1
|
Respicio JMV, Dela Cruz KC, Hughes AC, Tanalgo KC. The behavioural costs of overcrowding for gregarious cave-dwelling bats. J Anim Ecol 2024; 93:619-631. [PMID: 38556757 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Bats are known for their gregarious social behaviour, often congregating in caves and underground habitats, where they play a pivotal role in providing various ecosystem services. Studying bat behaviour remains an underexplored aspect of bat ecology and conservation despite its ecological importance. We explored the costs and impacts of overcrowding on bat social behaviour. This study examined variations in bat behavioural patterns between two distinct groups, aggregated and non-aggregated male Rousettus amplexicaudatus, within the Monfort Bat Cave Sanctuary on Mindanao Island, Philippines. We found significant variations in the incident frequencies of various bat behavioural activities, particularly aggression and movement, between these two groups. The increase in aggregation was closely related to negative social behaviour among bats. In contrast, sexual behaviour was significantly related to the positive behaviour of individual bats and was headed in less crowded areas. The disparities in bat behaviour with an apparent decline in bat social behaviour because of overcrowding, with more aggressive behaviours emerging, align with the 'behavioural sink' hypothesis. Our study underscores the importance of considering habitat quality and resource availability in the management and conservation of bat colonies, as these factors can reduce the occurrence of aggressive and negative social behaviours in colonies with high population density by providing alternative habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeaneth Magelen V Respicio
- Ecology and Conservation Research Laboratory (Eco/Con Lab), Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, Philippines
| | - Kier C Dela Cruz
- Ecology and Conservation Research Laboratory (Eco/Con Lab), Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, Philippines
| | - Alice C Hughes
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Krizler C Tanalgo
- Ecology and Conservation Research Laboratory (Eco/Con Lab), Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, Philippines
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bolton PE, Ryder TB, Dakin R, Houtz JL, Moore IT, Balakrishnan CN, Horton BM. Neurogenomic landscape associated with status-dependent cooperative behaviour. Mol Ecol 2024:e17327. [PMID: 38511765 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The neurogenomic mechanisms mediating male-male reproductive cooperative behaviours remain unknown. We leveraged extensive transcriptomic and behavioural data on a neotropical bird species (Pipra filicauda) that performs cooperative courtship displays to understand these mechanisms. In this species, the cooperative display is modulated by testosterone, which promotes cooperation in non-territorial birds, but suppresses cooperation in territory holders. We sought to understand the neurogenomic underpinnings of three related traits: social status, cooperative display behaviour and testosterone phenotype. To do this, we profiled gene expression in 10 brain nuclei spanning the social decision-making network (SDMN), and two key endocrine tissues that regulate social behaviour. We associated gene expression with each bird's behavioural and endocrine profile derived from 3 years of repeated measures taken from free-living birds in the Ecuadorian Amazon. We found distinct landscapes of constitutive gene expression were associated with social status, testosterone phenotype and cooperation, reflecting the modular organization and engagement of neuroendocrine tissues. Sex-steroid and neuropeptide signalling appeared to be important in mediating status-specific relationships between testosterone and cooperation, suggesting shared regulatory mechanisms with male aggressive and sexual behaviours. We also identified differentially regulated genes involved in cellular activity and synaptic potentiation, suggesting multiple mechanisms underpin these genomic states. Finally, we identified SDMN-wide gene expression differences between territorial and floater males that could form the basis of 'status-specific' neurophysiological phenotypes, potentially mediated by testosterone and growth hormone. Overall, our findings provide new, systems-level insights into the mechanisms of cooperative behaviour and suggest that differences in neurogenomic state are the basis for individual differences in social behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peri E Bolton
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - T Brandt Ryder
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Bird Conservancy of the Rockies, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Roslyn Dakin
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Houtz
- Department of Biology, Millersville University, Millersville, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biology, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ignacio T Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Brent M Horton
- Department of Biology, Millersville University, Millersville, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Engelhardt SC, Weladji RB, Holand Ø, Røed KH, Nieminen M. Evidence suggesting that reindeer mothers allonurse according to the direct reciprocity and generalized reciprocity decision rules. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295497. [PMID: 38096314 PMCID: PMC10721201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Allonursing is the nursing of the offspring of other mothers. Cooperation is an emergent property of evolved decision rules. Cooperation can be explained by at least three evolved decision rules: 1) direct reciprocity, i.e. help someone who previously helped you, 2) kin discrimination, i.e. preferentially direct help to kin than to non-kin, and 3) generalized reciprocity, i.e. help anyone if helped by someone. We assessed if semi-domesticated reindeer, Rangifer tarandus, mothers allonursed according to the decision rules of direct reciprocity, generalized reciprocity and kin discrimination over 2 years. To assess if reindeer mothers allonursed according to the direct reciprocity decision rule, we predicted that mothers should give more help to those who previously helped them more often. To assess if reindeer mothers allonursed according to the kin discrimination decision rule, we predicted that help given should increase as pairwise genetic relatedness increased. To assess if reindeer mothers allonursed according to the generalized reciprocity decision rule, we predicted that the overall number of help given by reindeer mothers should increase as the overall number of help received by reindeer mothers increased. The number of help given i) increased as the number of help received from the same partner increased in the 2012 group but not in both 2013 groups, ii) was not influenced by relatedness, and iii) was not influenced by an interaction between the number of help received from the same partner and relatedness. iv) The overall number of help given increased as the overall number of help received increased. The results did not support the prediction that reindeer mothers allonursed according to the kin discrimination decision rule. The results suggest that reindeer mothers may allonurse according to the direct reciprocity and generalized reciprocity decision rules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sacha C. Engelhardt
- Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology und Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Hinterkappelen, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert B. Weladji
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Øystein Holand
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Viken, Norway
| | - Knut H. Røed
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mauri Nieminen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland Luke, Reindeer Research Station, Kaamanen, Lapland, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
McLean EM, Moorad JA, Tung J, Archie EA, Alberts SC. Genetic variance and indirect genetic effects for affiliative social behavior in a wild primate. Evolution 2023; 77:1607-1621. [PMID: 37094802 PMCID: PMC10309972 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Affiliative social behaviors are linked to fitness components in multiple species. However, the role of genetic variance in shaping such behaviors remains largely unknown, limiting our understanding of how affiliative behaviors can respond to natural selection. Here, we employed the "animal model" to estimate environmental and genetic sources of variance and covariance in grooming behavior in the well-studied Amboseli wild baboon population. We found that the tendency for a female baboon to groom others ("grooming given") is heritable (h2 = 0.22 ± 0.048), and that several environmental variables-including dominance rank and the availability of kin as grooming partners-contribute to variance in this grooming behavior. We also detected small but measurable variance due to the indirect genetic effect of partner identity on the amount of grooming given within dyadic grooming partnerships. The indirect and direct genetic effects for grooming given were positively correlated (r = 0.74 ± 0.09). Our results provide insight into the evolvability of affiliative behavior in wild animals, including the possibility for correlations between direct and indirect genetic effects to accelerate the response to selection. As such they provide novel information about the genetic architecture of social behavior in nature, with important implications for the evolution of cooperation and reciprocity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily M McLean
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Oxford College, Emory University, Oxford, GA, United States
| | - Jacob A Moorad
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Jenny Tung
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Primate Behavior and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A Archie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Susan C Alberts
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tolliver JD, Kupán K, Lank DB, Schindler S, Küpper C. Fitness benefits from co-display favour subdominant male–male partnerships between phenotypes. Anim Behav 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
6
|
Spezie G, Fusani L. Sneaky copulations by subordinate males suggest direct fitness benefits from male-male associations in spotted bowerbirds ( Ptilonorhynchus maculatus). Ethology 2023; 129:55-61. [PMID: 37063455 PMCID: PMC10092701 DOI: 10.1111/eth.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Male spotted bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchus maculatus) build and defend a structure of sticks and straw-the bower-decorated with colourful objects to attract mates during the breeding season. Specific non-territorial, subordinate males are tolerated by resident males at bowers over multiple breeding seasons. Prior research showed that these male-male associations exhibit attributes of coalitionary behaviour and that subordinate males gain delayed benefits from associating with bower owners, namely future bower inheritance. Yet, it remained unclear whether subordinate males may additionally gain direct fitness benefits from attending established bowers. Here, we report on four separate instances of sneaky copulations (or attempts of copulating) by subordinate males at resident males' bowers. Multiple non-resident males disrupted the ongoing copulations between the bower owner and a receptive female, and these events were followed by violent aggressive interactions. These observations shed new light on same-sex social dynamics in spotted bowerbirds and support the hypothesis that subordinate males are sexually mature individuals that occasionally obtain access to females while attending established bowers. We discuss these findings in light of the literature on male courtship coalitions and agonistic behaviour in bowerbirds, and highlight further aspects of subordinate behaviour that require empirical investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Spezie
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of EthologyUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
| | - Leonida Fusani
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of EthologyUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Warrington MH, Beaulieu S, Vos S, Jellicoe R, Bennett NC, Waterman JM. Personalities are not associated with different reproductive tactics in male Cape ground squirrels, Xerus inauris. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
8
|
Pinto P, Mendonça RS, Hirata S. Examining the costs and benefits of male-male associations in a group-living equid. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
9
|
