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Mohr A, de Souza Barbosa F, Wingert NR, Takeuchi CK, Garcia L, Ribeiro MFN, Arbo MD, de Oliveira TF, Steppe M. Analysis of omarigliptin forced degradation products by ultra-fast liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and in vitro toxicity assay. Biomed Chromatogr 2024:e5904. [PMID: 38811368 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Omarigliptin (OMG) is an antidiabetic drug indicated for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Forced degradation studies are practical experiments to evaluate the stability of drugs and to establish degradation profiles. Herein, we present the investigation of the degradation products (DPs) of OMG formed under various stress conditions. OMG was subjected to hydrolytic (alkaline and acidic), oxidative, thermal, and photolytic forced degradation. A stability-indicating ultra-fast liquid chromatography method was applied to separate and quantify OMG and its DPs. Five DPs were adequately separated and detected in less than 6 min, while other published methods detected four DPs. MS was applied to identify and obtain information on the structural elucidation of the DPs. Three m/z DPs confirmed previously published research, and two novel DPs were described in this paper. The toxicity of OMG and its DPs were investigated for the first time using in vitro cytotoxicity assays, and the sample under oxidative conditions presented significant cytotoxicity. Based on the results from forced degradation studies, OMG was found to be labile to hydrolysis, oxidation, photolytic, and thermal stress conditions. The results of this study contribute to the quality control and stability profile of OMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Mohr
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fábio de Souza Barbosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiza Garcia
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Dutra Arbo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiago Franco de Oliveira
- Departamento de Farmacociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Martin Steppe
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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2
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Liana A, Hałuszczuk A, Gawor A, Bulska E. Identification and Structural Characterization of Degradation Products of Linagliptin by Mass Spectrometry Techniques. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2591. [PMID: 38473837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
As part of the development and production of pharmaceuticals, the purity of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients stands as a fundamental parameter that significantly influences the quality, safety, and efficacy of the final drug product. Impurities in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients are various unwanted substances that can appear during the whole manufacturing process, from raw materials to the final product. These impurities can stem from multiple sources, including starting materials, intermediates, reagents, solvents, and even degradation products resulting from exposure to environmental factors such as heat, light, or moisture. Their presence can potentially compromise the therapeutic effect of the drug, introduce unexpected side effects, or even pose safety risks to patients. This study aims to conduct the forced degradation of linagliptin and subsequently attempt to identify the resulting degradants. The degradation procedures were carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the International Committee for Harmonization. The degradation profile of linagliptin was investigated under various conditions, including acid hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis, oxidation, heat, and light exposure, utilizing ultra-performance liquid chromatography connected to a photo array detector. Identification and characterization of the degradation products were achieved using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a single quadrupole detector mass spectrometer and also a liquid chromatography coupled with a high-resolution mass spectrometry. The identified degradation products demonstrate that linagliptin is particularly susceptible to degradation when exposed to acid and peroxide. Whereas, no significant degradation effects were observed under alkali, thermolytic, and photolytic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Liana
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
- Pharmaceutical Plant Polpharma S.A., Pelpińska 19, 83-200 Starograd Gdański, Poland
| | - Adam Hałuszczuk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gawor
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Bulska
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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3
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da Silva AT, Brabo GR, Porto DDS, da Silva Jonco J, Bajerski L, Paula FR, Paim CS. Empagliflozin: Validation of Stability-Indicating LC Method and in silico Toxicity Studies. J Chromatogr Sci 2024; 62:132-139. [PMID: 36585772 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A new stability-indicating liquid chromatography method was developed for the quantification of empagliflozin and two synthetic impurities. The chromatographic conditions included Spherisorb® RP-18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with a PDA detector, using acetonitrile and formic acid (pH 4.0) as mobile phase in gradient elution and flow-rate of 1.2 mL·min-1. The gradient increasing from 51 to 100% acetonitrile until 11.00 min, followed by decreasing the solvent from 100% to the initial ratio from 11.01 to 15.00 min. The method was validated according to International Council of Harmonization guidelines. The LOD and LOQ values for impurities A and B were 35 and 15 ng·mL-1, respectively, (for LOD) and 115 and 35 ng.mL-1, respectively (for LOQ). The method was linear in the range of 80-140, 115-1150 and 35-350 ng·mL-1 for EMPA, impurities A and B, respectively, and the correlation coefficient were > 0.999 in all situations, indicating the method good linearity. The developed method showed a good recovery for empagliflozin and added impurities. The method has proven to be precise, demonstrated values less than 2.0% to empagliflozin and 5.0% to synthetic impurities, robust and selective with no interference from other products in the determination of analytes. The in silico toxicity prediction suggested that the impurities do not present any toxicity risk for the parameters evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Tassinari da Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade; Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA-Campus Uruguaiana-RS), BR 472-Km 585, CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil
| | - Gabriela Rossi Brabo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade; Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA-Campus Uruguaiana-RS), BR 472-Km 585, CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil
| | - Douglas Dos Santos Porto
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade; Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA-Campus Uruguaiana-RS), BR 472-Km 585, CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil
| | - Jaizor da Silva Jonco
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade; Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA-Campus Uruguaiana-RS), BR 472-Km 585, CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA-Campus Uruguaiana-RS), BR 472-Km 585, CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil
| | - Lisiane Bajerski
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade; Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA-Campus Uruguaiana-RS), BR 472-Km 585, CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil
| | - Fávero Reisdorfer Paula
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade; Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA-Campus Uruguaiana-RS), BR 472-Km 585, CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA-Campus Uruguaiana-RS), BR 472-Km 585, CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil
| | - Clésio Soldateli Paim
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade; Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA-Campus Uruguaiana-RS), BR 472-Km 585, CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA-Campus Uruguaiana-RS), BR 472-Km 585, CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil
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4
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Hoseininezhad-Namin MS, Rahimpour E, Jouyban A. Favipiravir, remdesivir, and lopinavir: metabolites, degradation products and their analytical methods. Drug Metab Rev 2024; 56:127-144. [PMID: 38445647 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2326415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic all over the world. Several studies have suggested that antiviral drugs such as favipiravir (FAV), remdesivir (RDV), and lopinavir (LPV) may potentially prevent the spread of the virus in the host cells and person-to-person transmission. Simultaneously with the widespread use of these drugs, their stability and action mechanism studies have also attracted the attention of many researchers. This review focuses on the action mechanism, metabolites and degradation products of these antiviral drugs (FAV, RDV and LPV) and demonstrates various methods for their quantification and discrimination in the different biological samples. Herein, the instrumental methods for analysis of the main form of drugs or their metabolite and degradation products are classified into two types: optical and chromatography methods which the last one in combination with various detectors provides a powerful method for routine and stability analyses. Some representative studies are reported in this review and the details of them are carefully explained. It is hoped that this review will be a good guideline study and provide a better understanding of these drugs from the aspects investigated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Saleh Hoseininezhad-Namin
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Rahimpour
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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5
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Zelesky T, Baertschi SW, Foti C, Allain LR, Hostyn S, Franca JR, Li Y, Marden S, Mohan S, Ultramari M, Huang Z, Adams N, Campbell JM, Jansen PJ, Kotoni D, Laue C. Pharmaceutical Forced Degradation (Stress Testing) Endpoints: A Scientific Rationale and Industry Perspective. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2948-2964. [PMID: 37690775 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Forced degradation (i.e., stress testing) of small molecule drug substances and products is a critical part of the drug development process, providing insight into the intrinsic stability of a drug that is foundational to the development and validation of stability-indicating analytical methods. There is a lack of clarity in the scientific literature and regulatory guidance as to what constitutes an "appropriate" endpoint to a set of stress experiments. That is, there is no clear agreement regarding how to determine if a sample has been sufficiently stressed. Notably, it is unclear what represents a suitable justification for declaring a drug substance (DS) or drug product (DP) "stable" to a specific forced degradation condition. To address these concerns and to ensure all pharmaceutically-relevant, potential degradation pathways have been suitably evaluated, we introduce a two-endpoint classification designation supported by experimental data. These two endpoints are 1) a % total degradation target outcome (e.g., for "reactive" drugs) or, 2) a specified amount of stress, even in the absence of any degradation (e.g., for "stable" drugs). These recommended endpoints are based on a review of the scientific literature, regulatory guidance, and a forced degradation data set from ten global pharmaceutical companies. The experimental data set, derived from the Campbell et al. (2022) benchmarking study,1 provides justification for the recommendations. Herein we provide a single source reference for small molecule DS and DP forced degradation stress conditions and endpoint best practices to support regulatory submissions (e.g., marketing applications). Application of these forced degradation conditions and endpoints, as part of a well-designed, comprehensive and a sufficiently rigorous study plan that includes both the DS and DP, provides comprehensive coverage of pharmaceutically-relevant degradation and avoids unreasonably extreme stress conditions and drastic endpoint recommendations sometimes found in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Zelesky
- Analytical Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | | | - Chris Foti
- Analytical Development and Operations, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California, USA.
