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Cuartero J, Querejeta JI, Prieto I, Frey B, Alguacil MM. Warming and rainfall reduction alter soil microbial diversity and co-occurrence networks and enhance pathogenic fungi in dryland soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:175006. [PMID: 39069184 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
In this 9-year manipulative field experiment, we examined the impacts of experimental warming (2 °C, W), rainfall reduction (30 % decrease in annual rainfall, RR), and their combination (W + RR) on soil microbial communities and native vegetation in a semi-arid shrubland in south-eastern Spain. Warming had strong negative effects on plant performance across five coexisting native shrub species, consistently reducing their aboveground biomass growth and long-term survival. The impacts of rainfall reduction on plant growth and survival were species-specific and more variable. Warming strongly altered the soil microbial community alpha-diversity and changed the co-occurrence network structure. The relative abundance of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increased under W and W + RR, which could help buffer the direct negative impacts of climate change on their host plants nutrition and enhance their resistance to heat and drought stress. Indicator microbial taxa analyses evidenced that the marked sequence abundance of many plant pathogenic fungi, such as Phaeoacremonium, Cyberlindnera, Acremonium, Occultifur, Neodevriesia and Stagonosporopsis, increased significantly in the W and W + RR treatments. Moreover, the relative abundance of fungal animal pathogens and mycoparasites in soil also increased significantly under climate warming. Our findings indicate that warmer and drier conditions sustained over several years can alter the soil microbial community structure, composition, and network topology. The projected warmer and drier climate favours pathogenic fungi, which could offset the benefits of increased AMF abundance under warming and further aggravate the severe detrimental impacts of increased abiotic stress on native vegetation performance and ecosystem services in drylands.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cuartero
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - J I Querejeta
- Departamento de Conservación de Suelos y Agua, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain
| | - I Prieto
- Departamento de Conservación de Suelos y Agua, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain; Area de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Gestión Ambiental, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - B Frey
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - M M Alguacil
- Departamento de Conservación de Suelos y Agua, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain
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Tariq A, Sardans J, Zeng F, Graciano C, Hughes AC, Farré-Armengol G, Peñuelas J. Impact of aridity rise and arid lands expansion on carbon-storing capacity, biodiversity loss, and ecosystem services. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17292. [PMID: 38634556 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Drylands, comprising semi-arid, arid, and hyperarid regions, cover approximately 41% of the Earth's land surface and have expanded considerably in recent decades. Even under more optimistic scenarios, such as limiting global temperature rise to 1.5°C by 2100, semi-arid lands may increase by up to 38%. This study provides an overview of the state-of-the-art regarding changing aridity in arid regions, with a specific focus on its effects on the accumulation and availability of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in plant-soil systems. Additionally, we summarized the impacts of rising aridity on biodiversity, service provisioning, and feedback effects on climate change across scales. The expansion of arid ecosystems is linked to a decline in C and nutrient stocks, plant community biomass and diversity, thereby diminishing the capacity for recovery and maintaining adequate water-use efficiency by plants and microbes. Prolonged drought led to a -3.3% reduction in soil organic carbon (SOC) content (based on 148 drought-manipulation studies), a -8.7% decrease in plant litter input, a -13.0% decline in absolute litter decomposition, and a -5.7% decrease in litter decomposition rate. Moreover, a substantial positive feedback loop with global warming exists, primarily due to increased albedo. The loss of critical ecosystem services, including food production capacity and water resources, poses a severe challenge to the inhabitants of these regions. Increased aridity reduces SOC, nutrient, and water content. Aridity expansion and intensification exacerbate socio-economic disparities between economically rich and least developed countries, with significant opportunities for improvement through substantial investments in infrastructure and technology. By 2100, half the world's landmass may become dryland, characterized by severe conditions marked by limited C, N, and P resources, water scarcity, and substantial loss of native species biodiversity. These conditions pose formidable challenges for maintaining essential services, impacting human well-being and raising complex global and regional socio-political challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Tariq
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystems, Cele, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Sardans
- Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Fanjiang Zeng
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystems, Cele, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Corina Graciano
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alice C Hughes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gerard Farré-Armengol
- Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
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He P, Sardans J, Wang X, Ma C, Man L, Peñuelas J, Han X, Jiang Y, Li MH. Nutritional changes in trees during drought-induced mortality: A comprehensive meta-analysis and a field study. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17133. [PMID: 38273504 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Both macronutrients and micronutrients are essential for tree growth and development through participating in various ecophysiological processes. However, the impact of the nutritional status of trees on their ability to withstand drought-induced mortality remains inconclusive. We thus conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis, compiling data on 11 essential nutrients from 44 publications (493 independent observations). Additionally, a field study was conducted on Pinus sylvestris L. trees with varying drought-induced vitality loss in the "Visp" forest in southern Switzerland. No consistent decline in tree nutritional status was observed during tree mortality. The meta-analysis revealed significantly lower leaf potassium (K), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) concentrations with tree mortality. However, the field study showed no causal relationships between nutritional levels and the vitality status of trees. This discrepancy is mainly attributed to the intrinsic differences in the two types of experimental designs and the ontogenetic stages of target trees. Nutrient reductions preceding tree mortality were predominantly observed in non-field conditions, where the study was conducted on seedlings and saplings with underdeveloped root systems. It limits the nutrient uptake capacity of these young trees during drought. Furthermore, tree nutritional responses are also influenced by many variables. Specifically, (a) leaf nutrients are more susceptible to drought stress than other organs; (b) reduced tree nutrient concentrations are more prevalent in evergreen species during drought-induced mortality; (c) of all biomes, Mediterranean forests are most vulnerable to drought-induced nutrient deficiencies; (d) soil types affect the direction and extent of tree nutritional responses. We identified factors that influence the relationship between tree nutritional status and drought survival, and proposed potential early-warning indicators of impending tree mortality, for example, decreased K concentrations with declining vitality. These findings contribute to our understanding of tree responses to drought and provide practical implications for forest management strategies in the context of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengcang Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liang Man
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xingguo Han
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Mai-He Li
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Li J, Deng L, Peñuelas J, Wu J, Shangguan Z, Sardans J, Peng C, Kuzyakov Y. C:N:P stoichiometry of plants, soils, and microorganisms: Response to altered precipitation. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:7051-7071. [PMID: 37787740 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Precipitation changes modify C, N, and P cycles, which regulate the functions and structure of terrestrial ecosystems. Although altered precipitation affects above- and belowground C:N:P stoichiometry, considerable uncertainties remain regarding plant-microbial nutrient allocation strategies under increased (IPPT) and decreased (DPPT) precipitation. We meta-analyzed 827 observations from 235 field studies to investigate the effects of IPPT and DPPT on the C:N:P stoichiometry of plants, soils, and microorganisms. DPPT reduced leaf C:N ratio, but increased the leaf and root N:P ratios reflecting stronger decrease of P compared with N mobility in soil under drought. IPPT increased microbial biomass C (+13%), N (+15%), P (26%), and the C:N ratio, whereas DPPT decreased microbial biomass N (-12%) and the N:P ratio. The C:N and N:P ratios of plant leaves were more sensitive to medium DPPT than to IPPT because drought increased plant N content, particularly in humid areas. The responses of plant and soil C:N:P stoichiometry to altered precipitation did not fit the double asymmetry model with a positive asymmetry under IPPT and a negative asymmetry under extreme DPPT. Soil microorganisms were more sensitive to IPPT than to DPPT, but they were more sensitive to extreme DPPT than extreme IPPT, consistent with the double asymmetry model. Soil microorganisms maintained stoichiometric homeostasis, whereas N:P ratios of plants follow that of the soils under altered precipitation. In conclusion, specific N allocation strategies of plants and microbial communities as well as N and P availability in soil critically mediate C:N:P stoichiometry by altered precipitation that need to be considered by prediction of ecosystem functions and C cycling under future climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering (Institute of Soil and Water Conservation), Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, China
