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Fratz-Berilla EJ, Kohnhorst C, Trunfio N, Bush X, Gyorgypal A, Agarabi C. Evaluation of single-use optical and electrochemical pH sensors in upstream bioprocessing. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25512. [PMID: 38371965 PMCID: PMC10873650 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Culture pH is a critical process parameter during CHO cell bioreactor operations that is key for proper cell growth, protein production, and maintaining the critical quality attributes of a monoclonal antibody drug substance. The traditional means of measuring pH in bioreactors is with an electrochemical probe that can withstand and maintain accuracy through repeated sterilization cycles. An alternative technique for measuring pH is an optical sensor composed of a fluorescent dye that is sensitive to the hydrogen ion concentration. In this work we explore single-use electrochemical and single-use optical pH sensors in stirred-tank and rocking bioreactors, respectively, to understand how their overall performance compares to traditional electrochemical probes in benchtop glass stirred tank bioreactors. We found that the single-use optical pH sensors were generally less accurate than the electrochemical probes, especially in detecting large pH drifts from the setpoint. The single-use electrochemical probes were increasingly accurate as pH was increased from <7.0 to 7.5 but tended to decrease in accuracy as the batch age increased. In conclusion, single-use pH sensors offer a convenient means to measure pH during an upstream bioprocess, but the limitations of these sensors should be built into process control such that deviations in process pH, and consequently potential fluctuations in product quality, can be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica J. Fratz-Berilla
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Casey Kohnhorst
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Trunfio
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Xin Bush
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Aron Gyorgypal
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Cyrus Agarabi
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Steinegger A, Wolfbeis OS, Borisov SM. Optical Sensing and Imaging of pH Values: Spectroscopies, Materials, and Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:12357-12489. [PMID: 33147405 PMCID: PMC7705895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This is the first comprehensive review on methods and materials for use in optical sensing of pH values and on applications of such sensors. The Review starts with an introduction that contains subsections on the definition of the pH value, a brief look back on optical methods for sensing of pH, on the effects of ionic strength on pH values and pKa values, on the selectivity, sensitivity, precision, dynamic ranges, and temperature dependence of such sensors. Commonly used optical sensing schemes are covered in a next main chapter, with subsections on methods based on absorptiometry, reflectometry, luminescence, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance, photonic crystals, turbidity, mechanical displacement, interferometry, and solvatochromism. This is followed by sections on absorptiometric and luminescent molecular probes for use pH in sensors. Further large sections cover polymeric hosts and supports, and methods for immobilization of indicator dyes. Further and more specific sections summarize the state of the art in materials with dual functionality (indicator and host), nanomaterials, sensors based on upconversion and 2-photon absorption, multiparameter sensors, imaging, and sensors for extreme pH values. A chapter on the many sensing formats has subsections on planar, fiber optic, evanescent wave, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance and holography based sensor designs, and on distributed sensing. Another section summarizes selected applications in areas, such as medicine, biology, oceanography, bioprocess monitoring, corrosion studies, on the use of pH sensors as transducers in biosensors and chemical sensors, and their integration into flow-injection analyzers, microfluidic devices, and lab-on-a-chip systems. An extra section is devoted to current challenges, with subsections on challenges of general nature and those of specific nature. A concluding section gives an outlook on potential future trends and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Steinegger
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Otto S. Wolfbeis
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Ahmed S, Chauhan VM, Ghaemmaghami AM, Aylott JW. New generation of bioreactors that advance extracellular matrix modelling and tissue engineering. Biotechnol Lett 2019; 41:1-25. [PMID: 30368691 PMCID: PMC6313369 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-018-2611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bioreactors hold a lot of promise for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. They have multiple uses including cell cultivation for therapeutic production and for in vitro organ modelling to provide a more physiologically relevant environment for cultures compared to conventional static conditions. Bioreactors are often used in combination with scaffolds as the nutrient flow can enhance oxygen and diffusion throughout the 3D constructs to prevent the formation of necrotic cores. A variety of scaffolds have been fabricated to achieve a structural architecture that mimic native extracellular matrix. Future developments of in vitro models will incorporate the ability to non-invasively monitor the cellular microenvironment to enhance the understanding of in vitro conditions. This review details current advancements in bioreactor and scaffold systems and provides insight on how in vitro models can be augmented for future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehnaz Ahmed
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Boots Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Veeren M. Chauhan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Boots Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amir M. Ghaemmaghami
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Life Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Jonathan W. Aylott
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Boots Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham, UK