| | | | - Steven Hostyn
- Predictive Analytics & Stability Sciences CoE, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Yi Li
- Analytical Development and Operations, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - Stacey Marden
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shikhar Mohan
- Analytical Development and Operations, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - Mariah Ultramari
- Spektra Soluções Científico-Regulatórias Ltda, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zongyun Huang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Neal Adams
- Pfizer, Scientific and Laboratory Services - Analytical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., 7000 Portage Road, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA
| | - John M Campbell
- Analytical Development, GSK, Upper Providence, PA 19426, USA
| | - Patrick J Jansen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Dorina Kotoni
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Laue
- Chemical & Pharmaceutical Development, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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6
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Vaddamanu G, Goswami A, Nandipati RSR, Malireddy YT, Katam Reddy VKR, Mulakayala N. Identification, Synthesis, and Characterization of Potential Oxidative Impurities of Venetoclax: Application of Meisenheimer Rearrangement. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38494-38505. [PMID: 37867659 PMCID: PMC10586452 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Venetoclax is a potent BCL-2 inhibitor that is used for the treatment of several blood cancers. During the oxidative stress degradation of venetoclax, we observed the formation of two potential impurities at levels of about 8-10%, which have similar molecular weights. The two impurities were isolated and identified as 4-(3-((1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)oxy)-4-(((3-nitro-4-(((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl)amino)phenyl)sulfonyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)-1-((4'-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl)piperazine 1-oxide (venetoclax N-oxide, VNO) and 2-((1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)oxy)-4-(4-((4'-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)methoxy)piperazin-1-yl)-N-((3-nitro-4-(((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl)amino)phenyl)sulfonyl)benzamide (venetoclax hydroxylamine impurity, VHA). To confirm these two compounds, we have synthesized each impurity individually and analyzed it by high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 2D NMR. VNO was synthesized by the oxidation of venetoclax using m-CPBA in dichloromethane to get the required N-oxide impurity. After the confirmation of the VNO impurity, the VNO impurity was heated with water at reflux in a sealed tube for 36 h to get the VHA impurity of about 6-8% after 36 h. After thorough analysis, it was confirmed that venetoclax N-oxide undergoes [1,2] Meisenheimer rearrangement to form the venetoclax hydroxylamine impurity. These two impurities may be relevant reference standards in manufacturing venetoclax Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) (or) tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guruswamy Vaddamanu
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Applied Science and Humanities, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology
and Research (Deemed to Be University), Vadlamudi, Guntur 522 213, India
- SVAK
Lifesciences, ALEAP Industrial
Area, Hyderabad 500090, Telangana, India
| | - Anandarup Goswami
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Applied Science and Humanities, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology
and Research (Deemed to Be University), Vadlamudi, Guntur 522 213, India
| | | | | | | | - Naveen Mulakayala
- SVAK
Lifesciences, ALEAP Industrial
Area, Hyderabad 500090, Telangana, India
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7
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Wang J, Ottosson J, Tentarelli S. Development of hydrolytic stability screening methods for early drug discovery with high differentiation and predictive power. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 233:115478. [PMID: 37245329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In early drug discovery, hydrolytic chemical stability is routinely assessed to ensure future developability of quality compounds and stability in in vitro test environments. When conducting high-throughput hydrolytic stability analyses as part of the compound risk assessment, aggressive conditions are typically applied to allow for faster screening. However, it can be challenging to extrapolate the real stability risk and to rank compounds due to over-estimating risk based on aggressive conditions and the narrow discriminative window. In this study, critical assay parameters including temperature, concentration, and detection technique were systematically assessed using selected model compounds, and the impact and interplay of these parameters on predictive power and prediction quality were evaluated. Improved data quality was achieved using high sample concentration and reduced temperature, combined with ultraviolet (UV) detection, while mass spectrometry (MS) detection was found to be a useful complementary detection technique. Therefore, a highly discriminative stability protocol with optimized assay parameters and experimental data quality is proposed. The optimized assay can provide early guidance on the potential stability risk of a drug molecule as well as enable more confident decision-making in compound design, selection, and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyan Wang
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA.
| | - Jenny Ottosson
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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8
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Kosarac I, Katuri GP, Kubwabo C, Siddique S, Mischki TK. Quantitation and Stability of Nicotine in Canadian Vaping Liquids. TOXICS 2023; 11:378. [PMID: 37112605 PMCID: PMC10144332 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes, vaping products) have become increasingly popular, with recent increases in use associated with closed systems delivering higher concentrations of nicotine. Most vaping products designed as an alternative to combustible cigarettes contain nicotine. A number of published studies have examined the reported concentrations of nicotine in vaping liquids (e-liquids) and found discrepancies between labelled and measured levels. Some discrepancy can also be explained by the lack of stability of nicotine in these types of products. Recently, a chemical analysis method for the quantitative determination of low and high levels of nicotine in vaping liquids was developed. This method uses dilution with acetonitrile prior to analysis with gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in single ion monitoring mode (SIM). The developed method was validated using a laboratory-prepared vaping liquid as well as commercially available, nicotine-free products fortified with nicotine in the laboratory. The method detection limit (MDL) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) for nicotine were calculated to be 0.002 mg/mL and 0.006 mg/mL, respectively. The newly developed method was applied to quantify nicotine in commercially available vaping liquids of various flavour profiles and across a wide range of nicotine concentrations, including those with nicotine salts. Furthermore, a subset of vaping liquids were analyzed to elucidate nicotine stability in various product subtypes. After a period of six months of accelerated storage to mimic one year, the overall mean percent of the original nicotine concentration remaining in the salt-based vaping products was 85% (minimum 64%, maximum 99%) while in the free-base nicotine products it was 74% (minimum 31%, maximum 106%). Nicotine stability in vaping liquids was found to be influenced by the nicotine form (pH) of formulation and its chemical composition. Non-targeted, qualitative analysis of chemical composition of vaping products showed that most constituents were identified and found to be remaining in the products following stability trials; however, three new compounds were tentatively identified in some vaping liquids at the end of the stability trials. Stability studies and the accurate quantitation of nicotine in vaping products can help inform product standards related to the safety, quality and utility of vaping products as a smoking cessation tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Kosarac
- Tobacco Control Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Guru P. Katuri
- Tobacco Control Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Cariton Kubwabo
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Shabana Siddique
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Trevor K. Mischki
- Tobacco Control Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
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9
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Bonciarelli S, Desantis J, Cerquiglini S, Goracci L. MassChemSite for In-Depth Forced Degradation Analysis of PARP Inhibitors Olaparib, Rucaparib, and Niraparib. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:7005-7016. [PMID: 36844573 PMCID: PMC9948214 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Drugs must satisfy several protocols and tests before being approved for the market. Among them, forced degradation studies aim to evaluate drug stability under stressful conditions in order to predict the formation of harmful degradation products (DPs). Recent advances in LC-MS instrumentation have facilitated the structure elucidation of degradants, although a comprehensive data analysis still represents a bottle-neck due to the massive amount of data that can be easily generated. MassChemSite has been recently described as a promising informatics solution for LC-MS/MS and UV data analysis of forced degradation experiments and for the automated structural identification of DPs. Here, we applied MassChemSite to investigate the forced degradation of three poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (olaparib, rucaparib, and niraparib) under basic, acidic, neutral, and oxidative stress conditions. Samples were analyzed by UHPLC with online DAD coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. The kinetic evolution of the reactions and the influence of solvent on the degradation process were also assessed. Our investigation confirmed the formation of three DPs of olaparib and the wide degradation of the drug under the basic condition. Intriguingly, base-catalyzed hydrolysis of olaparib was greater when the content of aprotic-dipolar solvent in the mixture decreased. For the other two compounds, whose stability has been much less studied previously, six new degradants of rucaparib were identified under oxidative degradation, while niraparib emerged as stable under all stress conditions tested.
