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Chen C, Liang H, Peng F, Zhong S, Lu Y, Guo G, Li L. Determination of echinococcosis IgG antibodies using magnetic bead-based chemiluminescence immunoassay. J Immunol Methods 2023; 520:113513. [PMID: 37307908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcosis is a kind of parasitic disease shared by humans and animals. The aim of this study was to establish a new detection method for echinococcosis screening using magnetic bead-based chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA). A magnetic bead-based CLIA to determine anti-echinococcosis IgG antibodies was optimized and established. The sensitivity, accuracy, precision and recovery rate were evaluated using the national reference serum, and the reference interval, specificity and comparison assays were performed using the clinical negative/positive echinococcosis serum samples. This study established a new CLIA to determine anti-echinococcosis IgG antibodies. The sensitivity of this CLIA method was higher than that of the registered ELISA kit and the national standard, the conformance rate of the negative/positive references was 100% (8/8), the CVs of the sensitivity reference were all below 5%, and the CVs of the precision reference were 5.7%. There was no obvious cross-reactivity with the common parasitic disease-positive serum and serum interferents. Clinical sample testing found that the cutoff value of this CLIA was 5537.15 (RLU), and there was no significant difference between the CLIA method and the registered ELISA kit. This study established a fully automated CLIA method with high sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, precision, recovery rate, and satisfactory clinical testing performance, which may provide a new choice for echinococcosis screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Chen
- Guangzhou Youdi Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China; Jinan Laide Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan 271100, China
| | - Huankun Liang
- Guangzhou Youdi Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Fenglan Peng
- Taian Disabled Soldiers' Hospital of Shandong Province, Taian 271099, China
| | - Shuhai Zhong
- Guangzhou Youdi Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Yanhong Lu
- Guangzhou Youdi Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Guiling Guo
- Guangzhou Youdi Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Laiqing Li
- Guangzhou Youdi Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China; Jinan Laide Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan 271100, China.
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2
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Arora N, Prasad A. Taenia solium proteins: a beautiful kaleidoscope of pro and anti-inflammatory antigens. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:609-622. [PMID: 32985289 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1829486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is an acquired infection of central nervous system associated with epileptic seizures. The parasite 'Taenia solium' causes this disease and has a complex life cycle and molts into various stages that influence the host-parasite interaction. The disease has a long asymptomatic phase with viable cyst and degeneration of cyst and leaking cyst fluid has been associated with symptomatic phase. The parasite proteome holds the answers and clues to this complex clinical presentation and hence unraveling of proteome of parasite antigens is needed for better understanding of host-parasite interactions. Objective: To understand the proteome make-up of T. solium cyst vesicular fluid (VF) and excretory secretory proteins (ESPs). Methodology: The VF and ESPs for the study were prepared from cyst harvested from naturally infected swine. The samples were prepared for nano LC-MS by in-tube digestion of proteins. The spectra obtained were annotated and enrichment analysis was performed and in silico analysis was done. Results: T. solium VF and ESPs have 206 and 247 proteins of varied make-up including pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory nature. Conclusions: Due to varied make-up of VF and ESPs it can generate complex humoral and cellular immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naina Arora
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi , Mandi, India
| | - Amit Prasad
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi , Mandi, India
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Cattaneo L, Manciulli T, Cretu CM, Giordani MT, Angheben A, Bartoloni A, Zammarchi L, Bartalesi F, Richter J, Chiodini P, Godbole G, Junghanss T, Stojkovic M, Sammarchi L, Dore R, Vercelli A, Benazzo F, Cuzzocrea F, Tamarozzi F, Brunetti E. Cystic Echinococcosis of the Bone: A European Multicenter Study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:617-621. [PMID: 30693857 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonosis caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. In humans, the infection induces the formation of parasitic cysts mostly in the liver and lungs, but virtually any organ can be affected. CE of the bone is one of the rarest forms of the disease, yet it is also extremely debilitating for patients and hard to manage for clinicians. Unlike abdominal CE, there is currently no expert consensus on the management of bone CE. In this study, we conducted a survey of the clinical records of seven European referral centers for the management of patients with CE and retrieved data on the clinical management of 32 patients with a diagnosis of bone CE. Our survey confirmed that the patients endured chronic debilitating disease with a high rate of complications (84%). We also found that diagnostic approaches were highly heterogeneous. Surgery was extensively used to treat these patients, as well as albendazole, occasionally combined with praziquantel or nitaxozanide. Treatment was curative only for two patients, with one requiring amputation of the involved bone. Our survey highlights the need to conduct systematic studies on bone CE, both retrospectively and prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Cattaneo
