1
|
Marinkovic M, Pors LJ, van den Berg V, Peters FP, Schalenbourg A, Zografos L, Pica A, Hrbacek J, Van Duinen SG, Vu THK, Bleeker JC, Rasch CRN, Jager MJ, Luyten GPM, Horeweg N. Clinical Outcomes after International Referral of Uveal Melanoma Patients for Proton Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246241. [PMID: 34944862 PMCID: PMC8699723 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study aims to assess cancer control and preservation of the eye and visual acuity after proton therapy abroad for eye melanoma. For this, medical files were reviewed of Dutch uveal melanoma patients who were treated in Switzerland with proton therapy from 1987 to 2019. The tumours of these patients were too large and/or localised too close to the optic nerve to be treated with local plaque irradiation. There were 103 patients, of whom one had a uveal melanoma in both eyes. The tumours were relatively large and often localised around the central part of the retina. At five years after treatment, proton therapy had controlled the uveal melanomas of 94% of the patients and 81% had preserved their eye. Spread of the cancer beyond the eye was observed in 30% of the patients. Most patients (79%) became blind or had severe visual impairment after proton therapy; a small group of patients had mild or no visual impairment (17%). The size of the tumour, its localisation and the dose of proton therapy were important for the risk of decline in visual acuity. This study shows that proton therapy abroad for uveal melanoma is feasible and yields good results. Abstract Objective: To assess oncological and ophthalmological outcomes after international referral of uveal melanoma patients for proton therapy. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study among Dutch uveal melanoma patients who were treated in Switzerland with 60.0 CGE proton therapy (in 4 fractions) from 1987 to 2019. All patients were ineligible for brachytherapy due to tumour size and/or proximity to the optic nerve. Time-to-event analyses were performed using Kaplan–Meier’s methodology and Cox proportional hazards models. Results: There were 103 patients (104 eyes) with a median largest tumour diameter of 19 mm (range 6–26 mm). Tumours were localised centrally (11%), mid-peripherally (65%) or peripherally (34%). Median follow-up was 7 years. Five-year local control, distant metastasis-free survival and eye preservation rates were 94%, 70% and 81% respectively. At five years, severe, moderate and mild visual impairment was observed in respectively 79%, 4% and 6% of the patients. Larger tumour volumes and more central tumour localisation were associated with severe visual impairment. After correction for these factors, dose to the macula, optic disc and retina, but not optic nerve was significantly associated with severe visual impairment. Conclusion: International referral for proton therapy yielded good tumour control and eye preservation rates, but risk of distant metastasis and severe visual impairment were substantial, possibly due to the selection of advanced tumour stages and/or central localisation. Dose to the macula may be more relevant than dose to the optic nerve for preservation of visual acuity, which is relevant for the treatment planning of proton therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Marinkovic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (V.v.d.B.); (T.H.K.V.); (J.C.B.); (M.J.J.); (G.P.M.L.)
| | - Lennart J. Pors
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.J.P.); (F.P.P.); (C.R.N.R.)
| | - Vincent van den Berg
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (V.v.d.B.); (T.H.K.V.); (J.C.B.); (M.J.J.); (G.P.M.L.)
| | - Femke P. Peters
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.J.P.); (F.P.P.); (C.R.N.R.)
| | - Ann Schalenbourg
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, FAA, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland; (A.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Leonidas Zografos
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, FAA, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland; (A.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Alessia Pica
- Proton therapy Center, Paul Scherrer Institute, ETH Domain, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland; (A.P.); (J.H.)
| | - Jan Hrbacek
- Proton therapy Center, Paul Scherrer Institute, ETH Domain, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland; (A.P.); (J.H.)
| | - Sjoerd G. Van Duinen
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - T. H. Khanh Vu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (V.v.d.B.); (T.H.K.V.); (J.C.B.); (M.J.J.); (G.P.M.L.)
| | - Jaco C. Bleeker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (V.v.d.B.); (T.H.K.V.); (J.C.B.); (M.J.J.); (G.P.M.L.)
| | - Coen R. N. Rasch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.J.P.); (F.P.P.); (C.R.N.R.)
| | - Martine J. Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (V.v.d.B.); (T.H.K.V.); (J.C.B.); (M.J.J.); (G.P.M.L.)
