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Wang M, Wang S, Zhang C, Ma M, Yan B, Hu X, Shao T, Piao Y, Jin L, Gao J. Microstructure Formation and Characterization of Long-Acting Injectable Microspheres: The Gateway to Fully Controlled Drug Release Pattern. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:1571-1595. [PMID: 38406600 PMCID: PMC10888034 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s445269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-acting injectable microspheres have been on the market for more than three decades, but if calculated on the brand name, only 12 products have been approved by the FDA due to numerous challenges in achieving a fully controllable drug release pattern. Recently, more and more researches on the critical factors that determine the release kinetics of microspheres shifted from evaluating the typical physicochemical properties to exploring the microstructure. The microstructure of microspheres mainly includes the spatial distribution and the dispersed state of drug, PLGA and pores, which has been considered as one of the most important characteristics of microspheres, especially when comparative characterization of the microstructure (Q3) has been recommended by the FDA for the bioequivalence assessment. This review extracted the main variables affecting the microstructure formation from microsphere formulation compositions and preparation processes and highlighted the latest advances in microstructure characterization techniques. The further understanding of the microsphere microstructure has significant reference value for the development of long-acting injectable microspheres, particularly for the development of the generic microspheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changhao Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain of Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bohua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinming Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain of Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianjiao Shao
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain of Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Piao
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain of Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain of Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, People’s Republic of China
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Al-Kabariti AY, Arafat BT, Oriquat GA, Možná P, Jaidy H, Rehmani A, Patel K, Al-Qinna N, Alhnan MA. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Dark Chocolate as Age-appropriate Oral Matrix. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 192:106646. [PMID: 37989467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Swallowing difficulties encountered by geriatric patients who undergo polypharmacy represent a significant challenge that hampers patient compliance and therapeutic management. As an appealing and sensory-pleasing, chocolate-based formulations have emerged as a potential alternative oral dosage form suitable for both the elderly and paediatric populations. However, the extent to which the incorporation of drugs into a chocolate matrix affects their oral availability remains unclear. Therefore, the objective of this investigation was to explore the in vitro and in vivo performance of an ibuprofen-based chocolate dosage form. A matrix based on dark chocolate and the model drug was prepared at two distinct temperatures: 50 and 80 °C. In vitro release studies revealed that ibuprofen formulated through co-melting at 80 °C exhibited a statistically significant slower drug release (p < 0.05) compared to formulations prepared at 50 °C in both FaSSGF (fasted-state simulated gastric fluid) and lipolysis media. The enzymatic degradation of chocolate in the presence of lipase accelerated in vitro ibuprofen release from chocolate matrices. To delve deeper into the bioavailability of ibuprofen within the chocolate formulations, we conducted an in vivo assessment, comparing the pharmacokinetic profiles of ibuprofen in its conventional suspension form with our chocolate-based dosage forms. A notable drop (p < 0.05) in the maximum serum concentration of ibuprofen when incorporated into co-melted or solid-suspension chocolate matrices. However, no significant differences in plasma exposure were observed between the two formulations. These findings shed a light on the potential of chocolate to extend of ibuprofen when integrated into various chocolate matrices, showcasing the potential held by these innovative formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Y Al-Kabariti
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan; Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Basel T Arafat
- Faculty of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK
| | - Ghaleb Ali Oriquat
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Petra Možná
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Hadeal Jaidy
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Asma Rehmani
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Kausar Patel
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Nidal Al-Qinna
- University of Petra Pharmaceutical Center (UPPC), Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Mohamed A Alhnan
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Medicine Research, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK.