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Manciulli
- PhD School of Experimental Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carmen-Michaela Cretu
- Parasitology Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Andrea Angheben
- Centre for Tropical Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zammarchi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Bartalesi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Joachim Richter
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Chiodini
- Department of Clinical Parasitology, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gauri Godbole
- Department of Clinical Parasitology, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Junghanss
- Section of Clinical Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marija Stojkovic
- Section of Clinical Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luigi Sammarchi
- Division of Radiology, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Dore
- Department of Radiology, Istituti Clinici di Pavia e Vigevano, University Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vercelli
- Department of Radiology, Istituti Clinici di Pavia e Vigevano, University Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Benazzo
- Division of Orthopedics and Traumatology, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Cuzzocrea
- Division of Orthopedics and Traumatology, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- Centre for Tropical Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Enrico Brunetti
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Biological role of excretory-secretory proteins in endemic parasites of Latin America and the Caribbean. J Helminthol 2019; 94:e53. [PMID: 31092301 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x19000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) share certain traits: they are parasitic infections, prevailing in tropical environments and affecting marginalized sectors of the population. Six NTDs - ascariasis, cysticercosis, echinococcosis, hookworm infection, onchocerciasis and trichuriasis - all of them endemic in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), are analysed in this work. This review aims to discuss key information on the function of excretory/secretory (E/S) proteins from these parasites in their infectivity, pathogeny and diagnosis. The modulation of the host immune system to favour the permanence and survival of the parasite is also discussed. An updated knowledge on the function of E/S molecules in endemic parasitoses in LAC may lead to new approaches for the clinical management and diagnosis of these diseases. In turn, this could allow us to optimize their treatment and make it more affordable - a relevant goal given the economic constraints that the region is facing.
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Laboratory Diagnosis of Echinococcus spp. in Human Patients and Infected Animals. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2017; 96:159-257. [PMID: 28212789 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Among the species composing the genus Echinococcus, four species are of human clinical interest. The most prevalent species are Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis, followed by Echinococcus vogeli and Echinococcus oligarthrus. The first two species cause cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) respectively. Both diseases have a complex clinical management, in which laboratory diagnosis could be an adjunctive to the imaging techniques. To date, several approaches have been described for the laboratory diagnosis and followup of CE and AE, including antibody, antigen and cytokine detection. All of these approaches are far from being optimal as adjunctive diagnosis particularly for CE, since they do not reach enough sensitivity and/or specificity. A combination of several methods (e.g., antibody and antigen detection) or of several (recombinant) antigens could improve the performance of the adjunctive laboratory methods, although the complexity of echinococcosis and heterogeneity of clinical cases make necessary a deep understanding of the host-parasite relationships and the parasite phenotype at different developmental stages to reach the best diagnostic tool and to make it accepted in clinical practice. Standardization approaches and a deep understanding of the performance of each of the available antigens in the diagnosis of echinococcosis for the different clinical pictures are also needed. The detection of the parasite in definitive hosts is also reviewed in this chapter. Finally, the different methods for the detection of parasite DNA in different analytes and matrices are also reviewed.
