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Deka M, Sinha N, Das R, Hazarika NK, Das H, Daurai B, Gogoi M. A review on the surface modification of materials for 3D-printed diagnostic devices. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:485-495. [PMID: 38167879 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01742g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing in tissue engineering and biosensing of analytes by using biocompatible materials or modifying surface structures is an upcoming area of study. This review discusses three common surface modification techniques, viz. alkaline hydrolysis, UV light photografting, and plasma treatment. Alkaline hydrolysis involves the reaction of an alkaline solution with the surface of a material, causing the surface to develop carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. This technique can enhance the biocompatibility, surface wettability, adhesion, printability, and dyeability of materials, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polycarbonate, and polylactic acid (PLA). This review also mentions details about some of the surface-modified 3D-printed diagnostic devices. Although most of the devices are modified using chemical processes, there are always multiple techniques involved while designing a diagnostic device. We have, therefore, mentioned some of the devices based on the materials used instead of categorising them as per modification techniques. 3D printing helps in the design of sophisticated shapes and structures using multiple materials. They can, therefore be used even in the design of microfluidic devices that are very useful for biosensing. We have also mentioned a few materials for printing microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridupaban Deka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.
| | - Nibedita Sinha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.
| | - Rajkamal Das
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.
| | - Nihal Kumar Hazarika
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.
| | - Hrishikesh Das
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.
| | - Bethuel Daurai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.
| | - Manashjit Gogoi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.
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Ziyatdinova G, Gimadutdinova L. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensors for Sulfur-Containing Antioxidants. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1440. [PMID: 37512751 PMCID: PMC10384414 DOI: 10.3390/mi14071440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur-containing antioxidants are an important part of the antioxidant defense systems in living organisms under the frame of a thiol-disulfide equilibrium. Among them, l-cysteine, l-homocysteine, l-methionine, glutathione, and α-lipoic acid are the most typical representatives. Their actions in living systems are briefly discussed. Being electroactive, sulfur-containing antioxidants are interesting analytes to be determined using various types of electrochemical sensors. Attention is paid to the chemically modified electrodes with various nanostructured coverages. The analytical capabilities of electrochemical sensors for sulfur-containing antioxidant quantification are summarized and discussed. The data are summarized and presented on the basis of the electrode surface modifier applied, i.e., carbon nanomaterials, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) and nanostructures, organic mediators, polymeric coverage, and mixed modifiers. The combination of various types of nanomaterials provides a wider linear dynamic range, lower limits of detection, and higher selectivity in comparison to bare electrodes and sensors based on the one type of surface modifier. The perspective of the combination of chromatography with electrochemical detection providing the possibility for simultaneous determination of sulfur-containing antioxidants in a complex matrix has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzel Ziyatdinova
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Kazan Federal University, Kremleyevskaya, 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Liliya Gimadutdinova
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Kazan Federal University, Kremleyevskaya, 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
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3
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Uçar A, Aydoğdu Tığ G, Er E. Recent advances in two dimensional nanomaterial-based electrochemical (bio)sensing platforms for trace-level detection of amino acids and pharmaceuticals. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Imanzadeh H, Sefid-Sefidehkhan Y, Afshary H, Afruz A, Amiri M. Nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for detection of amino acids. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 230:115390. [PMID: 37079932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and muscle tissue. They also play a significant role in physiological processes related to energy, recovery, mood, muscle and brain function, fat burning and stimulating growth hormone or insulin secretion. Accurate determination of amino acids in biological fluids is necessary because any changes in their normal ranges in the body warn diseases like kidney disease, liver disease, type 2 diabetes and cancer. To date, many methods such as liquid chromatography, fluorescence mass spectrometry, etc. have been used for the determination of amino acids. Compared with the above techniques, electrochemical systems using modified electrodes offer a rapid, accurate, cheap, real-time analytical path through simple operations with high selectivity and sensitivity. Nanomaterials have found many interests to create smart electrochemical sensors in different application fields e.g. biomedical, environmental, and food analysis because of their exceptional properties. This review summarizes recent advances in the development of nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors in 2017-2022 for the detection of amino acids in various matrices such as serum, urine, blood and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Imanzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | | | - Hosein Afshary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ali Afruz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mandana Amiri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