| | - Gregorius P. M. Luyten
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (V.v.d.B.); (T.H.K.V.); (J.C.B.); (M.J.J.); (G.P.M.L.)
| | - Nanda Horeweg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.J.P.); (F.P.P.); (C.R.N.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-715265539
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
20-year assessment of metastatic latency and subsequent time to death after proton therapy for uveal melanomas. Melanoma Res 2020; 30:272-278. [DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
3
|
Choi YJ, Kim TW, Kim S, Choung H, Lee MJ, Kim N, Khwarg SI, Yu YS. Effects on Periocular Tissues after Proton Beam Radiation Therapy for Intraocular Tumors. J Korean Med Sci 2018; 33:e120. [PMID: 29651818 PMCID: PMC5897156 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To present our experience on orbital and periorbital tissue changes after proton beam radiation therapy (PBRT) in patients with intraocular tumors, apart from treatment outcomes and disease control. METHODS Medical records of 6 patients with intraocular tumors who had been treated with PBRT and referred to oculoplasty clinics of two medical centers (Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center) from October 2007 to September 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. The types of adverse effects associated with PBRT, their management, and progression were analyzed. In anophthalmic patients who eventually underwent enucleation after PBRT due to disease progression, orbital volume (OV) was assessed from magnetic resonance (MR) images using the Pinnacle3 program. RESULTS Among the six patients with PBRT history, three had uveal melanoma, and three children had retinoblastoma. Two eyes were treated with PBRT only, while the other four eyes ultimately underwent enucleation. Two eyes with PBRT only suffered from radiation dermatitis and intractable epiphora due to canaliculitis or punctal obstruction. All four anophthalmic patients showed severe enophthalmic features with periorbital hollowness. OV analysis showed that the difference between both orbits was less than 0.1 cm before enucleation, but increased to more than 2 cm³ after enucleation. CONCLUSION PBRT for intraocular tumors can induce various orbital and periorbital tissue changes. More specifically, when enucleation is performed after PBRT due to disease progression, significant enophthalmos and OV decrease can develop and can cause poor facial cosmesis as treatment sequelae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youn Joo Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Wan Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suzy Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hokyung Choung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Min Joung Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Namju Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sang In Khwarg
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Suk Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Seibel I, Cordini D, Rehak M, Hager A, Riechardt AI, Böker A, Heufelder J, Weber A, Gollrad J, Besserer A, Joussen AM. Local Recurrence After Primary Proton Beam Therapy in Uveal Melanoma: Risk Factors, Retreatment Approaches, and Outcome. Am J Ophthalmol 2015; 160:628-36. [PMID: 26133249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the risk factors, recurrence rates, retreatments, and long-term patient outcomes following proton beam therapy for uveal melanoma. DESIGN Retrospective interventional case series. METHODS All patients treated with primary proton beam therapy for uveal melanoma at the oncology service at Charité-Berlin and Helmholtz-Zentrum-Berlin between May 1998 and December 2008 were reviewed for local recurrence. Of 982 patients, 982 eyes matched the inclusion criteria. The data were obtained from electronic health records, operative reports, discharge letters, and radiation planning. Comparisons of fundus photographs and ultrasound measurements were performed to assess the growth pattern of the tumor and to determine the success of retreatment, in the case that a globe-retaining therapy was undertaken. RESULTS Of 982 patients, 35 patients (3.6%) developed local recurrence. The median follow-up was 60.7 months (6.0-170.4 months). Local control rate was 96.4% and the overall eye retention rate was 95.0% in this cohort. Local recurrence was correlated with a higher risk for metastasis and reduced survival. Largest tumor diameter was identified as the sole statistically significant risk factor for local recurrence (P = .00001). All globe-retaining retreatment approaches for local recurrence, including proton beam therapy, brachytherapy, and transpupillary thermotherapy used for recurrences at the tumor margins, showed good local tumor control and similar metastasis-free survivals. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that each globe-retaining retreatment approach can result in satisfying local tumor control. In case of early detection of local recurrence, preservation of the globe can be warranted. Therefore, regularly performed follow-ups should be ensured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ira Seibel
- Augenklinik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dino Cordini
- Augenklinik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Protonen am Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Lise-Meitner-Campus, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matus Rehak