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Hadipour M, Nazari M, Sanei B, Ghayour Z, Sharafi SM, Yazdani H, Darani HY. Immunological diagnosis of human hydatid cyst using Western immunoblotting technique. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 21:130. [PMID: 28331516 PMCID: PMC5348824 DOI: 10.4103/1735-1995.196612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease with worldwide distribution which is caused by the tapeworms Echinococcus granulosus. Diagnosis of the disease relies on imaging techniques, but the techniques are not able to differentiate the cyst from benign or malignant tumors; hence, appropriate serologic methods are required for the differential diagnosis of the infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this investigation, different sheep hydatid cyst antigens probed with thirty sera of patients with hydatid cyst and also thirty human normal sera using Western immunoblotting technique. Considering results of surgery as gold standard, sensitivity and specificity of Western blotting was estimated. RESULTS Sera of 29, 26, and 16 patients with hydatid cyst reacted with specific bands of hydatid cyst fluid (HCF), protoscolex crude antigen, and cyst wall crude antigen, respectively. However, none of the normal human sera reacted with those specific bands. CONCLUSION A 20 kDa band of sheep HCF is an appropriate antigen for serodiagnosis of hydatid cyst infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Hadipour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nazari
- Department of Surgery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Behnam Sanei
- Department of Surgery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghayour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Maryam Sharafi
- Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hajar Yazdani
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Yousofi Darani
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Huang F, Dang Z, Suzuki Y, Horiuchi T, Yagi K, Kouguchi H, Irie T, Kim K, Oku Y. Analysis on Gene Expression Profile in Oncospheres and Early Stage Metacestodes from Echinococcus multilocularis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004634. [PMID: 27092774 PMCID: PMC4836691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis is a worldwide zoonosis of great public health concern. Analysis of genome data for Echinococcus multilocularis has identified antigen families that can be used in diagnostic assays and vaccine development. However, little gene expression data is available for antigens of the egg and early larval stages. To address this information gap, we used a Next-Generation Sequencing approach to investigate three different stages (non-activated and activated oncospheres, and early stage metacestodes) of E. multilocularis (Nemuro strain). Transcriptome data analysis revealed that some diagnostic antigen gp50 isoforms and the antigen Eg95 family dominated in activated oncospheres, and the antigen B family dominated in early stage metacestodes. Furthermore, heat shock proteins and antigen II/3 are constantly expressed in the three stages. The expression pattern of various known antigens in E. multilocularis may give fundamental information for choosing candidate genes used in diagnosis and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Huang
- Parasitology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Zhisheng Dang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, China
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Terumi Horiuchi
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kinpei Yagi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kouguchi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takao Irie
- Department of Infectious Disease, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kyeongsoon Kim
- Parasitology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yuzaburo Oku
- Parasitology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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Serological Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Human Cystic Echinococcosis: A New Hope for the Future? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:428205. [PMID: 26504805 PMCID: PMC4609352 DOI: 10.1155/2015/428205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an important helminthic zoonotic disease caused by the Echinococcus granulosus complex. In humans, CE is a chronic disease driven by the growth of echinococcal cysts in different organs. Prognosis of this disease depends on multiple factors, including location, number, size, and stage of the cysts, making CE a disease of complex management. CE is usually asymptomatic for years and attracts limited attention from funding organizations and health authorities. For this reason, only experts' recommendations are available but no evidence-based conclusions have been drawn for CE clinical management. One of those pitfalls refers to the lack of evidence to support the use of serological tools for the diagnosis and follow-up of CE patients. In this respect, crude antigens are used to detect specific antibodies in patients, giving rise to false positive results. The advent of molecular techniques allowing the production of recombinant proteins has provided a number of candidate antigens that could overcome the problems associated with the use of crude parasite extracts in the serological assays. In this review, we present the last advances in this field, proposing the use of serology to support cyst stage-specific diagnosis and follow-up.
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Wang Y, Zhou H, Shen Y, Wang Y, Wu W, Liu H, Yuan Z, Xu Y, Hu Y, Cao J. Impairment of dendritic cell function and induction of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells by excretory-secretory products: a potential mechanism of immune evasion adopted by Echinococcus granulosus. BMC Immunol 2015; 16:44. [PMID: 26268402 PMCID: PMC4535532 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-015-0110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis, caused by infection with Echinococcus granulosus, is one of the most widespread zoonotic helminth diseases. Modulation of host responses is an important strategy used by helminth parasites to promote infection. To better understand the mechanisms adopted by E. granulosus to escape host immune responses, we investigated the effects of excretory–secretory products (ES) and adult worm antigen (AWA) derived from adult E. granulosus on murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC). Results Compared with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), AWA, but