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5
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Sigley E, Kalinke C, Crapnell RD, Whittingham MJ, Williams RJ, Keefe EM, Janegitz BC, Bonacin JA, Banks CE. Circular Economy Electrochemistry: Creating Additive Manufacturing Feedstocks for Caffeine Detection from Post-Industrial Coffee Pod Waste. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:2978-2988. [PMID: 36844748 PMCID: PMC9945317 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c06514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The recycling of post-industrial waste poly(lactic acid) (PI-PLA) from coffee machine pods into electroanalytical sensors for the detection of caffeine in real tea and coffee samples is reported herein. The PI-PLA is transformed into both nonconductive and conductive filaments to produce full electroanalytical cells, including additively manufactured electrodes (AMEs). The electroanalytical cell was designed utilizing separate prints for the cell body and electrodes to increase the recyclability of the system. The cell body made from nonconductive filament was able to be recycled three times before the feedstock-induced print failure. Three bespoke formulations of conductive filament were produced, with the PI-PLA (61.62 wt %), carbon black (CB, 29.60 wt %), and poly(ethylene succinate) (PES, 8.78 wt %) chosen as the most suitable for use due to its equivalent electrochemical performance, lower material cost, and improved thermal stability compared to the filaments with higher PES loading and ability to be printable. It was shown that this system could detect caffeine with a sensitivity of 0.055 ± 0.001 μA μM-1, a limit of detection of 0.23 μM, a limit of quantification of 0.76 μM, and a relative standard deviation of 3.14% after activation. Interestingly, the nonactivated 8.78% PES electrodes produced significantly better results in this regard than the activated commercial filament toward the detection of caffeine. The activated 8.78% PES electrode was shown to be able to detect the caffeine content in real and spiked Earl Grey tea and Arabica coffee samples with excellent recoveries (96.7-102%). This work reports a paradigm shift in the way AM, electrochemical research, and sustainability can synergize and feed into part of a circular economy, akin to a circular economy electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Sigley
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Cristiane Kalinke
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas (Unicamp), 13083-859 Campinas, Säo Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robert D. Crapnell
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Whittingham
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Rhys J. Williams
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund M. Keefe
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Campos Janegitz
- Department
of Nature Sciences, Mathematics, and Education, Federal University of Säo Carlos (UFSCar), 13600-970 Araras, Säo Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano Alves Bonacin
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas (Unicamp), 13083-859 Campinas, Säo Paulo, Brazil
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
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Shergill RS, Miller CL, Patel BA. Influence of instrument parameters on the electrochemical activity of 3D printed carbon thermoplastic electrodes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:339. [PMID: 36611084 PMCID: PMC9825385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27656-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
3D printing provides a reliable approach for the manufacture of carbon thermoplastic composite electrochemical sensors. Many studies have explored the impact of printing parameters on the electrochemical activity of carbon thermoplastic electrodes but limited is known about the influence of instrument parameters, which have been shown to alter the structure and mechanical strength of 3D printed thermoplastics. We explored the impact of extruder temperature, nozzle diameter and heated bed temperature on the electrochemical activity of carbon black/poly-lactic acid (CB/PLA) electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were conducted using standard redox probes. The electrode surface and cross-section of the electrode was visualised using scanning electron microscopy. We found that using extruder temperatures of 230 °C and 240 °C improved the electrochemical activity of CB/PLA electrodes, due to an increase in surface roughness and a reduction in the number of voids in-between print layers. Nozzle diameter, heated bed temperature of different 3D printers did not impact the electrochemical activity of CB/PLA electrodes. However high-end printers provide improved batch reproducibility of electrodes. These findings highlight the key instrument parameters that need to be considered when manufacturing carbon thermoplastic composite electrochemical sensors when using 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricoveer Singh Shergill