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10
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A Review on Forced Degradation Strategies to Establish the Stability of Therapeutic Peptide Formulations. Int J Pept Res Ther 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-023-10492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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11
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Haneef J, Amir M, Sheikh NA, Chadha R. Mitigating Drug Stability Challenges Through Cocrystallization. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:62. [PMID: 36759434 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02522-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug stability plays a significant role in the pharmaceutical industry from early-phase drug discovery to product registration as well as the entire life cycle of a product. Various formulation approaches have been employed to overcome drug stability issues. These approaches are sometimes time-consuming which ultimately affect the timeline of the product launch and may further require formulation optimization steps, affecting the overall cost. Pharmaceutical cocrystal is a well-established route to fine tune the biopharmaceutical properties of drugs without covalent modification. This article highlights the role of cocrystallization in mitigating the stability issues of challenging drug molecules. Representative case studies wherein the drug stability issue is addressed through pharmaceutical cocrystals have been discussed briefly and are summarized in tabular form. The emphasis has been made on the structural information of cocrystals and understanding the mechanism that improves the stability of the parent drug through cocrystallization. Besides, a guided strategy has been proposed to modulate the stability of drug molecules through cocrystallization approach. Finally, the stability concern of fixed-dose or drug combinations and the challenges associated with cocrystals are also touched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshed Haneef
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110 062, India.
| | - Mohd Amir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110 062, India
| | - Nadeem Ahmed Sheikh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110 062, India
| | - Renu Chadha
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
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Toujani E, Mejri W, Lassoued HE, Toujani S, Fliss O, Cheikh MHB, Safta F. Development and validation of a stability-indicating high performance liquid chromatographic assay for determination of cariprazine in bulk form and in drug product. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2023; 81:83-93. [PMID: 36037933 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to develop a stability indicating high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of cariprazine in bulk substance and in drug product. The chromatographic separation was carried out using a Phenomenex Kinetex® C18 column (5μm, 250×4.6mm) and a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer (pH 4; 50mM) (30:70, v/v), at a flow rate of 1mlmin -1 and UV detection at 248nm. The column was maintained at 25°C and an injection volume of 20μL was used. Stress testing of cariprazine bulk substance and drug product was performed according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Q1A (R2) guideline. Various stress conditions were tested including acidic, alkaline and neutral hydrolysis, humidity, oxidation, dry heat and photolysis. A total of three degradation products (DPs) were formed. Among them two DPs were successfully characterized with the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Toujani
- National Control Laboratory of Tunisia, Jebel Lakhdar Street, 1006 Bab Saadoun-Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Chemical, Galenic and Pharmacological Development of Medicines (LR12ES09), University of Monastir, Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Ibn Sina Street, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - W Mejri
- National Control Laboratory of Tunisia, Jebel Lakhdar Street, 1006 Bab Saadoun-Tunis, Tunisia
| | - H E Lassoued
- Laboratory of Chemical, Galenic and Pharmacological Development of Medicines (LR12ES09), University of Monastir, Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Ibn Sina Street, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - S Toujani
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Djebel Lakhdhar street, 1007 Bab Saadoun-Tunis, Tunisia
| | - O Fliss
- National Control Laboratory of Tunisia, Jebel Lakhdar Street, 1006 Bab Saadoun-Tunis, Tunisia
| | - M H B Cheikh
- Laboratory of Chemical, Galenic and Pharmacological Development of Medicines (LR12ES09), University of Monastir, Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Ibn Sina Street, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - F Safta
- Laboratory of Chemical, Galenic and Pharmacological Development of Medicines (LR12ES09), University of Monastir, Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Ibn Sina Street, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
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13
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Sato H, Yamane C, Higuchi K, Shindo T, Shikama H, Yamada K, Onoue S. Development of stabilized fuzapladib solution for injection: forced degradation study and pharmacokinetic evaluation. Pharm Dev Technol 2022; 27:565-571. [PMID: 35694736 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2089165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate stabilized injection solutions of fuzapladib sodium hydrate using antioxidants as the stabilizers. To estimate the possible degradation factors and pathways of fuzapladib, forced degradation studies were conducted under thermal, acid, base, oxidative, and light conditions. To select an optimal excipient to stabilize fuzapladib under a solution state, a screening study of antioxidants was carried out to evaluate their effects to inhibit the degradation. The influence of the selected stabilizers on its pharmacokinetic behavior was evaluated in rats after intravenous administration. On the basis of data from the forced degradation study, thermal and oxidative stresses were significant factors accelerating the degradation of fuzapladib. Among eight tested antioxidants, vitamin C (VC) was the most effective stabilizer to suppress the accelerated degradation by heating, as evidenced by 45% inhibition of the degradation. The stabilization effect was enhanced depending on the concentration of VC. After the intravenous administration of fuzapladib (0.5 mg/kg) with or without VC (2.1 mg/kg), there were no significant differences between the pharmacokinetic behaviors of each group. From these findings, VC might be a promising excipient to stabilize the injection solution of fuzapladib without significant influence on its pharmacokinetic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Sato
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Chika Yamane
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Koji Higuchi
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.,Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha, Ltd., Kusatsu, Japan
| | | | | | - Kohei Yamada
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Satomi Onoue
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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14
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Boukoufi C, Boudier A, Maincent P, Vigneron J, Clarot I. Food-inspired innovations to improve the stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Int J Pharm 2022; 623:121881. [PMID: 35680111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Food-processing and pharmaceutical industries share a lot of stability issues against the same physical, chemical, and microbiological phenomena. They also share some solutions to improve the stability as the use of preservatives and packaging. Ecological concerns lead to the development of tremendous innovations in food. Some of these innovations could also be beneficial in the pharmaceutical domain. The objective of this review is to evaluate the potential application of these findings in the pharmaceutical field and the main limits in terms of toxicity, environmental, economic and regulatory issues. The principal factors influencing the shelf-life were highlighted through the description of the stability studies usually performed in the pharmaceutical industry (according to European guidelines). To counter those factors, different solutions are currently available as preservatives and specific packaging. They were described and debated with an overview of recent food innovations in each field. The limits of the current solutions in the pharmaceutical field and the innovation in the food field have inspired a critical pharmaceutical outlook. The active and intelligent packaging for active pharmaceutical ingredients of the future is imagined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Boukoufi
- Université de Lorraine, CITHEFOR, F-54000 Nancy, France; Pharmacy Department, University Hospital, 54511 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Jean Vigneron
- Pharmacy Department, University Hospital, 54511 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Igor Clarot
- Université de Lorraine, CITHEFOR, F-54000 Nancy, France.
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15
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Palakurthi AK, Dongala T. Simultaneous Estimation of Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Methyl Paraben, Propyl Paraben, Sodium Benzoate and Related Impurities in Over-the-Counter Syrup Formulation. Pharm Chem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Kalal DJ, Redasani VK. Stability-indicating RP-HPLC method development and validation for estimation of Mupirocin calcium in bulk and in pharmaceutical formulation. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-022-00412-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
A simple, rapid, sensitive and selective stability-indicating (RP-HPLC) method is suggested for the determination of Mupirocin calcium in bulk drug and in pharmaceutical formulation. Mupirocin calcium was eluted from a PrincetoneSPHER-100 C8 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column with mobile phase consisting of methanol and water (75:25 v/v) pH adjusted to 4 with acetic acid. The gradient was optimized with a flow rate of 1 mL/min and a wavelength of 221 nm.
Result
The complete analytical method validation was successfully carried out as per ICH guidelines. The retrieval study was carried out at 80% to 120% level of working concentration, and results were in the range of 99 to 101%. The linearity was proven in range of 4–24 µg/mL of working concentration with linear regression curve (R2 = 0.999) with limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) being 0.35 and 1.08 µg/mL, respectively. The retention time for Mupirocin calcium was 5.09 min. The method shows good recoveries and intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations were less than 2%. Validation parameters as ruggedness and robustness were also determined as per ICH guidelines and were found to be satisfactory. For stability study, the drug was exposed to various stress conditions such as acid, base, oxidation and sunlight as per recommendations of ICH guidelines.
Conclusion
The developed HPLC method could be successfully used for the estimation of Mupirocin calcium in bulk and in Pharmaceutical formulation. The high recovery and low relative standard deviation confirm the suitability of proposed method that can be employed for the routine analysis in bulk and Pharmaceutical formulation.
