pedro Mateu-Gelabert
- Center for Drug Use and HIV/HCV Research, New York University Rory Meyers College of Nursing, 433 1st Avenue, New York, NY, USA,National Development and Research Institutes, 71 W 23rd St, New York, NY, USA
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16
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Wang T, Shen B, Wu H, Hu J, Xu H, Shen M, Xiang P. Disappearance of R/S-methamphetamine and R/S-amphetamine from human scalp hair after discontinuation of methamphetamine abuse. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 284:153-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Junkuy A, Pengwong M, Aramrattana A, Celentano D, Sribanditmongkol P. Validation and application of hair analysis for the detection of methamphetamine in young Thai adults. ASIAN BIOMED 2017. [DOI: 10.5372/1905-7415.0804.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: To date, blood and urine analyses have been the major methods of detecting methamphetamine (MA) use in Thailand. Recently, hair analysis has been introduced as an alternative and complementary procedure.
Objectives: To validate a simple, rapid, and economical method of analyzing hair for MA and its metabolite, amphetamine (AM).
Methods: The analysis employed solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Simplicity, rapidity, and economy were achieved, in part, by optimizing SPME conditions and by eliminating deuterated reagents and the derivatization step in GC-MS. The validated method was employed to detect and quantify MA in 1,111 hair samples of young Thai research volunteers who reported using MA in the form of so-called “yaba” tablets at least 3 times during the previous 3 months.
Results: Validated data from the study indicated that the method’s linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) met international standards for hair analysis of MA. Expressed as ng of MA per mg of hair (ng/mg), the LOQ was 0.5 ng/mg (102.39% accuracy, 5.46% precision). The method was less sensitive for quantification of AM in hair, with a LOQ of 2.5 ng/mg (103.41% accuracy, 6.95% precision). Using 0.5 ng/mg as a cutoff in the analysis of samples provided by admitted MA users, the study yielded an overall detection rate for MA of 35.5%, with a range of 0.51-54.61 ng/mg; the mean MA level was 4.90 ± 6.78 (±SD) ng/mg. Thirty-one percent of the participants reported they had consumed fewer than 10 yaba tablets during the previous 3 months. Of this group, 29% had hair samples that tested positive for MA. Detection rates trended upwards with increased yaba use. No relationship was found between the number of yaba tablets reportedly consumed and the concentration of MA detected in hair.
Conclusions: This study validated a rapid, simple, and economical SPME/GC-MS technique for quantification of MA in hair. The method was less sensitive for quantification of AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anongphan Junkuy
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Monnatee Pengwong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Apinun Aramrattana
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
- The Northern Substance Abuse Center, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
- The Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - David Celentano
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States of America
| | - Pongruk Sribanditmongkol
- Correspondence: MD, PhD, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand Thailand
- The Northern Substance Abuse Center, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
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18
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Wright J, Kenneally ME, Edwards JW, Walker GS. Adverse Health Effects Associated with Living in a Former Methamphetamine Drug Laboratory - Victoria, Australia, 2015. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2017; 65:1470-1473. [PMID: 28056000 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6552a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The manufacture of methamphetamine in clandestine drug laboratories occurs in various locations, including residential houses and apartments. Unlike the controlled manufacture of chemicals and drugs, clandestine manufacture results in the uncontrolled storage, use, generation, and disposal of a wide range of chemicals and the deposit of methamphetamine drug residues on indoor surfaces (1). These residues have been found at high levels on porous and nonporous surfaces and have been shown to persist for months to years (1). Persons exposed to these environments often have poorly defined exposures and health effects. It is commonly assumed that these levels of exposure are low compared with those related to illicit drug use or therapeutic use of amphetamine-based drugs for managing behavioral issues such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (2). In 2015, a family that was unknowingly exposed to methamphetamine residues in a house in Australia was found to have adverse health effects and elevated methamphetamine levels in hair samples, highlighting the potential for public health risks for persons who might live in methamphetamine-contaminated dwellings. This case study highlights the importance of the identification and effective decontamination of former clandestine drug laboratories.