- School of Applied Sciences, Brighton, BN2 4GJ UK ,Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, Brighton, BN2 4GJ UK
| | - Chloe L. Miller
- School of Applied Sciences, Brighton, BN2 4GJ UK ,Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, Brighton, BN2 4GJ UK
| | - Bhavik Anil Patel
- School of Applied Sciences, Brighton, BN2 4GJ UK ,Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, Brighton, BN2 4GJ UK
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7
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Baghal Behyar M, Hasanzadeh M, Seidi F, Shadjou N. Sensing of Amino Acids: Critical role of nanomaterials for the efficient biomedical analysis. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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8
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Bhattacharjee S, George M, Shim YB, Bernaurdshaw N, Das J. Electropotential-Inspired Star-Shaped Gold Nanoconfined Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes: A Proof-of-Concept Electrosensoring Interface for Lung Metastasis Biomarkers. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:5567-5581. [PMID: 36480914 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herein, an innovative way of designing a star-shaped gold nanoconfined multiwalled carbon nanotube-engineered sensoring interface (AuNS@MWCNT//GCE) is demonstrated for quantification of methionine (MTH); a proof of concept for lung metastasis. The customization of the AuNS@MWCNT is assisted by surface electrochemistry and thoroughly discussed using state-of-the-art analytical advances. Micrograph analysis proves the protrusion of nanotips on the surface of potentiostatically synthesized AuNPs and validates the hypothesis of Turkevich seed (AuNP)-mediated formation of AuNSs. In addition, a facile synthesis of electropotential-assisted transformation of MWCNTs to luminescent nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (Nd-GQDs avg. ∼4.3 nm) is unveiled. The sensor elucidates two dynamic responses as a function of CMTH ranging from 2 to 250 μM and from 250 to 3000 μM with a detection limit (DL) of ∼0.20 μM, and is robust to interferents except for tiny response of a similar -SH group bearing Cys (<9.00%). The high sensitivity (0.44 μA·μM-1·cm-2) and selectivity of the sensor can be attributed to the strong hybridization of the Au nanoparticle with the sp2 C atom of the MWCNTs, which makes them a powerful electron acceptor for Au-SH-MTH interaction as evidenced by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The validation of the acceptable recovery of MTH in real serum and pharma samples by standard McCarthy-Sullivan assay reveals the holding of great promise to provide valuable information for early diagnosis as well as assessing the therapeutic consequence of lung metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangya Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Melvin George
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Center, Kattanlulathur603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yoon-Bo Shim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of BioPhysio Sensor Technology (IBST), Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Neppolian Bernaurdshaw
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jayabrata Das
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai603203, Tamil Nadu, India
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9
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Crapnell RD, Garcia-Miranda Ferrari A, Whittingham MJ, Sigley E, Hurst NJ, Keefe EM, Banks CE. Adjusting the Connection Length of Additively Manufactured Electrodes Changes the Electrochemical and Electroanalytical Performance. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22239521. [PMID: 36502222 PMCID: PMC9736051 DOI: 10.3390/s22239521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Changing the connection length of an additively manufactured electrode (AME) has a significant impact on the electrochemical and electroanalytical response of the system. In the literature, many electrochemical platforms have been produced using additive manufacturing with great variations in how the AME itself is described. It is seen that when measuring the near-ideal outer-sphere redox probe hexaamineruthenium (III) chloride (RuHex), decreasing the AME connection length enhances the heterogeneous electrochemical transfer (HET) rate constant (k0) for the system. At slow scan rates, there is a clear change in the peak-to-peak separation (ΔEp) observed in the RuHex voltammograms, with the ΔEp shifting from 118 ± 5 mV to 291 ± 27 mV for the 10 and 100 mm electrodes, respectively. For the electroanalytical determination of dopamine, no significant difference is noticed at low concentrations between 10- and 100-mm connection length AMEs. However, at concentrations of 1 mM dopamine, the peak oxidation is shifted to significantly higher potentials as the AME connection length is increased, with a shift of 150 mV measured. It is recommended that in future work, all AME dimensions, not just the working electrode head size, is reported along with the resistance measured through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to allow for appropriate comparisons with other reports in the literature. To produce the best additively manufactured electrochemical systems in the future, researchers should endeavor to use the shortest AME connection lengths that are viable for their designs.
