1
|
Kulkarni S, Verma A, Corbin DR, Shiflett MB, Mills PL. Identification of Key Process Parameters on the Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Rio Red Grapefruit Waste to Value-Added Products. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shreesh Kulkarni
- Department of Chemical and Natural Gas Engineering, Texas A&M University − Kingsville, Kingsville, Texas78363-8202, United States
| | - Ankit Verma
- Institute for Sustainable Engineering, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
| | - David R. Corbin
- Institute for Sustainable Engineering, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
| | - Mark B. Shiflett
- Institute for Sustainable Engineering, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
| | - Patrick L. Mills
- Department of Chemical and Natural Gas Engineering, Texas A&M University − Kingsville, Kingsville, Texas78363-8202, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jo SH, Lee MH, Kim KH, Kumar P. Characterization and flux assessment of airborne phthalates released from polyvinyl chloride consumer goods. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 165:81-90. [PMID: 29684738 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and fluxes of airborne phthalates were measured from five types of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) consumer products (vinyl flooring, wallcovering, child's toy, yoga mat, and edge protector) using a small chamber (impinger) system. Airborne phthalates released from each of those PVC samples were collected using sorbent (Tenax TA) tubes at three temperature control intervals (0, 3, and 6 h) under varying temperature conditions (25, 40, and 90 °C). A total of 11 phthalate compounds were quantified in the five PVC products examined in this study. To facilitate the comparison of phthalate emissions among PVC samples, their flux values were defined for total phthalates by summing the average fluxes of all 11 phthalates generated during the control period of 6 h. The highest flux values were seen in the edge protector sample at all temperatures (0.40 (25 °C), 9.65 (40 °C), and 75.7 μg m-2 h-1 (90 °C)) of which emission was dominated by dibutyl isophthalate. In contrast, the lowest fluxes were found in wallcovering (0.01 (25 °C) and 0.05 μg m-2 h-1 (40 °C)) and child's toy (0.23 μg m-2 h-1 (90 °C)) at each temperature level. The information regarding phthalate composition and emission patterns varied dynamically with type of PVC sample, controlled temperature, and duration of control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hee Jo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Min-Hee Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul 04763, South Korea.
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Nano Sciences and Materials, Central University of Jammu, Jammu 181143, J & K, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
SATO T, SAITO Y, KOBAYASHI A, UETA I. Separation of Triglycerides in Oils and Fats by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography and the Determination of the Fatty Acid Composition in Gas Chromatography. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2018. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2018.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya SATO
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Yoshihiro SAITO
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Akira KOBAYASHI
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Ikuo UETA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Yamanashi
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lu Y, Li GS, Lu YC, Fan X, Wei XY. Analytical Strategies Involved in the Detailed Componential Characterization of Biooil Produced from Lignocellulosic Biomass. Int J Anal Chem 2017; 2017:9298523. [PMID: 29387086 PMCID: PMC5745679 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9298523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of chemical composition of biooil is essentially important to evaluate the process of lignocellulosic biomass (LCBM) conversion and its upgrading and suggest proper value-added utilization like producing fuel and feedstock for fine chemicals. Although the main components of LCBM are cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, the chemicals derived from LCBM differ significantly due to the various feedstock and methods used for the decomposition. Biooil, produced from pyrolysis of LCBM, contains hundreds of organic chemicals with various classes. This review covers the methodologies used for the componential analysis of biooil, including pretreatments and instrumental analysis techniques. The use of chromatographic and spectrometric methods was highlighted, covering the conventional techniques such as gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry. The combination of preseparation methods and instrumental technologies is a robust pathway for the detailed componential characterization of biooil. The organic species in biooils can be classified into alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, benzene-ring containing hydrocarbons, ethers, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, carboxylic acids, and other heteroatomic organic compounds. The recent development of high resolution mass spectrometry and multidimensional hyphenated chromatographic and spectrometric techniques has considerably elucidated the composition of biooils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
- Advanced Analysis & Computation Center, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
- School of Chemical and Engineering Technology, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Guo-Sheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
- School of Chemical and Engineering Technology, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yong-Chao Lu
- School of Basic Education Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
- School of Chemical and Engineering Technology, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Xian-Yong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
- School of Chemical and Engineering Technology, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu G, Zhao F, Wang D, Xia C. Extended effective carbon number concept in the quantitative analysis of multi-ethers using predicted response factors. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1513:194-200. [PMID: 28739274 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Flame ionized detector has been such widely applied in chemical analysis since its great invention and the discovery of chem-ionization. Thanks to the excellent contribution of Sternberg and the successors in this field, effective carbon number concept (ECN) can make the analysis calibration greatly simplified especially when authentic standard substances are unavailable or in the complicated case such as petrochemical industry and biomass processing. To supplement the ECN rule in multi-ethers, this work determined relative response factors of poly(oxymethylene) dimethyl ethers experimentally, and developed a probabilistic P1-P2 effective carbon number model (P-ECN) for multi-ethers compounds. showed this method could improve the precision of quantitative analysis for poly(oxymethylene) dimethyl ethers and could predict relative response factors of other ethers with similar structure to a degree. LOD for each DMMn monomer ranged between 0.4-0.7 ng, and MDL ranged between 2 and 4 ug/mL. In the practical quantitation of diluted samples at level of 10 ug/mL, the relative standard deviation was less than 5%. Practical ethers-fuel blend with complex composition also was quantified with errors less than 3%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gangli Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics(LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou,730000,China.
