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Akbari M, Hasani J, Seydavi M. Negative affect among daily smokers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2020; 274:553-567. [PMID: 32663988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative Affect (NA), as a personality trait is a tendency towards experiencing a more negative emotion. The body of research suggests that NA encourages smoking relapse and smoking as a reason for NA reduction, though. The likelihood of this connection does not seem to be bright yet. The present study critically reviews researches to synthesize the existing literature to determine the strength of this linkage. METHODS Key-word related research was systematically searched in PubMed, PsychINFO, Science Direct and Google Scholar for studies conducted from 1980 to 2019, followed by, the assessment and selection of retrieved studies based on defined inclusion criteria. A random-effects meta-analysis model was used to examine the prospective relationship between NA and smoking. Meta-regression was also used to dig for possible explanations of heterogeneity. Furthermore a multi-moderators model and sub-group analyses examined the moderating factors. RESULTS Forty effect-sizes comprising 12 cross-sectional studies, 28 longitudinal studies and 24,913 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The forest plot of the pooled correlation effect size in the random model indicates a significant effect size of the relationship between NA and smoking (r = 0.11; 95%CI 0.071-0.15, P = 0.001) in the meta-analysis with high heterogeneity (Q = 473.916; df=39; P = 0.001; I2=91.77%). Also, the pooled effect size was obtained as 0.143 (95%CI 0.071-0.214) for light-to-moderate and 0.112 (95%CI 0.057-0.166) for moderate-to-heavy smokers, with the effect size ranging from 0.061 to 0.195 which was significant among all subtypes, though this trend seem higher among adolescents, males, and longitudinal studies than in adults, females, and cross-sectional studies. LIMITATIONS The review was limited to English articles, and the heterogeneity of the studies were high. CONCLUSION These results support the notion that NA was positively and weakly linked to smoking and this linkage is stronger in light-to-moderate smokers, males, and adolescents. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed with the aim of extending future directions on NA and smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Akbari
- Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Department of Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Personality profiles and how they relate to drug consumption among young people in Spain. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Bakhshaie J, Kulesz PA, Garey L, Langdon KJ, Businelle MS, Leventhal AM, Gallagher MW, Schmidt NB, Manning K, Goodwin R, Zvolensky MJ. A prospective investigation of the synergistic effect of change in anxiety sensitivity and dysphoria on tobacco withdrawal. J Consult Clin Psychol 2017; 86:69-80. [PMID: 29172591 DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prevailing theory and research suggests the psychological and physiological discomfort associated with tobacco withdrawal may play a formative role in the risk of cessation failure. Yet, research elucidating cognitive-affective vulnerability characteristics that contribute to increased tobacco withdrawal severity during periods of planned abstinence is highly limited. In the current study, we explored whether smokers with greater reductions of Anxiety Sensitivity (AS) and dysphoria during a smoking cessation intervention would experience less severe postquit tobacco withdrawal. METHOD Specifically, the interactive effect of change (from preintervention baseline to quit day) in AS and dysphoria in relation to postquit withdrawal severity (quit day through 12 weeks postquit) was examined among treatment-seeking adult smokers enrolled in a smoking cessation trial (N = 198; 55.3% female; 86.8% Caucasian; Mage = 38.8, SD = 14.0). RESULTS Results indicated that the interactive effect of change in AS and dysphoria was related to linear change in postquit withdrawal symptoms. Specifically, larger reductions in AS were associated with a faster decline in the severity of withdrawal symptoms across the 12-week postquit period only for individuals with lower (but not higher) reductions in dysphoria. Additionally, the findings indicated that reducing levels of AS and dysphoria prequit is broadly related to the degree of change in postquit withdrawal symptoms. CONCLUSION Collectively, these data suggest there is apt to be clinical merit to employing strategies to address AS and/or dysphoria to more effectively manage emergent withdrawal symptoms following smoking cessation treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lorra Garey
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston
| | | | - Michael S Businelle
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California
| | | | | | | | - Renee Goodwin
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York
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Sussman S, Chou CP, Pang RD, Kirkpatrick M, Guillot CR, Stone M, Khoddam R, Riggs NR, Unger JB, Leventhal AM. Social Self-Control Is a Statistically Nonredundant Correlate of Adolescent Substance Use. Subst Use Misuse 2016; 51:788-94. [PMID: 27070833 PMCID: PMC4848138 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2016.1141959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The social self-control scale (SSCS), which taps provocative behavior in social situations, was compared with five potentially overlapping measures (i.e., temperament-related impulsivity, psychomotor agitation-related self-control, perceived social competence, and rash action in response to negative and positive affectively charged states) as correlates of tobacco use and other drug use among a sample of 3,356 ninth-grade youth in Southern California high schools. While there was a lot of shared variance among the measures, the SSCS was incrementally associated with both categories of drug use over and above alternate constructs previously implicated in adolescent drug use. Hence, SSC may relate to adolescent drug use through an etiological pathway unique from other risk constructs. Given that youth who tend to alienate others through provocative social behavior are at risk for multiple drug use, prevention programming to modify low SSC may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Sussman
- a Department of Preventive Medicine , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA.,b Department of Psychology , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA.,c School of Social Work , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - Chih-Ping Chou
- a Department of Preventive Medicine , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA.,b Department of Psychology , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA.,c School of Social Work , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - Raina D Pang