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19
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Wright J, Edwards J, Walker S. Exposures associated with clandestine methamphetamine drug laboratories in Australia. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2016; 31:329-352. [PMID: 27428841 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2016-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The clandestine manufacture of methamphetamine in residential homes may represent significant hazards and exposures not only to those involved in the manufacture of the drugs but also to others living in the home (including children), neighbours and first responders to the premises. These hazards are associated with the nature and improper storage and use of precursor chemicals, intermediate chemicals and wastes, gases and methamphetamine residues generated during manufacture and the drugs themselves. Many of these compounds are persistent and result in exposures inside a home not only during manufacture but after the laboratory has been seized or removed. Hence new occupants of buildings formerly used to manufacture methamphetamine may be unknowingly exposed to these hazards. Children are most susceptible to these hazards and evidence is available in the literature to indicate that these exposures may result in immediate and long-term adverse health effects. The assessment of exposure within the home can be undertaken by measuring contaminant levels or collecting appropriate biological data from individuals exposed. To gain a better understanding of the available data and key issues associated with these approaches to the characterisation of exposure, a review of the published literature has been undertaken.
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20
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Simultaneous quantification of 11 cannabinoids and metabolites in human urine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using WAX-S tips. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6461-71. [PMID: 27422645 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9765-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive cannabinoid urine quantification method may improve clinical and forensic result interpretation and is necessary to support our clinical research. A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry quantification method for ∆(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH), ∆(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCAA), cannabinol (CBN), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), ∆(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), 11-nor-9-carboxy-THCV (THCVCOOH), THC-glucuronide (THC-gluc), and THCCOOH-glucuronide (THCCOOH-gluc) in urine was developed and validated according to the Scientific Working Group on Toxicology guidelines. Sample preparation consisted of disposable pipette extraction (WAX-S) of 200 μL urine. Separation was achieved on a Kinetex C18 column using gradient elution with flow rate 0.5 mL/min, mobile phase A (10 mM ammonium acetate in water), and mobile phase B (15 % methanol in acetonitrile). Total run time was 14 min. Analytes were monitored in both positive and negative ionization modes by scheduled multiple reaction monitoring. Linear ranges were 0.5-100 μg/L for THC and THCCOOH; 0.5-50 μg/L for 11-OH-THC, CBD, CBN, THCAA, and THC-gluc; 1-100 μg/L for CBG, THCV, and THCVCOOH; and 5-500 μg/L for THCCOOH-gluc (R (2) > 0.99). Analytical biases were 88.3-113.7 %, imprecisions 3.3-14.3 %, extraction efficiencies 42.4-81.5 %, and matrix effect -10 to 32.5 %. We developed and validated a comprehensive, simple, and rapid LC-MS/MS cannabinoid urine method for quantification of 11 cannabinoids and metabolites. This method is being used in a controlled cannabis administration study, investigating urine cannabinoid markers documenting recent cannabis use, chronic frequent smoking, or route of drug administration and potentially improving urine cannabinoid result interpretation.