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10
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Zub K, Hoeppener S, Schubert US. Inkjet Printing and 3D Printing Strategies for Biosensing, Analytical, and Diagnostic Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2105015. [PMID: 35338719 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Inkjet printing and 3D inkjet printing have found many applications in the fabrication of a great variety of devices, which have been developed with the aim to improve and simplify the design, fabrication, and performance of sensors and analytical platforms. Here, developments of these printing technologies reported during the last 10 years are reviewed and their versatile applicability for the fabrication of improved sensing platforms and analytical and diagnostic sensor systems is demonstrated. Illustrative examples are reviewed in the context of particular advantages provided by inkjet printing technologies. Next to aspects of device printing and fabrication strategies, the utilization of inkjet dispensing, which can be implemented into common analytical tools utilizing customized inkjet printing equipment as well as state-of-the-art consumer inkjet printing devices, is highlighted. This review aims to providing a comprehensive overview of examples integrating inkjet and 3D inkjet printing technologies into device layout fabrication, dosing, and analytical applications to demonstrate the versatile applicability of these technologies, and furthermore, to inspire the utilization of inkjet printing for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Zub
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hoeppener
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
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11
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Garcia-Rey S, Nielsen JB, Nordin GP, Woolley AT, Basabe-Desmonts L, Benito-Lopez F. High-Resolution 3D Printing Fabrication of a Microfluidic Platform for Blood Plasma Separation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132537. [PMID: 35808588 PMCID: PMC9269563 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing technology is an emerging method for rapid prototyping, which enables the creation of complex geometries by one-step fabrication processes through a layer-by-layer approach. The simplified fabrication achieved with this methodology opens the way towards a more efficient industrial production, with applications in a great number of fields such as biomedical devices. In biomedicine, blood is the gold-standard biofluid for clinical analysis. However, blood cells generate analytical interferences in many test procedures; hence, it is important to separate plasma from blood cells before analytical testing of blood samples. In this research, a custom-made resin formulation combined with a high-resolution 3D printing methodology were used to achieve a methodology for the fast prototype optimization of an operative plasma separation modular device. Through an iterative process, 17 different prototypes were designed and fabricated with printing times ranging from 5 to 12 min. The final device was evaluated through colorimetric analysis, validating this fabrication approach for the qualitative assessment of plasma separation from whole blood. The 3D printing method used here demonstrates the great contribution that this microfluidic technology will bring to the plasma separation biomedical devices market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Garcia-Rey
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, Analytical Microsystems & Materials for Lab-on-a-Chip (AMMa-LOAC) Group, Analytical Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jacob B. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
| | - Gregory P. Nordin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
| | - Adam T. Woolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
- Correspondence: (A.T.W.); (L.B.-D.); (F.B.-L.)
| | - Lourdes Basabe-Desmonts
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Basque Foundation of Science, IKERBASQUE, Calle María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.T.W.); (L.B.-D.); (F.B.-L.)
| | - Fernando Benito-Lopez
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, Analytical Microsystems & Materials for Lab-on-a-Chip (AMMa-LOAC) Group, Analytical Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.T.W.); (L.B.-D.); (F.B.-L.)