- a Department of Preventive Medicine , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA.,b Department of Psychology , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - Matthew Kirkpatrick
- a Department of Preventive Medicine , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA.,b Department of Psychology , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - Casey R Guillot
- a Department of Preventive Medicine , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA.,b Department of Psychology , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - Matthew Stone
- a Department of Preventive Medicine , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA.,b Department of Psychology , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - Rubin Khoddam
- a Department of Preventive Medicine , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA.,b Department of Psychology , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - Nathaniel R Riggs
- c School of Social Work , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA.,d Human Development and Family Studies , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado , USA
| | - Jennifer B Unger
- a Department of Preventive Medicine , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA.,b Department of Psychology , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- a Department of Preventive Medicine , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA.,b Department of Psychology , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA
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Temperament and character dimensions in male patients with substance use disorders: Differences relating to psychiatric comorbidity. Psychiatry Res 2016; 237:1-8. [PMID: 26921044 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has not considered the influence of the Comorbid Mental Disorder (CMD) among Substance Use Disorders (SUD) patients. We explored the possible differences in personality dimensions among SUD patients taking into account their CMD (Schizophrenia, SZ; Bipolar Disorder, BD; Major Depressive Disorder, MDD); and elucidated clinical factors related to personality dimensions according to the CMD. The Temperament and Character Inventory Revised was used to assess a sample of 102 SUD male patients, considered in three groups according to their CMD: SUD+SZ (N=37), SUD+BD (N=30) and SUD+MDD (N=35). SUD+BD patients had the highest levels of Novelty Seeking and Persistence, SUD+SZ patients showed the highest levels of Harm Avoidance, and SUD+MDD patients reported a lower level of Self-transcendence. Novelty Seeking was positively associated with severity of addiction for SUD+BD; Harm Avoidance was positively associated with psychiatric symptoms for SUD+SZ; and the age of SUD onset was positively linked to Cooperativeness for SUD+BD and to Self-transcendence for SUD+MDD. The different personality characteristics associated to the type of CMD among SUD patients are related to several clinical variables. Interventions in these patients should be tailored according the personality traits that could influence treatment outcomes and patients' prognoses.
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Cui Y, Tang R, Lam CY, Cinciripini PM, Robinson JD. The influence of personality traits on smokers' affect, withdrawal and cessation intervention outcome. Addict Behav 2016; 54:7-11. [PMID: 26656672 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The personality traits of harm avoidance (HA), novelty seeking (NS), and reward dependence (RD), as measured by the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), have been linked to smoking behavior. The extent to which these traits are associated with smoking withdrawal and cessation outcome is unclear. We sought to address this question among 131 treatment-seeking smokers who were randomly assigned to either a smoking cessation treatment (four 30-min behavioral counseling sessions) or a control condition. We found that HA was positively associated with baseline depressive symptoms, baseline negative affect, and post-quit withdrawal, and negatively associated with positive affect at both baseline and post-quit. Additionally, we found that smokers with higher HA scores were more likely to be abstinent. NS was negatively associated with post-quit positive affect and positively associated with post-quit negative affect and withdrawal. RD was not found to be related to any outcome measures. Our findings suggest that, despite experiencing greater baseline and post-quit negative affect, smokers higher in trait harm avoidance are more likely to quit smoking. The treatment and theoretical ramifications of these findings are discussed.
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7
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Massey SH, Reiss D, Neiderhiser JM, Leve LD, Shaw DS, Ganiban JM. Maternal personality traits associated with patterns of prenatal smoking and exposure: Implications for etiologic and prevention research. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2016; 53:48-54. [PMID: 26655208 PMCID: PMC4703540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the characteristics of women who smoke during pregnancy beyond demographic factors. We examined the relationship between novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and self-directedness and (a) abstinence from smoking during pregnancy and (b) average daily cigarette consumption during pregnancy. METHODS Participants were 826 birth mothers who made adoption placements in the Early Growth and Development Study and completed the Temperament and Character Inventory - Short Form, and interview-based smoking assessments 3-6 months postpartum. Never smokers (n=199), pregnancy abstainers (n=277), pregnancy light smokers (n=184), and pregnancy heavy smokers (n=166) were compared on personality dimensions and smoking-related processes. Using regression analyses we examined relationships between personality and (a) abstinence versus smoking during pregnancy; and (b) average daily cigarette consumption among lifetime smokers, controlling for nicotine dependence, birth father substance dependence, maternal antisocial behavior, and depressive symptoms during pregnancy. RESULTS Smokers with higher self-directedness and lower harm avoidance were more likely to abstain during pregnancy [O.R. 1.380; 95% C.I. (1.065-1.787); B(SE)=.322(.132); p=.015] and [O.R. .713; 95% C.I. (.543-.935); B(SE)=-.339(.138); p=.014], respectively. Novelty seeking differentiated never smokers from lifetime smokers (t=-3.487; p=.001), but was not significant in multivariate models. Lifetime smokers who abstained during pregnancy reported fewer depressive symptoms relative to never smokers. CONCLUSIONS Personality dimensions associated with abstinence from smoking and cigarettes per day during pregnancy may be important to consider in etiologic and intervention research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suena H Massey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 North Saint Clair Street, Suite 1000, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 633 North Saint Clair Street, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - David Reiss