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17
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Jahani M, Fazly Bazzaz BS, Akaberi M, Rajabi O, Hadizadeh F. Recent Progresses in Analytical Perspectives of Degradation Studies and Impurity Profiling in Pharmaceutical Developments: An Updated Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1094-1115. [PMID: 35108132 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2008226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Forced degradation studies have been used to simplify analytical methodology development and achieve a deeper knowledge about the inherent stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and drug products. This provides insight into degradation species and pathways. Identification of impurities in pharmaceutical products is closely related to the selection of the most appropriate analytical methods like HPLC-UV, LC-MS/MS, LC-NMR, GC-MS, and capillary electrophoresis. Herein, recent trends in analytical perspectives during 2018-April 14, 2021, are discussed based on forced and impurity degradation profiling of pharmaceuticals. Literature review showed that several methods have been used for experimental design and analysis conditions such as matrix type, column type, mobile phase, elution modes, detection wavelengths, and therapeutic category. Thus, since these factors influence the separation and identification of the impurities and degradation products, we attempted to perform a statistical analysis for the developed methods according to the abovementioned factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Jahani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bibi Sedigheh Fazly Bazzaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Akaberi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Omid Rajabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzin Hadizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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18
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Vymyslický F, Křížek T, Kozlík P, Kubíčková A, Heřt J, Bartosińska E. Alternative method for canagliflozin oxidation analysis using an electrochemical flow cell - Comparative study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114341. [PMID: 34474952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper highlights the potential of electrochemical flow cells for oxidative-stress testing of active pharmaceutical ingredients using canagliflozin as a model substance. Based on design of experiments, we developed our method through a reduced combinatorial design, optimizing the following independent variables: cell size, electrolyte flow rate, electrolyte concentration, and electrolyte pH. Using ammonium phosphate buffer with methanol in a 50/50 vol ratio as a working electrolyte, we electrochemically oxidized samples and analyzed them by high-performance liquid chromatography, considering the following dependent variables: peak area of each impurity, peak area of canagliflozin, and the percentage of the corresponding peak areas. Our results showed that the most significant independent variables were electrolyte pH and flow rate. By data optimization, we determined the most suitable conditions for electrochemical oxidation of canagliflozin, namely 50 µm cell size, 300 mM electrolyte concentration, 0.1 mL/h electrolyte flow rate, and electrolyte pH = 4. The repeatability of the method, expressed as the relative standard deviation of the canagliflozin peak area, measured in ten separately oxidized samples, was 1.64%. For comparison purposes, we performed a degradation experiment using hydrogen peroxide, identifying five identical impurities in both cases, as confirmed by mass spectrometry. The degradation products formed when using the chemical method after 1, 3, and 7 days totaled 0.09%, 0.75%, and 3.75%, respectively, and the degradation products formed when using the electrochemical method after 3 h totaled 3.11%. Oxidation with hydrogen peroxide required 7 days, whereas electrochemical oxidation was completed in 3 h. Overall, the electrochemical method significantly saves time and reduces the consumption of active ingredients and solvents thanks to the miniaturized size of the electrochemical cell, thereby minimizing the costs of forced degradation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Vymyslický
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hlavova 8/2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Křížek
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hlavova 8/2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Kozlík
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hlavova 8/2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Kubíčková
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hlavova 8/2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Heřt
- Zentiva Group, a.s., U Kabelovny 130, 102 37 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Ewa Bartosińska
- Zentiva Group, a.s., U Kabelovny 130, 102 37 Prague 10, Czech Republic
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19
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Liu L, Wang JR, Mei X. Enhancing the stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients by the cocrystal strategy. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01327k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cocrystal strategies to achieve excellent physiochemical performance under different environmental stress were highlighted here. The lattice energy and the energy barrier of degradation reactions are two pillars in a stable cocrystal construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyu Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian-Rong Wang
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xuefeng Mei
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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20
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Alqahtani SS, Ahmad S, Banji D, Sultan MH, Alam MS, Alshahrani S, Alzarea AI. Quality control and drug-drug interactions between commercially available Metoprolol and Glimepiride tablets. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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21
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Träff AM, Ottosson J, Andersson T. The degradation map process - a tool for obtaining a lean stability strategy in drug development. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:1918-1925. [PMID: 34929157 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Stability is fundamental when exploring a drug candidate's potential as a drug product. During the pharmaceutical industry drug development process information regarding stability and degradation are captured in different departments, e.g. from discovery to operations, and will be included in the overall control strategy. With a profound understanding of a drug candidate's degradation chemistry, a science and risk based approach in progressing a lean stability strategy is possible. This case study present a clear and visible concept to facilitate a lean stability strategy by the use of degradation maps and describes a process for how these can be used during drug development. The understanding of possible and/or observed degradation pathways will guide the design of the drug product and stability studies in development. A degradation map displays degradation pathways with short comments on the reaction/mechanism involved. The degradation map process starts with a theoretical degradation map. The map is updated as the drug project progresses, preferably after forced degradation experiments, after compatibility studies and finally when the late stage formulation is set. The degradation map should be used to capture information of intrinsic chemical properties of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and can thereby be used to mitigate stability issues. The map is foremost a cross-functionally available tool collecting and visualizing stability information throughout the development process, and as such a valuable tool to efficiently develop a lean stability strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika M Träff
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bio Pharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenny Ottosson
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bio Pharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Andersson
- New Modalities Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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22
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Jamrógiewicz M, Józefowicz M. Preparation and Characterization of Indomethacin Supramolecular Systems with β-Cyclodextrin in Order to Estimate Photostability Improvement. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247436. [PMID: 34946517 PMCID: PMC8709320 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins have found wide application in contemporary chemistry, pharmacy and medicine. Because of their unique properties, cyclodextrins are constantly used in research on solubility or stability improvement, as well as other physicochemical properties of medicinal substances. Indomethacin (IND) is a photolabile molecule that also attracts the interest of researchers due to its therapeutic potential and the need to overcome its problematic photosensitivity. Supramolecular complexes of indomethacin with β-cyclodextrin (CD) are already known, and they show greater stability compared to complexes with other types of cyclodextrins. So far, however, the sensitivity to light of physical mixtures and inclusion complexes in the solid phase has not been studied, and their various stoichiometries have not yet been investigated. Due to this fact, the aim of the present study is to obtain supramolecular systems (inclusion complexes and physical mixtures) of indomethacin with three different amounts of β-cyclodextrin. Assessment of the photochemical stability of indomethacin-β-cyclodextrin systems in the solid state is performed in order to find the best correlation between IND stability and the amount of CD. Comparative analysis of physicochemical degradation for stoichiometry systems [CD:IND] = [1:1], [0.5:1] and [0.1:1] is performed by using ultraviolet spectroscopy, transmission—FTIR, reflection—ATR-FTIR infrared spectroscopy and DSC calorimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Jamrógiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-349-16-56
| | - Marek Józefowicz
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 57, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
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23
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Baksam VK, Nimmakayala S, Pocha VR, Gouri B, Shandilya S, Kumar P. Separation and Characterization of the Related Substances of Bedaquiline Fumarate Using HPLC and Spectral Methods. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 60:848-858. [PMID: 34864923 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The study focuses on isolating and characterizing the potential degradation products (DPs) and impurities of Bedaquiline fumarate in bulk drug form. A stability-indicating related substance method was developed and validated using high-performance liquid chromatography. Agilent Poroshell 120EC- C18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 2.7 μm) column showed an optimum separation of 10 analytes. The mobile phase contained 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid, acetonitrile and methanol in a time gradient mode. Bedaquiline fumarate was susceptible to acid hydrolysis, oxidation, base hydrolysis and showed three potential DPs, including DP-1, DP-2 and Impurity-8. Degradation products, DP-1 and DP-2, were isolated and characterized by ESI-MS, 1H, NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The developed method was validated according to ICH tripartite guidelines and showed adequate specificity, accuracy and linearity. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.05 and 0.15 μg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Kumar Baksam
- Micro Labs Ltd., API R&D Centre, KIADB INDL Area, Bommasandra, Bangalore, Karnataka 560105, India.,Department of Chemistry, JNTU College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor 576213, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Saritha Nimmakayala
- Department of Chemistry, JNTU College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor 576213, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vasundara Reddy Pocha
- Micro Labs Ltd., API R&D Centre, KIADB INDL Area, Bommasandra, Bangalore, Karnataka 560105, India
| | - Bhattacharyya Gouri
- Micro Labs Ltd., API R&D Centre, KIADB INDL Area, Bommasandra, Bangalore, Karnataka 560105, India
| | - Sanjeev Shandilya
- Micro Labs Ltd., API R&D Centre, KIADB INDL Area, Bommasandra, Bangalore, Karnataka 560105, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Micro Labs Ltd., API R&D Centre, KIADB INDL Area, Bommasandra, Bangalore, Karnataka 560105, India
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24
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Petřík J, Heřt J, Řezanka P. Development of methodology for the study of API sensitivity to hydrolytic degradations at different pH conditions in solid-state. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01630-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Byran G, Ashwini J, Lakshmanan K, Rajagopal K, Subramanian G, Meyyanathan SN. New stability chiral RP-HPLC method for degradation products determination in midodrine hydrochloride. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:1072-1078. [PMID: 33818229 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1908340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomeric resolution of the drug and complete separation from its degradation products was successfully achieved on a PAK IG-3 (150 × 4.6 mm i.d., 3 µm particle size) column, using UV detector at a wavelength of 290 nm, with mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile, 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate at the ratio of 95:05 (v/v), and a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min. In order to subjected to stress conditions, the drug has been exposed to alkaline, acidic, neutral, oxidative, and photolytic conditions. The products of degradation were well resolved from the main peak and proved the method's stability-indicating method. The method linear ranged between 10-110 μg/mL and 5-100 μg/mL for (+) and (-) midodrine enantiomers and regression analysis showed a correlation coefficient value (r2) of 0.999. The recovery of the method was found to be in the range of 99.1-101.2%. The detection limit for the (+) and (-) enantiomers was found to be 4 μg/mL and 1 μg/mL, respectively. The HPLC method was validated as per ICH guidelines with respect to specificity, precision, linearity, and robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowramma Byran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, India
| | - Jenifer Ashwini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, India
| | - Kaviarasan Lakshmanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, India
| | - Kalirajan Rajagopal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, India
| | - Gomathy Subramanian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, India
| | - S N Meyyanathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, India
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26
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Sharma MK, Pandey K, Shah RP, Kumar D, Sengupta P. A mechanistic explanation on degradation behavior of flibanserin for identification and characterization of its potential degradants using LC-DAD/ESI/APCI-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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27
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Ferron L, Milanese C, Colombo R, Papetti A. Development of an Accelerated Stability Model to Estimate Purple Corn Cob Extract Powder (Moradyn) Shelf-Life. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071617. [PMID: 34359487 PMCID: PMC8307474 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Moradyn is an Italian purple corn variety whose cobs represent a rich source of polyphenols. At the industrial level, they are used to produce a dried extract (MCE) by the addition of 20% Arabic gum. In order to evaluate the extract solid-state stability, an innovative accelerated stress protocol was developed following the isoconversion approach. The degradation kinetics of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), the most suitable marker to monitor the overall MCE degradation status, was monitored under five temperature–humidity (RH) combinations. These data were used to build a mathematical model, able to estimate the C3G stability at 25 °C and 30% RH, whose predictiveness was further assessed by comparing the predicted vs. experimental C3G isoconversion time. Finally, by applying this model, the expiry date of the extract was calculated to be within 26–33 days, confirming that the addition of 20% Arabic gum is insufficient to stabilize MCE and highlighting the need of a new formula in order to prolong MCE shelf-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Ferron
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.F.); (R.C.)