- Augenklinik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Hager
- Augenklinik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aline I Riechardt
- Augenklinik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- Augenklinik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Heufelder
- Augenklinik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Protonen am Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Lise-Meitner-Campus, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Weber
- Augenklinik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Protonen am Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Lise-Meitner-Campus, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Gollrad
- Klinik für Radioonkologie und Strahlentherapie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angela Besserer
- Klinik für Radioonkologie und Strahlentherapie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia M Joussen
- Augenklinik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. The disease overwhelmingly affects white populations. Other risk factors include fair skin, light iris color, ancestry from northern latitudes, and ocular/oculodermal melanocytosis. Historically, enucleation was the definitive treatment of uveal melanoma, but brachytherapy and proton beam irradiation are now the most commonly used treatment methods. However, there are still no effective therapies against metastatic uveal melanoma, which is almost always fatal. Continued advances in understanding of the molecular mechanisms of uveal melanoma will facilitate the identification of prognostic markers and therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Yonekawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Local Recurrence After Uveal Melanoma Proton Beam Therapy: Recurrence Types and Prognostic Consequences. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
7
|
Brachytherapy for Choroidal Melanoma. Retina 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0737-9.00145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
8
|
Abstract
To assess the 5-year relative survival of patients diagnosed with uveal melanoma (UM) in a single center. UM patients were recruited from 1995 to 2004 (N = 155) and were followed until December 2008. Relative survival (RS) methods were used to assess excess mortality. An RS regression model was fitted by sex, age, tumor origin, treatment, and tumor size to estimate the excess hazard rate (EHR) of death from UM. The overall 5-year RS was 90%, lower in women (84.6%) than in men (100%), lower in patients older than 60 years (88.8%) compared with those younger than or of 60 years of age (94.8%). Large tumors (80.8%) showed lower RS than medium (95.1%) and small ones (98.3%). Enucleated patients (80.5%) had lower RS compared with those who received brachytherapy (93.6%) and other treatments (94.7%). A significant EHR was found for women (EHR: 3.65), patients older than 60 years (EHR: 2.25), large-sized melanoma (EHR: 2.45), and during the third (EHR: 5.37) and fourth year (EHR: 3.01) of follow-up. This is the first Spanish study in a single center reporting RS among UM patients, taking into account clinical characteristics. Prognostic factors that explained RS among UM patients were sex, age, tumor size, and the year of follow-up. We also found a peak of excess mortality from the third until the fourth year after diagnosis, which warrants strict follow-up of these patients during this time interval.
Collapse
|
9
|
Muller K, Naus N, Nowak PJ, Schmitz PI, de Pan C, van Santen CA, Marijnissen JP, Paridaens DA, Levendag PC, Luyten GP. Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for uveal melanoma, late clinical results. Radiother Oncol 2012; 102:219-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2011.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
10
|
Abi-Ayad N, Kodjikian L, Couturier J. [Genomic techniques used in uveal melanoma: a literature review]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2011; 34:259-64. [PMID: 21439677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Revised: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Genome study and expression profiling of the tumor seem to be the most significant biologic prognostic factor in uveal melanoma. Many cytogenetic and molecular tests are reported; our aim was to assess their ability to detect high metastatic risk patients through a literature review. Standard karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization and microsatellite analysis are not adequate. DNA-based genome techniques must analyse the entire genome (comparative genomic hybridization [CGH]) and, optimally, detect chromosome 3 isodisomy ("single-nucleotid polymorphism" SNP-array). Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) is less expensive than array-CGH, but its interpretation may be delicate. Gene expression profiling is the most accurate molecular test for predicting metastatic death in patient with uveal melanoma even if it remains a costly technique. These prognostic tests could be useful to identify high-risk patients in future adjuvant therapy protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Abi-Ayad
