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Kozhimannil KB, Sheffield EC, Fritz AH, Henning‐Smith C, Interrante JD, Lewis VA. Rural/urban differences in rates and predictors of intimate partner violence and abuse screening among pregnant and postpartum United States residents. Health Serv Res 2024; 59:e14212. [PMID: 37553107 PMCID: PMC10915503 DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.14212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe rates and predictors of perinatal intimate partner violence (IPV) and rates and predictors of not being screened for abuse among rural and urban IPV victims who gave birth. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SETTING This analysis utilized 2016-2020 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) data from 45 states and three jurisdictions. STUDY DESIGN This is a retrospective, cross-sectional study using multistate survey data. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS This analysis included 201,413 survey respondents who gave birth in 2016-2020 (n = 42,193 rural and 159,220 urban respondents). We used survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression models, stratified by rural/urban residence, to estimate adjusted predicted probabilities and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for two outcomes: (1) self-reported experiences of IPV (physical violence by a current or former intimate partner) and (2) not receiving abuse screening at health care visits before, during, or after pregnancy. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Rural residents had a higher prevalence of perinatal IPV (4.6%) than urban residents (3.2%). Rural respondents who were Medicaid beneficiaries, 18-35 years old, non-Hispanic white, Hispanic (English-speaking), or American Indian/Alaska Native had significantly higher predicted probabilities of experiencing perinatal IPV compared with their urban counterparts. Among respondents who experienced perinatal IPV, predicted probabilities of not receiving abuse screening were 21.3% for rural and 16.5% for urban residents. Predicted probabilities of not being screened for abuse were elevated for rural IPV victims who were Medicaid beneficiaries, 18-24 years old, or unmarried, compared to urban IPV victims with those same characteristics. CONCLUSIONS IPV is more common among rural birthing people, and rural IPV victims are at higher risk of not being screened for abuse compared with their urban peers. IPV prevention and support interventions are needed in rural communities and should focus on universal abuse screening during health care visits and targeted support for those at greatest risk of perinatal IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Backes Kozhimannil
- Division of Health Policy and ManagementUniversity of Minnesota Rural Health Research Center, University of Minnesota School of Public HealthMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Division of Health Policy and ManagementUniversity of Minnesota, University of Minnesota School of Public HealthMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Emily C. Sheffield
- Division of Health Policy and ManagementUniversity of Minnesota Rural Health Research Center, University of Minnesota School of Public HealthMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Division of Health Policy and ManagementUniversity of Minnesota, University of Minnesota School of Public HealthMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Alyssa H. Fritz
- Division of Health Policy and ManagementUniversity of Minnesota Rural Health Research Center, University of Minnesota School of Public HealthMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Division of Health Policy and ManagementUniversity of Minnesota, University of Minnesota School of Public HealthMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Carrie Henning‐Smith
- Division of Health Policy and ManagementUniversity of Minnesota Rural Health Research Center, University of Minnesota School of Public HealthMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Division of Health Policy and ManagementUniversity of Minnesota, University of Minnesota School of Public HealthMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Julia D. Interrante
- Division of Health Policy and ManagementUniversity of Minnesota Rural Health Research Center, University of Minnesota School of Public HealthMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Division of Health Policy and ManagementUniversity of Minnesota, University of Minnesota School of Public HealthMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Valerie A. Lewis
- Department of Health Policy and ManagementGillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
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Willie TC, Linton SL, Whittaker S, Phillips KA, Knight D, Gray MC, Gardner G, Overstreet NM. Housing insecurity among black women surviving intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic: an intersectional qualitative approach. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:501. [PMID: 38365688 PMCID: PMC10873942 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Housing instability is highly prevalent among intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors, and the coupling consequences of structural racism, sexism, classism, and the COVID-19 pandemic, may create more barriers to safe and adequate housing, specifically for Black women IPV survivors. In particular, the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic had the potential to amplify disadvantages for Black women IPV survivors, yet very little research has acknowledged it. Therefore, the current study sought to assess the experiences of housing insecurity among Black women experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) while navigating racism, sexism, and classism during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS From January to April 2021, we conducted in-depth interviews with 50 Black women experiencing IPV in the United States. Guided by intersectionality, a hybrid thematic and interpretive phenomenological analytic approach was used to identify sociostructural factors shaping housing insecurity. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate the various ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic shaped Black women IPV survivors' ability to obtain and sustain safe housing. We derived five themes to capture factors contributing to housing experiences: challenges with separate and unequal neighborhoods; pandemic-related economic inequalities; economic abuse limitations; and strategies to maintain housing. CONCLUSIONS Obtaining and maintaining safe housing during the COVID-19 pandemic was difficult for Black women IPV survivors who were also navigating racism, sexism, and socioeconomic position. Interventions are needed to reduce the impact of these intersecting systems of oppression and power to facilitate the resources necessary for Black women IPV survivors to identify safe housing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiara C Willie
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, 21205, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Sabriya L Linton
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, 21205, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shannon Whittaker
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Karlye A Phillips
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, 21205, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deja Knight
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mya C Gray
- School of Law, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gretta Gardner
- Ujima, The National Center on Violence Against Women in the Black Community, Washington, DC, USA
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3
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Tang S, Bowen DA, Chadwick L, Madden E, Ghertner R. Are Home Evictions Associated with Child Welfare System Involvement? Empirical Evidence from National Eviction Records and Child Protective Services Data. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2024; 29:66-81. [PMID: 36112918 PMCID: PMC10178375 DOI: 10.1177/10775595221125917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to understand the relationship between home eviction and child welfare system involvement at the county level. Using administrative data, we examined associations of home eviction and eviction filing rates with child abuse and neglect (CAN) reports and foster care entries. We found one additional eviction per 100 renter-occupied homes in a county was associated with a 1.3% increase in the rate of CAN reports and a 1.6% increase in foster care entries. The association between eviction and foster care entries was strongest among Hispanic children with an 8.1% increase. Assisting parents in providing stable housing may reduce the risk of child welfare system involvement, including out-of-home child placement. Primary and secondary prevention strategies could include housing assistance, increasing access to affordable and safe housing, as well as providing economic support for families (e.g., tax credits, childcare subsidies) that reduce parental financial burden to access stable housing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Tang
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel A Bowen
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laura Chadwick
- Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Emily Madden
- Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robin Ghertner
- Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
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4
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Greene A, Korchmaros JD, Frank F. Trauma Experience Among Women Who Have Substance Use Disorders and are Homeless or Near Homeless. Community Ment Health J 2024; 60:233-243. [PMID: 37462795 PMCID: PMC10821823 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-023-01162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Women with substance use disorders (SUDs) who are homeless or near homeless have high rates of mental health, behavioral health, and SUD treatment needs. To effectively respond to these needs, it is critical to understand the population-specific trauma experiences of these women. This descriptive study examined the extent and nature of trauma experience among women who have an SUD and are homeless or near homeless. Results (n = 851 women) indicated high rates of trauma experience. All participants (100%) reported at least one type of trauma experience in their lifetime, with the majority (75.3%) having experienced five to seven of the seven types of trauma experiences assessed. Participants reported high levels of emotional severity related to the majority of traumatic events experienced. The pervasiveness of the trauma experiences and the related emotional impact among women with SUDs who are homeless or near homeless reinforce the necessity for trauma-informed care in treatment settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Greene
- University of Arizona, Southwest Institute for Research on Women, 925 N Tyndall Avenue, P.O. Box 210438, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0438, USA.
- School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, 1025 East 7th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405-7109, USA.