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University, 230 South Frontage Rd., New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
| | - Jenae M Neiderhiser
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, 141 Moore Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Leslie D Leve
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, College of Education 6217, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
| | - Daniel S Shaw
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 4101 Sennott Square, 3rd Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Jody M Ganiban
- Department of Psychology, George Washington University Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, 2125 G Street, NW, Room 308, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
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Huh J, Leventhal AM. Intraindividual covariation between e-cigarette and combustible cigarette use in Korean American emerging adults. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2015; 30:246-51. [PMID: 26618795 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Critical gaps exist in understanding the patterns and correlates of dual use of electronic cigarettes (ECs) and combustible cigarettes (CCs), particularly in ethnic minority populations. In this study, we assessed CC and EC use in the naturalistic environment using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). We hypothesized that within-subject variation in EC use (yes/no each day) would be inversely associated with within-subject variation in number of CCs consumed and craving during that same day. We also examined gender and nicotine dependence as moderators of the EC-CC and EC-craving covariations. Korean American emerging adult (KAEA; 18-25 years old) smokers (N = 78) completed 7 days of EMA. Participants completed EMA surveys throughout the day, which assessed CC craving, and end-of-day surveys, which assessed EC use and the number of CCs smoked that day. Generalized linear mixed models were used to predict day-level EC use, with number of CCs smoked and craving during that same day, gender, and nicotine dependence as predictors (n = 501). We found that within-subject variation in CC use was not associated with same-day EC use; neither was within-subject variation in craving (ps > .27). Gender moderated the relationship between craving and EC use on a given day (p = .03); only for females, on the days with higher craving, the likelihood of their EC use that day was significantly heightened. This study does not suggest that EC use is linked with lower CC smoking quantity, at least at the day level and among KAEA smokers. CC craving may play a role in dual EC-CC use for KAEA female smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimi Huh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California
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Abassi M, Abolghasemi A. Temperament and Character Dimensions: Correlates of Impulsivity in Morphine Addicts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH RISK BEHAVIORS & ADDICTION 2015; 4:e21142. [PMID: 26870706 PMCID: PMC4744907 DOI: 10.5812/ijhrba.21142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Given the role of temperament and character dimensions on impulsivity in addicts, the purpose of this study was to temperament and character dimensions: correlates of impulsivity in morphine addicts. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine and verify the association of temperament and character dimensions with impulsivity in morphine addicts. Patients and Methods: The research method was descriptive and correlational. The study sample consisted of 120 morphine addicts referred to drug addiction treatment centers in Ardabil city in 2013. The participants were selected through convenience sampling method from 5 centers. We used impulsivity scale as well as temperament and character inventory to collect data. Results: The results showed that significant relationship existed between impulsivity and characteristics such as novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, persistence, self-directedness, and cooperativeness, while no significant relationship between impulsivity and self-transcendence was observed. The results of the multiple regression analysis showed that 47% of the impulsivity variance was explained by temperament and character dimensions. Conclusions: These findings suggest that temperament and character dimensions are associated with impulsivity. The findings also have important implications for prevention, pathology, and treatment in the morphine addicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moslem Abassi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Salman Farsi University of Kazerun, Kazerun, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Moslem Abassi, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Salman Farsi University of Kazerun, Kazerun, IR Iran. Tel: +98-7212214425, E-mail:
| | - Abbas Abolghasemi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Gilan, Rasht, IR Iran
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Fernández-Mondragón S, Adan A. Personality in male patients with substance use disorder and/or severe mental illness. Psychiatry Res 2015; 228:488-94. [PMID: 26144586 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dual diagnosis (DD) is the coexistence of a substance use disorder (SUD) and severe mental illness (SMI). The aim of this study is to determine for the first time if a specific personality pattern exists for DD patients compared to those who only have SUD or SMI. The sample was composed of 102 male, 34 patients in each group (DD, SUD and SMI). DD and SMI groups included 20 schizophrenic and 14 depressed patients respectively. Cloninger's TCI-R was administered together with a structured interview of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. All the temperament dimensions and Self-directedness provided differences among groups. The DD and SUD showed significant higher scores in Novelty Seeking regarding SMI, whereas for Harm Avoidance the SUD subjects scored lower with respect to the DD and SMI group. Persistence was significant lower for the DD and SMI groups compared to the SUD patients. The DD obtained low significant scores in Reward Dependence in relation to the SUD and Self-directedness in relation to the SUD and SMI. Our data highlight the presence of a different personality profiles among DD, SUD and SMI disorders. Taking into account the patients' personality can benefit the clinical course and minimize the DD impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Fernández-Mondragón
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Adan
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior (IR3C), Barcelona, Spain.