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21
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Zhao Q, Huang H, Zhang L, Wang L, Zeng Y, Xia X, Liu F, Chen Y. Strategy To Fabricate Naked-Eye Readout Ultrasensitive Plasmonic Nanosensor Based on Enzyme Mimetic Gold Nanoclusters. Anal Chem 2015; 88:1412-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Key
Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule,
Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
| | - Haowen Huang
- Key
Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule,
Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
| | - Lingyang Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule,
Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
| | - Linqian Wang
- Department
of Medical Laboratory, Hunan Cancer Hospital, the Affiliated Cancer
Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province China
| | - Yunlong Zeng
- Key
Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule,
Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- Key
Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule,
Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
| | - Fengping Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule,
Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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22
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Madry MM, Steuer AE, Hysek CM, Liechti ME, Baumgartner MR, Kraemer T. Evaluation of drug incorporation into hair segments and nails by enantiomeric analysis following controlled single MDMA intakes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:545-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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23
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Suwannachom N, Thananchai T, Junkuy A, O’Brien TE, Sribanditmongkol P. Duration of detection of methamphetamine in hair after abstinence. Forensic Sci Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Han E, Lee S, In S, Park M, Park Y, Cho S, Shin J, Lee H. Relationship between methamphetamine use history and segmental hair analysis findings of MA users. Forensic Sci Int 2015. [PMID: 26197349 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between methamphetamine (MA) use history and segmental hair analysis (1 and 3cm sections) and whole hair analysis results in Korean MA users in rehabilitation programs. Hair samples were collected from 26 Korean MA users. Eleven of the 26 subjects used cannabis with MA and two used cocaine, opiates, and MDMA with MA. Self-reported single dose of MA from the 26 subjects ranged from 0.03 to 0.5g/one time. Concentrations of MA and its metabolite amphetamine (AP) in hair were determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) after derivatization. The method used was well validated. Qualitative analysis from all 1cm sections (n=154) revealed a good correlation between positive or negative results for MA in hair and self-reported MA use (69.48%, n=107). In detail, MA results were positive in 66 hair specimens of MA users who reported administering MA, and MA results were negative in 41 hair specimens of MA users who denied MA administration in the corresponding month. Test results were false-negative in 10.39% (n=16) of hair specimens and false-positive in 20.13% (n=31) of hair specimens. In false positive cases, it is considered that after MA cessation it continued to be accumulated in hair still, while in false negative cases, self-reported histories showed a small amount of MA use or MA use 5-7 months previously. In terms of quantitative analysis, the concentrations of MA in 1 and 3cm long hair segments and in whole hair samples ranged from 1.03 to 184.98 (mean 22.01), 2.26 to 89.33 (mean 18.71), and 0.91 to 124.49 (mean 15.24)ng/mg, respectively. Ten subjects showed a good correlation between MA use and MA concentration in hair. Correlation coefficient (r) of 7 among 10 subjects ranged from 0.71 to 0.98 (mean 0.85). Four subjects showed a low correlation between MA use and MA concentration in hair. Correlation coefficient (r) of 4 subjects ranged from 0.36 to 0.55. Eleven subjects showed a poor correlation between MA use and MA concentration in hair. Correlation between MA use and MA concentration in hair of remaining one subject could not be determined or calculated. In this study, the correlation between accurate MA use histories obtained by psychiatrists and well-trained counselors and MA concentrations in hair was shown. This report provides objective scientific findings that should considerably aid the interpretation of forensic results and of the results of trials related to MA use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Han
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea; Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Sangeun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea; Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sanghwan In
- Drug & Forensic Toxicology, National Forensic Service, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Meejung Park
- Drug & Forensic Toxicology, National Forensic Service, Wonju, South Korea
| | | | - Sungnam Cho
- Gangnam Eulji Hospital, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Junguk Shin
- Bugok National Hospital, South Kyongsang Province, South Korea
| | - Hunjoo Lee
- CHEM.I.NET Ltd., Room 302, 773-3, Mok-dong, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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25
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Nieddu M, Burrai L, Demontis MP, Varoni MV, Baralla E, Trignano C, Boatto G. Simultaneous Determination of 11 Illicit Phenethylamines in Hair by LC-MS-MS: In Vivo Application. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 39:532-7. [PMID: 26025163 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing phenethylamines are a class of synthetic compounds that differ from each other only in small changes to a largely conserved chemical structure. The recreational and illicit use of phenethylamines is a widespread problem. A simple procedure for the simultaneous quantitative determination in hair of 11 phenethylamines that are officially recognized as illicit by Italian legislation (p-methoxyamphetamine; p-methoxymethamphetamine; 3,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine; 2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine; 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine; 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine; 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine; 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine; 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine; 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthiophenethylamine and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-n-propylthiophenethylamine) has been developed and validated. Extraction from the matrix was performed after incubation in methanolic HCl and filtered reconstituted extracts were injected into a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry system (LC-MS-MS) without any further purification steps. This validated LC-MS-MS method has been used to determine the in vivo accumulation/retention of the above target analytes in hair after repeat oral administration to rats. This experiment further permitted investigation of the effect of pigmentation on the uptake of these phenethylamines by hair and the effect of hair pigmentation. The developed method could potentially be used for forensic and toxicological purposes, in the detection and quantitation of these illicit substances in human hair in workplace drug testing; drug-facilitated crime investigation; driver re-licensing; determining drug abuse history and postmortem toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nieddu
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Lucia Burrai
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Piera Demontis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Varoni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Elena Baralla
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudia Trignano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Via Matteotti 60, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Boatto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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26
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Kamata T, Shima N, Sasaki K, Matsuta S, Takei S, Katagi M, Miki A, Zaitsu K, Nakanishi T, Sato T, Suzuki K, Tsuchihashi H. Time-Course Mass Spectrometry Imaging for Depicting Drug Incorporation into Hair. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5476-81. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tooru Kamata
- Forensic
Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18
Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Noriaki Shima
- Forensic
Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18
Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Keiko Sasaki
- Forensic
Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18
Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Matsuta
- Forensic
Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18
Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Shiori Takei
- Forensic
Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18
Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Munehiro Katagi
- Forensic
Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18
Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Akihiro Miki
- Forensic
Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18
Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Kei Zaitsu
- Department of Legal Medicine & Bioethics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Toyofumi Nakanishi
- Department
of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Osaka Medical College, 2-7
Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Takako Sato
- Department
of Legal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Koichi Suzuki
- Department
of Legal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tsuchihashi
- Department
of Legal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
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27
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Lee S, Choi B, Kim J, In S, Baeck S, Oh SM, Chung KH. An LC-MS/MS method for the determination of five erectile dysfunction drugs and their selected metabolites in hair. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 978-979:1-10. [PMID: 25531864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The abuse of sildenafil and its analogous, accelerated by their inappropriate or illegal distribution, is a serious social issue globally. However, no studies have been conducted to monitor these drugs simultaneously in hair, which can provide valuable information on chronic drug use. In the present study, an LC-MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous determination in hair of five erectile dysfunction drugs having a high risk for abuse (mirodenafil, sildenafil, tadalafil, udenafil and vardenafil) and their selected metabolites (SK3541, desmethylsildenafil, DA8164 and desethylvardenafil). The novel method was fully validated after optimizing matrix effects and extraction efficiency. The optimized sample preparation included acidic methanol extraction followed by solid phase extraction using C18 mixed mode strong cation exchange polymeric cartridges. The prepared samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS with electrospray ion source in the positive ionization mode. The validation results proved the method to be selective, sensitive, accurate and precise, with acceptable linearity within calibration ranges. LODs ranged from 0.05 (DA8164) to 1 ng/10 mg hair (tadalafil). LOQs were 1 ng/10 mg hair except for DA8164 and vardenafil, of which they were 2.5 ng/10 mg hair. No significant variations were observed by different sources of matrices in both human and rat hair, except for tadalafil, for which a stable isotope-labeled internal standard was effective. The animal study suggested hair pigmentation was a major factor for the incorporation of the drugs and metabolites into hair. However, a wide variation of the sildenafil-to-desmethylsildenafil ratios was observed in human hair samples. The developed method will be very useful for monitoring the abuse of erectile dysfunction drugs for both legal and public health aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Boyeon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- National Forensic Service, 10 Ipchoon-ro, Wonju, Kangwon-do 220-170, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghwan In
- National Forensic Service, 10 Ipchoon-ro, Wonju, Kangwon-do 220-170, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungkyung Baeck
- National Forensic Service, 10 Ipchoon-ro, Wonju, Kangwon-do 220-170, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Min Oh