| | - Josephine D Korchmaros
- University of Arizona, Southwest Institute for Research on Women, 925 N Tyndall Avenue, P.O. Box 210438, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0438, USA
| | - Franziska Frank
- School of Sociology, University of Arizona, 1145 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0438, USA
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5
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Benson-Goldsmith ME, Gildea B, Richards TN, Roley-Roberts ME, Greenberg P, Hobbs A. An Exploratory Analysis of Domestic and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization Among Persons Experiencing Eviction. Violence Against Women 2024:10778012231225231. [PMID: 38213264 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231225231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
A paucity of research has examined the prevalence of domestic and intimate partner violence (DV/IPV) victimization among persons experiencing eviction. The current study uses administrative records for a random sample of evicted adults in Omaha, Nebraska from 2017 to 2019 (n = 306) to assess the prevalence of DV/IPV victimization among evicted persons and differences among the DV/IPV and no DV/IPV groups. Findings indicated over 20% of evicted persons experienced DV/IPV victimization, and DV/IPV often preceded the first eviction. DV/IPV disproportionately impacted Black women. Implications regarding the compounding consequences of eviction and DV/IPV victimization and recommendations for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Gildea
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Tara N Richards
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Pierce Greenberg
- Department of Cultural and Social Studies, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Anne Hobbs
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
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6
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Meehan AA, Waddell CJ, Marx GE, Clarke KEN, Bratcher A, Montgomery MP, Marcus R, Ramirez V, Mosites E. Considerations for Defining Homelessness in Public Health Data Collection. Public Health Rep 2023:333549231215850. [PMID: 38156641 DOI: 10.1177/00333549231215850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Meehan
- Office of Readiness and Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Caroline J Waddell
- Office of Readiness and Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Grace E Marx
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kristie E N Clarke
- Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anna Bratcher
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Martha P Montgomery
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ruthanne Marcus
- Division of HIV Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Victoria Ramirez
- National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily Mosites
- Office of Readiness and Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Nydegger LA, Benton EN, Hemingway B, Fung S, Yuan M, Phung C, Claborn KR. Housing Insecurity and Other Syndemic Factors Experienced by Black and Latina Cisgender Women in Austin, Texas: A Qualitative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:7177. [PMID: 38131728 PMCID: PMC10742514 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20247177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Austin, Texas emerged as one of the fastest-growing cities in the U.S. over the past decade. Urban transformation has exacerbated inequities and reduced ethnic/racial diversity among communities. This qualitative study focused on housing insecurity and other syndemic factors among Black and Latina cisgender women (BLCW). Data collection from 18 BLCW using in-depth interviews guided by syndemic theory was conducted three times over three months between 2018 and 2019. Four housing insecurity categories emerged: (a) very unstable, (b) unstable, (c) stable substandard, and (d) stable costly. Participants who experienced more stable housing, particularly more stable housing across interviews, reported fewer instances of intimate partner violence (IPV), less substance use, and a reduced risk of acquiring HIV. Results identified the importance of exploring housing insecurity with other syndemic factors among BLCW along with determining structural- and multi-level interventions to improve housing circumstances and other syndemic factors. Future research should explore these factors in other geographic locations, among other intersectional communities, and among larger sample sizes and consider using a mixed methods approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesl A. Nydegger
- Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Erin N. Benton
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Bree Hemingway
- School of Community & Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA 91711, USA;
| | - Sarah Fung
- Moody School of Communication, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Mandy Yuan
- School of Human Ecology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Chau Phung
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Kasey R. Claborn
- Steve Hicks School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
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8
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Fedina L, Shyrokonis Y, Backes B, Schultz K, Ashwell L, Hafner S, Rosay A. Intimate Partner Violence, Economic Insecurity, and Health Outcomes Among American Indian and Alaska Native Men and Women: Findings From a National Sample. Violence Against Women 2023; 29:2060-2079. [PMID: 36168282 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221127725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Limited data are available on experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual violence (SV) and health outcomes among American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) populations. This study explores the relationship between IPV and SV, food insecurity, housing insecurity, healthcare access, and self-reported physical and mental health status in a nationally representative sample of AIAN adults (N = 3,634). IPV and SV were associated with poorer physical and mental health at the bivariate level, but not in multivariate analyses. Economic inequalities are a salient predictor of health and may be compounded by demographic and geographic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fedina
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Bethany Backes
- Department of Criminal Justice and School of Social Work, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Katie Schultz
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Louise Ashwell
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Steven Hafner
- Center for Human Identification at the University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Andre Rosay
- College of Health, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA
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9
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Johnson L. Intimate Partner Violence, Child Custody, and Financial Issues Among Female Suicide Decedents With Known Intimate Partner Problems: National Violent Death Reporting System, 2018. Womens Health Issues 2023; 33:532-540. [PMID: 37246042 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hardships such as custody issues and financial stress may increase suicide risk for individuals experiencing intimate partner problems, particularly intimate partner violence (IPV). The objective of this study was to examine associations among custody issues, financial strain, and IPV among female suicide decedents with known intimate partner problems using data from the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS). METHODS NVDRS data from 2018, which comes from 41 U.S. states, was used to examine the nature and frequency of custody and financial strain and IPV among a sample of 1,567 female suicide decedents with known intimate partner problems (e.g., divorce, breakup, argument). Case narratives were used to extract detailed information about these situations. RESULTS IPV was documented in 22.14% of cases. Compared with those without documented IPV, cases with documented IPV were more likely to include custody issues (3.44% vs. 6.34%). Controlling for demographic characteristics and mental health, documented child custody issues were associated with greater odds of IPV (odds ratio = 1.80; 95% confidence interval = 1.03-3.16). Financial strain was not statistically significantly associated with child custody issues or IPV among this sample. CONCLUSIONS Child custody issues can contribute to suicide among women with known intimate partner problems and are positively associated with IPV. Suicide prevention and intervention efforts should recognize child custody issues as a risk factor, particularly when coupled with IPV. There is also a need to promote policies and services that improve the financial and civil legal circumstances of IPV survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Johnson
- Temple University School of Social Work, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Marçal KE. Patterns and predictors of material hardship among poor families with children. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 51:1901-1916. [PMID: 36511430 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Experiences of material hardship vary across poor families, but little is understood about this variability. The present study aimed to distinguish subtypes of material hardship as well as which characteristics predict subtypes. Latent class analysis with data from a large, longitudinal study of families with youth children investigated subtypes of material hardship as well as predictors of subtypes. Multinomial logistic regression then predicted class membership used on known housing risk factors maternal IPV victimization, depression, and substance use. Analyses identified three distinct subtypes of material hardship: "Housing Insecure," "Food Insecure," and "Cost-Burdened but Managing." Maternal IPV victimization and depression reduced likelihood of membership in the "Managing" class, but no predictors distinguished families who become food versus housing insecure. Findings suggest widespread financial stress and complex tradeoffs for low-income families, who struggle to afford basic needs. Maternal safety and mental health prove crucial to families' coping abilities. Increased systemic supports targeting specific circumstances may promote stability and prevent more severe hardship.
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11
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Cordier R, Chen YW, Chung D, Mahoney N, Martin R, Dorozenko K, Franzway S, Moulding N, Wendt S, Zufferey C. The Long Shadow of Intimate Partner Violence: Associations of Mental and Physical Health With Employment, Housing, and Demographic Factors. Violence Against Women 2023; 30:10778012231181044. [PMID: 37321798 PMCID: PMC10913343 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231181044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing health issues influence the postseparation lives of survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV). This study identified associations between health following IPV and demographic, housing, employment, and social participation factors. Survivors of IPV in Australia were surveyed. Logistic regression assessed factors of interest with physical and mental health conditions. Six hundred and fifty-eight women participated. Physical health issues were associated with reduced skills and confidence in employment. A mental health diagnosis was associated with women not working as desired and lower incomes. Screening for health impacts and longer-term responses to women could reduce the long shadow of IPV impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinie Cordier
- Department of Social Work, Education and Community Wellbeing, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumbria University, UK
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yu-Wei Chen
- Discipline of Occupational Therapy, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Donna Chung
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Natasha Mahoney
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Robyn Martin
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- School of Global, Urban and Social Studies, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate Dorozenko
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Suzanne Franzway
- School of Creative Industries, University of South Australia, South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nicole Moulding
- Justice and Society, University of South Australia, South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sarah Wendt
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Carole Zufferey
- Justice and Society, University of South Australia, South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Stephenson R, Washington C, Darbes LA, Hightow-Weidman L, Sullivan P, Gamarel KE. Sexual Relationship Violence Among Young, Partnered Sexual Minority Men in the United States. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:7804-7823. [PMID: 36636966 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221149091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
While there has been a growth in studies examining sexual violence among sexual minority men, little research attention has been paid to the experience of sexual violence among young sexual minority men (YSMM). In this article we analyze secondary data from the baseline of a pilot randomized control trial with 318 YSMM aged 15 to 24 years in the United States who were in relationships with other males to examine the associations between sexual minority-specific stigma and sociodemographic and relationship characteristics and experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual IPV in their relationships. Approximately one-in-five participants reported experiencing any form of IPV and 6% reported sexual IPV in their current relationship. Participants who reported sexual minority-specific familial rejection (Adjusted Odds Rato (aOR) = 2.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.03, 5.26], p < .05), internalized heterosexism (aOR = 3.17, 95% CI [1.45, 6.95], p < .01), and housing insecurity (aOR = 7.22, 95% CI [1.66, 31.34], p < .01) reported higher odds of sexual IPV in their relationship. Study findings point to the role of multiple sexual minority-specific forms of stigma in creating vulnerabilities for the experience of sexual IPV among YSMM, and highlight the need for continued research and interventions that address sexual minority-specific stigma and structural vulnerabilities to guide violence prevention efforts with YSMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Stephenson
- University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Lynae A Darbes
- University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Patrick Sullivan
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kristi E Gamarel
- University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Gultekin L, Gilchrist C, Walker A, Hinebaugh A, Brush BL. Trauma-Disclosure, Meaning-Making, and Help-Seeking in Mothers Experiencing Homelessness: Results From a Trauma-Focused, Clinical Ethnographic Narrative Intervention. Violence Against Women 2023:10778012231170860. [PMID: 37128156 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231170860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mothers experiencing homelessness are seldom asked about past trauma that may be causal to housing instability and poor health. There are also few validated trauma-focused interventions in family shelters. To address this gap, we tested the feasibility and acceptability of the trauma-focused clinical ethnographic narrative intervention (CENI-TF) in increasing mothers' trauma disclosure, appraisal of its meaning in their lives, and help-seeking behaviors. We also present the qualitative findings to contextualize the intervention. Findings are organized under three major domains and nine subthemes that capture participants' voices and experiences. The CENI-TF has the potential to promote help-seeking behaviors and interrupt recurring cycles of trauma and housing instability in this at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gultekin
- School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Andrea Walker
- School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Barbara L Brush
- School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Sullivan CM, López-Zerón G, Farero A, Ayeni OO, Simmons C, Chiaramonte D, Guerrero M, Hamdan N, Sprecher M. Impact of the Domestic Violence Housing First Model on Survivors' Safety and Housing Stability: Six Month Findings. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2023; 38:395-406. [PMID: 38455870 PMCID: PMC10919292 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-022-00381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a leading cause of homelessness, yet little evidence exists about effective strategies to assist IPV survivors as they work to avoid homelessness while freeing themselves from abuse. An ongoing demonstration evaluation is examining if and how one promising model assists IPV survivors in obtaining safe and stable housing over time. The Domestic Violence Housing First (DVHF) model involves providing IPV survivors with mobile advocacy and/or flexible funding, depending on individual needs, in order to attain these goals. We hypothesized that those receiving DVHF would experience greater housing stability and less re-abuse compared to survivors receiving services as usual. The current study evaluated the short-term efficacy of the DVHF model with a sample of 345 homeless or unstably housed survivors who sought services and who completed in-person interviews shortly after contacting the DV agency, as well as six months later. Those who received the DVHF model showed greater improvement in their housing stability compared to those receiving services as usual, as well as decreased economic abuse. Both groups experienced a sharp decline in all forms of abuse. The Domestic Violence Housing First model shows promise in helping unstably housed DV survivors achieve safe and stable housing. Study findings have implications for DV agencies as well as those funding such services. Understanding which interventions work best for which survivors is critical to ensuring that service providers are effectively working toward long-term housing stability and well-being for IPV survivors and their children.