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Aguirre CG, Madrid J, Leventhal AM. Tobacco withdrawal symptoms mediate motivation to reinstate smoking during abstinence. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 124:623-34. [PMID: 25961814 PMCID: PMC4573778 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Withdrawal-based theories of addiction hypothesize that motivation to reinstate drug use following acute abstinence is mediated by withdrawal symptoms. Experimental tests of this hypothesis in the tobacco literature are scant and may be subject to methodological limitations. This study utilized a robust within-subject laboratory experimental design to investigate the extent to which composite tobacco withdrawal symptomatology level and 3 unique withdrawal components (i.e., low positive affect, negative affect, and urge to smoke) mediated the effect of smoking abstinence on motivation to reinstate smoking. Smokers (≥10 cigarettes per day; N = 286) attended 2 counterbalanced sessions at which abstinence duration was differentially manipulated (1 hr vs. 17 hr). At both sessions, participants reported current withdrawal symptoms and subsequently completed a task in which they were monetarily rewarded proportional to the length of time they delayed initiating smoking, with shorter latency reflecting stronger motivation to reinstate smoking. Abstinence reduced latency to smoking initiation and positive affect and increased composite withdrawal symptom level, urge, and negative affect. Abstinence-induced reductions in latency to initiating smoking were mediated by each withdrawal component, with stronger effects operating through urge. Combined analyses suggested that urge, negative affect, and low positive affect operate through empirically unique mediational pathways. Secondary analyses suggested similar effects on smoking quantity, few differences among specific urge and affect subtypes, and that dependence amplifies some abstinence effects. This study provides the first experimental evidence that within-person variation in abstinence impacts motivation to reinstate drug use through withdrawal. Urge, negative affect, and low positive affect may reflect unique withdrawal-mediated mechanisms underlying tobacco addiction.
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Emotion differentiation and intensity during acute tobacco abstinence: A comparison of heavy and light smokers. Addict Behav 2015; 47:70-3. [PMID: 25885662 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability to recognize and label discrete emotions, termed emotion differentiation, is particularly pertinent to overall emotion regulation abilities. Patterns of deficient emotion differentiation have been associated with mood and anxiety disorders but have yet to be examined in relation to nicotine dependence. This study employed ecological momentary assessment to examine smokers' subjective experience of discrete emotions during 24-h of forced tobacco abstinence. Thirty daily smokers rated their emotions up to 23 times over the 24-hour period, and smoking abstinence was biologically verified. From these data, we computed individual difference measures of emotion differentiation, overall emotion intensity, and emotional variability. As hypothesized, heavy smokers reported poorer negative emotion differentiation than light smokers (d=0.55), along with more intense negative emotion (d=0.97) and greater negative emotion variability (d=0.97). No differences were observed in positive emotion differentiation. Across the sample, poorer negative emotion differentiation was associated with greater endorsement of psychological motives to smoke, including negative and positive reinforcement motives, while positive emotion differentiation was not.
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13
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Piper ME. Withdrawal: Expanding a Key Addiction Construct. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 17:1405-15. [PMID: 25744958 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Withdrawal is an essential component of classical addiction theory; it is a vital manifestation of dependence and motivates relapse. However, the traditional conceptualization of withdrawal as a cohesive collection of symptoms that emerge during drug deprivation and decline with either the passage of time or reinstatement of drug use, may be inadequate to explain scientific findings or fit with modern theories of addiction. This article expands the current understanding of tobacco withdrawal by examining: (1) withdrawal variability; (2) underlying causes of withdrawal variability, including biological and person factors, environmental influences, and the influence of highly routinized behavioral patterns; (3) new withdrawal symptoms that allow for enhanced characterization of the withdrawal experience; and (4) withdrawal-related cognitive processes. These topics provide guidance regarding the optimal assessment of withdrawal and illustrate the potential impact modern withdrawal conceptualization and assessment could have on identifying treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Piper
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
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Ismael F, Baltieri DA. Role of personality traits in cocaine craving throughout an outpatient psychosocial treatment program. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2014; 36:24-31. [PMID: 24604459 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cocaine dependence is a major international public health concern. Its chronically relapsing nature is possibly related to craving intensity, which can be influenced by diverse biological and psychological aspects. This study aimed to evaluate the role of different personality traits in craving measured throughout a psychosocial treatment program. METHOD The sample comprised 66 cocaine-dependent outpatients who were enrolled in an individual and manualized cognitive-behavioral therapy program. The influence of personality traits on craving intensity, frequency, and duration was analyzed using a generalized estimating equations model with an autoregressive correlation structure. RESULTS Craving varied during treatment. The personality traits of novelty seeking, reward dependence, and harm avoidance interacted with craving intensity, and the personality trait of persistence interacted with craving duration throughout the treatment period. Furthermore, there were significant interactions between drug use and craving intensity, and between different routes of administration and craving intensity. Participants who used cocaine/crack while in treatment and concurrent users of crack (i.e., freebase) cocaine and powder cocaine also had a higher craving intensity. CONCLUSION The extent of craving variation can depend on certain personality styles. This study shows that craving is influenced by personality traits, and this may presumably change clinical expression involved in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Ismael
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo, São PauloSP, Brazil, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Danilo A Baltieri
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo AndréSP, Brazil, Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