- FlaNat Research Italia Srl, Via Giuseppe di Vittorio 1, 20017 Rho, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Consorzio interuniversitario per i Sistemi a Grande Interfase & Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Raffaella Colombo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Adele Papetti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.F.); (R.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382-98-7863
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Harde MT, Lakade SH. A stability-indicating HPLC method for estimation of doxylamine succinate in tablets and characterization of its major alkaline stress degradation product. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
A new selective rapid RP-HPLC-DAD method was developed and evaluated for the quantification of doxylamine succinate (DOX) in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The separation of DOX at different degradation conditions was achieved with a Kromasil C18 (4.6 × 250 mm, 5-μm particle size). The mobile phase employed comprised of phosphate buffer (pH 3.5) and methanol in the ratio of 45:55 v/v. The flow rate was kept maintained at 1.0 ml/min and eluents were detected at 262 nm. The drug was subjected to different stress conditions like acid, base, neutral, hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis, and thermal degradation. The analytical performance of the proposed HPLC method was thoroughly validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, robustness, detection, and quantification limits.
Results
The method produces linear responses that were found in the range of 10–50 μg/ml. The regression equation was found to be Y = 42984x − 10260. The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.9998. The LOD and LOQ for DOX were found to be 0.96 and 3.28 μg/ml, respectively. The short-term solution stability of DOX (100 μg/ml) was evaluated under (25 ± 2°C) storage condition and found to be 98.82 to 101%. The percentage recovery for DOX was in the range of 99.73 to 99.91%. The obtained results of the stress degradation study and peak purity data indicate the potential of the developed HPLC method to resolve degradants from DOX peak. The major alkaline degradation product was isolated using preparative chromatographic technique and extensive FT-IR was performed to ascertain the structure of the alkaline degradant.
Conclusion
It was concluded that the proposed method was simple, sensitive, accurate, cost-effective, and less time-consuming for the quantification of DOX. This method was successfully utilized for stability testing of commercially available DOX tablets. Hence, the proposed method can be applied for routine quality control of DOX in bulk drug as well as in marketed formulations.
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29
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Burin SL, Lourenço RL, Doneda M, Müller EI, Paula FR, Adams AIH. Development of an HPLC-UV Method to Assay Empagliflozin Tablets and Identification of the Major Photoproduct by Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 59:526-535. [PMID: 33479752 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a set of metabolic disorders that affect >400 million individuals worldwide. Empagliflozin belongs to the gliflozin class and is used orally to treat type 2 diabetes. In this study, a simple stability-indicating HPLC-UV method was developed to assay empagliflozin tablets and its main photoproduct was identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The mobile phase, which was optimized by Central Composite Design, was composed of methanol, acetonitrile and purified water (60:5:35 v/v), at a flow rate of 1 mL min-1. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 5-150 μg mL-1. All the validation parameters were met and the method was specific, even in the presence of degradation products. In the forced degradation study, empagliflozin standard and empagliflozin tablets were submitted to several conditions (acidic, alkaline, neutral and oxidant media, thermal, photolytic and humidity), and empagliflozin showed instability under all these conditions. A degradation product generated after drug exposure to ultraviolet C radiation was isolated and analyzed by quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and the results suggested that empagliflozin undergoes decomposition by a dechlorination pathway. In silico toxicity was predicted for the degradation product, which showed a high risk of genotoxicity and hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suelen Leticia Burin
- Post-graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Lino Lourenço
- Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Morgana Doneda
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Edson Irineu Müller
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fávero Reisdorfer Paula
- Post-graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pampa-UNIPAMPA, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andréa Inês Horn Adams
- Post-graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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30
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Campbell JM, Foti C, Wang C, Adams N, Allain LR, Araujo G, Azevedo R, Franca JR, Hicks SR, Hostyn S, Jansen PJ, Kotoni D, Kuemmell A, Marden S, Rullo G, Santos ACO, Sluggett GW, Zelesky T, Baertschi SW. Assessing the Relevance of Solution Phase Stress Testing of Solid Dosage Form Drug Products: A Cross-Industry Benchmarking Study. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:298-305. [PMID: 34111446 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Stress testing (also known as forced degradation) of pharmaceutical products has long been recognized as a critical part of the drug development process, providing foundational information related to intrinsic stability characteristics and to the development of stability-indicating analytical methods. A benchmarking study was undertaken by nine pharmaceutical companies and the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, or ANVISA) with a goal of understanding the utility of various stress testing conditions for producing pharmaceutically-relevant chemical degradation of drugs. Special consideration was given to determining whether solution phase stress testing of solid drug products produced degradation products that were both unique when compared to other stress conditions and relevant to the formal drug product stability data. The results from studies of 62 solid dosage form drug products were compiled. A total of 387 degradation products were reported as being observed in stress testing studies, along with 173 degradation products observed in accelerated and/or long-term stability studies for the 62 drug products. Among these, 25 of the stress testing degradation products were unique to the solution phase stress testing of the drug products; however, none of these unique degradation products were relevant to the formal stability data. The relevant degradation products were sufficiently accounted for by stress testing studies that included only drug substance stressing (in solution and in the solid state) and drug product stressing (in the solid state). Based on these results, it is the opinion of the authors that for solid dosage form drug products, well-designed stress testing studies need not include solution phase stress testing of the drug product in order to be comprehensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Campbell
- CMC Analytical, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA 19426, USA.
| | - Chris Foti
- Analytical Core Teams, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA.
| | - Chloe Wang
- Analytical Core Teams, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Neal Adams
- Pfizer, Scientific and Laboratory Services - Analytical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA
| | | | - Gabriela Araujo
- Global Technology & Engineering, Pfizer Inc., Itapevi, SP, Brazil
| | - Renan Azevedo
- Global Technology & Engineering, Pfizer Inc., Itapevi, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Simon R Hicks
- CMC Analytical, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Steven Hostyn
- Predictive Analytics & Stability Sciences CoE, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Patrick J Jansen
- Eli Lilly and Company, Synthetic Molecule Design and Development
| | - Dorina Kotoni
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Kuemmell
- Analytical Research & Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stacey Marden
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory Rullo
- Global Regulatory Affairs, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 20878
| | - Ana Cláudia O Santos
- Global Analytical Technology, Merck S.A., Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gregory W Sluggett
- Analytical Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Todd Zelesky
- Analytical Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
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dos Santos J, Lourenço RL, Rosa P, Adams AIH. Development and Validation of a Simple HPLC-UV Method to Assay DEET Repellents and its Application to Different Commercial Forms. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412916999200703133456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
N’,N’-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) is the most widely used repellent substance worldwide. It is
formulated as aerosol, solution, lotion, gel and patches. However, the official compendia report monographs to analyze
only DEET drug substance and solution.
Objective:
In this study an isocratic HPLC method was validated to assay DEET in lotion, gel and solution, under the
same analytical conditions.