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering (Institute of Soil and Water Conservation), Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, China
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jianzhao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering (Institute of Soil and Water Conservation), Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhouping Shangguan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering (Institute of Soil and Water Conservation), Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, China
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Changhui Peng
- Center of CEF/ESCER, Department of Biological Science, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yakov Kuzyakov
- Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Agricultural Soil Science, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
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González de Andrés E, Gazol A, Querejeta JI, Igual JM, Colangelo M, Sánchez‐Salguero R, Linares JC, Camarero JJ. The role of nutritional impairment in carbon-water balance of silver fir drought-induced dieback. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:4439-4458. [PMID: 35320604 PMCID: PMC9540818 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Rear-edge populations at the xeric distribution limit of tree species are particularly vulnerable to forest dieback triggered by drought. This is the case of silver fir (Abies alba) forests located in Southwestern Europe. While silver fir drought-induced dieback patterns have been previously explored, information on the role played by nutritional impairment is lacking despite its potential interactions with tree carbon-water balances. We performed a comparative analysis of radial growth, intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE), oxygen isotopes (δ18 O) and nutrient concentrations in leaves of declining (DD) and non-declining (ND) trees in silver fir in four forests in the Spanish Pyrenees. We also evaluated the relationships among dieback predisposition, intraspecific trait variation (wood density and leaf traits) and rhizosphere soil physical-chemical properties. The onset of growth decline in DD trees occurred more than two decades ago, and they subsequently showed low growth resilience against droughts. The DD trees presented consistently lower foliar concentrations of nutrients such as P, K, Cu and Ni than ND trees. The strong effects of foliar nutrient status on growth resilience indices support the key role played by mineral nutrition in tree functioning and growth before, during and after drought. In contrast, variability in wood density and leaf morphological traits, as well as soil properties, showed weak relationships with tree nutritional status and drought performance. At the low elevation, warmer sites, DD trees showed stronger climate-growth relationships and lower δ18 O than ND trees. The uncoupling between iWUE and δ18 O, together with the positive correlations between P and K leaf concentrations and δ18 O, point to deeper soil/bedrock water sources and vertical decoupling between nutrient and water uptake in DD trees. This study provides novel insights into the mechanisms driving silver fir dieback and highlights the need to incorporate tree nutrition into forest dieback studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE‐CSIC)ZaragozaSpain
| | | | - José M. Igual
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA‐CSIC)SalamancaSpain
| | - Michele Colangelo
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE‐CSIC)ZaragozaSpain
- Scuola di Scienze AgrarieForestaliAlimentarie AmbientaliUniversità della BasilicataPotenzaItaly
| | - Raúl Sánchez‐Salguero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE‐CSIC)ZaragozaSpain
- Dpto. de Sistemas FísicosQuímicos y NaturalesUniversidad Pablo de OlavideSevillaSpain
| | - Juan Carlos Linares
- Dpto. de Sistemas FísicosQuímicos y NaturalesUniversidad Pablo de OlavideSevillaSpain
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Santos EF, Mateus NS, Rosário MO, Garcez TB, Mazzafera P, Lavres J. Enhancing potassium content in leaves and stems improves drought tolerance of eucalyptus clones. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:552-563. [PMID: 33022105 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Eucalyptus are widely planted in regions with low rainfall, occasioning frequent drought stresses. To alleviate the stress-induced effects on plants growing in these environments, soil fertilization with potassium (K) may affect drought-adaptive plant mechanisms, notably on tropical soils with low K availability. This work aimed to evaluate the K dynamic nutrition in eucalyptus in response to soil-K and -water availabilities, correlating the K-nutritional status with the physiological responses of contrasting eucalyptus clones to drought tolerance. A complete randomized design was used to investigate the effects of three water regimes (well-watered, moderate water deficit, and severe water deficit) and two K soil supplies (sufficient and low K) on growth and physiological responses of two elite eucalyptus clones: "VM01" (Eucalyptus urophylla × camaldulensis) and "AEC 0144" (E. urophylla). Results depicted that the K-well-nourished E. urophylla × camaldulensis clone under severe water deficit maintained shoot biomass accumulation by upregulating the K-content in leaves and stems, gas exchange, water-use efficiency (WUEI ), leaf water potential (Ψw), and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters, compared to E. urophylla clone. Meanwhile, E. urophylla with a severe water deficit showed a decreased of K content in leaves and stem, as well as a reduction in the accumulation of dry mass. Therefore, the K-use efficiency and the apparent electron transport rate through photosystem II were positively correlated in plants grown in low K, indicating the importance of K in maintaining leaf photochemical processes. In conclusion, management strategy should seek to enhance K-nutrition to optimize water-use efficiencies and photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elcio Ferreira Santos