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15
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Goldenberg SM, Buglioni N, Krüsi A, Frost E, Moreheart S, Braschel M, Shannon K. Housing Instability and Evictions Linked to Elevated Intimate Partner and Workplace Violence Among Women Sex Workers in Vancouver, Canada: Findings of a Prospective, Community-Based Cohort, 2010-2019. Am J Public Health 2023; 113:442-452. [PMID: 36888950 PMCID: PMC10003487 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2022.307207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. To model the relationship of unstable housing and evictions with physical and sexual violence perpetrated against women sex workers in intimate and workplace settings. Methods. We used bivariate and multivariable logistic regression with generalized estimating equations to model the association of unstable housing exposure and evictions with intimate partner violence (IPV) and workplace violence among a community-based longitudinal cohort of cisgender and transgender women sex workers in Vancouver, Canada, from 2010 through 2019. Results. Of 946 women, 85.9% experienced unstable housing, 11.1% eviction, 26.2% IPV, and 31.8% workplace violence. In multivariable generalized estimating equation models, recent exposure to unstable housing (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.45, 2.87) and evictions (AOR = 2.45; 95% CI = 0.99, 6.07) were associated with IPV, and exposure to unstable housing was associated with workplace violence (AOR = 1.46; 95% CI = 1.06, 2.00). Conclusions. Women sex workers face a high burden of unstable housing and evictions, which are linked to increased odds of intimate partner and workplace violence. Increased access to safe, women-centered, and nondiscriminatory housing is urgently needed. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(4):442-452. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307207).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira M Goldenberg
- Shira M. Goldenberg is with the School of Public Health, San Diego State University, CA. Natalie Buglioni recently graduated from the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC. Andrea Krüsi and Kate Shannon are with the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver. Elizabeth Frost is a doctoral student in the Joint Doctoral Program in Public Health (Epidemiology), San Diego State University-University of California, San Diego. Sarah Moreheart is a doctoral student in the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University. Melissa Braschel is with the Centre for Gender & Sexual Health Equity, UBC
| | - Natalie Buglioni
- Shira M. Goldenberg is with the School of Public Health, San Diego State University, CA. Natalie Buglioni recently graduated from the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC. Andrea Krüsi and Kate Shannon are with the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver. Elizabeth Frost is a doctoral student in the Joint Doctoral Program in Public Health (Epidemiology), San Diego State University-University of California, San Diego. Sarah Moreheart is a doctoral student in the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University. Melissa Braschel is with the Centre for Gender & Sexual Health Equity, UBC
| | - Andrea Krüsi
- Shira M. Goldenberg is with the School of Public Health, San Diego State University, CA. Natalie Buglioni recently graduated from the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC. Andrea Krüsi and Kate Shannon are with the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver. Elizabeth Frost is a doctoral student in the Joint Doctoral Program in Public Health (Epidemiology), San Diego State University-University of California, San Diego. Sarah Moreheart is a doctoral student in the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University. Melissa Braschel is with the Centre for Gender & Sexual Health Equity, UBC
| | - Elizabeth Frost
- Shira M. Goldenberg is with the School of Public Health, San Diego State University, CA. Natalie Buglioni recently graduated from the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC. Andrea Krüsi and Kate Shannon are with the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver. Elizabeth Frost is a doctoral student in the Joint Doctoral Program in Public Health (Epidemiology), San Diego State University-University of California, San Diego. Sarah Moreheart is a doctoral student in the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University. Melissa Braschel is with the Centre for Gender & Sexual Health Equity, UBC
| | - Sarah Moreheart
- Shira M. Goldenberg is with the School of Public Health, San Diego State University, CA. Natalie Buglioni recently graduated from the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC. Andrea Krüsi and Kate Shannon are with the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver. Elizabeth Frost is a doctoral student in the Joint Doctoral Program in Public Health (Epidemiology), San Diego State University-University of California, San Diego. Sarah Moreheart is a doctoral student in the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University. Melissa Braschel is with the Centre for Gender & Sexual Health Equity, UBC
| | - Melissa Braschel
- Shira M. Goldenberg is with the School of Public Health, San Diego State University, CA. Natalie Buglioni recently graduated from the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC. Andrea Krüsi and Kate Shannon are with the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver. Elizabeth Frost is a doctoral student in the Joint Doctoral Program in Public Health (Epidemiology), San Diego State University-University of California, San Diego. Sarah Moreheart is a doctoral student in the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University. Melissa Braschel is with the Centre for Gender & Sexual Health Equity, UBC
| | - Kate Shannon
- Shira M. Goldenberg is with the School of Public Health, San Diego State University, CA. Natalie Buglioni recently graduated from the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC. Andrea Krüsi and Kate Shannon are with the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver. Elizabeth Frost is a doctoral student in the Joint Doctoral Program in Public Health (Epidemiology), San Diego State University-University of California, San Diego. Sarah Moreheart is a doctoral student in the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University. Melissa Braschel is with the Centre for Gender & Sexual Health Equity, UBC
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16
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Nemeth JM, Glasser AM, Hinton A, Macisco JM, Wermert A, Smith R, Kemble H, Sasser G. Brain Injury Is Prevalent and Precedes Tobacco Use among Youth and Young Adults Experiencing Homelessness. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5169. [PMID: 36982077 PMCID: PMC10049052 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
70%+ of youth and young adults experiencing homelessness (YYEH; 14-24 years old) smoke combustible tobacco. Little is known about the prevalence of acquired brain injury (ABI) among youth and young adult smokers experiencing homelessness (YYSEH) and its impact on tobacco use progression-the aim of our study. Through an interviewer-administered survey, YYSEH were asked about timing of tobacco use; exposure to causes of ABI; including brain oxygen deprivation (BOD; strangulation; accidental; choking games) and blunt force head trauma (BFHT; intentional; shaken violently; accidental); and perpetrators of intentional assault. Participants (n = 96) were on average 22 years old and from populations who experience structural disparities; including those minoritized by race (84.4%) and gender/sexual orientation (26.0%). In total, 87% of participants reported at least one exposure to BFHT and 65% to BOD. Intentional injury was more common than accidental. Furthermore, 60.4% of participants (n = 59) were classified as having ABI using the Brain Injury Severity Assessment. A significant proportion of YYSEH living with ABI were exposed to both BFHT and BOD prior to trying (68.5%, p = 0.002) and to first regular use (82.8%, p < 0.001) of tobacco. Among YYSEH with ABI; injury exposure occurred a median of 1 and 5 years before age of first regular tobacco use, dependent on injury mechanism. ABI from intentional violence is prevalent and precedes tobacco use among YYSEH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna M. Nemeth
- Division of Health Behavior and Health Promotion, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Allison M. Glasser
- Division of Health Behavior and Health Promotion, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Alice Hinton
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Joseph M. Macisco
- Division of Health Behavior and Health Promotion, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Amy Wermert
- Division of Health Behavior and Health Promotion, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Raya Smith
- College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Hannah Kemble
- Division of Health Behavior and Health Promotion, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Division of Health Services, Management, and Policy, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Georgia Sasser
- Division of Health Behavior and Health Promotion, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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17
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Willie T, Linton S, Whittaker S, Phillips K, Knight D, Gray M, Gardner G, Overstreet N. Housing Insecurity among Black Women Surviving Intimate Partner Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Intersectional Qualitative Approach. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2662616. [PMID: 36993320 PMCID: PMC10055545 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2662616/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Background To investigate housing experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic among Black women experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) who are also navigating racism, sexism, and classism. Methods From January to April 2021, we conducted in-depth interviews with 50 Black women experiencing IPV in the United States. Guided by intersectionality, a hybrid thematic and interpretive phenomenological analytic approach was used to identify sociostructural factors shaping housing insecurity. Results Our findings demonstrate the various ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic shaped Black women IPV survivors' ability to obtain and sustain safe housing. Five themes were derived to capture factors contributing to housing experiences: challenges with separate and unequal neighborhoods; pandemic-related economic inequalities; economic abuse limitations; mental toll of eviction; and strategies to maintain housing. Conclusions Obtaining and maintaining safe housing during the COVID-19 pandemic was difficult for Black women IPV survivors who were also navigating racism, sexism, and socioeconomic position. Structural-level interventions are needed to reduce the impact of these intersecting systems of oppression and power in order to facilitate the resources necessary for Black women IPV survivors to identify safe housing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mya Gray
- North Carolina Central University
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18
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Palimaru AI, McDonald K, Garvey R, D’Amico E, Tucker J. The association between housing stability and perceived quality of life among emerging adults with a history of homelessness. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2023; 2023:2402610. [PMID: 37711365 PMCID: PMC10501741 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2402610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Many cities across the United States are experiencing homelessness at crisis levels, including rises in the numbers of unhoused emerging adults (18-25). Emerging adults experiencing homelessness may be at higher risk of experiencing negative outcomes, given that being unhoused increases risk for a variety of behaviors. To better understand the current living circumstances of emerging adults with a history of homelessness, as well as their perceptions about associations between housing stability and quality of life (QOL), we conducted 30 semi-structured in-depth interviews with individuals recruited from drop-in centers for youth experiencing homelessness. At the time of recruitment n=19 were stably housed and n=11 were unstably housed. Two coders analyzed these data inductively and deductively, using pre-identified domains and open coding. Coding reliability was assessed. Three main themes emerged, each with subthemes: 1) Housing quality (neighborhood safety, convenience, housing unit characteristics); 2) QOL before stable housing (physical and mental wellbeing, social wellbeing, and other determinants of QOL, such as encounters with law enforcement); and 3) Changes in QOL after stable housing (same subthemes as for pre-housing stability QOL). Findings indicated a pattern of perceived relationships between housing stability, housing quality, built and social environments, and QOL in the context of emerging adults who experienced or continued to experience homelessness. However, results were mixed with regards to the perceived effects of housing stability on alcohol and other drug use. Taken together, results indicate several areas of challenge, but also highlight opportunities to facilitate improvements in QOL among vulnerable emerging adults who experience homelessness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rick Garvey
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main St., Santa Monica, CA 90407, US
| | | | - Joan Tucker
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main St., Santa Monica, CA 90407, US
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19
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Ohtsuka MS, Shannon K, Zucchet A, Krüsi A, Bingham B, King D, Axl-Rose T, Braschel M, Deering KN. Prevalence and Social-Structural Correlates of Gender-Based Violence Against Women Living With HIV in Metro Vancouver, Canada. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:4562-4588. [PMID: 36317864 PMCID: PMC9899311 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221118611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Violence experienced by cisgender (cis) and gender minority women living with HIV is known to be high. More work is needed to better understand how to support women living with HIV who have experienced violence. The objectives of this study are therefore to identify the prevalence and correlates of violence by any perpetrator among women living with HIV in a Canadian setting. Data were drawn from 9 years (January, 2010 to February, 2019) of a longitudinal community-based open cohort study of 350+ cis and trans women living with HIV who were living and/or accessed care in Metro Vancouver, Canada (Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS: Women's Longitudinal Needs Assessment "SHAWNA"). Participants completed baseline and biannual follow-up interviews. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression with generalized estimating equations (GEE) were performed to identify correlates of recent (last 6 months) violence (physical and/or sexual) by any perpetrator. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) are presented. At baseline, prevalence of violence was high: 95.5% (recent = 19.4%) of participants reported lifetime physical and/or sexual violence, 94.8% (recent = 17.9%) reported lifetime physical violence, and 84.5% (recent = 5.7%) reported lifetime sexual violence. In multivariable logistic regression with GEE, the following variables were associated with higher odds of recent physical/sexual violence: youth (<30 years) (AOR: 1.60, 95% CI [1.15, 2.22]), recent unstable housing/homelessness (AOR: 1.96, 95% CI [1.30, 2.97]), recent food insecurity (AOR: 1.57, 95% CI [1.13, 2.17]), recent incarceration (AOR: 1.85, 95% CI [1.18, 2.91]), recent opioid use (AOR: 1.38, 95% CI [1.04, 1.82]), recent stimulant use (AOR: 2.48, 95% CI [1.72, 3.56]), and lifetime HIV status disclosure without consent (AOR: 1.59, 95% CI [1.13, 2.24]). Trauma- and violence-informed (TVI) policies that include a focus on confidentiality and safe disclosure practices should be integrated into existing housing, incarceration, and harm reduction programs, and HIV care and practice for women living with HIV. Programs and policies that address high levels of violence remain critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika S. Ohtsuka
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kate Shannon
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alyssa Zucchet
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andrea Krüsi
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Brittany Bingham
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Desire King
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tara Axl-Rose
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Kathleen N. Deering
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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20
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Sullivan CM, Guerrero M, Simmons C, López-Zerón G, Ayeni OO, Farero A, Chiaramonte D, Sprecher M. Impact of the Domestic Violence Housing First Model on Survivors' Safety and Housing Stability: 12-Month Findings. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:4790-4813. [PMID: 36052457 PMCID: PMC9900683 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221119520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a widespread and devastating phenomenon resulting in a myriad of long-term consequences for survivors and their children. IPV victimization not only has negative health and economic consequences, it has also been linked to homelessness and housing instability. In response, the Domestic Violence Housing First (DVHF) model is being used in some domestic violence (DV) agencies to help survivors attain safe and stable housing. The model includes using individualized advocacy and/or flexible funding to help survivors meet these goals. Using a longitudinal, quasi-experimental design, the current study involved conducting interviews with survivors and examining agency records to investigate the effectiveness of this model. We hypothesized that survivors who received DVHF would experience less re-abuse and greater housing stability over 12 months compared to those who received services as usual (SAU). The sample included 345 IPV survivors who had been homeless or unstably housed when they approached one of five DV programs for help. Interviews were spaced 6 months apart (when survivors first sought services as well as 6 months and 12 months later). Longitudinal analyses showed that survivors who received the DVHF model reported greater improvements in housing stability at both the 6-month and 12-month time points compared to those receiving SAU. At the 12-month time point, survivors who had received DVHF reported decreased physical, psychological, and economic abuse, as well as the use of their children against them as a form of abuse. This study adds to a growing body of evidence supporting this model's effectiveness and adds to our understanding of factors impacting the long-term housing stability and safety for IPV survivors.