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Wong JA, Pickworth WB, Waters AJ, al’Absi M, Leventhal AM. Cortisol levels decrease after acute tobacco abstinence in regular smokers. Hum Psychopharmacol 2014; 29:152-62. [PMID: 24399662 PMCID: PMC4049137 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the effect of acute tobacco abstinence on cortisol levels in regular smokers, and whether abstinence-induced changes in cortisol levels are correlated with various signs and symptoms of the tobacco withdrawal syndrome. METHODS Smokers (N = 77, ≥15 cigarettes/day) attended two counterbalanced sessions (avg = 1 h), one following 12-20 h of abstinence and the other following ad lib smoking. At both sessions, salivary cortisol levels were measured at three time points. Additionally, a battery of self-report questionnaires, physiological assessments, and cognitive performance tasks were administered to measure signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. RESULTS Salivary cortisol levels were significantly lower during the abstinent session versus the non-abstinent session. No significant associations were found between abstinence-induced changes in cortisol and other tobacco withdrawal measures, although there was suggestive evidence that abstinence-induced changes in cortisol levels and hunger were inversely associated to a modest degree. CONCLUSION Acute tobacco abstinence was associated with decreased cortisol levels. Cortisol dampening during acute tobacco abstinence may reflect nicotine-mediated modulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, which may be relevant to the maintenance of tobacco dependence. Tobacco-withdrawal cortisol changes do not appear to be a cause or consequence of many manifestations of acute tobacco withdrawal with the possible exception of hunger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A. Wong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Andrew J. Waters
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mustafa al’Absi
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Adam M. Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA,Correspondence to: A. M. Leventhal, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 240, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA. Tel: 1-323-442-2732; Fax: 1-323-442-2359
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Hendricks PS, Leventhal AM. Abstinence-related expectancies predict smoking withdrawal effects: implications for possible causal mechanisms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 230:363-73. [PMID: 23812761 PMCID: PMC3934826 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Despite the decades-long emphasis on withdrawal in leading models of addiction, the causal mechanisms driving smoking withdrawal effects are not well known. This gap in the knowledge base has stalled theory and treatment development for smoking dependence. OBJECTIVES As cognitive factors have been largely neglected as predictors of withdrawal, the current study sought to examine how smokers' abstinence-related expectancies relate to withdrawal symptomatology. METHODS Adult smokers (N = 180; ≥10 cigarettes/day) participated in two counterbalanced experimental sessions involving either 16 h of abstinence or smoking as usual. At baseline, participants completed three withdrawal-related scales of the Smoking Abstinence Questionnaire (Withdrawal, Optimistic Outcomes, and Weight Gain scales), a self-report measure of smokers' abstinence-related expectancies. During experimental sessions, participants completed a number of instruments that covered the range of smoking withdrawal effects (i.e., negative affect, urge/craving to smoke, diminished positive affect, concentration difficulty, hunger, and physiological symptoms). RESULTS Even after controlling for the influence of demographic characteristics and cigarette dependence, smokers' abstinence-related expectancies were meaningful predictors of abstinence-induced changes in various withdrawal symptoms (mean adjusted standardized β = 0.22). Stronger expectancies for withdrawal and weight gain predicted more severe withdrawal effects, whereas stronger expectancies for optimistic outcomes predicted less severe withdrawal effects. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with the notion that expectancies actively shape future experience and are the first to support the suggestion that smokers' abstinence-related expectancies may be causal agents of withdrawal symptomatology. Future research is required to more conclusively determine whether abstinence-related expectancies mold withdrawal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S. Hendricks
- Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 227L Ryals Public Health Building, 1665 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Adam M. Leventhal
- Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Quinn A, Sekimura S, Pang R, Trujillo M, Kahler CW, Leventhal AM. Hostility as a predictor of affective changes during acute tobacco withdrawal. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 16:335-42. [PMID: 24113928 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntt151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hostility--a personality trait reflective of cynical attitudes and a general mistrust of others--is associated with smoking status and relapse risk. Yet, the mechanisms linking hostility and smoking are not entirely clear. In this lab study, we tested a socioaffective model that purports that high-hostility individuals smoke to cope with maladaptive social mood states (i.e., anger and low friendliness), which become expressed and exacerbated during acute tobacco withdrawal. METHODS Following a baseline visit at which trait hostility was assessed, adult smokers (n = 153, ≥10 cig/day) attended two counterbalanced lab visits: a deprived session following 16 hr of deprivation, and a nondeprived session. At both lab visits, affect and withdrawal symptoms were assessed at a single time point. RESULTS Higher trait hostility predicted larger deprivation-induced increases in several forms of negative affect (anxiety, depression, confusion; βs ≥ .20, ps ≤ .01) and a composite tobacco withdrawal symptom index (β = .16, p = .04) but did not predict changes in positive emotions. These effects persisted after statistically controlling for gender, nicotine dependence, and depression. Other aspects of trait aggression (i.e., verbal aggression, physical aggression, anger) did not predict deprivation-induced changes in affect and withdrawal other than state anger. DISCUSSION High-hostility individuals appear to experience generalized exacerbations in several negative affective states during acute tobacco withdrawal. Increases in negative affect during tobacco withdrawal may motivate negative reinforcement-mediated smoking and could underlie tobacco addiction in high-hostility smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Quinn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
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18
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Filbey FM, Dunlop J, Myers US. Neural effects of positive and negative incentives during marijuana withdrawal. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61470. [PMID: 23690923 PMCID: PMC3655173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of evidence suggesting two possible mechanisms related to drug-seeking behavior, namely reward-seeking and harm avoidance, much of the addiction literature has focused largely on positive incentivization mechanisms associated with addiction. In this study, we examined the contributing neural mechanisms of avoidance of an aversive state to drug-seeking behavior during marijuana withdrawal. To that end, marijuana users were scanned while performing the monetary incentive delay task in order to assess positive and negative incentive processes. The results showed a group x incentive interaction, such that marijuana users had greater response in areas that underlie reward processes during positive incentives while controls showed greater response in the same areas, but to negative incentives. Furthermore, a negative correlation between withdrawal symptoms and response in the amygdala during negative incentives was found in the marijuana users. These findings suggest that although marijuana users have greater reward sensitivity and less harm avoidance than controls, that attenuated amygdala response, an area that underlies fear and avoidance, was present in marijuana users with greater marijuana withdrawal symptoms. This is concordant with models of drug addiction that involve multiple sources of reinforcement in substance use disorders, and suggests the importance of strategies that focus on respective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca M Filbey
- Center for Brain Health, School of Behavioral and Brain Science, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, United States of America.