- Federal Institute of Mato Grosso do Sul, Laboratory of Plant Nutriton, Nova Andradina, Brazil
| | - Nikolas Souza Mateus
- University of São Paulo, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Tiago Barreto Garcez
- Federal University of Sergipe, Campus do Sertão, Nossa Senhora da Glória, Brazil
| | - Paulo Mazzafera
- University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, Brazil
- University of Campinas, Institute of Biology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - José Lavres
- University of São Paulo, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Lin T, Zheng X, Zheng H. Seasonal variations in leaf and branch trace elements and the influence of a 3-yr 100% rainfall exclusion on Pinus massoniana Lamb. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9935. [PMID: 32995090 PMCID: PMC7501781 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Trace elements are essential for the growth and survival of plants, and their concentrations and distributions in plants are effective reflections of ecological adaptation strategies. However, this aspect has seldom been addressed. Method Changes in the leaf and branch trace elements of Pinus massoniana Lamb, induced by seasonal dynamics and in response to a 3-yr 100% rainfall exclusion, were evaluated. Results The results showed that the concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni and Cr in leaves of P. massoniana in the control group had high seasonal resolution. There were three groups according to their patterns over the growing season: (1) nutrient elements (Cu, Zn, Ni and Cd), which continuously decreased in concentration during the growing season, with the highest concentration in spring and the lowest in autumn; (2) accumulating element (Cr), which increased in concentration from spring to autumn; and (3) indifferent element (Fe), which increased in concentration from spring to summer and decreased in concentration from summer to autumn. The concentrations of trace elements in leaves and branches showed no significant differences with mild drought stress, except for Fe and Cr in leaves and Cr in branches, which significantly increased (p < 0.05) under the result of self-selection under mild drought stress. Therefore, the resultant seasonal and drought effects on trace element cycling in P. massoniana could provide theoretical support to respond to future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lin
- Fujian University of Technology, School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fujian Normal University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xuanmei Zheng
- Fujian Jiangxia University, Straits College of Finance and Economics, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Huaizhou Zheng
- Fujian Normal University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Penuelas J, Janssens IA, Ciais P, Obersteiner M, Sardans J. Anthropogenic global shifts in biospheric N and P concentrations and ratios and their impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem productivity, food security, and human health. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1962-1985. [PMID: 31912629 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The availability of carbon (C) from high levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and anthropogenic release of nitrogen (N) is increasing, but these increases are not paralleled by increases in levels of phosphorus (P). The current unstoppable changes in the stoichiometries of C and N relative to P have no historical precedent. We describe changes in P and N fluxes over the last five decades that have led to asymmetrical increases in P and N inputs to the biosphere. We identified widespread and rapid changes in N:P ratios in air, soil, water, and organisms and important consequences to the structure, function, and biodiversity of ecosystems. A mass-balance approach found that the combined limited availability of P and N was likely to reduce C storage by natural ecosystems during the remainder of the 21st Century, and projected crop yields of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment indicated an increase in nutrient deficiency in developing regions if access to P fertilizer is limited. Imbalances of the N:P ratio would likely negatively affect human health, food security, and global economic and geopolitical stability, with feedbacks and synergistic effects on drivers of global environmental change, such as increasing levels of CO2 , climatic warming, and increasing pollution. We summarize potential solutions for avoiding the negative impacts of global imbalances of N:P ratios on the environment, biodiversity, climate change, food security, and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Penuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Research Group Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, IPSL CEA CNRS UVSQ UPSACLAY, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michael Obersteiner