- Service d'ophtalmologie, hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, 103, grande rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69317 Lyon cedex 04, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Marucci L, Ancukiewicz M, Lane AM, Collier JM, Gragoudas ES, Munzenrider JE. Uveal Melanoma Recurrence After Fractionated Proton Beam Therapy: Comparison of Survival in Patients Treated With Reirradiation or With Enucleation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 79:842-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
12
|
Qualité de vie et état psychologique de patients atteints d’un mélanome de la choroïde : étude longitudinale. Bull Cancer 2011; 98:97-107. [DOI: 10.1684/bdc.2011.1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
13
|
Caujolle JP, Mammar H, Chamorey E, Pinon F, Herault J, Gastaud P. Proton Beam Radiotherapy for Uveal Melanomas at Nice Teaching Hospital: 16 Years' Experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 78:98-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.07.1688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
14
|
Dunavoelgyi R, Dieckmann K, Gleiss A, Sacu S, Kircher K, Georgopoulos M, Georg D, Zehetmayer M, Poetter R. Local tumor control, visual acuity, and survival after hypofractionated stereotactic photon radiotherapy of choroidal melanoma in 212 patients treated between 1997 and 2007. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 81:199-205. [PMID: 20675066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate long-term local tumor control, visual acuity, and survival after hypofractionated linear accelerator-based stereotactic photon radiotherapy in patients with choroidal melanoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS Between 1997 and 2007, 212 patients with choroidal melanoma unsuitable for ruthenium-106 brachytherapy or local resection were treated stereotactically at a linear accelerator with 6-MV photon beams at the Medical University of Vienna in five fractions over 7 days. Twenty-four patients received a total dose of 70 Gy (five fractions of 14 Gy), 158 a total dose of 60 Gy (five fractions of 12 Gy) and 30 patients a total dose of 50 Gy (five fractions of 10 Gy) applied on the 80% isodose. Ophthalmologic examinations were performed at baseline and every 3 months in the first 2 years, every 6 months until 5 years, and once a year thereafter until 10 years after radiotherapy. Assessment of visual acuity, routine ophthalmologic examinations, and measurement of tumor base dimension and height using standardized A-scan and B-scan echography were done at each visit. Funduscopy and fluorescein angiography were done when necessary to document tumor response. RESULTS Median tumor height and volume decreased from 4.8 mm and 270.7 mm3 at baseline to 2.6 mm and 86.6 mm3 at the last individual follow-up, respectively (p<0.001, p<0.001). Median visual acuity decreased from 0.55 at baseline to hand motion at the last individual follow-up (p<0.001). Local tumor control was 95.9% after 5 years and 92.6% after 10 years. Thirty-two patients developed metastatic disease, and 22 of these patients died during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION Hypofractionated stereotactic photon radiotherapy with 70 to 50 Gy delivered in five fractions in 7 days is sufficient to achieve excellent local tumor control in patients with malignant melanoma of the choroid. Disease outcome and vision are comparable to those achieved with proton beam radiotherapy. Decreasing the total dose below 60 Gy seems to be possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Dunavoelgyi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Beutel J, Wegner J, Wegner R, Ziemssen F, Nassar K, Rohrbach JM, Hilgers RD, Lüke M, Grisanti S. Possible Implications of MCAM Expression in Metastasis and Non-Metastatic of Primary Uveal Melanoma Patients. Curr Eye Res 2009; 34:1004-9. [DOI: 10.3109/02713680903262205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
16
|
Update on posterior uveal melanoma: treatment of the eye and emerging strategies in the prognosis and treatment of metastatic disease. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2009; 20:504-10. [DOI: 10.1097/icu.0b013e328330b549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
17
|
The effectiveness and safety of proton radiation therapy for indications of the eye : a systematic review. Strahlenther Onkol 2009; 185:211-21. [PMID: 19370423 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-009-1900-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE : Proton radiation has been used for the treatment of uveal melanoma since 1975, but few studies have been conducted to assess its efficacy and safety. This paper aims to systematically review the effects and side effects of proton therapy for any indication of the eye. MATERIAL AND METHODS : A range of databases were searched from inception to 2007. All studies that included at least ten patients and that assessed the efficacy or safety of proton therapy for any indication of the eye were included. RESULTS : The search generated 2,385 references, of which 37 met the inclusion criteria. Five controlled trials, two comparative studies and 30 case series were found, most often reporting on uveal melanoma, choroidal melanoma and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methodological quality of these studies was poor. Studies were characterized by large differences in radiation techniques applied within the studies, and by variation in patient characteristics within and between studies. Results for uveal melanoma and choroidal melanoma suggest favorable survival, with, however, significant rates of side effects. Results for choroidal hemangioma and AMD did not reveal beneficial effects from proton radiation. CONCLUSION : There is limited evidence on the effectiveness and safety of proton radiation due to the lack of well-designed and well-reported studies. There is a need to lift evidence on proton therapy to a higher level by performing dose-finding randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comparative studies of proton radiation versus standard given alternatives and prospective case studies enrolling only patients treated with up-to-date techniques, allowing extrapolation of results to similar patient groups.