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Holzberg TR, Watson V, Brown S, Andar A, Ge X, Kostov Y, Tolosa L, Rao G. Sensors for biomanufacturing process development: facilitating the shift from batch to continuous manufacturing. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Staying alive! Sensors used for monitoring cell health in bioreactors. Talanta 2018; 176:130-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Sardesai N, Rao G, Kostov Y. Versatile common instrumentation for optical detection of pH and dissolved oxygen. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:074302. [PMID: 26233397 DOI: 10.1063/1.4926542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The recent trend toward use of disposable and miniature bioreactors requires the use of appropriate sensors. pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) are often measured using optical chemical sensors due to their small form factor and convenience in use. These sensors are often interrogated using a specialized opto-electronic transducer that is designed around the optical sensor. In this contribution, we are presenting a new class of opto-electronic transducers that are usable with several different chemical sensors without the need to switch the optics or hardware when changing the type of the chemical sensor. This allows flexibility closer to the lab-grade devices while the size is closer to a dedicated sensor. This versatile instrumentation is capable of seamlessly switching between the pH and DO measurement modes and is capable of auto recognition of the sensor type. The principle of ratiometric fluorescence is used for pH measurements, and that of fluorescence lifetime for DO measurements. An approach to obtain identical calibrations between several devices is also presented. The described hardware constitutes common instrumentation for measuring either pH or DO and has been tested in actual bioprocesses. It has been found adequate for continuous bioprocess monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sardesai
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - Govind Rao
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology and Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - Yordan Kostov
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
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Maclin AQ, Kim MD, Dergunov SA, Pinkhassik E, Lindner E. Small-Volume pH Sensing with a Capillary Optode Utilizing Dye-Loaded Porous Nanocapsules in a Hydrogel Matrix. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kormalı Ertürün HE, Demirel Özel A, Sayın S, Yılmaz M, Kılıç E. Development of a pH sensing membrane electrode based on a new calix[4]arene derivative. Talanta 2014; 132:669-75. [PMID: 25476362 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new pH sensing poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane electrode was developed by using recently synthesized 5,17-bis(4-benzylpiperidine-1-yl)methyl-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxy calix[4]arene as an ionophore. The effects of membrane composition, inner filling solution and conditioning solution on the potential response of the proposed pH sensing membrane electrode were investigated. An optimum membrane composition of 3% ionophore, 67% o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (o-NPOE) as plasticizer, 30% PVC was found. The electrode exhibited a near-Nernstian slope of 58.7±1.1 mV pH(-1) in the pH range 1.9-12.7 at 20±1 °C. It showed good selectivity for H(+) ions in the presence of some cations and anions and a longer lifetime of at least 12 months when compared with the other PVC membrane pH electrodes reported in the literature. Having a wide working pH range, it was not only applied as a potentiometric indicator electrode in various acid-base titrations, but also successfully employed in different real samples. It has good reproducibility and repeatability with a response time of 6-7s. Compared to traditional glass pH electrode, it exhibited excellent potentiometric response after being used in fluoride-containing media.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Elif Kormalı Ertürün
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Tandoğan, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ayça Demirel Özel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Tandoğan, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serkan Sayın
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Selçuk University, Selçuklu, 42075 Konya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Yılmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Selçuk University, Selçuklu, 42075 Konya, Turkey
| | - Esma Kılıç
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Tandoğan, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
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Vanamo U, Bobacka J. Instrument-Free Control of the Standard Potential of Potentiometric Solid-Contact Ion-Selective Electrodes by Short-Circuiting with a Conventional Reference Electrode. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10540-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ac501464s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulriika Vanamo
- Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry, Process
Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500 Turku-Åbo, Finland
| | - Johan Bobacka
- Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry, Process
Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500 Turku-Åbo, Finland
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Wencel
- Optical Sensors Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University , Dublin, 9 Ireland
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11
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Plug and Play? Interconnected multifunctional chips for enhancing efficiency of biopharmaceutical R&D. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.13.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Florea L, Fay C, Lahiff E, Phelan T, O'Connor NE, Corcoran B, Diamond D, Benito-Lopez F. Dynamic pH mapping in microfluidic devices by integrating adaptive coatings based on polyaniline with colorimetric imaging techniques. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:1079-1085. [PMID: 23358572 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc41065f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we present a microfluidic device that has integrated pH optical sensing capabilities based on polyaniline. The optical properties of polyaniline coatings change in response to the pH of the solution that is flushed inside the microchannel offering the possibility of monitoring pH in continuous flow over a wide pH range throughout the entire channel length. This work also features an innovative detection system for spatial localisation of chemical pH gradients along microfluidic channels through the use of a low cost optical device. Specifically, the use of a microfluidic channel coated with polyaniline is shown to respond colorimetrically to pH and that effect is detected by the detection system, even when pH gradients are induced within the channel. This study explores the capability of detecting this gradient by means of imaging techniques and the mapping of the camera's response to its corresponding pH after a successful calibration process. The provision of an inherently responsive channel means that changes in the pH of a sample moving through the system can be detected dynamically using digital imaging along the entire channel length in real time, without the need to add reagents to the sample. This approach is generic and can be applied to other chemically responsive coatings immobilised on microchannels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Florea
- CLARITY: Centre for Sensor Web Technologies, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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