not ES, induced BMDC maturation or stimulated BMDC cytokine production and co-stimulatory molecule expression (CD40, CD80 and MHC class II). Furthermore, ES-treated BMDCs pulsed with ovalbumin exhibited reduced co-stimulatory molecule expression in comparison with untreated BMDC, even in the presence of the strong Th1 inducer, CpG. Moreover, we detected the effects of ES-treated DC on T cell activation by an in vitro T cell priming assay. We observed that ES-treated BMDC co-cultured with DO11.10 transgenic CD4+ T cells induced the generation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells. In addition, in contrast to AWA-treated BMDCs, which had markedly induced IFN-γ secretion and reduced of IL-4 levels in co-cultured T cells, ES-treated BMDCs did not modify their capacity to stimulate IFN-γ or IL-4 production by T cells. Conclusions We conclude that ES of adult E. granulosus inhibited DC function, impaired the development of Th1 cells induced by CpG, and induced CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in an IL-10-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
| | - Hejun Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
| | - Yanjuan Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
| | - Weiping Wu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
| | - Haipeng Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
| | - Zhongying Yuan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
| | - Yuxin Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
| | - Yuan Hu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
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Riesle S, García MP, Hidalgo C, Galanti N, Saenz L, Paredes R. Bovine IgG subclasses and fertility of Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cysts. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:125-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Virginio VG, Monteiro KM, Drumond F, de Carvalho MO, Vargas DM, Zaha A, Ferreira HB. Excretory/secretory products from in vitro-cultured Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2012; 183:15-22. [PMID: 22261090 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cystic hydatid disease (CHD) is caused by infection with Echinococcus granulosus metacestodes and affects humans and livestock. Proteins secreted or excreted by protoscoleces, pre-adult worms found in the metacestode, are thought to play fundamental roles in the host-parasite relationship. In this work, we performed an LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis of the excretory-secretory products obtained from the first 48 h of an in vitro culture of the protoscoleces. We identified 32 proteins, including 18 that were never detected previously in metacestode proteomic studies. Among the novel identified excretory-secretory products are antigenic proteins, such as EG19 and P-29 and a calpain protease. We also identified other important protoscolex excretory-secretory products, such as thioredoxin peroxidase and 14-3-3 proteins, which are potentially involved in evasion mechanisms adopted by parasites to establish infection. Several intracellular proteins were found in the excretory-secretory products, revealing a set of identified proteins not previously thought to be exposed at the host-parasite interface. Additionally, immunological analyses established the antigenic profiles of the newly identified excretory-secretory products and revealed, for the first time, the in vitro secretion of the B antigen by protoscoleces. Considering that the excretory-secretory products obtained in vitro might reflect the products released and exposed to the host in vivo, our results provide valuable information on parasite survival strategies in adverse host environments and on the molecular mechanisms underpinning CHD immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veridiana G Virginio
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos e Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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12
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Immunology and immunodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis: an update. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2012:101895. [PMID: 22235225 PMCID: PMC3253442 DOI: 10.1155/2012/101895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a cosmopolitan zoonosis caused by the larval cystic stage of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. This complex multicellular pathogen produces various antigens which modulate the host immune response and promote parasite survival and development. The recent application of modern molecular and immunological approaches has revealed novel insights on the nature of the immune responses generated during the course of a hydatid infection, although many aspects of the Echinococcus-host interplay remain unexplored. This paper summarizes recent developments in our understanding of the immunology and diagnosis of echinococcosis, indicates areas where information is lacking, and suggests possible new strategies to improve serodiagnosis for practical application.
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13
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Siracusano A, Delunardo F, Teggi A, Ortona E. Host-parasite relationship in cystic echinococcosis: an evolving story. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2012:639362. [PMID: 22110535 PMCID: PMC3206507 DOI: 10.1155/2012/639362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus causes cystic echinococcosis, a neglected infectious disease that constitutes a major public health problem in developing countries. Despite being under constant barrage by the immune system, E. granulosus modulates antiparasite immune responses and persists in the human hosts with detectable humoral and cellular responses against the parasite. In vitro and in vivo immunological approaches, together with molecular biology and immunoproteomic technologies, provided us exciting insights into the mechanisms involved in the initiation of E. granulosus infection and the consequent induction and regulation of the immune response. Although the last decade has clarified many aspects of host-parasite relationship in human cystic echinococcosis, establishing the full mechanisms that cause the disease requires more studies. Here, we review some of the recent developments and discuss new avenues in this evolving story of E. granulosus infection in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Siracusano
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie e Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy.