- Ecosystems Services and Management, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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González de Andrés E, Blanco JA, Imbert JB, Guan BT, Lo YH, Castillo FJ. ENSO and NAO affect long-term leaf litter dynamics and stoichiometry of Scots pine and European beech mixedwoods. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3070-3090. [PMID: 31038783 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Litterfall dynamics (production, seasonality and nutrient composition) are key factors influencing nutrient cycling. Leaf litter characteristics are modified by species composition, site conditions and water availability. However, significant evidence on how large-scale, global circulation patterns affect ecophysiological processes at tree and ecosystem level remains scarce due to the difficulty in separating the combined influence of different factors on local climate and tree phenology. To fill this gap, we studied links between leaf litter dynamics with climate and other forest processes, such as tree-ring width (TRW) and intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) in two mixtures of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the south-western Pyrenees. Temporal series (18 years) of litterfall production and elemental chemical composition were decomposed following the ensemble empirical mode decomposition method and relationships with local climate, large-scale climatic indices, TRW and Scots pine's iWUE were assessed. Temporal trends in N:P ratios indicated increasing P limitation of soil microbes, thus affecting nutrient availability, as the ecological succession from a pine-dominated to a beech-dominated forest took place. A significant influence of large-scale patterns on tree-level ecophysiology was explained through the impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on water availability. Positive NAO and negative ENSO were related to dry conditions and, consequently, to early needle shedding and increased N:P ratio of both species. Autumn storm activity appears to be related to premature leaf abscission of European beech. Significant cascading effects from large-scale patterns on local weather influenced pine TRW and iWUE. These variables also responded to leaf stoichiometry fallen 3 years prior to tree-ring formation. Our results provide evidence of the cascading effect that variability in global climate circulation patterns can have on ecophysiological processes and stand dynamics in mixed forests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan A Blanco
- Departamento de Ciencias, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - J Bosco Imbert
- Departamento de Ciencias, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Biing T Guan
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Yueh-Hsin Lo
- Departamento de Ciencias, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Interactions between Climate and Nutrient Cycles on Forest Response to Global Change: The Role of Mixed Forests. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10080609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Forest ecosystems are undergoing unprecedented changes in environmental conditions due to global change impacts. Modification of global biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen, and the subsequent climate change are affecting forest functions at different scales, from physiology and growth of individual trees to cycling of nutrients. This review summarizes the present knowledge regarding the impact of global change on forest functioning not only with respect to climate change, which is the focus of most studies, but also the influence of altered nitrogen cycle and the interactions among them. The carbon dioxide (CO2) fertilization effect on tree growth is expected to be constrained by nutrient imbalances resulting from high N deposition rates and the counteractive effect of increasing water deficit, which interact in a complex way. At the community level, responses to global change are modified by species interactions that may lead to competition for resources and/or relaxation due to facilitation and resource partitioning processes. Thus, some species mixtures can be more resistant to drought than their respective pure forests, albeit it depends on environmental conditions and species’ functional traits. Climate change and nitrogen deposition have additional impacts on litterfall dynamics, and subsequent decomposition and nutrient mineralization processes. Elemental ratios (i.e., stoichiometry) are associated with important ecosystem traits, including trees’ adaptability to stress or decomposition rates. As stoichiometry of different ecosystem components are also influenced by global change, nutrient cycling in forests will be altered too. Therefore, a re-assessment of traditional forest management is needed in order to cope with global change. Proposed silvicultural systems emphasize the key role of diversity to assure multiple ecosystem services, and special attention has been paid to mixed-species forests. Finally, a summary of the patterns and underlying mechanisms governing the relationships between diversity and different ecosystems functions, such as productivity and stability, is provided.