Methods:
The method was validated according to ICH requirements and DEET detection was achieved
at around 11 min, using a C-18 column, a mobile phase composed by methanol, acetonitrile and water
pH 4.5 (45:10:45), flow rate at 1 mL min-1and detection at 270 nm.
Results:
A linear relationship was observed in the range of 2.5 to 100 μg mL-1, the method was precise
(relative standard deviation<2%) and accuracy was demonstrated by DEET recovery values ranging
from 99.5 to 100.2%. The specificity was studied by a forced degradation test, where degradation
products were observed after alkaline degradation and ultraviolet radiation. Appropriate resolution between
DEET, degradation products and excipient peaks indicated the method specificity. Robustness
was evaluated by a full factorial design, and no effect on DEET assay was observed under simultaneous
variation in analytical parameters. The method was applied to assay nine marketed formulations,
demonstrating its good applicability.
Conclusion:
The validated HPLC method was successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of DEET in lotion, gel and
solution, contributing to improve the quality control and the efficacy of these formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana dos Santos
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Lino Lourenço
- Departamento de Farmacia Industrial, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Priscila Rosa
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andréa Inês Horn Adams
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Gowramma B, Kumar RS, Lakshmanan K, Kalirajan R, Meyyanathan SN. A New Stability-indicating Chiral RP-HPLC Method for the Determination of Degradation Products in Meclizine Hydrochloride. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412916999200630123802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
An enantiomeric separation of the stability-indicating high-performance liquid
chromatographic method was developed and validated for the analysis of Meclizine enantiomers. The
degradation behavior of Meclizine Hydrochloride was investigated under different stress conditions
recommended by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH).
Methods:
Enantiomeric resolution of the drug and complete separation from its degradation products
were successfully achieved on a Phenomenex® lux cellulose 1 C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d, 5 μm particle
size) column, using UV detector at a wavelength of 230 nm, with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile,
20mM ammonium bicarbonate at the ratio of 75:25 (v/v), and a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The
drug was subjected to alkaline, acidic, neutral, oxidative and photolytic conditions in order to mimic
stress conditions.
Result:
The degradation products were well resolved from main peak and proving the stability-indicating power of the
method. The developed method provided linear responses within the concentration range 1-5 µg/mL, and regression
analysis showed a correlation coefficient value (r2) of 0.999. The HPLC method was validated as per ICH guidelines with
respect to specificity, precision, linearity and robustness. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were
found to be 0.25 µg/mL and 1.00 µg/mL respectively.
Conclusion:
The method provides good sensitivity and excellent precision and reproducibility. The method was highly
selective, where degradation products and co formulated compounds did not interfere. The proposed method was
successfully applied in pharmaceutical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Gowramma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, (JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research) Ooty, Nilgiris-643001, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ramachandran Senthil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, (JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research) Ooty, Nilgiris-643001, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Kaviarasan Lakshmanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, (JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research) Ooty, Nilgiris-643001, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rajagopal Kalirajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, (JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research) Ooty, Nilgiris-643001, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Subramania Nainar Meyyanathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, (JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research) Ooty, Nilgiris-643001, Tamilnadu, India
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Bonciarelli S, Desantis J, Goracci L, Siragusa L, Zamora I, Ortega-Carrasco E. Automatic Identification of Lansoprazole Degradants under Stress Conditions by LC-HRMS with MassChemSite and WebChembase. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:2706-2719. [PMID: 34061520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stress testing is one of the most important parts of the drug development process, helping to foresee stability problems and to identify degradation products. One of the processes involving stress testing is represented by forced degradation studies, which can predict the impact of certain conditions of pH, moisture, heat, or other negative effects due to transportation or packaging issues on drug potency and purity, ensuring patient safety. Regulatory agencies have been working on a standardization of laboratory procedures since the past two decades. One of the results of those years of intensive research is the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines, which clearly define which forced degradation studies should be performed on new drugs, which become a routine work in pharmaceutical laboratories. Since used techniques based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry have been developed years ago and are now mastered by pharmaceutical scientists, automation of data analysis, and thus data processing, is becoming a hot topic nowadays. In this work, we present MassChemSite and WebChembase as a tandem to automatize the routine analysis studies without missing information quality, using as a case study the degradation of lansoprazole under acidic, oxidative, basic, and neutral stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bonciarelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Jenny Desantis
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Goracci
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lydia Siragusa
- Molecular Horizon SRL, Via Montelino 30, 06084 Bettona, Italy
| | - Ismael Zamora
- Lead Molecular Design, SL, Rambla del Celler 113 local, 08173 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
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Sojitra C, Dholakia C, Sudhakar P, Singh KK, Agarwal S. Identification of degradation impurity of TGR5 receptor agonist-ZY12201 by LC-MS technique during force degradation study. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021; 3:660. [PMID: 34056545 PMCID: PMC8144688 DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Forced degradation study is a systemic characterization of degradation products of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) at conditions which posses more harsh environment that accelerates degradation of API. Forced degradation and stability studies would be useful in selection of proper, packaging material and storage conditions of the API. These are also useful to demonstrate degradation pathways and degradation products of the API and further characterisation of the degradation products using mass spectrometry. TGR5 is a G protein-coupled receptor, activation of which promotes secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and modulates insulin secretion. The potent and orally bioavailable TGR5 agonist, ZY12201, shows activation of TGR5 which increase secretion of GLP-1 and help in lowering blood glucose level in animal models. Hence it is necessary to establish and study degradation pathway and stability of API for better handling and regulatory approval. Force degradation studies of ZY12201 have shown presence of one oxidative impurity during oxidative degradation in HPLC analysis. The oxidized product is further characterized by LC-MS to elucidate structure of impurity and characterize its degradation pathway. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42452-021-04660-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrakant Sojitra
- API Division, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8 A, Changodar, Ahmedabad, 382 210 India
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, M.S. University of Baroda, Baroda, 390 002 India
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382 210 India
| | - Chintan Dholakia
- API Division, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8 A, Changodar, Ahmedabad, 382 210 India
| | - Padmaja Sudhakar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, M.S. University of Baroda, Baroda, 390 002 India
| | - Kumar K. Singh
- API Division, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8 A, Changodar, Ahmedabad, 382 210 India
| | - Sameer Agarwal
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382 210 India
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35
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Dhiman V, Balhara A, Singh S, Tiwari S, Gananadhamu S, Talluri MVNK. Characterization of stress degradation products of nintedanib by UPLC, UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS/MS and NMR: Evidence of a degradation product with a structure alert for mutagenicity. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 199:114037. [PMID: 33836462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nintedanib is an anti-cancer drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and non-small cell lung cancer. The purpose of this study was to explore its degradation chemistry under various stress conditions recommended in ICH guidelines Q1A R(2). The drug was subjected to hydrolytic, photolytic, thermal and oxidative (H2O2, AIBN, FeCl3 and FeSO4) stress conditions. The degradation products formed in stressed solutions were successfully separated on an ACQUITY UPLC CSH C18 (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) column, using a gradient UPLC-PDA method, developed with acetonitrile:methanol (90:10) and 0.1 % formic acid (pH 3.0) as the mobile phase. The drug proved to be labile to acidic, neutral and alkaline hydrolytic, and H2O2/AIBN oxidative conditions. It was stable to photolytic and thermal stress conditions, and even in oxidative reaction solutions containing FeCl3 or FeSO4. Additionally, the drug exhibited instability when its powder with added sodium bicarbonate was stored at 40 °C/75 % RH for 3 months. In total, nine degradation products (DPs 1-9) were formed. To characterize them, a comprehensive mass fragmentation pathway of the drug was first established using UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS/MS data. Similarly, the mass studies were then carried out on the stressed samples using the developed UPLC method. All the degradation products were primarily characterized through comparison of their mass fragmentation profiles with that of the drug. To confirm the structure in one case (DP 3), additional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies were carried out on the isolated product. Subsequently, mechanisms for their formation were laid down. A significant finding was the formation of a degradation product upon acid hydrolysis having a free aromatic amine moiety, which is considered as a structural alert for mutagenicity. Furthermore, the physicochemical and ADMET properties of the drug and its degradation products were predicted using ADMET predictor™ software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Dhiman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), IDPL R&D Campus, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Ankit Balhara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Saranjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Shristy Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), IDPL R&D Campus, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Samanthula Gananadhamu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), IDPL R&D Campus, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India
| | - M V N Kumar Talluri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), IDPL R&D Campus, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India.