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ulmer A, Beutel J, Süsskind D, Hilgers RD, Ziemssen F, Lüke M, Röcken M, Rohrbach M, Fierlbeck G, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Grisanti S. Visualization of circulating melanoma cells in peripheral blood of patients with primary uveal melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:4469-74. [PMID: 18628461 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In patients with uveal melanoma, tumor cell dissemination and subsequent formation of metastases are confined mainly to the hematogenous route. Here, we sought to isolate circulating melanoma cells in peripheral blood of patients with primary uveal melanoma and clinically localized disease. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Blood samples from 52 patients with clinically localized uveal melanoma and from 20 control individuals were prospectively collected before therapy of the primary tumor. Tumor cells expressing the melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan were enriched by immunomagnetic cell sorting and visualized by immunocytologic staining. Results were compared with clinical data at presentation. RESULTS In 10 of 52 patients [19%; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 10-33%], between 1 and 5 circulating melanoma cells were detected in 50 mL peripheral blood. No melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-positive cells were detected in any of the 20 controls examined. The presence of tumor cells in peripheral blood was associated with ciliary body invasion [odds ratio (OR), 20.0; 95% CI, 3.0-131.7], advanced local tumor stage (OR, 6.7; 95% CI, 1.8-25.4), and anterior tumor localization (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.2-12.7), all established factors for uveal melanoma progression. CONCLUSIONS Immunomagnetic enrichment enables detection of intact melanoma cells in peripheral blood of patients with clinically localized ocular disease. Visualization and capturing of these cells provide a unique tool for characterizing potentially metastasizing tumor cells from a primary melanoma at an early stage of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Ulmer
- Department of Dermatology and University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Affiliation(s)
- Dae Yong Kim
- Proton Therapy Center, National Cancer Center, Korea.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Miralbell R, Caro M, Weber DC, Elizalde J, Perez-Ochoa A, Villà S, IgnacioToscas J, Martinez P, Linero D, Nouet P, Escudé L. Stereotactic radiotherapy for ocular melanoma: initial experience using closed eyes for ocular target immobilization. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2007; 6:413-7. [PMID: 17877429 DOI: 10.1177/153303460700600506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the reliability and target positioning reproducibility with eyes closed in uveal melanoma patients treated with a micromultileaf-based linear accelerator dedicated for stereotactic radiotherapy. Five consecutive patients treated with curative radiotherapy for uveal melanoma were monitored for positioning reproducibility with resimulation CT scans performed every two days while on treatment (23 resimulation CTs available). All patients underwent MRIs of the orbits before simulation to help to define the target and organs at risk (e.g., lenses, optic nerves, ciliary bodies, and lacrimal glands) in the simulation CT (MRI-to-CT bone registration). Patients were simulated, resimulated, and treated with eyes closed. Patient #1 was treated with 5 daily fractions while patients #2 to #5, were treated with 10 daily fractions. We chose the lens of the tumor-bearing eye as the structure to be controlled, assuming that correct repositioning of the lens should be a valid surrogate for correctness of target repositioning. Displacements (mean and standard deviations, SD) of the lens in the three axes were measured for each patient. Systematic and standard errors were calculated. Planning target volume (PTV) margins were estimated according to McKenzie et al. [Phys Med Biol 45, 3331-3342 (2000)]. For both AP-PA and left-right shifts calculated SD were always below 1 mm, except for patient #4, who was treated with a non-customized bolus that pushed the globe backwards in a random fashion. In ideal set-up conditions PTV margins around the target were estimated to be 3 mm. Asking patients to close their eyes is a simple and reliable immobilization procedure when treating ocular tumors with stereotactic radiotherapy. Margins of 3 mm around the target may be necessary to safely treat these tumors under ideal set-up conditions.