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12
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Köhl K, Tohge T, Schöttler MA. Performance of Arabidopsis thaliana under different light qualities: comparison of light-emitting diodes to fluorescent lamp. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:727-738. [PMID: 32480602 DOI: 10.1071/fp17051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For precise phenotyping, Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. is grown under controlled conditions with fluorescent lamps as the predominant light source. Replacement by systems based on light emitting diodes (LED) could improve energy efficiency and stability of light quality and intensity. To determine whether this affects the reproducibility of results obtained under fluorescent lamps, four Arabidopsis accessions and a phytochrome mutant were grown and phenotyped under two different LED types or under fluorescent lamps. All genotypes had significantly higher rosette weight and seed mass and developed faster under LED light than under fluorescent lamps. However, differences between genotypes were reproducible independent of the light source. Chlorophyll content, photosynthetic complex accumulation and light response curves of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were indistinguishable under LED and fluorescent light. Principal component analysis of leaf metabolite concentrations revealed that the effect of a change from fluorescent light to LED light was small compared with the diurnal effect, which explains 74% of the variance and the age effect during vegetative growth (12%). Altogether, the replacement of fluorescent lamps by LED allowed Arabidopsis cultivation and reproduction of results obtained under fluorescent light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Köhl
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mark Aurel Schöttler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Liu JF, Arend M, Yang WJ, Schaub M, Ni YY, Gessler A, Jiang ZP, Rigling A, Li MH. Effects of drought on leaf carbon source and growth of European beech are modulated by soil type. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42462. [PMID: 28195166 PMCID: PMC5307967 DOI: 10.1038/srep42462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought potentially affects carbon balance and growth of trees, but little is known to what extent soil plays a role in the trade-off between carbon gain and growth investment. In the present study, we analyzed leaf non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) as an indicator of the balance of photosynthetic carbon gain and carbon use, as well as growth of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) saplings, which were grown on two different soil types (calcareous and acidic) in model ecosystems and subjected to a severe summer drought. Our results showed that drought led in general to increased total NSC concentrations and to decreased growth rate, and drought reduced shoot and stem growth of plants in acidic soil rather than in calcareous soil. This result indicated that soil type modulated the carbon trade-off between net leaf carbon gain and carbon investment to growth. In drought-stressed trees, leaf starch concentration and growth correlated negatively whereas soluble sugar:starch ratio and growth correlated positively, which may contribute to a better understanding of growth regulation under drought conditions. Our results emphasize the role of soil in determining the trade-off between the balance of carbon gain and carbon use on the leaf level and growth under stress (e.g. drought).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Arend
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wen-Juan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Yan-Yan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ze-Ping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Mai-He Li
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
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Lázaro-Nogal A, Matesanz S, Hallik L, Krasnova A, Traveset A, Valladares F. Population differentiation in a Mediterranean relict shrub: the potential role of local adaptation for coping with climate change. Oecologia 2015; 180:1075-90. [PMID: 26662734 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plants can respond to climate change by either migrating, adapting to the new conditions or going extinct. Relict plant species of limited distribution can be especially vulnerable as they are usually composed of small and isolated populations, which may reduce their ability to cope with rapidly changing environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the vulnerability of Cneorum tricoccon L. (Cneoraceae), a Mediterranean relict shrub of limited distribution, to a future drier climate. We evaluated population differentiation in functional traits related to drought tolerance across seven representative populations of the species' range. We measured morphological and physiological traits in both the field and the greenhouse under three water availability levels. Large phenotypic differences among populations were found under field conditions. All populations responded plastically to simulated drought, but they differed in mean trait values as well as in the slope of the phenotypic response. Particularly, dry-edge populations exhibited multiple functional traits that favored drought tolerance, such as more sclerophyllous leaves, strong stomatal control but high photosynthetic rates, which increases water use efficiency (iWUE), and an enhanced ability to accumulate sugars as osmolytes. Although drought decreased RGR in all populations, this reduction was smaller for populations from the dry edge. Our results suggest that dry-edge populations of this relict species are well adapted to drought, which could potentially mitigate the species' extinction risk under drier scenarios. Dry-edge populations not only have a great conservation value but can also change expectations from current species' distribution models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lázaro-Nogal
- LINCGlobal, Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC, Serrano 115 dpdo., 28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Silvia Matesanz
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Lea Hallik
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
- Tartu Observatory, Tõravere, 61602, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | - Alisa Krasnova
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anna Traveset
- LINCGlobal, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, IMEDEA-CSIC, Miquel Marquès 21, 07190, Esporles, Mallorca, Spain