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Vacirca D, Perdicchio M, Campisi E, Delunardo F, Ortona E, Margutti P, Teggi A, Gottstein B, Siracusano A. Favourable prognostic value of antibodies anti-HSP20 in patients with cystic echinococcosis: a differential immunoproteomic approach. Parasite Immunol 2011; 33:193-8. [PMID: 21306401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2010.01264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Seeking biomarkers reflecting disease development in cystic echinococcosis (CE), we used a proteomic approach linked to immunological characterisation for the identification of respective antigens. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) of sheep hydatid fluid, followed by immunoblot analysis (IB) with sera from patients with distinct phases of disease, enabled us to identify by mass spectrometry heat shock protein 20 (HSP20) as a potential marker of active CE. Using IB, antibodies specific to the 34 kDa band of HSP20 were detected in sera from 61/95 (64%) patients with CE, but not in sera from healthy subjects. IB revealed anti-HSP20 antibodies in a higher percentage of sera from patients with active disease than in sera from patients with inactive disease (81 vs. 24%; P = 10(-4)). These primary results were confirmed in a long-term follow-up study after pharmacological and surgical treatment. Herewith anti-HSP20 antibody levels significantly decreased over the course of treatment in sera from patients with cured disease, relative to sera from patients with progressive disease (P = 0·017). Thus, during CE, a comprehensive strategy of proteomic identification combined with immunological validation represents a promising approach for the identification of biomarkers useful for the prognostic assessment of treatment of CE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vacirca
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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List C, Qi W, Maag E, Gottstein B, Müller N, Felger I. Serodiagnosis of Echinococcus spp. infection: explorative selection of diagnostic antigens by peptide microarray. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e771. [PMID: 20689813 PMCID: PMC2914747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Production of native antigens for serodiagnosis of helminthic infections is laborious and hampered by batch-to-batch variation. For serodiagnosis of echinococcosis, especially cystic disease, most screening tests rely on crude or purified Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst fluid. To resolve limitations associated with native antigens in serological tests, the use of standardized and highly pure antigens produced by chemical synthesis offers considerable advantages, provided appropriate diagnostic sensitivity and specificity is achieved. Methodology/Principal Findings Making use of the growing collection of genomic and proteomic data, we applied a set of bioinformatic selection criteria to a collection of protein sequences including conceptually translated nucleotide sequence data of two related tapeworms, Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus. Our approach targeted alpha-helical coiled-coils and intrinsically unstructured regions of parasite proteins potentially exposed to the host immune system. From 6 proteins of E. multilocularis and 5 proteins of E. granulosus, 45 peptides between 24 and 30 amino acids in length were designed. These peptides were chemically synthesized, spotted on microarrays and screened for reactivity with sera from infected humans. Peptides reacting above the cut-off were validated in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Peptides identified failed to differentiate between E. multilocularis and E. granulosus infection. The peptide performing best reached 57% sensitivity and 94% specificity. This candidate derived from Echinococcus multilocularis antigen B8/1 and showed strong reactivity to sera from patients infected either with E. multilocularis or E. granulosus. Conclusions/Significance This study provides proof of principle for the discovery of diagnostically relevant peptides by bioinformatic selection complemented with screening on a high-throughput microarray platform. Our data showed that a single peptide cannot provide sufficient diagnostic sensitivity whereas pooling several peptide antigens improved sensitivity; thus combinations of several peptides may lead the way to new diagnostic tests that replace, or at least complement conventional immunodiagnosis of echinococcosis. Our strategy could prove useful for diagnostic developments in other pathogens. Crude or purified, somatic or metabolic extracts of native antigens are routinely used for the serodiagnosis of human helminthic infections. These antigens are often cross-reactive, i.e., recognized by sera from patients infected with heterologous helminth species. To overcome limitations in antigen production, test sensitivity and specificity, chemically synthesized peptides offer a pure and standardized alternative, provided they yield acceptable operative characteristics. Ongoing genome and proteome work create new resources for the identification of antigens. Making use of the growing amount of genomic and proteomic data available in public databases, we tested a bioinformatic procedure for the selection of potentially antigenic peptides from a collection of protein sequences including conceptually translated nucleotide sequence data of Echinococcus multilocularis and E. granulosus (Plathyhelminthes, Cestoda). The in silico selection was combined with high-throughput screening of peptides on microarray and systematic validation of reactive candidates in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our study proved the applicability of this approach for selection of peptide antigens with good diagnostic characteristics. Our results suggested the pooling of several peptides to reach a high level of sensitivity required for reliable immunodiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia List
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Weihong Qi
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eva Maag
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Medical and Diagnostic Services, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Felger
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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