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Xu H, Wu L, Xue Y, Yang T, Xiong T, Wang C, He S, Sun H, Cao Z, Liu J, Wang S, Li Z, Naeem A, Yin X, Zhang J. Advances in Structure Pharmaceutics from Discovery to Evaluation and Design. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4404-4429. [PMID: 37552597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery systems (DDSs) play an important role in delivering active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to targeted sites with a predesigned release pattern. The chemical and biological properties of APIs and excipients have been extensively studied for their contribution to DDS quality and effectiveness; however, the structural characteristics of DDSs have not been adequately explored. Structure pharmaceutics involves the study of the structure of DDSs, especially the three-dimensional (3D) structures, and its interaction with the physiological and pathological structure of organisms, possibly influencing their release kinetics and targeting abilities. A systematic overview of the structures of a variety of dosage forms, such as tablets, granules, pellets, microspheres, powders, and nanoparticles, is presented. Moreover, the influence of structures on the release and targeting capability of DDSs has also been discussed, especially the in vitro and in vivo release correlation and the structure-based organ- and tumor-targeting capabilities of particles with different structures. Additionally, an in-depth discussion is provided regarding the application of structural strategies in the DDSs design and evaluation. Furthermore, some of the most frequently used characterization techniques in structure pharmaceutics are briefly described along with their potential future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huipeng Xu
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Wu
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Yanling Xue
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ting Xiong
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Caifen Wang
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Siyu He
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zeying Cao
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Siwen Wang
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Abid Naeem
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Xianzhen Yin
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No.2 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China
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4
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Vishvakarma V, Kaur M, Nagpal M, Arora S. Role of Nanotechnology in Taste Masking: Recent Updates. Curr Drug Res Rev 2023; 15:1-14. [PMID: 35619251 DOI: 10.2174/2589977514666220526091259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the important parameters in the case of dosage form is taste. Most of the drugs available in oral dosage form have an unpleasant taste which leads to patient incompliance and affects the success ratio of products in the market. Geriatric and paediatric patients suffer more with the bitter taste of medicines. According to the studies reported, it is found that 50% of the population have the problem swallowing tablets, especially the pediatric and geriatric population. Masking the taste of bitter drugs has become necessary in the pharmaceutical field and increasing interest of researchers to develop various methods for masking the bitter taste of drugs. Five major tastes, felt by our tongue are salt, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami. When the drug dissolves with saliva, drug molecules interact with taste receptors present on the tongue and give taste sensations. Although, many solid oral dosage forms like pills, and tablets have an additional advantage of masking and encapsulation of bitter taste drugs; however, they might not be effective for children because they may or may not swallow pills or tablets. There are various other methods that mask the bitter taste of drugs such as the addition of sweeteners and flavouring agents, granulation, coating, inclusion complexes, extrusion method, ion-exchange resins, etc, discussed in the first section of the article. The second part of this article consists of various nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems that were fabricated by researchers to mask the bitter taste of drugs. A brief of recent literature on various nanocarriers that were fabricated or developed for taste masking has been discussed in this part. A better understanding of these methods will help researchers and pharmaceutical industries to develop novel drug delivery systems with improved taste masking properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malkiet Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Manju Nagpal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sandeep Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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Candiani A, Milanesi A, Foglio Bonda A, Diana G, Bari E, Segale L, Torre ML, Giovannelli L. Solid Lipid Microparticles by Spray Congealing of Water/Oil Emulsion: An Effective/Versatile Loading Strategy for a Highly Soluble Drug. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122805. [PMID: 36559298 PMCID: PMC9785713 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spray congealing technique was exploited to produce solid lipid microparticles (SLMp) loaded with a highly water-soluble drug (metoclopramide hydrochloride) dissolved in the aqueous phase of a water in oil (W/O) emulsion. The use of an emulsion as starting material for a spray congealing treatment is not so frequent. Moreover, for this application, a W/O emulsion with a drug dissolved in water is a totally novel path. A ternary diagram was built to optimize the emulsion composition, a factorial design was used to identify the factors affecting the properties of the microparticles and a Design of Experiment strategy was applied to define the impact of process conditions and formulation variables on the SLMp properties. SLMp were characterized by particle size distribution, morphology, residual moisture, drug content, release behavior, FT-IR analysis and XRPD. The obtained microparticles presented a spherical shape, particle size distribution between 54-98 µm depending on atomizing pressure used during the production step and 2-5% residual moisture 4 days after the preparation. XRPD analysis revealed that lipid polymorphic transition alfa-beta occurs depending on the presence of water. In vitro drug release tests highlighted that all the formulations had a reduced release rate compared to the drug alone. These results suggest that spray congealing of a W/O emulsion could be proposed as a good strategy to obtain SLMp with a high loading of a hydrophilic drug and able to control its release rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Candiani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Milanesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