- Hoseo Toxicology Research Center, Hoseo University, 20 Hoseo-ro, 79 beon-gil, Asan, Chungcheongnam-do 336-795, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hyuck Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Himes SK, LaGasse LL, Derauf C, Newman E, Smith LM, Arria AM, Grotta SAD, Dansereau LM, Abar B, Neal CR, Lester BM, Huestis MA. Risk of neurobehavioral disinhibition in prenatal methamphetamine-exposed young children with positive hair toxicology results. Ther Drug Monit 2014; 36:535-43. [PMID: 24518561 PMCID: PMC4101149 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective was to evaluate the effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure (PME) and postnatal drug exposures identified by child hair analysis on neurobehavioral disinhibition at 6.5 years of age. METHODS Mother-infant pairs were enrolled in the Infant Development, Environment, and Lifestyle (IDEAL) Study in Los Angeles, Honolulu, Tulsa, and Des Moines. PME was determined by maternal self-report and/or positive meconium results. At the 6.5-year follow-up visit, hair was collected and analyzed for methamphetamine, tobacco, cocaine, and cannabinoid markers. Child behavioral and executive function test scores were aggregated to evaluate child neurobehavioral disinhibition. Hierarchical linear regression models assessed the impact of PME, postnatal substances, and combined PME with postnatal drug exposures on the child's neurobehavioral disinhibition aggregate score. Past year caregiver substance use was compared with child hair results. RESULTS A total of 264 children were evaluated. Significantly more PME children (n = 133) had hair positive for methamphetamine/amphetamine (27.1% versus 8.4%) and nicotine/cotinine (38.3% versus 25.2%) than children without PME (n = 131). Overall, no significant differences in analyte hair concentrations were noted between groups. Significant differences in behavioral and executive function were observed between children with and without PME. No independent effects of postnatal methamphetamine or tobacco exposure, identified by positive hair test, were noted and no additional neurobehavioral disinhibition was observed in PME children with postnatal drug exposures, as compared with PME children without postnatal exposure. CONCLUSIONS Child hair testing offered a noninvasive means to evaluate postnatal environmental drug exposure, although no effects from postnatal drug exposure alone were seen. PME, alone and in combination with postnatal drug exposures, was associated with behavioral and executive function deficits at 6.5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Himes
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Linda L. LaGasse
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University and Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Chris Derauf
- Division of Community Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Elana Newman
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK
| | - Lynne M. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Torrance, CA
| | - Amelia M. Arria
- Family Science Department, Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD
| | - Sheri A. Della Grotta
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University and Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Lynne M. Dansereau
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University and Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Beau Abar
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Charles R. Neal
- Department of Pediatrics, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI
| | - Barry M. Lester
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University and Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
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Gryczynski J, Schwartz RP, Mitchell SG, O’Grady KE, Ondersma SJ. Hair drug testing results and self-reported drug use among primary care patients with moderate-risk illicit drug use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 141:44-50. [PMID: 24932945 PMCID: PMC4080811 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study sought to examine the utility of hair testing as a research measure of drug use among individuals with moderate-risk drug use based on the internationally validated Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). METHODS This study is a secondary analysis using baseline data from a randomized trial of brief intervention for drug misuse, in which 360 adults with moderate-risk drug use were recruited from two community clinics in New Mexico, USA. The current study compared self-reported drug use on the ASSIST with laboratory analysis of hair samples using a standard commercially available 5-panel test with assay screening and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) confirmation. Both self-report and hair testing covered a 3-month period. RESULTS Overall concordance between hair testing and self-report was 57.5% (marijuana), 86.5% (cocaine), 85.8% (amphetamines), and 74.3% (opioids). Specificity of hair testing at standard laboratory cut-offs exceeded 90% for all drugs, but sensitivity of hair testing relative to self-report was low, identifying only 52.3% (127/243) of self-disclosed marijuana users, 65.2% (30/46) of cocaine users, 24.2% (8/33) of amphetamine users, and 2.9% (2/68) of opioid users. Among participants who disclosed using marijuana or cocaine in the past 3 months, participants with a negative hair test tended to report lower-frequency use of those drugs (p<.001 for marijuana and cocaine). CONCLUSIONS Hair testing can be useful in studies with moderate-risk drug users, but the potential for under-identification of low-frequency use suggests that researchers should consider employing low detection cut-offs and using hair testing in conjunction with self-report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gryczynski
- Friends Research Institute, Inc., 1040 Park Avenue, Suite 103, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Robert P. Schwartz
- Friends Research Institute, Inc., 1040 Park Avenue, Suite 103, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Shannon Gwin Mitchell
- Friends Research Institute, Inc., 1040 Park Avenue, Suite 103, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Kevin E. O’Grady