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12
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Ajith A, john S. Cost effective electrochemical sensor for L‐methionine based on graphitic carbon nitride sheets modified electrode. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202200063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Ajith
- The Gandhigram Rural Institute Deemed University Department of Chemistry INDIA
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13
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Stefano JS, Kalinke C, da Rocha RG, Rocha DP, da Silva VAOP, Bonacin JA, Angnes L, Richter EM, Janegitz BC, Muñoz RAA. Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors Enabled by Fused Deposition Modeling-Based 3D Printing: A Guide to Selecting Designs, Printing Parameters, and Post-Treatment Protocols. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6417-6429. [PMID: 35348329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The 3D printing (or additive manufacturing, AM) technology is capable to provide a quick and easy production of objects with freedom of design, reducing waste generation. Among the AM techniques, fused deposition modeling (FDM) has been highlighted due to its affordability, scalability, and possibility of processing an extensive range of materials (thermoplastics, composites, biobased materials, etc.). The possibility of obtaining electrochemical cells, arrays, pieces, and more recently, electrodes, exactly according to the demand, in varied shapes and sizes, and employing the desired materials has made from 3D printing technology an indispensable tool in electroanalysis. In this regard, the obtention of an FDM 3D printer has great advantages for electroanalytical laboratories, and its use is relatively simple. Some care has to be taken to aid the user to take advantage of the great potential of this technology, avoiding problems such as solution leakages, very common in 3D printed cells, providing well-sealed objects, with high quality. In this sense, herein, we present a complete protocol regarding the use of FDM 3D printers for the fabrication of complete electrochemical systems, including (bio)sensors, and how to improve the quality of the obtained systems. A guide from the initial printing stages, regarding the design and structure obtention, to the final application, including the improvement of obtained 3D printed electrodes for different purposes, is provided here. Thus, this protocol can provide great perspectives and alternatives for 3D printing in electroanalysis and aid the user to understand and solve several problems with the use of this technology in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Santos Stefano
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Kalinke
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Gomes da Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diego Pessoa Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, Federal Institute of Paraná, 85200-000, Pitanga, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Alves Bonacin
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Angnes
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Mathias Richter
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Campos Janegitz
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Poulladofonou G, Freris C, Economou A, Kokkinos C. Wearable Electronic Finger for Date Rape Drugs Screening: From "Do-It-Yourself" Fabrication to Self-Testing. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4087-4094. [PMID: 35195989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In-house digital fabrication of low-cost sensors that can on-site and rapidly detect adulteration of alcoholic beverages with sedation drugs (known as date rape drugs, (DRDs)) and analgesics is of great importance for everyday consumers and supervisory authorities. DRDs and analgesics are administrated in spirits for "drug-facilitated sexual assault" crimes and for the reduction of the following day hangover caused by low-quality spirits, respectively. This work describes, a novel "do-it-yourself" wearable 3D printed electrochemical finger (e-finger), which enables direct, rapid, and multianalyte self-testing of the main DRDs (flunitrazepam, scopolamine, ketamine) and paracetamol via direct immersing into a spirit shot. The oxygen interference on flunitrazepam detection was alleviated by dissolving an effervescent tablet of vitamin C in the spirit shot, as ascorbic acid serves as a scavenger for dissolved oxygen. The e-finger can be printed in-house at any size by anyone with access to a low-cost domestic 3D printer using a simple, fast, and low-cost printing procedure. The e-finger is addressed by a smartphone-based miniature potentiostat and allows on-the-spot self-checking of the quality and safety of alcoholic spirits, via a single calibration-free voltammetric measurement, readily performed even by untrained end users. The e-finger is a new powerful screening tool in the hands of supervisory authorities to conduct on-site forensic investigations. More importantly, it paves the way toward in-house e-production of "ready-to-use" reliable self-testing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Poulladofonou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 157 71, Greece
| | - Christiforos Freris
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 157 71, Greece
| | - Anastasios Economou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 157 71, Greece
| | - Christos Kokkinos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 157 71, Greece
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15
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Kalinke C, de Oliveira PR, Neumsteir NV, Henriques BF, de Oliveira Aparecido G, Loureiro HC, Janegitz BC, Bonacin JA. Influence of filament aging and conductive additive in 3D printed sensors. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1191:339228. [PMID: 35033250 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