| | - Feng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics(LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou,730000,China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics(LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou,730000,China
| | - Chungu Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics(LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou,730000,China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Achyuthan KE, Harper JC, Manginell RP, Moorman MW. Volatile Metabolites Emission by In Vivo Microalgae-An Overlooked Opportunity? Metabolites 2017; 7:E39. [PMID: 28788107 PMCID: PMC5618324 DOI: 10.3390/metabo7030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragrances and malodors are ubiquitous in the environment, arising from natural and artificial processes, by the generation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Although VOCs constitute only a fraction of the metabolites produced by an organism, the detection of VOCs has a broad range of civilian, industrial, military, medical, and national security applications. The VOC metabolic profile of an organism has been referred to as its 'volatilome' (or 'volatome') and the study of volatilome/volatome is characterized as 'volatilomics', a relatively new category in the 'omics' arena. There is considerable literature on VOCs extracted destructively from microalgae for applications such as food, natural products chemistry, and biofuels. VOC emissions from living (in vivo) microalgae too are being increasingly appreciated as potential real-time indicators of the organism's state of health (SoH) along with their contributions to the environment and ecology. This review summarizes VOC emissions from in vivo microalgae; tools and techniques for the collection, storage, transport, detection, and pattern analysis of VOC emissions; linking certain VOCs to biosynthetic/metabolic pathways; and the role of VOCs in microalgae growth, infochemical activities, predator-prey interactions, and general SoH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Komandoor E Achyuthan
- Nano and Microsensors Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA.
| | - Jason C Harper
- Bioenergy and Defense Technology Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA.
| | - Ronald P Manginell
- Nano and Microsensors Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA.
| | - Matthew W Moorman
- Nano and Microsensors Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim KH, Szulejko JE, Jo HJ, Lee MH, Kim YH, Kwon E, Ma CJ, Kumar P. Measurements of major VOCs released into the closed cabin environment of different automobiles under various engine and ventilation scenarios. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 215:340-346. [PMID: 27261883 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in automobile cabins were measured quantitatively to describe their emission characteristics in relation to various idling scenarios using three used automobiles (compact, intermediate sedan, and large sedan) under three different idling conditions ([1] cold engine off and ventilation off, [2] exterior air ventilation with idling warm engine, and [3] internal air recirculation with idling warm engine). The ambient air outside the vehicle was also analyzed as a reference. A total of 24 VOCs (with six functional groups) were selected as target compounds. Accordingly, the concentration of 24 VOC quantified as key target compounds averaged 4.58 ± 3.62 ppb (range: 0.05 (isobutyl alcohol) ∼ 38.2 ppb (formaldehyde)). Moreover, if their concentrations are compared between different automobile operational modes: the 'idling engine' levels (5.24 ± 4.07) was 1.3-5 times higher than the 'engine off' levels (4.09 ± 3.23) across all 3 automobile classes. In summary, automobile in-cabin VOC emissions are highly contingent on changes in engine and ventilation modes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea.
| | - Jan E Szulejko
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jae Jo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea
| | - Min-Hee Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea
| | - Eilhann Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy at Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Chang-Jin Ma
- Department of Environmental Science, Fukuoka Women's University, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 813-8529, Japan
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110 016, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Comparison of gas chromatography-combustion-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector for the determination of fatty acid methyl esters in biodiesel without specific standards. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1457:134-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
9
|
Pandey SK, Kim KH, Kwon EE, Kim YH. Hazardous and odorous pollutants released from sewer manholes and stormwater catch basins in urban areas. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 146:235-244. [PMID: 26775004 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To learn more about the emission characteristics of odorants released from sewer manholes and stormwater catch basins (SCBs) in an urban environment, we measured the emission concentrations of major odorants including 22 target compounds designated as offensive odorants by the Korean Ministry of Environment (KMOE). All of our measurements were made from urban sewer manholes and SCBs in a highly commercialized location in Seoul, Korea. The results of our study were analyzed to identify the major odorants from such sources and to assess their contribution to odor intensity. The malodor strengths at both types of underground sources were considerably higher in the afternoon than in the morning. The assessment of odor intensity (OI) and odor activity value (OAV) confirmed the dominance of key odorants like H2S, CH3SH, and ammonia along with various volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and phenol. The concentration of these major odorants (H2S, CH3SH, and NH3) exceeded the maximum permissible limit given as the odor prevention law in Korea. As such, significantly high levels of odorants released from these underground sources were greatly distinguished from those seen at above ground locations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar Pandey
- Dept. of Botany, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur (C.G.) 495009, India