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21
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Johnson L, Nikolova K, Hoge GL, Postmus JL. Exploring Factors Associated with Intimate Partner Violence Survivors' Use of Financial Safety Planning Strategies. Violence Against Women 2022:10778012221147913. [PMID: 36579813 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221147913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore financial strategies that intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors undertake when engaging in safety planning and to examine the relationship between these strategies and various survivor characteristics. As part of the cross-sectional study, a total of 425 female survivors of IPV were surveyed. To examine the relationship between financial safety planning strategies and participants' demographic characteristics, abuse experiences, and financial knowledge, binomial logistic regression analyses were conducted. Factors associated with financial safety planning varied by strategy; ethnicity and nativity were often significantly associated. Implications for practice and areas for future research are discussed.
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22
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Fedina L, Ashwell L, Bright C, Backes B, Newman M, Hafner S, Rosay AB. Racial and Gender Inequalities in Food, Housing, and Healthcare Insecurity Associated with Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP23202-NP23221. [PMID: 35404722 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221077231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The costs and consequences of intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual violence (SV) are well-documented; however, little is known about how experiences of violence are connected to specific economic insecurities including food, healthcare, and housing insecurity among both men and women. This study investigates (1) the prevalence of food, healthcare, and housing insecurity across gender and racial groups exposed to IPV and SV and (2) associations between exposure to past-year IPV and SV and past-year food, healthcare, and housing insecurity controlling for confounding factors. A cross-sectional survey design was used in this study. Data from 2010 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS) were analyzed in a nationally representative sample of men (N = 8079) and women (N = 9970). Logistic regressions were used to model associations between past-year intimate partner and sexual violence and dependent variables of food, healthcare, and housing insecurity. Analyses were stratified by gender and included control variables of age, income, education, and race/ethnicity. Higher rates of food, housing, and healthcare insecurity were found among men and women of color exposed to violence, particularly among respondents who identified as Black/African American, Latinx, American Indian/Alaska Native, and other racial/ethnic minority groups. For men, IPV and SV was associated with higher odds for experiencing food (AOR = 2.40, p <.001), housing (AOR = 2.06, p <.001), and healthcare insecurity (AOR = 2.39, p <.001). For women, IPV and SV was also associated with higher odds for experiencing food (AOR = 2.16, p <.001), housing (AOR = 1.94, p <.001), and healthcare insecurity (AOR = 2.38, p <.001). Findings identify specific economic needs among survivors and suggest that the burdens of IPV and SV are not equitably shared across racial/ethnic populations. Findings can inform policy that aims to reduce inequalities in food, housing, and healthcare associated with IPV and SV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fedina
- School of Social Work, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Louise Ashwell
- School of Social Work, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Charlotte Bright
- University of Maryland School of Social Work, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bethany Backes
- School of Social Work and Department of Criminal Justice, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Madeleine Newman
- School of Social Work, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Steven Hafner
- Center for Human Identification, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Andre B Rosay
- University of Alaska College of Health, Anchorage, AK, USA
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23
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Kattari SK, Kattari L, Lacombe-Duncan A, Shelton J, Misiolek BA. Differential Experiences of Sexual, Physical, and Emotional Intimate Partner Violence Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Adults. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP23281-NP23305. [PMID: 35271412 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221078805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Various forms of intimate partner violence (IPV) are unfortunately common amongst adults in the United States, and these rates are devastatingly higher for transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals than for the general population. However, the TGD population is not monolithic, and is diverse regarding gender, sexual orientation, age, race/ethnicity, urbanicity, and other sociodemographic categories. This study uses data from the 2018 Michigan Trans Health Survey to explore these within group differences regarding sexual, physical, and emotional forms of IPV using chi-square tests of independence and logistic regressions. Chi square tests of independence found homelessness had significant associations across all outcome variables: "ever experienced physical violence from a partner," "ever experienced forced sex from a partner," "ever been threatened to be outed by a partner," and "ever had gender belittled by a partner." Gender identity and sexual orientation had significant associations with "ever experienced forced sex from a partner," "ever been threatened to be outed by a partner," and "ever had gender belittled by a partner." Urbanicity showed a significant association with "ever being threatened to be outed by a partner." In the logistic regressions, age indicated significantly higher likelihood of IPV physical IPV with each year of age; experiences of homelessness were significantly related to likelihood for all outcomes variables. Gender and sexual orientation were also significant across the models, with differing levels of likeliness depending on identities. Findings demonstrate a need for TGD inclusive programming, and specifically programs that target TGD persons who are older, report additional genders (meaning, multiple identities and/or identities besides transfeminine, transmasculine, or nonbinary), queer sexual orientations, and who are/have experienced homelessness. Programs are needed both in the realms of intimate partner violence prevention work and social services that support survivors of violence, such as mental health clinics, rape crisis centers, and shelters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jama Shelton
- Hunter College, City University of New York, 366436New York, NY, USA
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24
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McWilliams L, Paisi M, Middleton S, Shawe J, Thornton A, Larkin M, Taylor J, Currie J. Scoping review: Scope of practice of nurse-led services and access to care for people experiencing homelessness. J Adv Nurs 2022; 78:3587-3606. [PMID: 35894221 PMCID: PMC9795912 DOI: 10.1111/jan.15387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the scope of practice of nurse-led services for people experiencing homelessness, and the influence on access to healthcare. DESIGN A scoping review. DATA SOURCES On 20 November 2020, the following databases were searched: CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed and Scopus. REVIEW METHODS Included studies focused on people experiencing homelessness aged 18 years and over, nurse-led services in any setting and described the nursing scope of practice. Studies were peer-reviewed primary research, published in English from the year 2000. Three authors performed quality appraisals using the mixed methods assessment tool. Results were synthesized and discussed narratively and reported according to the PRISMA-ScR 2020 Statement. RESULTS Nineteen studies were included from the United States (n = 9), Australia (n = 4), United Kingdom (n = 4) and Canada (n = 2). The total participant sample size was n = 6303. Studies focused on registered nurses (n = 10), nurse practitioners (n = 5) or both (n = 4), in outpatient or community settings. The nursing scope of practice was broad and covered a range of skills, knowledge and attributes. Key skills identified include assessment and procedural skills, client support and health education. Key attributes were a trauma-informed approach and building trust through communication. Important knowledge included understanding the impact of homelessness, knowledge of available services and the capacity to undertake holistic assessments. Findings suggest that nurse-led care facilitated access to healthcare through building trust and supporting clients to access services. CONCLUSION Optimized nursing scope of practice can facilitate access to healthcare for people experiencing homelessness. Key factors in enabling this include autonomy in nursing practice, organizational support and education. IMPACT The broad range of skills, knowledge and attributes reported provide a foundation from which to design an educational framework to optimize the nursing scope of practice, thereby increasing access to healthcare for people experiencing homelessness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy McWilliams
- St Vincent's Hospital SydneyDarlinghurstNew South WalesAustralia,Nursing Research Institute, St Vincent's Hospital Network SydneySt Vincent's Hospital Melbourne & Australian Catholic UniversityDarlinghurstNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Martha Paisi
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of PlymouthPlymouthUK,Peninsula Dental Social Enterprise, Knowledge SpaRoyal Cornwall HospitalCornwallUK
| | - Sandy Middleton
- St Vincent's Hospital SydneyDarlinghurstNew South WalesAustralia,Nursing Research Institute, St Vincent's Hospital Network SydneySt Vincent's Hospital Melbourne & Australian Catholic UniversityDarlinghurstNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Jill Shawe
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of PlymouthPlymouthUK
| | - Anna Thornton
- St Vincent's Hospital SydneyDarlinghurstNew South WalesAustralia,Australian Catholic UniversityNorth SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Matthew Larkin
- St Vincent's Hospital SydneyDarlinghurstNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Joanne Taylor
- St Vincent's Hospital SydneyDarlinghurstNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Jane Currie
- St Vincent's Hospital SydneyDarlinghurstNew South WalesAustralia,School of Nursing, Queensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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25
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Peitzmeier SM, Fedina L, Ashwell L, Herrenkohl TI, Tolman R. Increases in Intimate Partner Violence During COVID-19: Prevalence and Correlates. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP20482-NP20512. [PMID: 34866451 PMCID: PMC9014340 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211052586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Measures to contain the global COVID-19 pandemic led to stay-at-home orders across the world, accompanied by fears of a global surge in intimate partner violence (IPV). We administered an online general-population survey to 1169 women and transgender/nonbinary individuals throughout the state of Michigan in June-August 2020 to assess changes in the prevalence, severity, and correlates of IPV during the COVID-19 pandemic. Quota sampling was used to match the racial/ethnic and urban/rural distribution of the state. More than one in seven (15.1%) participants reported physical, sexual, psychological, or technology-facilitated IPV since COVID, similar to the prevalence in the 3 months before COVID (16.2%). However, there were indications that IPV severity increased and that novel cases of IPV are occurring in relationships that previously had no abuse. A majority (64.2%) of individuals who experienced IPV since COVID reported that the IPV was new to the relationship (34.1%) or of increased severity during COVID-19 (26.6%), representing 9.7% of the overall sample. New or increased IPV was significantly more prevalent among those who were essential workers, pregnant, unable to afford rent, unemployed/underemployed or had recent changes to their job, had partners with recent changes to employment, and those who had gotten tested or tested positive for COVID-19. Urban residence, trans/nonbinary identity, and having a toddler were more strongly associated with IPV during COVID as compared to before COVID. While findings do not support significant changes in the overall prevalence of IPV, the majority of survivors reported incident IPV in relationships that had not previously been abusive, or IPV that became more severe since the start of the pandemic. Cases of new or increased IPV were more concentrated in marginalized groups. Potential touchpoints for outreach and services during future lockdowns include prenatal and pediatric settings, daycares, employers of essential workers, and COVID-19 testing centers. Policies providing rental, childcare, and unemployment support may mitigate increases in IPV during COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Peitzmeier
- Department of Health Behavior and
Biological Sciences, University of Michigan School of
Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Sarah M. Peitzmeier, Department of Health
Behavior and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan School of Nursing, 400
N Ingalls St, Room 3347, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Lisa Fedina
- University of Michigan School of
Social Work, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Louise Ashwell
- University of Michigan School of
Social Work, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Rich Tolman
- University of Michigan School of
Social Work, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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26