3D printing technology combined with electrochemical techniques have allowed the development of versatile and low-cost devices. However, some aspects need to be considered for the good quality and useful life of the sensors. In this work, we have demonstrated herein that the filament aging, the conductive material, and the activation processes (post-treatments) can influence the surface characteristics and the electrochemical performance of the 3D printed sensors. Commercial filaments and 3D printed sensors were morphologically, thermally, and electrochemically analyzed. The activated graphene-based (Black Magic®) sensor showed the best electrochemical response, compared to the carbon black-filament (Proto-Pasta®). In addition, we have proven that filament aging harms the performance of the sensors since the electrodes produced with three years old filament had a considerably lower intra-days reproducibility. Finally, the activated graphene-based sensor has shown the best performance for the electrochemical detection of bisphenol A, demonstrating the importance of evaluating and control the characteristics and quality of filaments to improve the mechanical, conductive, and electrochemical performance of 3D printed sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Kalinke
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Roberto de Oliveira
- Department of Nature Science, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Brunna Ferri Henriques
- Department of Nature Science, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Hugo Campos Loureiro
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Campos Janegitz
- Department of Nature Science, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano Alves Bonacin
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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16
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Garcia-Miranda Ferrari A, Hurst NJ, Bernalte E, Crapnell RD, Whittingham MJ, Brownson DAC, Banks CE. Exploration of defined 2-dimensional working electrode shapes through additive manufacturing. Analyst 2022; 147:5121-5129. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an01412b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the electrochemical response of different morphologies (shapes) and dimensions of additively manufactured (3D-printing) carbon black(CB)/poly-lactic acid (PLA) electrodes are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas J. Hurst
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Elena Bernalte
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Robert D. Crapnell
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Matthew J. Whittingham
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Dale A. C. Brownson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, UK
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17
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Moulaee K, Neri G. Electrochemical Amino Acid Sensing: A Review on Challenges and Achievements. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:502. [PMID: 34940259 PMCID: PMC8699811 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth of research in electrochemistry in the last decade has resulted in a significant advancement in exploiting electrochemical strategies for assessing biological substances. Among these, amino acids are of utmost interest due to their key role in human health. Indeed, an unbalanced amino acid level is the origin of several metabolic and genetic diseases, which has led to a great need for effective and reliable evaluation methods. This review is an effort to summarize and present both challenges and achievements in electrochemical amino acid sensing from the last decade (from 2010 onwards) to show where limitations and advantages stem from. In this review, we place special emphasis on five well-known electroactive amino acids, namely cysteine, tyrosine, tryptophan, methionine and histidine. The recent research and achievements in this area and significant performance metrics of the proposed electrochemical sensors, including the limit of detection, sensitivity, stability, linear dynamic range(s) and applicability in real sample analysis, are summarized and presented in separate sections. More than 400 recent scientific studies were included in this review to portray a rich set of ideas and exemplify the capabilities of the electrochemical strategies to detect these essential biomolecules at trace and even ultra-trace levels. Finally, we discuss, in the last section, the remaining issues and the opportunities to push the boundaries of our knowledge in amino acid electrochemistry even further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Moulaee
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, C.Da Di Dio, I-98166 Messina, Italy;
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Giovanni Neri
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, C.Da Di Dio, I-98166 Messina, Italy;
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18
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Covalently modified enzymatic 3D-printed bioelectrode. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:374. [PMID: 34628520 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has showed great potential for the construction of electrochemical sensor devices. However, reported 3D-printed biosensors are usually constructed by physical adsorption and needed immobilizing reagents on the surface of functional materials. To construct the 3D-printed biosensors, the simple modification of the 3D-printed device by non-expert is mandatory to take advantage of the remote, distributed 3D printing manufacturing. Here, a 3D-printed electrode was prepared by fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technique and activated by chemical and electrochemical methods. A glucose oxidase-based 3D-printed nanocarbon electrode was prepared by covalent linkage method to an enzyme on the surface of the 3D-printed electrode to enable biosensing. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the glucose oxidase-based biosensor. Direct electrochemistry glucose oxidase-based biosensor with higher stability was then chosen to detect the two biomarkers, hydrogen peroxide and glucose by chronoamperometry. The prepared glucose oxidase-based biosensor was further used for the detection of glucose in samples of apple cider. The covalently linked glucose oxidase 3D-printed nanocarbon electrode as a biosensor showed excellent stability. This work can open new doors for the covalent modification of 3D-printed electrodes in other electrochemistry fields such as biosensors, energy, and biocatalysis.