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Lee DC, Perkins KA, Zimmerman E, Robbins G, Kelly TH. Effects of 24 hours of tobacco withdrawal and subsequent tobacco smoking among low and high sensation seekers. Nicotine Tob Res 2011; 13:943-54. [PMID: 21690318 PMCID: PMC3179670 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have indicated that high sensation seekers are more sensitive to the reinforcing effects of nicotine, initiate smoking at an earlier age, and smoke greater amounts of cigarettes. This study examined the influence of sensation-seeking status on tobacco smoking following deprivation in regular tobacco users. METHODS Twenty healthy tobacco-smoking volunteers with low or high impulsive sensation-seeking subscale scores completed 2 consecutive test days per week for 3 consecutive weeks. Each week, a range of self-report, performance, and cardiovascular assessments were completed during ad libitum smoking on Day 1 and before and after the paced smoking of a tobacco cigarette containing 0.05, 0.6, or 0.9 mg of nicotine following 24 hr of tobacco deprivation on Day 2. In addition, self-administration behavior was analyzed during a 2-hr free access period after the initial tobacco administration. RESULTS In high sensation seekers, tobacco smoking independent of nicotine yield ameliorated deprivation effects, whereas amelioration of deprivation effects was dependent on nicotine yield among low sensation seekers. However, this effect was limited to a small subset of measures. Subsequent cigarette self-administration increased in a nicotine-dependent manner for high sensation seekers only. CONCLUSIONS Compared with low sensation seekers, high sensation seekers were more sensitive to the withdrawal relieving effects of nonnicotine components of smoking following 24 hr of deprivation on selective measures and more sensitive to nicotine yield during subsequent tobacco self-administration. These results are consistent with studies suggesting that factors driving tobacco dependence may vary as a function of sensation-seeking status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin C Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40503, USA.
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Sussman S, Leventhal A, Bluthenthal RN, Freimuth M, Forster M, Ames SL. A framework for the specificity of addictions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:3399-415. [PMID: 21909314 PMCID: PMC3166750 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8083399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Research over the last two decades suggests that a wide range of substance and behavioral addictions may serve similar functions. Yet, co-occurrence of addictions has only been reported among a minority of addicts. "Addiction specificity" pertains to a phenomenon in which one pattern of addictive behaviors may be acquired whereas another is not. This paper presents the PACE model as a framework which might help explain addiction specificity. Pragmatics, attraction, communication, and expectation (PACE) variables are described, which may help give some direction to future research needs in this arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Sussman
- Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, University of Southern California, California 90032, CA, USA; E-Mails: (A.L.); (R.N.B.); (M.F.)
| | - Adam Leventhal
- Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, University of Southern California, California 90032, CA, USA; E-Mails: (A.L.); (R.N.B.); (M.F.)
| | - Ricky N. Bluthenthal
- Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, University of Southern California, California 90032, CA, USA; E-Mails: (A.L.); (R.N.B.); (M.F.)
| | - Marilyn Freimuth
- Clinical Psychology, Fielding Graduate University, Santa Barbara, California 93105, CA, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Myriam Forster
- Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, University of Southern California, California 90032, CA, USA; E-Mails: (A.L.); (R.N.B.); (M.F.)
| | - Susan L. Ames
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California 91711, CA, USA; E-Mail:
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A quantitative analysis of subjective, cognitive, and physiological manifestations of the acute tobacco abstinence syndrome. Addict Behav 2010; 35:1120-30. [PMID: 20807673 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Previous studies have documented the existence of signs and symptoms of the acute tobacco abstinence syndrome; however, less attention has been paid to quantifying the magnitude of these effects. OBJECTIVE The present study quantified the relative magnitude of subjective, cognitive, and physiological manifestations of acute tobacco abstinence. METHOD Smokers (N=203, ≥ 15 cig/day) attended two counterbalanced laboratory sessions, one following 12-h of abstinence and the other following ad-lib smoking. At both sessions, they completed an extensive battery of self-report measures (withdrawal, affect, hunger, craving, subjective attentional bias towards smoking cues), physiological assessments (heart rate, blood pressure, brain EEG), and cognitive performance tasks (psychomotor processing, sustained attention, objective attentional bias). RESULTS Abstinence effects were largest for craving, subjective attentional bias, negative affect, overall withdrawal severity, concentration difficulty, hunger, and heart rate. Effects were moderate for positive affect and EEG power. Effects were small, but reliable, for psychomotor speed, sustained attention, and somatic symptoms. Effects on performance-based indices of attentional bias towards smoking-related cues were small and reliable for some indices but not others. Effects were small and inconsistent for blood pressure and EEG frequency. Variation in internal consistency accounted for 33% of the variation in abstinence effect sizes across measures. CONCLUSIONS There was a wide range of effect sizes both across and within domains, indicating that the acute tobacco abstinence syndrome is not a monotonic phenomenon. These findings may be indicative of the relative magnitudes of signs and symptoms that the average smoker may exhibit during acute abstinence.