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36
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Characterization and demonstration of drug compound ring-chain tautomer formation and its impacts on quality control. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 198:114020. [PMID: 33740606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unknown chromatographic peaks, potential impurities, were observed in a series of related compounds. This led to the identification and characterization of tautomeric equilibria. Structural elucidation was required to understand the potential impurity profile, thus impacting method development for quality control. In this work, characterization of the chemical structures, AZ13581258 and AZD5718, and equilibria of the tautomeric forms was performed using a range of advanced analytical techniques such as preparative chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), chromatographic detection by mass spectrometry (MS), MSMS, and ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV). Predictions using density functional theory (DFT) further explains and confirms the tautomer equilibria through predictions of reaction barrier energies, UV-spectra and NMR data. These investigations led to fully understand the impurity profile and to the development of a quality control method for AZD5718 drug substance and drug product. In conclusion, ring-chain tautomeric structures are predominately formed under acidic conditions, and the additional peaks observed in LC during organic impurity determination were found to originate from ring-chain closed tautomers in equilibria with the parent open form compound. Hence, the closed and open tautomer forms should all be considered as the same compound.
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37
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Puppala U, Marisetti VM, Srinivas KSV, Reddy KV, Kaliyaperumal M, Doddipalla R. Oxidative degradation profile studies of tavaborole by a validated stability indicating RP-UPLC method: Isolation and characterization of novel degradant using 2D-NMR and HRMS. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5070. [PMID: 33453064 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The current research work reports a study on the degradation profile of tavaborole, which is an oxaborole antifungal drug used to treat infections in the toenails. This work also reports the chemical stability of tavaborole in different stress conditions along with the isolation and characterization of degradation products by high-resolution mass spectrometry and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. A sensitive and reproducible stability-indicating ultra-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for quantification of tavaborole bulk drug in the presence of degradation products. Significant degradation was observed during oxidative stress conditions using H2 O2 . It was observed that the drug was highly unstable under oxidation stress conditions and thus degradation profiles with various oxidizing reagents were studied. One unknown impurity (DP-1) was formed during peroxide degradation, which was isolated by reverse-phase preparative chromatography. The structure of this degradant was characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry and multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The structure of this novel impurity DP-1 was identified as [4-fluoro-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol], which was not reported as a degradant in the literature. An Acquity BEH C18 , 100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm column was used to achieve the desired separation within a shorter runtime of 4.0 min. The method was validated for specificity, precision, linearity and accuracy over the concentration range of 5.0-400 μg ml-1 (r2 -0.9999) and limit of quantitation 5.0 μg ml-1 . This method is compatible with LCMS analysis which enables to identify the unknown impurities formed in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umamaheshwar Puppala
- Analytical Research and Development Laboratory, GVK Biosciences Private Limited, No. 28A, IDA Nacharam, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.,Department of Chemistry, JNTU Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Koduri S V Srinivas
- Analytical Research and Development Laboratory, GVK Biosciences Private Limited, No. 28A, IDA Nacharam, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Muralidharan Kaliyaperumal
- Analytical Research and Development Laboratory, GVK Biosciences Private Limited, No. 28A, IDA Nacharam, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Raju Doddipalla
- Analytical Research and Development Laboratory, GVK Biosciences Private Limited, No. 28A, IDA Nacharam, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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38
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Biscaino PT, Christ AP, Librelotto DRN, Rolim CMB, Adams AIH. Assay of empagliflozin tablets by a stability-indicating micellar electrokinetic chromatography method and cytotoxicity study of degraded samples. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902020000418903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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39
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Dadinaboyina SB, Yerra NV, Adimoolam BM, Parsa S, Bathini NB, Thota JR. Identification and characterization of degradation products of Remdesivir using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00160d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A total of nine degradation products were identified under different stress conditions by using LC-MS for RDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Babu Dadinaboyina
- Department of Analytical and Structural Chemistry
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500 007
- India
- Department of Fluoro-Agrochemicals
| | - Naga Veera Yerra
- Department of Analytical and Structural Chemistry
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500 007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Bala Manikantha Adimoolam
- Department of Analytical and Structural Chemistry
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500 007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | | | - Nagendra Babu Bathini
- Department of Fluoro-Agrochemicals
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Jagadeshwar Reddy Thota
- Department of Analytical and Structural Chemistry
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500 007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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40
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Pokar D, Sahu AK, Sengupta P. LC-Q-TOF-MS driven identification of potential degradation impurities of venetoclax, mechanistic explanation on degradation pathway and establishment of a quantitative analytical assay method. J Anal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-020-00252-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractVenetoclax is a selective orally active Bcl-2 protein inhibitor very recently approved by USFDA to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other hematological malignancies. Postmarketing surveillance of any drug depends on its acceptability based on risk to benefit ratio. When risk outweighs the benefits, withdrawal of an already marketed drug is warranted. Presence of impurity is the primary cause of increased risk in a drug substance or drug product. With the discovery of newer molecules, it is of great importance to establish advanced analytical techniques for quantification of the drugs as well as their related impurities to address the prospective regulatory queries even if it is already in the market. In this study, a quantitative analytical assay method has been developed and validated for quantification of venetoclax in presence of its degradation impurities. A stress study was performed to examine the stability of the drug in hydrolytic, oxidative, thermolytic and photolytic environments. Venetoclax was found to be prone to degradation in acidic hydrolytic and oxidative stress conditions. Three new degradation impurities have been identified and characterized with the help of LC-Q-TOF-MS with accurate mass measurement and their putative structures have been proposed. Furthermore, for the first time, a possible degradation pathway has been established with mechanistic explanation. Moreover, the analytical method developed in this study will be of immense help for routine analysis of quality control and stability study samples of venetoclax in industry and research laboratories.
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41
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Baksam V, N S, Pocha VR, Chakka VB, Ummadi RR, Kumar P. Development of an effective novel validated stability-indicating HPLC method for the resolution of brivaracetam stereoisomeric impurities. Chirality 2020; 32:1208-1219. [PMID: 32656914 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for the determination of brivaracetam stereoisomeric impurities such as (R,S)-brivaracetam, (R,R)-brivaracetam, and (S,S)-brivaracetam with good resolution using the chiral column, Chiral PAK IG-U (100 × 3.0 mm; 1.6 μm). The method is simple, stability-indicating, and compatible with LC-MS. The separation was achieved with the mobile phase consisted of 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate along with acetonitrile in an isocratic mode. The column temperature and wavelength were monitored at 40°C and 215 nm, respectively. The method showed adequate specificity, sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness inline to ICH tripartite guidelines. The limit of detection and quantification limits were 0.3 and 0.8 μg ml-1 , respectively, for all stereoisomeric impurities and brivaracetam. The developed method was found to be linear over the concentration range of 0.8-5.6 μg ml-1 for stereoisomeric impurities with a correlation coefficient >0.999. The method was precise (%RSD < 5.0), robust, and accurate (with 85%-115% recovery). The values of retention times of stereoisomeric impurities, (R,S)-brivaracetam, (R,R)-brivaracetam, and (S,S)-brivaracetam, were 4.9, 5.4, and 6.6 min, respectively, and resolution among the impurities were 2.0, 3.3, and 4.7, respectively. In addition, forced degradation studies were performed to prove that method was stability-indicating. The enrichment of isomeric impurity, (R,R)-brivaracetam, was observed under basic stress conditions of brivaracetam and proposed a plausible mechanism to enhance that isomeric impurity. As well, a good separation among brivaracetam and its stereoisomeric impurity peaks was observed in the presence of degradation products and process-related impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Baksam
- Division of Analytical Research and Development, Micro Labs Ltd (ML-27) KIADB INDL Area, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,Department of Chemistry, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittor, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Vasundara Reddy Pocha
- Division of Analytical Research and Development, Micro Labs Ltd (ML-27) KIADB INDL Area, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Veera Babu Chakka
- Division of Analytical Research and Development, Micro Labs Ltd (ML-27) KIADB INDL Area, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravindra Reddy Ummadi
- Division of Analytical Research and Development, Micro Labs Ltd (ML-27) KIADB INDL Area, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Division of Analytical Research and Development, Micro Labs Ltd (ML-27) KIADB INDL Area, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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On the Stability and Degradation Pathways of Venetoclax under Stress Conditions. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070639. [PMID: 32645956 PMCID: PMC7407384 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Venetoclax is an orally bioavailable, B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) selective inhibitor, used for the treatment of various types of blood cancers, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL). In this study we investigated the degradation of venetoclax under various stress conditions including acidic, basic, oxidative, photolytic and thermolytic conditions. We isolated and identified six of its main degradation products produced in forced degradation studies. The structures of the isolated degradation products were determined by using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Additionally, one oxidation degradation product was identified with comparison to a commercially obtained venetoclax impurity. We proposed the key degradation pathways of venetoclax in solution. To the best of our knowledge, no structures of degradation products of venetoclax have been previously published. The study provides novel and primary knowledge of the stability characteristics of venetoclax under stress conditions. Venetoclax is currently the only BCL-2 protein inhibitor on the market. In addition to single agent treatment, it is effective in combinational therapy, so future drug development involving venetoclax can be expected. A better insight into the stability properties of the therapeutic can facilitate future studies involving venetoclax and aid in the search of new similar therapeutics.