- University of Maryland, College Park, Department of Psychology, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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Baciu T, Borrull F, Aguilar C, Calull M. Recent trends in analytical methods and separation techniques for drugs of abuse in hair. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 856:1-26. [PMID: 25542354 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hair analysis of drugs of abuse has been a subject of growing interest from a clinical, social and forensic perspective for years because of the broad time detection window after intake in comparison to urine and blood analysis. Over the last few years, hair analysis has gained increasing attention and recognition for the retrospective investigation of drug abuse in a wide variety of contexts, shown by the large number of applications developed. This review aims to provide an overview of the state of the art and the latest trends used in the literature from 2005 to the present in the analysis of drugs of abuse in hair, with a special focus on separation analytical techniques and their hyphenation with mass spectrometry detection. The most recently introduced sample preparation techniques are also addressed in this paper. The main strengths and weaknesses of all of these approaches are critically discussed by means of relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Baciu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - F Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - C Aguilar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - M Calull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Abstract
Alternative matrices are steadily gaining recognition as biological samples for toxicological analyses. Hair presents many advantages over traditional matrices, such as urine and blood, since it provides retrospective information regarding drug exposure, can distinguish between chronic and acute or recent drug use by segmental analysis, is easy to obtain, and has considerable stability for long periods of time. For this reason, it has been employed in a wide variety of contexts, namely to evaluate workplace drug exposure, drug-facilitated sexual assault, pre-natal drug exposure, anti-doping control, pharmacological monitoring and alcohol abuse. In this article, issues concerning hair structure, collection, storage and analysis are reviewed. The mechanisms of drug incorporation into hair are briefly discussed. Analytical techniques for simultaneous drug quantification in hair are addressed. Finally, representative examples of drug quantification using hair are summarized, emphasizing its potentialities and limitations as an alternative biological matrix for toxicological analyses.
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Hill V, Loni E, Cairns T, Sommer J, Schaffer M. Identification and analysis of damaged or porous hair. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6 Suppl 1:42-54. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Hill
- Psychemedics Corporation; 5832 Uplander Way Culver City CA 90230 USA
| | - Elvan Loni
- Psychemedics Corporation; 5832 Uplander Way Culver City CA 90230 USA
| | - Thomas Cairns
- Psychemedics Corporation; 5832 Uplander Way Culver City CA 90230 USA
| | - Jonathan Sommer
- Psychemedics Corporation; 5832 Uplander Way Culver City CA 90230 USA
| | - Michael Schaffer
- Psychemedics Corporation; 5832 Uplander Way Culver City CA 90230 USA
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Label-free amperometric immunosensor based on prussian blue as artificial peroxidase for the detection of methamphetamine. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 806:204-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Castaneto MS, Barnes AJ, Scheidweiler KB, Schaffer M, Rogers KK, Stewart D, Huestis MA. Identifying methamphetamine exposure in children. Ther Drug Monit 2013; 35:823-30. [PMID: 24263642 PMCID: PMC3838616 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e31829685b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Methamphetamine (MAMP) use, distribution, and manufacture remain a serious public health and safety problem in the United States, and children environmentally exposed to MAMP face a myriad of developmental, social, and health risks, including severe abuse and neglect necessitating child protection involvement. It is recommended that drug-endangered children receive medical evaluation and care with documentation of overall physical and mental conditions and have urine drug testing. The primary aim of this study was to determine the best biological matrix to detect MAMP, amphetamine (AMP), methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) in environmentally exposed children. METHODS Ninety-one children, environmentally exposed to household MAMP intake, were medically evaluated at the Child and Adolescent Abuse Resource and Evaluation Diagnostic and Treatment Center at the University of California, Davis Children's Hospital. MAMP, AMP, MDMA, MDA, and MDEA were quantified in urine and oral fluid (OF) by gas chromatography mass spectrometry and in hair by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Overall drug detection rates in OF, urine, and hair were 6.9%, 22.1%, and 77.8%, respectively. Seventy children (79%) tested positive for 1 or more drugs in 1 or more matrices. MAMP was the primary analyte detected in all 3 biological matrices. All positive OF (n = 5), and 18 of 19 positive urine specimens also had a positive hair test. CONCLUSIONS Hair analysis offered a more sensitive tool for identifying MAMP, AMP, and MDMA environmental exposure in children than urine or OF testing. A negative urine or hair test does not exclude the possibility of drug exposure, but hair testing provided the greatest sensitivity for identifying drug-exposed children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allan J. Barnes
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, NIDA-IRP, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Role of LC-MS/MS in hair testing for the determination of common drugs of abuse and other psychoactive drugs. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:1919-38. [PMID: 23905865 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hair testing has been used in toxicological investigations for the last two decades, but only recently a remarkable extension of hair analysis to a variety of application fields was observed, besides drug abuse recognition. The dramatic improvements of LC-MS/MS instrumentation make the detection of tiny amounts of almost whatever drug in hair possible, even after single-dose intake. The progresses observed during the last 5 years in the detection of psychoactive substances in hair are reviewed herein. The literature is partitioned according to the target compounds, namely traditional drugs of abuse, new psychoactive substances and pharmaceutical psychoactive substances. The LC-MS/MS methods presented are addressed to determine a single class of drugs, with the primary aim of accurate quantitation, or to perform multiclass analysis, for rapid and effective screening protocols.