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DE LOS COBOS JOSÉPÉREZ, SIÑOL NÚRIA, TRUJOLS JOAN, BAÑULS ENRIQUE, BATLLE FANNY, TEJERO ANTONI. Drug-dependent inpatients reporting continuous absence of spontaneous drug craving for the main substance throughout detoxification treatment. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010; 30:403-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cloninger's neuropsychopharmacological theory identifies four temperament traits and three character traits that are largely heritable and are associated with addictions. METHODS We tested whether these personality traits were associated with smoking behavior and predicted smoking cessation and tobacco withdrawal symptoms. We conducted an Internet cohort study in 2005-2009. The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI, 226 items, French version) was assessed in 2,993 people (1,593 current, 969 former, and 419 never-smokers). Subsets of participants indicated their smoking status after 30 days (n = 1,452, 48.5%) and answered the TCI again and reported tobacco withdrawal symptoms after 61 days (n = 644, 21.5%). RESULTS Compared with never- and former smokers, daily smokers had higher scores of Harm Avoidance (HA) and lower scores of Persistence and Self-Directedness (SD). Daily smokers had higher scores of Novelty Seeking than never-smokers. In daily smokers, the level of tobacco dependence was associated with higher scores of HA and lower scores of SD. In the 60 daily smokers who had stopped smoking after 61 days, after adjustment for tobacco dependence level and baseline tobacco withdrawal ratings, SD predicted lower scores of depressed mood and anxiety at 61-day follow-up and HA predicted higher scores of depressed mood at 61-day follow-up. Personality ratings did not predict smoking cessation at follow-up in daily smokers or relapse in former smokers. DISCUSSION A consistent association was found between smoking and high HA and low SD. Knowledge about these associations may be useful to clinicians to tailor counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Etter
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Geneva, CMU, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Adan A, Lachica J, Caci H, Natale V. CIRCADIAN TYPOLOGY AND TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS. Chronobiol Int 2010; 27:181-93. [DOI: 10.3109/07420520903398559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kahler CW, Leventhal AM, Daughters SB, Clark MA, Colby SM, Ramsey SE, Boergers J, Abrams DB, Niaura R, Buka SL. Relationships of personality and psychiatric disorders to multiple domains of smoking motives and dependence in middle-aged adults. Nicotine Tob Res 2010; 12:381-9. [PMID: 20167635 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntq014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individual differences in psychopathology and personality may associate with dependence on smoking for specific motivational reasons. However, the associations among psychopathology, personality, and smoking dependence and motives have not been examined simultaneously in studies to date, leaving it unclear whether specific patterns of affective and behavioral functioning are associated with specific aspects of smoking dependence. METHODS The present study examined these associations in 296 current smokers aged 35-43 years. Smoking dependence and motives were assessed with structured interview, the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, and the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives. RESULTS Regardless of the measure of smoking dependence tested, a lifetime history of major depression and high levels of trait stress reaction were consistently related to greater current smoking dependence severity. Substance dependence showed significant associations with some measures of smoking dependence but had relatively few effects when entered in models along with depression history and trait stress reaction. In multivariate models, alcohol dependence and conduct disorder history did not show unique significant associations with smoking dependence nor did trait aggression, alienation, control, or harm avoidance. DISCUSSION Results indicate little specificity in the associations of particular psychiatric diagnoses or personality traits with specific self-reported facets of smoking dependence. It appears that a general vulnerability to depression and negative emotions is the most robust indicator of vulnerability to high levels of self-reported smoking dependence, regardless of which dimensions of smoking dependence are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Kahler
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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Cloninger CR, Zohar AH, Cloninger KM. Promotion of Well-Being in Person-Centered Mental Health Care. FOCUS (AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC PUBLISHING) 2010; 8:165-179. [PMID: 26146491 PMCID: PMC4486313 DOI: 10.1176/foc.8.2.foc165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of the mechanisms of personality development provides a systematic way to promote health as an integrated state of physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being. Individual differences in personality are causal antecedents of the full range of psychopathology. The maturation with integration of personality appears to be an important mechanism by which diverse modalities of treatment promote wellness and reduce illness. First, the authors review the relationship between personality and a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Second, the authors evaluate the impact of character structure on a wide range of measures of well-being, including positive emotions, negative emotions, life satisfaction, perceived social support, and perceived health. Third, the authors describe a practical and inexpensive clinical method for facilitating the maturation and integration of personality based on an understanding of the processes of human thought, which underlie changes in personality and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Robert Cloninger
- Director, Center for Well-Being, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ada H Zohar
- Chair of Psychology, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Israel