Collapse
|
21
|
Schuster R, Bechrakis NE, Stroux A, Busse A, Schmittel A, Scheibenbogen C, Thiel E, Foerster MH, Keilholz U. Circulating tumor cells as prognostic factor for distant metastases and survival in patients with primary uveal melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:1171-8. [PMID: 17317826 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine in patients with high-risk primary uveal melanoma whether the detection of circulating tumor cells by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) is of prognostic relevance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Blood samples from 110 patients with high-risk nonmetastatic uveal melanoma were collected on the occasion of primary treatment or follow-up visit. mRNA expression of tyrosinase and MelanA/MART1 were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and compared with clinical data at presentation and follow-up by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS The RT-PCR assay yielded a positive result in 11 of 110 patients, with five positive findings for tyrosinase and five for MelanA/MART1, and one sample positive for both markers. At a median follow-up of 22 months, 25% of patients had developed metastases and 15% had died. Univariate statistical analysis revealed RT-PCR and the largest tumor diameter as important prognostic factors for the development of metastases and for survival. In a Cox proportional hazard model, RT-PCR result and largest tumor diameter predicted metastases (hazard ratios 7.3 and 2.6, respectively), whereas PCR result, largest tumor diameter, and Karnofsky performance status were significant variables for disease-specific survival (hazard ratios 22.6, 4.7, and 6.0, respectively). Analysis of individual RT-PCR results revealed both tyrosinase and MelanA/MART1 transcripts as independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSION The presence of tyrosinase or MelanA/MART1 transcripts is an independent prognostic factor in patients with high-risk primary uveal melanoma for subsequent development of metastases and for survival and can be used to select patients for adjuvant treatment studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Schuster
- Department of Medicine III (Hematology, Oncology, and Transfusion Medicine), Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ristic-Fira AM, Todorovic DV, Koricanac LB, Petrovic IM, Valastro LM, Cirrone PGA, Raffaele L, Cuttone G. Response of a human melanoma cell line to low and high ionizing radiation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1095:165-74. [PMID: 17404029 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1397.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Effects of single irradiation with gamma rays and protons on human HTB140 melanoma cell growth were compared. Exponentially growing cells were irradiated close to the Bragg peak maximum of the unmodulated 62 MeV protons, as well as with (60)Co gamma rays. Applied doses ranged from 8 to 24 Gy. Viability of cells and proliferation capacity were assessed 7 days after irradiation. Induction of apoptosis and cell cycle phase redistribution were observed 6 and 48 h after irradiation. Significant inhibitory effects of both irradiation qualities were detected 7 days after irradiation. Important reduction of HTB140 cell viability was observed after irradiation with protons. Almost linear and highly significant (P < 0.001) decrease of cell proliferation was observed 7 days after irradiation with gamma rays and protons, as compared to nonirradiated controls. Protons induced apoptosis, both 6 and 48 h after irradiation. With the increase of post-irradiation incubation time, number of apoptotic cells decreased. Exposure of HTB140 cells to gamma rays did not provoke apoptotic cell death. Important number of cells in G1-S phase, detected by the cell cycle phase redistribution analyses, suggested high metabolic activity of irradiated melanoma cells within the first 48 h. Both irradiation qualities caused modest G2-M arrest 6 and 48 h after irradiation, thus supporting results that illustrated high radioresistance of HTB140 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Ristic-Fira
- Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, P.O. Box 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Brada M, Pijls-Johannesma M, De Ruysscher D. Proton therapy in clinical practice: current clinical evidence. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:965-70. [PMID: 17350945 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.10.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Brada
- The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden National Health Service Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gambrelle J, Grange JD, Devouassoux Shisheboran M, Rivoire M, Baggetto LG, Jean-Louis B, Fleury J, Kodjikian L. Survival after primary enucleation for choroidal melanoma: changes induced by the introduction of conservative therapies. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006; 245:657-63. [PMID: 17119996 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-006-0477-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most uveal melanomas are currently treated by eye-preserving radiotherapies. However, for melanomas of the largest size or with initial complications, enucleation remains the reference treatment. Enucleation is called primary when it is proposed as the only local treatment option for a melanoma. There is very little literature on the use of primary enucleation after the introduction of conservative treatments. Our main goal was to evaluate the survival of melanoma patients treated by primary enucleation since the introduction of proton-beam therapy in France in 1991. METHODS All melanoma patients undergoing primary enucleation in our department between 1991 and 2002 were included in this retrospective study. The 5-year melanoma-specific survival rate was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The multivariate prognostic analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS Forty patients, representing 8% of all patients with choroidal uveal melanoma diagnosed and followed up in our department during an 11-year period, were included in the study. No patient was lost to follow-up. The 5-year melanoma-specific survival rate was 31.45% (SE: 7.8) after primary enucleation. Significant prognosis factors in the multivariate analysis were: tumor thickness > 12 mm (p = 0.03), anterior margin of the tumor involving the iris (p = 0.018), and presence of epithelioid cells (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS The very low survival rate reported reflects the evolution of primary enucleation, which is currently indicated only for melanomas with the worst prognosis. The knowledge of current post-enucleation survival rates represents an essential achievement for both correct assessment of conservative therapies and patient counseling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Gambrelle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Croix-Rousse Hospital, 103, Grande rue de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, 69004, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Desjardins L, Levy-Gabriel C, Lumbroso-Lerouic L, Sastre X, Dendale R, Couturier J, Piperno-Neumann S, Dorval T, Mariani P, Salmon R, Plancher C, Asselain B. Facteurs pronostiques du mélanome malin de l’uvée. J Fr Ophtalmol 2006; 29:741-9. [PMID: 16988624 DOI: 10.1016/s0181-5512(06)73843-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We conducted a retrospective study on the clinical factors influencing the local and general prognosis of patients treated for uveal melanoma with a preliminary analysis of the prognostic value of monosomy 3. PATIENTS and method: The patients sent to Curie Institute for uveal melanoma have a complete initial clinical evaluation, conservative management by radiotherapy or enucleation, and local and general long-term follow-up. Over the last 5 years, the status of chromosome 3 has been assessed by FISH in the tumors of enucleated patients. Findings concerning the initial workup, treatment, and follow-up are recorded prospectively. We conducted a retrospective study with multivariate analysis of the clinical factors influencing local recurrence, ocular conservation metastasis, and survival and studied the effect of monosomy 3. RESULTS A total of 2241 patients were registered with a median follow-up of 72 months. Of these patients, 92.8% had conservative management with iodine 125 brachytherapy or proton beam therapy and 7.2% of the patients had enucleation (n=160). Tumors from 120 patients were studied for the status of chromosome 3 by FISH. The overall survival rate was 76.3% and the metastatic rate was 19.5%. The clinical factors influencing survival were the size and location of the tumor, age of the patient, gender, and initial treatment. The factors influencing the metastatic risk were the same plus retinal detachment and local recurrence. Monosomy 3 was a significant risk factor for metastatic disease. DISCUSSION This study found the usual risk factors with the difference that location on the equator seems to be of worse prognosis than ciliary body involvement for survival and metastasis. In addition, the initial retinal detachment appears to be a risk factor for local recurrence and metastasis. At present, the evaluation of chromosome 3 is available for enucleated tumors but it could probably be done on needle biopsy performed during conservative management as well. CONCLUSION This study confirms previous results on the prognostic factors of uveal melanoma and on the value of monosomy 3. The increasingly precise identification of a group of high-risk patients should allow us to propose adjuvant therapy and to adapt follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Desjardins
- Service d'Oncologie Oculaire, Institut Curie, Paris
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Today radiation is routinely used as a therapeutic modality for select tumors of the orbit, adnexa, paranasal sinus, and nasopharynx. Despite significant improvements in mechanisms of delivery and protective shielding, acute and chronic complications of radiation can affect different segments of the eye. In this report, we provide an overview of ocular damage secondary to radiotherapy. We identify the characteristic clinical changes and underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms involving the ocular surface and provide a rational approach to their prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Barabino