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Vincenti M, Salomone A, Gerace E, Pirro V. Application of mass spectrometry to hair analysis for forensic toxicological investigations. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2013; 32:312-32. [PMID: 23165962 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The increasing role of hair analysis in forensic toxicological investigations principally owes to recent improvements of mass spectrometric instrumentation. Research achievements during the last 6 years in this distinctive application area of analytical toxicology are reviewed. The earlier state of the art of hair analysis was comprehensively covered by a dedicated book (Kintz, 2007a. Analytical and practical aspects of drug testing in hair. Boca Raton: CRC Press and Taylor & Francis, 382 p) that represents key reference of the present overview. Whereas the traditional organization of analytical methods in forensic toxicology divided target substances into quite homogeneous groups of drugs, with similar structures and chemical properties, the current approach often takes advantage of the rapid expansion of multiclass and multiresidue analytical procedures; the latter is made possible by the fast operation and extreme sensitivity of modern mass spectrometers. This change in the strategy of toxicological analysis is reflected in the presentation of the recent literature material, which is mostly based on a fit-for-purpose logic. Thus, general screening of unknown substances is applied in diverse forensic contexts than drugs of abuse testing, and different instrumentation (triple quadrupoles, time-of-flight analyzers, linear and orbital traps) is utilized to optimally cope with the scope. Other key issues of modern toxicology, such as cost reduction and high sample throughput, are discussed with reference to procedural and instrumental alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vincenti
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia A. Bertinaria, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
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Determination of cocaine and metabolites in hair by column-switching LC-MS-MS analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6299-306. [PMID: 23702902 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A method for rapid, selective, and robust determination of cocaine (CO) and metabolites in 5-mg hair samples was developed and fully validated using a column-switching liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system (LC-MS-MS). Hair samples were decontaminated, segmented, incubated overnight in diluted HCl, and centrifuged, and the diluted (1:10 with distilled water) extracts were analyzed in positive ionization mode monitoring two reactions per analyte. Quantifier transitions were: m/z 304.2→182.2 for CO, m/z 290.1→168.1 for benzoylecgonine (BE), and m/z 318.2→196.2 for cocaethylene (CE). The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was set at 0.05 ng/mg for CO and CE, and 0.012 ng/mg for BE. Imprecision and inaccuracy at LLOQ were lower than 20 % for all analytes. Linearity ranged between 0.05 and 50.0 ng/mg for CO and CE and 0.012 and 12.50 ng/mg for BE. Selectivity, matrix effect, process efficiency, recovery, carryover, cross talk, and autosampler stability were also evaluated during validation. Eighteen real hair samples and five samples from a commercial proficiency testing program were comparatively examined with the proposed multidimensional chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry procedure and our reference gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Compared with our reference GC-MS method, column-switching technique and the high sensitivity of the tandem mass spectrometry detection system allowed to significantly reduce sample amount (×10) with increased sensitivity (×2) and sample throughput (×4), to simplify sample preparation, and to avoid that interfering compounds and ions impaired the ionization and detection of the analytes and deteriorate the performance of the ion source.
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