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Engleton J, Sullivan CM, Hamdan N. Exploratory Examination of How Race and Criminal Record Relate to Housing Instability Among Domestic Violence Survivors. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP21400-NP21410. [PMID: 34482741 PMCID: PMC9554366 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211042626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Housing instability is a critical concern in the United States, and domestic violence (DV) survivors are a group at high risk for experiencing housing instability or of becoming unhoused. Prior research has also identified having a criminal record (CR) as being a major barrier to obtaining stable housing, and this is truer for Black and Latinx people compared to their White counterparts. No study has examined whether comparable trends exist among survivors of DV, a group also at elevated risk of having a CR, sometimes related to their experience of abuse. The current exploratory study included 305 unhoused or unstably housed female DV survivors who had sought out DV support services. Multivariate regressions explored if survivor race and CR were separately linked to greater housing instability. CR was then explored as a potential moderator in the relation between race and housing instability. Results revealed that DV survivors with a CR faced greater housing instability than those without a CR, Black and Latina survivors experienced greater housing stability than did White survivors, and CR did not moderate the relation between race and housing instability. The racial differences were unexpected and are discussed in light of methodological limitations. This is the first study to date to explore the role of CR possession on housing instability for DV survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noora Hamdan
- Michigan State University, East
Lansing, MI, USA
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27
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Clark AC, Kusunoki Y, Barber JS. Mechanisms Linking High Residential Mobility to Decreased Contraceptive Use: The Importance of Method Availability. SOCIAL PROBLEMS 2022; 69:1068-1091. [PMID: 36249958 PMCID: PMC9557177 DOI: 10.1093/socpro/spab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
While research has demonstrated that high residential mobility has negative consequences for an array of outcomes, particularly among women and young adults, the mechanisms underlying these associations are unclear. The consequences of high residential mobility may be comprised solely of a series of short-term disruptions surrounding individual moves, or there may also be long-term, cumulative effects from repeated moves. High residential mobility may diminish access to resources as individuals move to different neighborhoods, impose a cognitive burden that impairs their ability to plan ahead, or decrease the relative power they have in their relationships to limit exposure to risk behaviors. We adjudicate between these possibilities by predicting the effects of high residential mobility on sexual intercourse and contraceptive use, the proximate determinants of pregnancy, during women's transition to adulthood. Using 2.5 years of monthly address data for 882 respondents in the Relationship Dynamics and Social Life study-a random sample of young women in Genesee County, Michigan-we find that high residential mobility is associated with long-term decreases in contraceptive use. These long-term consequences are independent of the short-term effects of individual moves and attributable to diminished contraceptive access. We disentangle the effects of home-leaving, which is distinct from subsequent moves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Clark
- Please direct correspondence to the first author at the University of Michigan, Department of Sociology, Room 3115 LSA Building, 500 S. State Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1382,
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28
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Brandhorst S, Clark DL. Food security for survivors of intimate partner violence: Understanding the role of food in survivor well-being. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:e6267-e6275. [PMID: 36251587 PMCID: PMC10092206 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) and food security are two leading public health issues that disproportionately impact women in the United States. Despite this connection, the relationship between IPV and food security has been relatively unexplored. While food security is a known factor in increased well-being, it is not often explicitly included in care for survivors. As part of a larger study on survivors of domestic violence who are receiving services from a domestic violence and sexual assault agency in the Southern United States, we analysed participant responses (n = 26) to various scales (i.e. depression, anxiety, PTSD, disability, well-being, hope, food security) to determine the relationships between mental health and food-related variables. Importantly, findings from our study show that survivors experience low food security at higher rates (53.8%) than the U.S. national average (11.5%). Additionally, the proportion of survivors in our sample who are receiving some form of food aid and remain food insecure is high (26.9%), leading to questions about the adequacy of food aid. Finally, our results underpin the relationship between food security and mental health for survivors, as low food security is positively correlated with depression, PTSD, disability, trouble concentrating, lack of hope and decreased well-being. These findings have implications for how we evaluate food security and the role it plays in well-being for survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Brandhorst
- San Diego State University Research FoundationSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
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29
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Grau PP, Valentine LM, Vuper TC, Rogers TA, Wong JD, Sexton MB. Military sexual trauma in context: Ethnoracial differences in ecological resources among treatment-seeking veterans. J Trauma Stress 2022; 35:1535-1545. [PMID: 35819929 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Veterans who have experienced military sexual trauma (MST) are at increased risk for a host of negative outcomes, including posttraumatic stress disorder, depressive disorders, and substance use disorders. Previous studies have shown racial differences in MST exposure, namely that Black veterans experience MST more frequently than White veterans. One way to help clinicians and researchers understand the impact of these ethnoracial differences in MST exposure is through an applied theory of ecological resources, which has demonstrated ecological factors (e.g., aspects of identity, beliefs, and environmental stressors) contribute to veteran well-being in the aftermath of MST. The present study aimed to examine ethnoracial differences in ecological resources (i.e., available social support, spiritual coping, past-year interpersonal violence, financial sufficiency, and stable living environment). Participants (N = 505) were U.S. veterans who sought care at a Veterans Healthcare Administration clinic in the midwestern United States for mental health issues related to MST. Results demonstrated Black veterans were more likely than White veterans to report being financially insecure, U = 18,091.50, z = -2.04, p = .042, r = .10. Black veterans were also more likely to report spiritual beliefs that assisted with coping, Cramer's V = .19, but less likely to report having a social support system, Cramer's V = .16. These findings highlight the importance of assessing and addressing disparities illuminated by ethnoracial differences in ecological resources and barriers in veterans seeking care for MST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Grau
- VA Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center (SMITREC), Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lisa M Valentine
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tessa C Vuper
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Travis A Rogers
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jennifer D Wong
- New Mexico Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Minden B Sexton
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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30
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Kaur A, Grace KT, Holliday CN, Denhard L, Miller J, Decker MR. Organizational Readiness for Intimate Partner Violence Response among Supportive Housing Providers: A Capacity Assessment in Maryland. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP17036-NP17051. [PMID: 33975500 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211015223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) frequently leads to housing instability and homelessness among survivors. While the client populations of many housing support programs are likely to include IPV survivors who have unique safety needs, the organizational readiness of these housing providers to identify and support IPV survivors is not clear. This study assessed organizational readiness for IPV response among Rapid Re-Housing (RRH) and Transitional Housing (TH) providers in Maryland, whose client populations include women (n = 32). We adapted the Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey (PREMIS) to create the Housing provider Readiness to Manage IPV Survey (H-REMIS), inclusive of IPV-related perceptions, policies, staff training and capability, and resources. The 12-point H-REMIS demonstrated acceptable internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.748). Descriptive and comparative analyses domains by IPV-specific (n = 4) and general (n = 28) housing providers assessed readiness and identified areas for improvement. IPV-specific providers had higher mean organizational readiness for IPV response scores relative to non-IPV specific providers (11.3 and 7.5, respectively). High readiness areas included perceiving the importance of IPV and staff having adequate time, space, and comfort level to address IPV. Areas of low readiness included development and use of IPV response policies as well as staff training on IPV. This assessment documents concerning gaps in organizational readiness for IPV response among supportive housing providers, and pinpoints areas where training and capacity building can be most valuable. The process of improving readiness in the supportive housing sector must involve capacity building and a systems-level approach in order to ensure that all supportive housing providers are prepared to meet the needs of IPV survivors among their client population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshdeep Kaur
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Langan Denhard
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janice Miller
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- House of Ruth Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michele R Decker
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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31
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Wretman CJ, Rizo CF, Kim J, Alzuru C, Fulton D, Lotz LM. Measuring the Cultural Competence of Latinx Domestic Violence Service Organizations. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP16961-NP16991. [PMID: 34144659 PMCID: PMC9465538 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211025602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Domestic violence (DV) represents a significant public health concern in the United States, including among Latinx populations. Despite the negative consequences associated with experiencing DV, research has shown that Latinx DV survivors may be less likely than others to utilize important services. One potential barrier is cultural competence (CC) in the provision of services specific to Latinx survivors among DV organizations. Thus, a beneficial addition to the field of DV service provision for such survivors is a better understanding and measurement of CC for this unique population. The exploratory, cross-sectional study herein presents the development and evaluation of a novel instrument for measuring the CC of DV organizations. Exploratory factor analysis was used on a purposive sample of 76 organizations in North Carolina who completed a comprehensive survey on their characteristics, practices, norms, and values. Psychometric results found best support for a 29-item, 4-factor bifactor model with both a general CC factor as well as three sub-factors. The general scale was named "General Cultural Competence," while the three sub-scales were named "Organizational Values and Procedures," "Latinx Knowledge and Inclusion," and "Latinx DV Knowledge." The final measure also demonstrated convergent validity with key organizational characteristics. Overall, higher CC scores were associated with organizations having more DV services in Spanish, a higher percentage of staff attending CC training, a higher percentage of staff attending Latinx service provision training, and a medium or greater presence in the Latinx community, and a moderate or stronger relationship with the Latinx community. The development of this measure is particularly useful in addressing knowledge gaps regarding the measurement of CC for Latinx DV services. Implications have importance for both the measurement of organizational CC and the scope of the measure's associations with organizational, provider, and client outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeongsuk Kim
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Deena Fulton
- North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, NC, USA
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32
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Wood L, Schrag RV, McGiffert M, Brown J, Backes B. "I Felt Better When I Moved Into My Own Place": Needs and Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence Survivors in Rapid Rehousing. Violence Against Women 2022; 29:1441-1466. [PMID: 35989686 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221117600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Accessing stable housing is a basic need for intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors, and rapid rehousing programs are a critical way to address homelessness. However, little is known about survivor experiences, needs, and outcomes in rapid rehousing services within IPV agencies. This study uses an exploratory approach to understand the needs and experiences of 31 survivors using vouchers facilitated by an IPV program in the U.S. Southwest. Thematic analysis of structured interviews resulted in four summary themes: getting to housing, managing multiple needs, accessing support, and facing barriers. Practice and evaluation implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Wood