| | - Fernando Valladares
- LINCGlobal, Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC, Serrano 115 dpdo., 28006, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Spain
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Urbina I, Sardans J, Beierkuhnlein C, Jentsch A, Backhaus S, Grant K, Kreyling J, Peñuelas J. Shifts in the elemental composition of plants during a very severe drought. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 111:63-73. [PMID: 31031453 PMCID: PMC6485511 DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Diverse plant functions (e.g. growth, storage, defense and anti-stress mechanisms) use elements disproportionally. We hypothesized that plants growing under different abiotic and biotic conditions would shift their elemental compositions in response to a very severe drought. We tested this hypothesis by investigating the changes in foliar stoichiometry and species composition from a very severe drought. We also tested the effects of previous droughts (acclimation) on this response. Different species growing in the same community responded more similarly to a very severe drought than did individual species growing in different communities. The stoichiometric shifts were thus more community-dependent than species-dependent. The results also suggested that plants grown in monoculture were less stoichiometrically plastic during the drought than plants grown in a more diverse community. Previous exposure to long-term drought treatments in the same communities did not significantly affect the stoichiometric shifts during the new drought. Differential use of resources may have been responsible for these responses. Monocultured plants, which used the same resources in similar proportions, had more difficulty avoiding direct competition when the resources became scarcer. Moreover, each species tested had a particular elemental composition in all communities and climatic treatments. The differences in foliar elemental compositions were largest between plant functional groups (shrubs and grasses) and smallest among species within the same functional group. Global principal components analyses (PCAs) identified a general tendency for all species, independently of the community in which they grew, toward lower concentrations of K, N, P, Mg and S, and to higher concentrations of C and Fe as the drought advanced. This study has demonstrated the utility of analyses of differences and shifts in plant elemental composition for understanding the processes underlying the responses of plants to changes in biotic and abiotic environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifigenia Urbina
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC-UAB, 08913 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, 08913 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC-UAB, 08913 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, 08913 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Anke Jentsch
- Disturbance Ecology, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sabrina Backhaus
- Disturbance Ecology, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Kerstin Grant
- Disturbance Ecology, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Juergen Kreyling
- Biogeography, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC-UAB, 08913 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, 08913 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
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Rivas-Ubach A, Gargallo-Garriga A, Sardans J, Oravec M, Mateu-Castell L, Pérez-Trujillo M, Parella T, Ogaya R, Urban O, Peñuelas J. Drought enhances folivory by shifting foliar metabolomes in Quercus ilex trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:874-885. [PMID: 24443979 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
At the molecular level, folivory activity on plants has mainly been related to the foliar concentrations of nitrogen (N) and/or particular metabolites. We studied the responses of different nutrients and the whole metabolome of Quercus ilex to seasonal changes and to moderate field experimental conditions of drought, and how this drought may affect folivory activity, using stoichiometric and metabolomic techniques. Foliar potassium (K) concentrations increased in summer and consequently led to higher foliar K : phosphorus (P) and lower carbon (C) : K and N : K ratios. Foliar N : P ratios were not lowest in spring as expected by the growth rate hypothesis. Trees exposed to moderate drought presented higher concentrations of total sugars and phenolics and these trees also experienced more severe folivory attack. The foliar increases in K, sugars and antioxidant concentrations in summer, the driest Mediterranean season, indicated enhanced osmoprotection under natural drought conditions. Trees under moderate drought also presented higher concentrations of sugars and phenolics; a plant response to avoid water loss. These shifts in metabolism produced an indirect relationship between increased drought and folivory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Rivas-Ubach
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08913, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08913, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Gargallo-Garriga
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08913, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08913, Catalonia, Spain
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear, Faculty of Sciences and Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08913, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08913, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michal Oravec
- Global Change Research Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Bĕlidla 4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Laia Mateu-Castell
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08913, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08913, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Míriam Pérez-Trujillo
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear, Faculty of Sciences and Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Teodor Parella
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear, Faculty of Sciences and Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Romà Ogaya
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08913, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08913, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Bĕlidla 4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08913, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08913, Catalonia, Spain
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