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19
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Rocha DP, Rocha RG, Castro SVF, Trindade MAG, Munoz RAA, Richter EM, Angnes L. Posttreatment of 3D‐printed surfaces for electrochemical applications: A critical review on proposed protocols. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diego P. Rocha
- Instituto de Química Universidade de São Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Raquel G. Rocha
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Uberlândia berlândia Brazil
| | | | - Magno A. G. Trindade
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados Dourados Brazil
- UNESP Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT‐DATREM) National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection Institute of Chemistry Araraquara Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo M. Richter
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Uberlândia berlândia Brazil
| | - Lucio Angnes
- Instituto de Química Universidade de São Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
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20
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Use of beeswax as an alternative binder in the development of composite electrodes: an approach for determination of hydrogen peroxide in honey samples. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Freitas RC, Orzari LO, Ferreira LM, Paixão TR, Coltro WK, Vicentini FC, Janegitz BC. Electrochemical determination of melatonin using disposable self-adhesive inked paper electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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22
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Omar MH, Razak KA, Ab Wahab MN, Hamzah HH. Recent progress of conductive 3D-printed electrodes based upon polymers/carbon nanomaterials using a fused deposition modelling (FDM) method as emerging electrochemical sensing devices. RSC Adv 2021; 11:16557-16571. [PMID: 35479129 PMCID: PMC9031910 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01987b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
3D-printing or additive manufacturing is presently an emerging technology in the fourth industrial revolution that promises to reshape traditional manufacturing processes. The electrochemistry field can undoubtedly take advantage of this technology to fabricate electrodes to create a new generation of electrode sensor devices that could replace conventionally manufactured electrodes; glassy carbon, screen-printed carbon and carbon composite electrodes. In the electrochemistry research area, studies to date show that there is a demand for electrically 3D printable conductive polymer/carbon nanomaterial filaments where these materials can be printed out through an extrusion process based upon the fused deposition modelling (FDM) method. FDM could be used to manufacture novel electrochemical 3D printed electrode sensing devices for electrochemical sensor and biosensor applications. This is due to the FDM method being the most affordable 3D printing technique since conductive and non-conductive thermoplastic filaments are commercially available. Therefore, in this minireview, we focus on only the most outstanding studies that have been published since 2018. We believe this to be a highly-valuable research area to the scientific community, both in academia and industry, to enable novel ideas, materials, designs and methods relating to electroanalytical sensing devices to be generated. This approach has the potential to create a new generation of electrochemical sensing devices based upon additive manufacturing. This minireview also provides insight into how the research community could improve the electrochemical performance of 3D-printed electrodes to significantly increase the sensitivity of the 3D-printed electrodes as electrode sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Huzaifah Omar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) 11800 Gelugor Penang Malaysia
| | - Khairunisak Abdul Razak
- Nanobiotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Gelugor Penang Malaysia
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia 14300 Nibong Tebal Penang Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nadhir Ab Wahab
- School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Gelugor Penang Malaysia
| | - Hairul Hisham Hamzah
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) 11800 Gelugor Penang Malaysia
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