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Rapid Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Stress Induced Degradation of the Pharmaceutical Drug Tetracycline. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081866. [PMID: 32316681 PMCID: PMC7221697 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress factors caused by inadequate storage can induce the unwanted degradation of active compounds in pharmaceutical formulations. Resonance Raman spectroscopy is presented as an analytical tool for rapid monitoring of small concentration changes of tetracycline and the metabolite 4˗epianhydrotetracycline. These degradation processes were experimentally induced by changes in temperature, humidity, and irradiation with visible light over a time period of up to 23 days. The excitation wavelength λexc = 413 nm was proven to provide short acquisition times for the simultaneous Raman spectroscopic detection of the degradation of tetracycline and production of its impurity in small sample volumes. Small concentration changes could be detected (down to 1.4% for tetracycline and 0.3% for 4-epianhydrotetracycline), which shows the potential of resonance Raman spectroscopy for analyzing the decomposition of pharmaceutical products.
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Tamura K, Ono M, Kawabe T, Ohara M, Yonemochi E. Degradation Pathway of a Taxane Derivative DS80100717 Drug Substance and Drug Product. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:392-397. [PMID: 32238657 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The degradation pathway of a taxane derivative and anticancer agent, DS80100717, was investigated. Several degradants were generated under acidic, basic, and oxidative stress conditions in solution. The chemical structures of eight degradants of DS80100717 were elucidated using MS and NMR. The major degradant of the DS80100717 drug substance derived by heating in solid-state was the N-oxide form via oxidation and C2'-epimer of the side chain via acid hydrolysis. We proposed previously unreported degradation pathways of DS80100717 with taxane derivatives such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, and cabazitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Tamura
- Analytical and Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Makoto Ono
- Quality Assurance Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Takefumi Kawabe
- Analytical and Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Motomu Ohara
- Analytical and Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Etsuo Yonemochi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University
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Singh DK, Sahu A, Wani AA, Bharatam PV, Chakraborti AK, Giri S, Singh S. Characterization of Photodegradation Products of Bepotastine Besilate and In Silico Evaluation of Their Physicochemical, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity Properties. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1883-1895. [PMID: 32173321 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bepotastine (BPT) is a H1-receptor antagonist. It is used as a besilate salt in ophthalmic solution for allergic conjunctivitis and orally for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria/pruritus. Its systematic forced degradation study is unreported. The same was carried out in different conditions prescribed by International Conference on Harmonisation. The stressed solutions were subjected to reversed phase liquid chromatographic analysis, and BPT was observed to be labile under photobasic condition only, yielding 5 photodegradation products. The structures of the latter were elucidated from data generated by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry and multistage mass spectrometry. Of the 5, 4 products were further isolated and subjected to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to justify the proposed structures. Two of them, with similar accurate mass, were additionally and unambiguously characterized from their heteronuclear multiple bond correlation data, hydrogen deuterium exchange mass data, and quantum chemical analysis using density functional theory calculations. One degradation product had a structure that could only be explained by unusual rearrangement involving conversions of N-oxide into hydroxylamine, similar to Meisenheimer rearrangement. The physicochemical, as well as absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity properties of BPT and its characterized photodegradation products were evaluated in silico by ADMET Predictor™ software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Archana Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Aabid Abdullah Wani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Prasad V Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Asit K Chakraborti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Sanjeev Giri
- DMPK and Pharmaceutical Development, Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, Hyderabad 500 049, Telangana, India
| | - Saranjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India.
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Study of the Oxidative Forced Degradation of Glutathione in Its Nutraceutical Formulations Using Zone Fluidics and Green Liquid Chromatography. SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/separations7010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we report the results of our investigation of the oxidative forced degradation of glutathione in its nutraceutical formulations by two validated analytical methods. The first is based on the reaction of glutathione with o-phthalaldehyde through an automated zone fluidics flow platform and fluorimetric detection (λex/λem = 340/425 nm). The second is based on the separation of glutathione and its oxidation product by a green reversed-phase HPLC method coupled to direct UV detection, at 210 nm. A solution of 3% w/v H2O2 provided fast oxidation of more than 95% of glutathione to yield oxidized glutathione in a time period of 180 min. The mechanism of the oxidation was proved to follow pseudo-first order kinetics. The k, t90 and t1/2 values were calculated.
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Optimization of a liquid chromatography method for the analysis of related substances in daclatasvir tablets using design of experiments integrated with the steepest ascent method and Monte Carlo simulation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 178:112943. [PMID: 31677954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Analytical method for the determination of related substances (RS) in Daclatasvir tablets was optimised using quality by design (QbD) approach. Seven degradants (each more than 1.0%) generated during oxidation study, adversely affected the selectivity of the method. Coelution of the degradant peaks with API and known impurities, suggested failure in developing a stability indicating method. To overcome the shortcomings and develop a robust method, QbD principles were incorporated. Resolution was the critical quality attribute (CQA) and buffer pH, column oven temperature, gradient slope and flow rate were the critical method variables (CMVs) studied through design of experiments (DoE). Discovery of an unknown impurity (named as impurity D, about1.0%) was a key finding from this DoE study. The most crucial responses viz. Resolution between impurity D and the main peak and resolution between the main peak and impurity E demanded contradictory pH requirements. To select the right pH, responses were prioritised and eventually to attain the desired resolution between Daclatasvir and impurity E the value for pH was fixed to 3.0. Next, to improve resolution between impurity D and Daclatasvir, method of steepest ascent was applied to locate an apt value for column oven temperature. Accordingly, experiments were performed at different temperatures along the path of rapid increase in response. Finally, at 45 °C (pH :3.0), both the critical pairs were well resolved. The global optimum was determined through a Response surface methodology (RSM) design with pH and column oven temperature as critical factors. pH 3.0, column oven temperature 44 °C, % MP. B 45% and flow rate 1.0 mL min-1 was found to be the optimum condition. Further, the design space was complimented by establishment of a robust zone through Monte Carlo simulation and capability analysis. An analytical control strategy (ACS) was set up to ensure that the method repeatedly meets its acceptance criteria. The optimised method was successfully validated within the factor ranges mentioned in the ACS. Despite various intricacies, the QbD approach facilitated systematic optimisation of a stability indicating robust method.
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48
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Gowramma B, Kumar RS, Kalirajan R, Lakshmanan K, Meyyanathan SN. Enantiomeric Separation of Meclizine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form by HPLC Method. Curr Drug Res Rev 2020; 12:63-71. [PMID: 31823710 DOI: 10.2174/2589977511666191211123337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A basic, powerful and isocratic chiral fluid chromatographic technique was created and approved for the enantiomeric partition of meclizine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dose structure. METHODS The chromatographic partition was accomplished on Phenomenex® Lux Cellulose 1 (250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d, 5 μm molecule size) section utilizing portable stage framework containing acetonitrile: 25mM ammonium bicarbonate (75:25%v /v). The versatile stage was siphoned on the segment at the stream pace of 1.0 mL/min, and UV recognition was done at 230 nm. RESULT The breaking points of recognition and measurement were observed to be 0.25 μg/mL and 1.00 μg/mL individually, for 20μL infusion volume. The alignment bend demonstrated phenomenal linearity over the focus scope of 1-5 μg/mL for (±) meclizine enantiomers with a relationship coefficient (r2 = 0.999). The recuperation investigation of meclizine from tablet plan was observed to be 97.33% and 98.81% separately. Meclizine standard arrangement and versatile stage were observed to be steady for in any event 32h. The meclizine enantiomers were very much settled with mean maintenance times of about (+) Meclizine at 13.14 min and (-) Meclizine at 14.33 min individually. CONCLUSION The created technique was broadly approved and demonstrated to be hearty, exact, exact and appropriate for the examination of meclizine enantiomers in tablet measurement structure and security investigations of meclizine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byran Gowramma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, (JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research), Udhagamandalam, Nilgiris-643001, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ramachandran Senthil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, (JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research), Udhagamandalam, Nilgiris-643001, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rajagopal Kalirajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, (JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research), Udhagamandalam, Nilgiris-643001, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Kaviarasan Lakshmanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, (JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research), Udhagamandalam, Nilgiris-643001, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Subramanian Nainar Meyyanathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, (JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research), Udhagamandalam, Nilgiris-643001, Tamilnadu, India
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Chen L, Chen J, Lu M, Stämpfli A. Simultaneous determination of elbasvir and grazoprevir in fixed-dose combination and mass spectral characterization of each degradation product by UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 178:112964. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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Structure Characterization of Degradation Products of Drug Candidate HM30571 by UPLC‐QTOF‐MS and
In Silico
Toxicity Prediction. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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