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Dept. of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bartoli M, Rosi L, Frediani M, Frediani P. Protocol: A simple protocol for quantitative analysis of bio-oils through gas- chromatography/mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2016; 22:199-212. [PMID: 27882885 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new and simple protocol for quantitative analysis of bio-oils using gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry is suggested. Compounds were identified via their mass spectra, and then unavailable response factors were calculated with respect to diphenyl as the internal standard using a modified method previously suggested for gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. This new protocol was applied to the characterization of bio-oils obtained from the pyrolysis of woods of different sources or using different pyrolysis procedures. This protocol allowed evaluation of the yields of products from poplar pyrolysis (among 50% and 99%), while a reduced amounts of products were identified from the pyrolysis of cellulose (between 46% and 58%). The main product was always acetic acid, but it was formed in very large yields from poplar while lower yields were obtained from cellulose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bartoli
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Rosi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Frediani
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Piero Frediani
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dinh TV, Kim SY, Son YS, Choi IY, Park SR, Sunwoo Y, Kim JC. Emission characteristics of VOCs emitted from consumer and commercial products and their ozone formation potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:9345-9355. [PMID: 25601614 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from several consumer and commercial products (body wash, dishwashing detergent, air freshener, windshield washer fluid, lubricant, hair spray, and insecticide) were studied and compared. The spray products were found to emit the highest amount of VOCs (~96 wt%). In contrast, the body wash products showed the lowest VOC contents (~1.6 wt%). In the spray products, 21.6-96.4 % of the VOCs were propane, iso-butane, and n-butane, which are the components of liquefied petroleum gas. Monoterpene (C10H16) was the dominant component of the VOCs in the non-spray products (e.g., body wash, 53-88 %). In particular, methanol was present with the highest amount of VOCs in windshield washer fluid products. In terms of the number of carbon, the windshield washer fluids, lubricants, insecticides, and hair sprays comprised >95 % of the VOCs in the range C2-C5. The VOCs in the range C6-C10 were predominantly found in the body wash products. The dishwashing detergents and air fresheners contained diverse VOCs from C2 to C11. Besides comprising hazardous VOCs, VOCs from consumer products were also ozone precursors. The ozone formation potential of the consumer and commercial spray products was estimated to be higher than those of liquid and gel materials. In particular, the hair sprays showed the highest ozone formation potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trieu-Vuong Dinh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ahn JH, Kim KH, Kim YH, Kim BW. Characterization of hazardous and odorous volatiles emitted from scented candles before lighting and when lit. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 286:242-51. [PMID: 25588193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Scented candles are known to release various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including both pleasant aromas and toxic components both before lighting (off) and when lit (on). In this study, we explored the compositional changes of volatiles from scented candles under various settings to simulate indoor use. Carbonyl compounds and other VOCs emitted from six different candle types were analyzed under 'on/off' conditions. The six candle types investigated were: (1) Clean cotton (CT), (2) Floral (FL), (3) Kiwi melon (KW), (4) Strawberry (SB), (5) Vanilla (VN), and (6) Plain (PL). Although a large number of chemicals were released both before lighting and when lit, their profiles were noticeably distinguishable. Before lighting, various esters (n = 30) showed the most dominant emissions. When lit, formaldehyde was found to have the highest emission concentration of 2098 ppb (SB), 1022 ppb (CT), and 925 ppb (PL). In most lit scented candles, there was a general tendency to show increased concentrations of low boiling point compounds. For some scented candle products, the emission of volatiles occurred strongly both before lighting and when lit. For instance, in terms of TVOC (ppbC), the highest concentrations were observed from the KW product with their values of 12,742 (on) and 2766 ppbC (off). As such, the results suggest that certain scented candle products should act as potent sources of VOC emission in indoor environment, regardless of conditions--whether being lit or not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seongdong Gu, Wangsimni Ro 222, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seongdong Gu, Wangsimni Ro 222, Seoul 133-791, South Korea.
| | - Yong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seongdong Gu, Wangsimni Ro 222, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Bo-Won Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seongdong Gu, Wangsimni Ro 222, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ahn JH, Szulejko JE, Kim KH, Kim YH, Kim BW. Odor and VOC emissions from pan frying of mackerel at three stages: raw, well-done, and charred. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:11753-71. [PMID: 25405596 PMCID: PMC4245642 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph111111753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many classes of odorants and volatile organic compounds that are deleterious to our wellbeing can be emitted from diverse cooking activities. Once emitted, they can persist in our living space for varying durations. In this study, various volatile organic compounds released prior to and during the pan frying of fish (mackerel) were analyzed at three different cooking stages (stage 1 = raw (R), stage 2 = well-done (W), and stage 3 = overcooked/charred (O)). Generally, most volatile organic compounds recorded their highest concentration levels at stage 3 (O), e.g., 465 (trimethylamine) and 106 ppb (acetic acid). In contrast, at stage 2 (W), the lowest volatile organic compounds emissions were observed. The overall results of this study confirm that trimethylamine is identified as the strongest odorous compound, especially prior to cooking (stage 1 (R)) and during overcooking leading to charring (stage 3 (O)). As there is a paucity of research effort to measure odor intensities from pan frying of mackerel, this study will provide valuable information regarding the management of indoor air quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea.
| | - Jan E Szulejko
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea.
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea.
| | - Yong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea.
| | - Bo-Won Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|