- Center for Violence Prevention, 12338The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Maggy McGiffert
- Center for Violence Prevention, 12338The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Josh Brown
- Fort Bend Women's Center, Richmond, TX, USA
| | - Bethany Backes
- Violence Against Women Faculty Cluster, Department of Criminal Justice, School of Social Work, 6243University of Central Florida, FL, USA
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33
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Chiaramonte D, Simmons C, Hamdan N, Ayeni OO, López‐Zerón G, Farero A, Sprecher M, Sullivan CM. The impact of COVID-19 on the safety, housing stability, and mental health of unstably housed domestic violence survivors. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 50:2659-2681. [PMID: 34921735 PMCID: PMC9206039 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Using data from an ongoing longitudinal study, we examined the impact of the COVID-19 stay-at-home orders on a racially diverse population of unstably housed domestic violence (DV) survivors over time. Specifically, we examined survivors' safety, housing stability, and mental health before, during, and after the onset of COVID-19, and how demographic, social, and familial factors attenuated or exacerbated the effect of the stay-at-home orders. Approximately 300 participants were initially interviewed after they sought services from a DV agency, and then again, every 6 months over 2 years. COVID-19 stay-at-home orders occurred midway through the completion of this multi-year study. Longitudinal mixed effects models were estimated to examine the impact of COVID-19 on the safety, housing stability, and mental health of survivors over time. We also examined models with several time-varying (e.g., employment, income, social support, and number of children) and time-invariant (baseline outcome scores, racial/ethnic identity, education, and disability status) control variables. Results revealed that safety, housing stability and mental health were improving for study participants before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic but plateaued after the stay-at-home orders were issued. Experiences of abuse, housing instability, and mental health symptomatology did not worsen as a result of the COVID-19 stay-at-home orders. Notably, social support and housing services emerged as important predictors of outcomes, such that participants who received housing-related services and greater social support reported less abuse, less housing instability, and lower mental health distress. COVID-19 temporarily disrupted the positive trajectory unstably housed DV survivors were experiencing in regard to safety, housing stability and mental health. These findings provide critical insight into the importance of service access during and after global catastrophes. Additional resources and support may be helpful in assisting survivors to return to their pre-pandemic recovery and growth trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Chiaramonte
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of PsychologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Cortney Simmons
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of PsychologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Noora Hamdan
- Department of PyschologyDrakeford, Scott, & Associates, LLCUpper MarlboroMarylandUSA
| | | | - Gabriela López‐Zerón
- Department of PyschologyDrakeford, Scott, & Associates, LLCUpper MarlboroMarylandUSA
| | - Adam Farero
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Mackenzie Sprecher
- Department of PyschologyDrakeford, Scott, & Associates, LLCUpper MarlboroMarylandUSA
| | - Cris M. Sullivan
- Department of PyschologyDrakeford, Scott, & Associates, LLCUpper MarlboroMarylandUSA
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34
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Silberg C, Likindikoki S, Mbwambo J, Mmari K, Saleem HT. Housing instability and violence among women who use drugs in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Harm Reduct J 2022; 19:68. [PMID: 35761376 PMCID: PMC9237973 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-022-00649-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women who use heroin and other drugs (WWUD) are a key population with elevated risk of physical and sexual violence perpetrated by intimate partners and non-partners. While housing instability has been shown to be associated with violence in high-income settings, this is an underexplored topic in sub-Saharan Africa. In this research, we aimed to assess the relationship between housing instability and various forms of violence within a sample of WWUD in Dar es Salaam. METHODS This analysis uses data from a parent study from 2018. A total of 200 WWUD were recruited through respondent-driven sampling methods and administered a survey. Two multivariable logistic regression models were built to assess the relationship between housing instability and physical violence (Model 1) and housing instability and sexual violence (Model 2) while controlling for a number of sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS Approximately 35% of participants were classified as housing unstable. More than half of participants (62%) reported experiencing physical violence in the past 12 months, and more than a third (36%) reported sexual violence in the same time period. Housing instability was found to be independently associated with both physical and sexual violence victimization in the past year when adjusting for covariates (Model 1 adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.40, 95% CI 1.22-4.46; Model 2 AOR: 1.93. 95% CI 1.02-3.67). CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first study to document a significant association between housing instability and violence among WWUD communities in sub-Saharan Africa. This analysis adds to the growing body of literature on the relationship between stable housing and livelihood and health outcomes across differing populations. The cyclical nature of housing instability and violence may be disrupted through housing programming that provides safety, security, and stability for WWUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Silberg
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Samuel Likindikoki
- grid.25867.3e0000 0001 1481 7466Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65015, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania ,grid.25867.3e0000 0001 1481 7466Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jessie Mbwambo
- grid.25867.3e0000 0001 1481 7466Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Kristin Mmari
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Haneefa T. Saleem
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room E5033, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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35
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Decker MR, Grace KT, Holliday CN, Bevilacqua KG, Kaur A, Miller J. Safe and Stable Housing for Intimate Partner Violence Survivors, Maryland, 2019‒2020. Am J Public Health 2022; 112:865-870. [PMID: 35420894 PMCID: PMC9137013 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2022.306728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
House of Ruth Maryland is a comprehensive intimate partner violence (IPV) service provider. Our academic‒practitioner partnership conducted a prospective, quasi-experimental evaluation (n = 70) of on-site transitional housing and community-based rapid rehousing to meet the safety and stability needs of individuals made homeless because of IPV. By 6-month follow-up, both IPV revictimization and housing instability significantly improved (P < .001). Housing supports through an IPV service provider advanced the dual goals of safety and housing stability for IPV survivors. Safe, affordable housing is an IPV prevention strategy. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(6):865-870. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306728).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele R Decker
- At the time of the study, all authors were affiliated with Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Janice Miller is also with House of Ruth Maryland (HRM), Baltimore
| | - Karen Trister Grace
- At the time of the study, all authors were affiliated with Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Janice Miller is also with House of Ruth Maryland (HRM), Baltimore
| | - Charvonne N Holliday
- At the time of the study, all authors were affiliated with Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Janice Miller is also with House of Ruth Maryland (HRM), Baltimore
| | - Kristin G Bevilacqua
- At the time of the study, all authors were affiliated with Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Janice Miller is also with House of Ruth Maryland (HRM), Baltimore
| | - Arshdeep Kaur
- At the time of the study, all authors were affiliated with Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Janice Miller is also with House of Ruth Maryland (HRM), Baltimore
| | - Janice Miller
- At the time of the study, all authors were affiliated with Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Janice Miller is also with House of Ruth Maryland (HRM), Baltimore
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36
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Chiaramonte D, Clements KA, López‐Zerón G, Ayeni OO, Farero AM, Ma W, Sullivan CM. Examining contextual influences on the service needs of homeless and unstably housed domestic violence survivors. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 50:1831-1853. [PMID: 34146356 PMCID: PMC8684560 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Domestic violence (DV) is a leading cause of homelessness for women, yet many DV agencies are just beginning to focus on helping clients stabilize their housing situations. The purpose of this study was to better understand the contexts and service needs of unstably housed and homeless DV survivors, to promote more efficient and successful service matching from DV agencies. We examined whether DV survivors could be grouped by particular features, histories, and contextual factors, and how these group differences impacted what they needed from DV agencies. The sample included 406 homeless and unstably housed DV survivors who had recently sought DV services. Latent class analysis supported the identification of four distinct classes: (1) highest disadvantages service seeker, (2) moderate disadvantages-criminal legal system service seeker, (3) moderate disadvantages service seeker, and (4) lower disadvantages service seeker. Additionally, we were able to profile each class, and test the types of services survivors in each class needed from agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Chiaramonte
- Department of PsychiatryYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | | | | | | | - Adam M. Farero
- Psychology DepartmentMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- Center for Statistical Training and ConsultationMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Cris M. Sullivan
- Psychology DepartmentMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
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37
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Johnson L, Stylianou AM. Coordinated Community Responses to Domestic Violence: A Systematic Review of the Literature. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2022; 23:506-522. [PMID: 32954993 DOI: 10.1177/1524838020957984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Coordinated community responses (CCRs) are a commonly used intervention in the field of domestic violence (DV), yet research findings on CCRs to DV have been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to examine the current state of CCRs to DV, with a specific focus on those responses that involve law enforcement officers as key players. A systematic review of 31 databases resulted in 18 peer-reviewed manuscripts for inclusion in this study. Manuscripts were included if they were written in English and published in 1999 or later; focused specifically on DV and criminal justice and/or community responses; research outcomes were specific to cases, victims, or offenders; the intervention was clearly described and evaluated using an experimental or quasi-experimental design; and was implemented in the United States. Findings suggest that there is a great deal of variability across CCR studies involving law enforcement officers with regard to (a) whether studies used the term "coordinated community response" to describe the intervention being evaluated, (b) the types of cases included, (c) the nature of the CCR being evaluated, (d) the outcomes that were examined, and (e) how these outcomes were operationalized. These variations make it difficult for scholars to draw broader conclusions about the effectiveness of CCR interventions. Future research should include the identification of core outcomes that can be used across studies to allow for comparison studies and meta-analyses. There is also a need for studies to focus on identifying which components of CCR interventions are most critical to producing positive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Johnson
- 6558Rutgers School of Social Work, Center on Violence Against Women and Children, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Amanda M Stylianou
- 242612Rutgers University Behavioral Health Care, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Grace KT, Holliday CN, Bevilacqua K, Kaur A, Miller J, Decker MR. Sexual and Reproductive Health and Reproductive Coercion in Women Victim/Survivors Receiving Housing Support. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2022; 38:713-722. [PMID: 35283554 PMCID: PMC8901387 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-022-00362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Housing instability and intimate partner violence (IPV) compromise women's sexual and reproductive health (SRH) through reduced contraceptive access and increased risk of unintended pregnancy. This study describes the reproductive health status and needs of IPV survivors receiving housing support and explores factors influencing their experience of reproductive coercion (RC), specifically. Cross-sectional baseline data from a quasi-experimental study of 70 IPV survivors enrolled in housing programs in the Baltimore, MD, metropolitan area from June 2019 through December 2020 were analyzed. Of the 70 women enrolled in the study, 70.3 percent (n = 45) desired to avoid pregnancy, but 57.4 percent were either using no contraceptive method (31.2%) or methods with low effectiveness (26.2%). Approximately, 1 in 6 women (16.4%, n = 11) experienced RC in the past 3 months, which was associated with frequency and severity of IPV (p = 0.001 to 0.005) and PTSD (p = 0.001), as well as not sharing children with the abusive partner (p = 0.002). This study highlights reproductive health risks in an important and under-studied population of women seeking housing due to IPV. Leaving an abusive relationship is a uniquely vulnerable time, and also a time of opportunity, as women are accessing services that can be tailored to their SRH needs. Significant results highlight vulnerability to and consequences of RC in this population. This study has implications for IPV support programs and housing programs that serve women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Trister Grace