- APTSol S.R.L., Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | | | - Giada Diana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Elia Bari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Lorena Segale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
- APTSol S.R.L., Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Luisa Torre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Pharmaexceed S.R.L., Piazza Castello 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorella Giovannelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
- APTSol S.R.L., Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
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6
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Yu J, Xie J, Xie H, Hu Q, Wu Z, Cai X, Guo Z, Lin J, Han L, Zhang D. Strategies for Taste Masking of Orodispersible Dosage Forms: Time, Concentration, and Perception. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3007-3025. [PMID: 35848076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Orodispersible dosage forms, characterized as quick dissolving and swallowing without water, have recently gained great attention from the pharmaceutical industry, as these forms can satisfy the needs of children, the elderly, and patients suffering from mental illnesses. However, poor taste by thorough exposure of the drugs' dissolution in the oral cavity hinders the effectiveness of the orodispersible dosage forms. To bridge this gap, we put forward three taste-masking strategies with respect to the intensity of time, concentration, and perception. We further investigated the raw material processing, the composition of auxiliary material, formulation techniques, and process control in each strategy and drew conclusions about their effects on taste masking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Huijuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Qi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Zhenfeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, PR China
| | - Xinfu Cai
- Sichuan Guangda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Pengzhou 611930, PR China
| | - Zhiping Guo
- Sichuan Houde Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Junzhi Lin
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, PR China
| | - Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
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Banerjee S, Joshi U, Singh A, Saharan VA. Lipids for Taste masking and Taste assessment in pharmaceutical formulations. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 235:105031. [PMID: 33352198 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.105031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical products often have drawbacks of unacceptable taste and palatability which makes it quite difficult for oral administration to some special populations like pediatrics and geriatrics. To curb this issue different approaches like coating, granulation, extrusion, inclusion complexation, ion-exchange resins, etc for taste masking are employed and among them use of lipids have drawn special attention of researchers. Lipids have a lower melting point which is ideal for incorporating drugs in some of these methods like hot-melt extrusion, melt granulation, spray drying/congealing and emulsification. Lipids play a significant role as a barrier to sustain the release of drugs and biocompatible nature of lipids increases their acceptability by the human body. Further, lipids provide vast opportunities of altering pharmacokinetics of the active ingredients by modulating release profiles. In taste sensors, also known as electronic tongue or e-tongue, lipids are used in preparing taste sensing membranes which are subsequently used in preparing taste sensors. Lipid membrane taste sensors have been widely used in assessing taste and palatability of pharmaceutical and food formulations. This review explores applications of lipids in masking the bitter taste in pharmaceutical formulations and significant role of lipids in evaluation of taste and palatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surojit Banerjee
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248001, India
| | - Ujjwal Joshi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248001, India
| | - Anupama Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248001, India
| | - Vikas Anand Saharan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248001, India.
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Microencapsulation of black seed oil in alginate beads for stability and taste masking. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bertoni S, Albertini B, Passerini N. Spray Congealing: An Emerging Technology to Prepare Solid Dispersions with Enhanced Oral Bioavailability of Poorly Water Soluble Drugs. Molecules 2019; 24:E3471. [PMID: 31557815 PMCID: PMC6804277 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The low and variable oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs remains a major concern for the pharmaceutical industry. Spray congealing is an emerging technology for the production of solid dispersion to enhance the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs by using low-melting hydrophilic excipients. The main advantages are the absence of solvents and the possibility to obtain spherical free-flowing microparticles (MPs) by a relatively inexpensive, simple, and one-step process. This review aims to fully describe the composition, structure, physico-chemical properties, and characterization techniques of spray congealed-formulations. Moreover, the influence of these properties on the MPs performance in terms of solubility and dissolution enhancement are examined. Following, an overview of the different spray congealed systems developed to increase the oral drug bioavailability is provided, with a focus on the mechanisms underpinning the bioavailability enhancement. Finally, this work gives specific insights on the main factors to be considered for the rational formulation, manufacturing, and characterization of spray congealed solid dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Bertoni
- Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology, University of Bologna, Via S. Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Albertini
- Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology, University of Bologna, Via S. Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Nadia Passerini
- Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology, University of Bologna, Via S. Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
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