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Allen AM, Mooney M, Chakraborty R, Allen SS. Circadian patterns of ad libitum smoking by menstrual phase. Hum Psychopharmacol 2009; 24:503-6. [PMID: 19517420 PMCID: PMC4516054 DOI: 10.1002/hup.1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent research suggests nicotine metabolism may be influenced by sex hormones. Thus, we hypothesized that circadian smoking patterns would vary by menstrual phase. METHODS Healthy female smokers (n = 31) between the ages of 18 and 40 with regular menstrual cycles, and not using hormones or psychotropic medications, were recruited for a randomized clinical study. Subjects recorded the time of each cigarette smoked and their menstrual phase with daily diaries prospectively for one complete menstrual cycle of ad libitum smoking. Analyses included Poisson regression to assess variations in the rate of smoking during waking hours (i.e., 6:00 a.m. and 12:00 midnight) and circadian smoking patterns by menstrual phase. RESULTS Participants were 29.61 +/- 5.44 years of age and smoked 16.93 +/- 5.37 cigarettes per day. Participants had a lower rate of smoking during waking hours in the follicular phase as compared to the menses phase. There were no significant menstrual phase differences in the circadian smoking patterns. CONCLUSIONS These results offer further support for the influence of sex hormones on smoking behavior, but not on circadian patterns of smoking. Additional research is needed to study the direct relationship between nicotine metabolism, sex hormones, menstrual phase, and smoking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M. Allen
- Correspondence to: A. M. Allen, Medical School, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, 2701 University Avenue SE, Suite 201, Minneapolis, MN 55414. Tel: 612-627-1818; Fax: 612-627-4899, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Varying aspects of impulsive personality have been associated with tobacco use in cross-sectional and prospective studies, including novelty seeking and (low) constraint but most studies have not examined more than one tobacco use phenotype (e.g., any tobacco use versus dependence) or considered more than one variety of impulsiveness simultaneously. METHODS The current study was conducted to evaluate the association of impulsive personality features with multiple tobacco use phenotypes including smoking status, lifetime tobacco consumption, and dependence in a sample of 1284 adults between the ages of 30 and 54. Participants completed multiple self-report measures of impulsive personality and were interviewed regarding lifetime tobacco use. RESULTS Results revealed that reward seeking and disinhibitory traits were both associated with smoking status but only disinhibition was associated with tobacco dependence, after controlling for reward seeking. CONCLUSIONS The results reported here may aid investigations aimed at identifying neurobiological, including genetic, correlates of tobacco use and dependence by providing potential behavioral correlates of the diversity of tobacco use phenotypes. Moreover, successful efforts to prevent tobacco-related disease through prevention or cessation programs will be facilitated by the identification of factors that are differentially associated with different smoking phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine D Flory
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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Palomo T, Beninger RJ, Kostrzewa RM, Archer T. Affective status in relation to impulsive, motor and motivational symptoms: personality, development and physical exercise. Neurotox Res 2009; 14:151-68. [PMID: 19073423 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The contributions of impulsive and risk-taking behaviour in depressive and bipolar disorders, motivational and motor behaviours in anhedonic and substance addictive states, and the factors, particularly distress and trauma, underlying the development of neuropathology in affective status are described from clinical, epidemiological and laboratory perspectives. In order to distinguish one case factor for biopsychological substrates of health, an array of self-reported characteristics, e.g., positive or negative affect, stress or energy, optimism, etc., that may be predictive or counterpredictive for the propensity for physical exercise and activity were analysed using a linear regression in twelve different studies. Several individual characteristics were found to be markedly and significantly predictive of the exercise propensity, i.e., positive affect, energy, health-seeking behaviour and character, while optimism was of lesser, though significant, importance. Several individual characteristics were found to be significantly counterpredictive: expression of BDI- and HAD-depression, major sleep problems and lack/negligence of health-seeking behaviour. The consequences of physical activity and exercise for both affective well-being, cognitive mobility and neurogenesis is noted, particularly with regard to developmental assets for younger individuals. Affective disorder states may be studied through analyses of personal characteristics that unfold predispositions for symptoms-profiles and biomarkers derived from properties of dysfunction, such as impulsiveness, temperament dimensions, anhedonia and 'over-sensitivity', whether interpersonal or to reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Palomo
- Servicio Psiquiatrico, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid
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Yamada H, Acton GS, Tsoh JY. Differential item functioning of the English and Chinese versions of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. Addict Behav 2009; 34:125-33. [PMID: 18929444 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 09/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Different language versions of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) have been developed, but no studies have evaluated measurement equivalence between the respective non-English and English versions. We investigated differential item functioning (DIF) of the English and Chinese versions using a multidimensional item response theory approach. A community sample of 409 American smokers completed the English version (n=241) and the Chinese version (n=168). Results indicated two correlated dimensions (morning and daytime nicotine dependence) of the FTND and one item (difficult to refrain) showing significant large DIF, suggesting respondents using the Chinese version were more likely to endorse this item and report more difficulty to refrain from smoking at various public places even after controlling for the nicotine dependence level. However, the impact of this DIF item was found negligible on the scale level, suggesting the acceptability of conducting scale-level analysis using both language versions. Further analysis revealed that the reliabilities of two dimensions did not meet the commonly accepted standard. Suggestions were made to improve scale reliabilities of the FTND.
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