- School of Nursing, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MSN 3C4, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | | | - Arshdeep Kaur
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
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Marçal KE, Showalter K, Maguire-Jack K. Intimate Partner Violence and Depression of Mothers and Their Adolescent Children: The Roles of Housing Insecurity and System Contacts. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:8862605221078814. [PMID: 35259037 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221078814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization is a prominent risk factor for depression among mothers. Less is known about the long-term relationship between IPV and maternal depression, impacts of IPV exposure on children, and mechanisms linking IPV with long-term mental health problems. IPV threatens stable housing for survivors, which increases likelihood of surveillance and sanctioning by formal systems - in particular, child welfare and criminal justice. The present study investigates whether housing insecurity and system contacts mediate the relationship between maternal IPV victimization and depression among both mothers and children 10 years later. Data comes from the Fragile Families and Child Well-being Study, a longitudinal survey of at-risk families with children. Structural equation modeling investigates pathways from IPV victimization of mothers to maternal and child depression via housing insecurity and contact with the child welfare and criminal justice systems. Results show IPV victimization is directly associated with housing insecurity, child welfare contact, and adolescent depression. Further, housing insecurity leading to both types of system contact mediates the link from IPV to maternal depression; in contrast, housing insecurity alone mediates the link from IPV to depression among children when they are 15 years old. Findings suggest IPV toward mothers has enduring, multigenerational effects on mental health that unfold over a long period following victimization. Complex pathways suggest housing insecurity and contact with punitive social systems that disproportionately impact low-income families explain in part the link from IPV to depression. Lack of housing options may deter survivors from leaving violent relationships, and housing insecurity in the wake of victimization may contribute to interactions with punitive social systems. Efforts to address housing, stigma, and psychological needs of IPV survivors are crucial to stabilize families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Marçal
- Greenspun College of Urban Affairs, 14722University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Kathryn Showalter
- College of Social Work, 4530University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Spencer RA, Lemon ED, Komro KA, Livingston MD, Woods-Jaeger B. Women's Lived Experiences with Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF): How TANF Can Better Support Women's Wellbeing and Reduce Intimate Partner Violence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:1170. [PMID: 35162193 PMCID: PMC8834626 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Women experiencing poverty are more likely to face intimate partner violence (IPV), poor health, and stigma. IPV survivors are overrepresented among those who receive Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), a conditional cash program serving families experiencing poverty. More generous TANF policies may be protective against IPV, but a greater insight into TANF's effect could be gleaned through a contemporaneous study that examines intersecting determinants of wellbeing and engages community interpretation of findings. Using an adapted Family Stress Model framework and analyzing data through an intersectional and community-based lens, we explore the impact of TANF on women's wellbeing through in-depth, semi-structured interviews during the COVID-19 pandemic with 13 women who had TANF experience in three U.S. states. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis in MAXQDA and researchers facilitated three member-checking events to enhance validity of result interpretation. Four themes emerged: (1) Low cash and conditional benefits provided limited short-term "relief" but contributed to poverty and hard choices; (2) TANF benefit levels and conditions increased women's dependence on others, straining relationships; (3) Women undertook extraordinary measures to access TANF, largely to fulfill their roles as mothers; and (4) TANF stigma creates psychological stress, differentially experienced by African Americans. Increasing TANF cash benefits and other cash transfers for those experiencing poverty, adopting solely state funded TANF programs, increasing funding for TANF administration, addressing TANF stigma and racialized narratives, and allowing optional child support participation or a larger "pass-through" of child support are important steps toward making TANF more protective against IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A. Spencer
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Emily D. Lemon
- Department of Behavioral, Social, & Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (E.D.L.); (K.A.K.); (M.D.L.); (B.W.-J.)
| | - Kelli A. Komro
- Department of Behavioral, Social, & Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (E.D.L.); (K.A.K.); (M.D.L.); (B.W.-J.)
| | - Melvin D. Livingston
- Department of Behavioral, Social, & Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (E.D.L.); (K.A.K.); (M.D.L.); (B.W.-J.)
| | - Briana Woods-Jaeger
- Department of Behavioral, Social, & Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (E.D.L.); (K.A.K.); (M.D.L.); (B.W.-J.)
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Hargrave AS, Kimberg L, Machtinger EL, Kushel MB, Cohen BE. The Association Between Interpersonal Violence and Unstable Housing Among Veterans. Mil Med 2022; 188:usab557. [PMID: 35018446 PMCID: PMC10362995 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite programs to address housing for Veterans, they continue to be at high risk of unstable housing. Interpersonal violence is also highly prevalent among Veterans and may contribute to unstable housing. Our study aimed to determine whether interpersonal violence was associated with unstable housing among Veterans, and how this association was influenced by common co-occurring conditions such as substance use and mental illness. METHODS Veterans in the Mind Your Heart Study (N = 741) completed survey data on history of interpersonal violence and access to housing in the prior year. Interpersonal violence was defined as experiencing sexual violence, physical violence, or mugging/physical attack using the Brief Trauma Questionnaire. Multivariable models examined associations between interpersonal violence and unstable housing. Primary models were adjusted for age and sex. Potential explanatory factors were added in subsequent models, including marital status, education, income, substance use disorder, PTSD, and other mental illness. RESULTS Veterans who had experienced interpersonal violence had almost twice the odds of unstable housing after adjustment for age and sex (AOR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2-3.0). This association was attenuated in the fully adjusted model including substance use, PTSD, and other mental illness, illustrating the interdependence of these factors (AOR 1.5, 95% CI 0.91-2.5). Subtypes of interpersonal violence were individually associated with increased odds of unstable housing after adjustment for age and sex (physical abuse AOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2-2.5; mugging/physical attack AOR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.7; sexual violence AOR 1.4, 95% CI 0.89-2.2), but were no longer significant in the fully adjusted model. CONCLUSIONS Previous experiences of interpersonal violence were associated with unstable housing among Veterans. Substance use, PTSD, and other mental illness played an important role in this relationship-highlighting the potential to improve health outcomes through trauma informed approaches that address mental health, substance use, and housing concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita S Hargrave
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Leigh Kimberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Edward L Machtinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Margot B Kushel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
- UCSF Center for Vulnerable Populations, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Beth E Cohen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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Garcia R, Henderson C, Randell K, Villaveces A, Katz A, Abioye F, DeGue S, Premo K, Miller-Wallfish S, Chang JC, Miller E, Ragavan MI. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Intimate Partner Violence Advocates and Agencies. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2022; 37:893-906. [PMID: 34720393 PMCID: PMC8547898 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-021-00337-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Relatively few studies have considered the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on intimate partner violence (IPV) advocates or the agencies where they work. In this study, based on United States IPV advocates' experiences working with survivors during the COVID-19 pandemic, we conducted interviews to explore: 1) personal challenges and resilience working as IPV advocates during the COVID-19 pandemic; 2) how agencies adapted to the pandemic to support IPV survivors and advocates; and 3) specific needs and challenges of culturally-specific agencies. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 53 IPV advocates from June to November 2020. Participants were included if they worked directly with survivors, identified as an IPV advocate, worked at a US-based agency, and spoke and understood English. We created a sampling matrix to ensure adequate representation from IPV advocates serving survivors from communities which have been marginalized. Interviews were conducted through a virtual platform by a trained member of the research team. We used an inductive thematic analysis approach, with weekly coding meetings to resolve discrepancies in coding. Five themes emerged from the data: 1) IPV advocates described how working as an IPV advocate during the COVID-19 pandemic impacted them personally; 2) agencies developed new methods of addressing IPV advocates' needs; 3) agencies developed new solutions to address pandemic-related client needs; 4) transitioning advocacy work to virtual formats created challenges but also opportunities and; 5) pandemic limitations and impacts compounded pre-pandemic challenges for culturally specific agencies. IPV advocates are frontline workers who have played essential roles in adjusting services to meet survivor needs during the COVID-19 pandemic while simultaneously coping with pandemic impacts on themselves and their agencies. Developing inter-agency collaborations and promoting advocates' safety and wellbeing during future public health crises will help support IPV survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Garcia
- Women’s Center & Shelter of Greater Pittsburgh, PO Box 9024, Pittsburgh, PA 15224 USA
| | - Cynterria Henderson
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 120 Lytton Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Kimberly Randell
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Rd, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA
- University of Kansas City-Missouri School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO USA
- University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS USA
| | - Andrés Villaveces
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway., S106-10, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA
| | - Abbey Katz
- Futures Without Violence, 101 Montgomery Street, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA
| | - Fatimah Abioye
- Child Welfare, Trauma, and Resilience Initiatives, American Academy of Pediatrics, 345 Park Blvd, Itasca, IL 60413 USA
| | - Sarah DeGue
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway., S106-10, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA
| | - Kelley Premo
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 120 Lytton Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Summer Miller-Wallfish
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 120 Lytton Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Judy C. Chang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, and Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 120 Lytton Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Maya I. Ragavan
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, 3420 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
- University of Pittsburgh, 3415 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
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Fraga Rizo C, Klein LB, Chesworth B, Macy RJ, Dooley R. Intimate Partner Violence Survivors' Housing Needs and Preferences: A Brief Report. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:958-972. [PMID: 31906770 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519897330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization contributes to homelessness and housing insecurity for survivors and their children. Despite growing interest in expanding strategies for addressing the housing needs of survivors, there is a dearth of knowledge regarding survivors' preferences and recommendations. To begin to address knowledge gaps, this article reports findings from a qualitative study examining the housing needs of IPV survivors and survivors' preferences and recommendations for addressing their housing needs. In-depth interviews with 19 adult IPV survivors in a southeastern community determined three key themes: (a) IPV housing needs and challenges, (b) domestic violence shelter strengths and concerns, and (c) recommendations for addressing survivors' housing needs. The findings highlight the need for flexibility and variability in housing services as opposed to a one-size-fits-all strategy, and stress the importance of centering the voices of survivors as the field explores new housing directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L B Klein