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hérault J, Iborra N, Serrano B, Chauvel P. Monte Carlo simulation of a protontherapy platform devoted to ocular melanoma. Med Phys 2005; 32:910-9. [PMID: 15895573 DOI: 10.1118/1.1871392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with ocular melanoma have been treated since June 1991 at the medical cyclotron of the Centre Antoine Lacassagne (CAL). Positions and sizes of the ocular nozzle elements were initially defined based on experimental work, taking as a pattern functional existing facilities. Nowadays Monte Carlo (MC) calculation offers a tool to refine this geometry by adjusting size and place of beam modeling devices. Moreover, the MC tool is a useful way to calculate the dose and to evaluate the impact of secondary particles in the field of radiotherapy or radiation protection. Both LINAC and cyclotron producing x rays, electrons, protons, and neutrons are available in CAL, which suggests choosing MCNPX for its particle versatility. As a first step, the existing installation was input in MCNPX to check its aptitude to reproduce experimentally measured depth-dose profile, lateral profile, output-factor (OF), and absolute dose. The geometry was defined precisely and described from the last achromatic bending magnet of our proton beam line to the position of treated eyes. Relative comparisons of percentage depth-dose and lateral profiles, performed between measured data and simulations, show an agreement of the order of 2% in dose and 0.1 mm in range accuracy. These comparisons, carried out with and without beam-modifying device, yield results compatible to the required precision in ocular melanoma treatments, as long as adequate choices are made on MCNPX input decks for physics card. Absolute dose and OF issued from calculations and measurements were also compared. Results obtained for these two kinds of data, carried out in the simplified situation of an unmodulated beam, indicate that MC calculation could effectively complement measurements. These encouraging results are a large source of motivation to promote further studies, first in a new design of the ocular nozzle, and second in the analysis of the influence of beam-modifying devices attached to the final patient collimator, such as wedge or compensators, on dose values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Hérault
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Cyclotron Biomedical, 227 Avenue de la Lanterne, 06200 Nice, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gambrelle J, Kodjikian L, Grange JD. Survival after primary enucleation of largest uveal melanomas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 83:398; 398-9. [PMID: 15948802 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2005.0433c.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
29
|
Kodjikian L, Grange JD, Baldo S, Baillif S, Garweg JG, Rivoire M. Prognostic factors of liver metastases from uveal melanoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2005; 243:985-93. [PMID: 15891893 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-005-1188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Revised: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was designed to assess survival and identify prognostic factors for liver metastases diagnosed by systematic screening in uveal melanoma patients. METHODS Among 602 consecutive patients treated over 10 years for uveal melanoma and followed by systematic semi-annual hepatic screening (abdominal ultrasonography), 63 (10.5%) developed liver metastases; these patients form the basis of this study. Factors including patient demographics, characteristics of the uveal tumor, metastasis-free interval, severity of liver metastatic involvement, and treatments of metastases were studied retrospectively regarding their prognostic value, using univariate (Kaplan-Meier method) and multivariate (Cox model) analyses. RESULTS Thirty-five patients (55.6% of the metastatic population) received systemic chemotherapy or best supportive care only; 14 patients (22.2% of the metastatic population) diagnosed with diffuse liver involvement had cytoreductive surgery and intra-arterial chemotherapy; 14 (22.2% of the metastatic population) had complete surgical removal of liver metastases followed by postoperative intra-arterial chemotherapy. No significant surgical complications were experienced. The median overall survival after diagnosis of liver metastases was 15 months. It reached 25 months for selected patients with complete resection (P=0.0002). In this cohort of 63 patients, ten or fewer preoperatively diagnosed metastases and primary uveal melanoma not involving the ciliary body were independently associated with better prognosis. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that selected patients with screened liver metastases from uveal melanoma may benefit from aggressive treatment, including surgery. The two independent favorable prognostic factors are fewer than ten metastases at screening and the absence of ciliary body involvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Kodjikian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Croix-Rousse Hospital, 103, Grande rue de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, 69004, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chauvel P, Iborra N, Hérault J, Courdi A, Gérard JP. A networking for patient recruitment : the experience of choroidal melanoma. Radiother Oncol 2004; 73 Suppl 2:S18-20. [PMID: 15971302 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(04)80006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The organization of a networking for patient recruitment is a main concern for a new facility using charged particles. The experience of choroidal melanoma in Nice demonstrates the possibility to create "de novo" a protontherapy center treating a sufficient number of patients. The influence of the opening of new facilities is analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Chauvel
- Centre Antoine-Lacassagne, Biomedical Cyclotron, 227 Avenue de la Lanterne 06200 Nice, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|