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | | | - Raye Dooley
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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Martin CE, Parlier-Ahmad AB, Beck L, Thomson ND. Interpersonal Trauma Among Women and Men Receiving Buprenorphine in Outpatient Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder. Violence Against Women 2021; 28:2448-2465. [PMID: 34894888 PMCID: PMC9189249 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211032715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
People with opioid use disorder (OUD) are vulnerable to negative health outcomes related to substance use and psychosocial issues, such as interpersonal trauma (IPT). Participants receiving buprenorphine completed a cross-sectional survey (July-September 2019). OUD outcomes were prospectively abstracted over a 28-week timeframe. More than a third reported recent IPT (40% women, 36% men). Sexual violence was more common among women than men (p = .02). For women only, IPT was associated with substance use during follow-up (β = 20.72, 95% CI: 4.24, 37.21). It is important for public health strategies in the opioid crisis to address IPT using sex- and gender-informed approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Martin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine & Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, 6886Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Lori Beck
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nicholas D Thomson
- Department of Surgery and Psychology, 224391Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Nolen E, Cubbin C, Brewer M. The effect of maternal food insecurity transitions on housing insecurity in a population-based sample of mothers of young children. AIMS Public Health 2021; 9:1-16. [PMID: 35071664 PMCID: PMC8755969 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2022001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown a link between food insecurity and housing problems, including trouble paying rent. Additional research is needed to test the longitudinal effect of food insecurity on housing insecurity in a socio-demographically diverse, population-based sample. We tested whether food insecurity transitions predicted housing insecurity using a housing insecurity index consisting of housing and neighborhood factors. We also tested whether social cohesion or social support mediated the food/housing insecurity relationship. METHOD Data were analyzed from a sample of 2868 mothers of young children residing in California at two time points: the baseline Maternal and Infant Health Assessment (2003-2007) and follow-up Geographic Research on Wellbeing survey (2012-2013). Women were categorized as food insecure both times; became food insecure; became food secure; and food secure both times. We constructed linear regression models for housing insecurity: models regressing each variable separately; a model regressing sociodemographic covariates and food insecurity status; mediation models adding social cohesion or social support; and mediation models for each racial/ethnic group. RESULTS Food insecurity transitions were associated with housing insecurity in a gradient pattern. Compared to women who were food secure both times, housing insecurity was highest among women who were food insecure both times, followed by those who became food insecure, and then those who transitioned out of food insecurity (became food secure). Food insecurity remained a significant risk factor for housing insecurity even after adjusting sociodemographic covariates. While social support and social cohesion were negatively associated with housing insecurity, there was limited evidence that social support/cohesion mediated the food insecurity/housing insecurity relationships. CONCLUSIONS The lack of substantial mediation suggests that factors beyond social ties may explain the food and housing insecurity relationship. Efforts to reduce material hardship should consist of streamlined policy efforts that offer tangible supports for women and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Nolen
- Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Catherine Cubbin
- Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Dell Medical School, Department of Population Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Ervin E, Poppe B, Onwuka A, Keedy H, Metraux S, Jones L, Sandel M, Kelleher K. Characteristics Associated with Homeless Pregnant Women in Columbus, Ohio. Matern Child Health J 2021; 26:351-357. [PMID: 34613555 PMCID: PMC8813841 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-021-03227-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The effects of homelessness on pregnant women are substantial. We aim to identify key characteristics of a group of women identified as homeless and pregnant in order to understand their history of housing, family composition, health, and demographics as a first step for future intervention. Methods We present cross-sectional survey data on a sample of 100 women reporting homelessness and pregnancy in the prior year in Columbus, Ohio, identified through social service and housing not for profit agencies. Our analysis uses data collected from a survey of health behaviors, housing, employment status, and demographics. Continuous measures are described with means and standard deviations, and categorical variables are described with percentages. Results The majority (81%) of the women identified as African American. Over 95% of the women were single, and 74 women reported a prior pregnancy. Almost half of the women reported being behind on rent at least one time in the last 6 months, and 43% indicated that they had lived in more than three places in the last year. Approximately 34% of the sample reported cigarette use during pregnancy, while 12% and 30% reported alcohol and illicit drug use, respectively. Discussion Women who were pregnant and experiencing homelessness in our study reported a multitude of complex and severe problems ranging from high rates of substance use, longstanding housing insecurity and financial stress. Programs hoping to successfully support women will need to address a variety of service needs while recognizing the resilience of many women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Ervin
- The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Amanda Onwuka
- The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hannah Keedy
- The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stephen Metraux
- Biden School of Public Policy & Administration, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Leslie Jones
- The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Kelly Kelleher
- The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Stylianou AM, Pich C. Beyond Domestic Violence Shelter: Factors Associated With Housing Placements for Survivors Exiting Emergency Shelters. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP9440-NP9462. [PMID: 31246141 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519858393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Domestic violence (DV) shelters are a critical resource for many survivors facing housing instability. Although DV shelter programs may address an array of survivor needs, DV survivors often identify the most pressing concerns as the need for safe housing and the financial resources to maintain housing. This study examines the factors associated with housing placements for DV survivors residing in emergency shelters. Data for this study came from program data collected by one organization operating six DV emergency shelters in an urban northeastern city. Among the sample of 347 DV survivors, findings revealed that there were significant associations between sociodemographic variables, services received, and post-discharge variables and post-shelter housing. Among this sample, three out of four residents (74.9%) left the DV shelter with housing in place. However, the findings suggest that there are areas for improved services and policy efforts to further support survivors in accessing safe and affordable housing. Our findings invite researchers and practitioners to consider further examination of best practices around program and policy options that support survivors in gaining economic independence and securing safe and affordable housing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Stylianou
- University Behavioral Health Care, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, USA
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Miller-Graff LE, Howell KH, Paulson JL, Jamison LE. I'll catch you when you fall: Social safety nets and housing instability in IPV-exposed pregnant women. J Affect Disord 2021; 291:352-358. [PMID: 34087631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) has significant consequences for women's mental health, and it also compromises women's economic security and livelihood, including housing stability. There is a dearth of research, however, on protective factors in the link between housing instability and psychopathology in IPV-exposed women. METHODS The current study examines the protective role of social support in the association between housing instability and mental health (depression, posttraumatic stress) in a sample of pregnant, IPV-exposed women (N = 137). RESULTS Overall models for both depression and posttraumatic stress were significant (F = 6.42, p<.001; R2=16.3%; F = 15.09, p<.001; R2=31.0%, respectively). Housing instability was significantly associated with higher levels of depressed mood (β=0.20, p<.016), but not posttraumatic stress symptoms. Social support was significantly associated with lower levels of depressed mood (β=-0.17, p<.036) and posttraumatic stress (β=-0.38, p =0.001). The addition of the interaction term (housing instability*social support) resulted in a significant improvement in variance explained from the main effects model for depression (F = 4.90, p<.028, ∆R2=3.0%) and the interaction term was significant (β=-0.60, p=.029). An interaction effect of housing instability and social support on posttraumatic stress was not identified. LIMITATIONS Although the current study is the first to examine protective factors in the relationship between housing instability and psychopathology in IPV-exposed pregnant women, data were cross-sectional and therefore directionality and temporality cannot be inferred. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that housing instability may play a greater role in women's depressed mood than in their experience of posttraumatic stress symptoms, and the presence of social support may substantially ameliorate the effect of this adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Miller-Graff
- Associate Professor of Psychology and Peace Studies Department of Psychology Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies 390 Corbett Family Hall Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Kathryn H Howell
- Associate Professor, Department of Psychology University of Memphis Psychology Building, Room 356 Memphis, TN 38152, Egypt.
| | - Julia L Paulson
- Doctoral Student, Clinical Psychology University of Notre Dame, 390 Corbett Family Hall Notre Dame, IN 46556, US.
| | - Lacy E Jamison
- Doctoral Student, Clinical Psychology University of Memphis Psychology Building, Room 356 Memphis, TN 38152, Egypt.
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Calvo F, Watts B, Panadero S, Giralt C, Rived-Ocaña M, Carbonell X. The Prevalence and Nature of Violence Against Women Experiencing Homelessness: A Quantitative Study. Violence Against Women 2021; 28:1464-1482. [PMID: 34213398 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211022780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Individuals experiencing homelessness-an extreme form of social exclusion-have considerably higher risk of being victims of violence than the general population. We analyze the episodes of violence suffered by 504 individuals experiencing homelessness in Spain, as well as the differences between men and women. The results indicate high levels of violence and suggest that gender (specifically, being a woman) is the primary factor driving exposure to violence among this group. Highlighting the reality of women experiencing homelessness can help social, mental health, and addiction services adjust responses to better address the needs of this group and offer comprehensive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fran Calvo
- Departament de Pedagogia, Institut de Recerca sobre Qualitat de Vida, Universitat de Girona, Spain
| | - Beth Watts
- Institute for Social Policy, Housing, Equalities Research (I-SPHERE), Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sonia Panadero
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Giralt
- Centre d'Atenció Primària de Blanes, Institut Català de la Salut, Blanes, Spain
| | - Mercè Rived-Ocaña
- Escola Universitària d'Infermeria i Teràpia Ocupacional, EUIT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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Wallace D, Chamberlain A, Pfeiffer D. The Relationship Between Foreclosures and Intimate Partner Violence During the U.S. Housing Crisis. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:6247-6273. [PMID: 30556475 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518818431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The recent U.S. housing crisis led to increases in neighborhood foreclosures and stress. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is linked to neighborhood stress, but less is known about whether foreclosures aggravate neighborhood conditions affecting IPV. Using police, foreclosure, and census data for three cities in the Phoenix region coupled with cross-sectional time series modeling, we find a direct effect of foreclosures on IPV, with the largest effects appearing at the end of the housing crisis. Our findings suggest that households living in communities that recover more slowly from housing downturns may be more prone to IPV.
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