Manjerovic MB, Hoffman EA, Parkinson CL, Waterman JM. Intraspecific variation in male mating strategies in an African ground squirrel ( Xerus inauris). Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9208. [PMID: 35991282 PMCID: PMC9379349 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Male mating strategies respond to female availability such that variation in resources that affect spatial distribution can also alter cost–benefit tradeoffs within a population. In arid‐adapted species, rainfall alters reproduction, behavior, morphology, and population density such that populations differing in resource availability may also differ in successful reproductive strategies. Here, we compare two populations of Cape ground squirrels (Xerus inauris), a sub‐Saharan species with year‐round breeding and intense mating competition. Unlike most mammals where males resort to aggressive interactions over females, male X. inauris are tolerant of one another, relying instead on other nonaggressive pre‐ and postcopulatory strategies to determine reproductive success. Our findings suggest that differences in resource availability affect female distribution, which ultimately leads to intraspecific variation in male reproductive tactics and sexual morphology. Sperm competition, assessed by reproductive morphometrics, was more pronounced in our high resource site where females were distributed evenly across the landscape, whereas dominance seemed to be an important determinant of success in our low resource site where females were more aggregated. Both sites had similar mating intensities, and most males did not sire any offspring. However, our low resource site had a higher variance in fertilization success with fewer males siring multiple offspring compared with our high resource site where more individuals were successful. Our results lend support to resource models where variations in female spatial distribution attributed to environmental resources ultimately impact male reproductive behaviors and morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Manjerovic
- Department of BiologyVirginia Military InstituteLexingtonVirginiaUSA
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Eric A. Hoffman
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Christopher L. Parkinson
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jane M. Waterman
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
- Department of Zoology and EntomologyMammal Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Saldaña-Sánchez AA, Schaffner CM, Smith-Aguilar S, Aureli F. Not just females: the socio-ecology of social interactions between spider monkey males. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212808. [PMID: 35858053 PMCID: PMC9257287 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Male-male relationships are mostly characterized by competition. However, males also cooperate with one another if socio-ecological conditions are suitable. Due to their male philopatry, the need for cooperation in home range defence and high degree of fission-fusion dynamics, spider monkeys provide an opportunity to investigate how male-male interactions are associated with socio-ecological factors, such as the presence of potentially receptive females, the degree of food availability and the likelihood of home range defence. We tested predictions about changes in social interactions between wild spider monkey males in relation to these factors. First, males did not change their interaction patterns when potentially receptive females were in the subgroup compared to when they were absent. Second, males tended to be less tolerant of one another when feeding, but spent more time grooming, in contact and proximity with one another when food availability was lower than when it was higher. Third, males exchanged fewer embraces, spent less time grooming, in proximity and in contact with one another, and spent more time vigilant at the home range boundary area than at other locations. Our findings contribute to the understanding of social flexibility and the importance of considering males in socio-ecological models of any group-living species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Colleen M. Schaffner
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico,Psychology Department, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Adam State University, Alamosa, CO, USA
| | - Sandra Smith-Aguilar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sociológicas, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Filippo Aureli
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico,Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Spezie G, Fusani L. Male-male associations in spotted bowerbirds ( Ptilonorhynchus maculatus) exhibit attributes of courtship coalitions. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022; 76:97. [PMID: 35818498 PMCID: PMC9262789 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Despite strong selective pressures inherent in competition for mates, in species with non-resource-based mating systems males commonly engage in non-agonistic interactions with same-sex visitors at display arenas. Bowerbirds perform courtship dances on elaborate display structures - known as bowers - that are built and defended by one resident male. Several reports have suggested that bower owners tolerate the presence of specific male visitors at their display arenas, referred to here as 'subordinates'. Subordinate males may learn the skills required for successful sexual signalling via prolonged social interactions at adults' arenas, but little is known about whether courtship proficiency changes with experience and/or whether subordinates actively contribute to enhancing the resident male's mating success. In this study, we investigated male-male associations in wild spotted bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchus maculatus). We first sought to determine whether courtship behaviour differs based on bower ownership status. We then examined whether social interactions between bower owners and subordinate males may qualify as courtship coalitions. Our analysis of courtship postural components did not reveal differences in timing or relative occurrence of postural components between subordinate males and bower owners, whereas we found evidence that male-male associations in spotted bowerbirds may provide an example of rudimentary courtship coalitions. In particular, higher subordinate attendance is associated with lower destruction rates by neighbouring rivals and with overall higher mating success, and male pairs are stable in subsequent years. This study provides novel information about social dynamics among male bowerbirds, and further insights into the evolution of coalitionary behaviour in male displays. Significance statement Same-sex associations between established males and subordinate visitors on display arenas are common in birds, yet poorly understood. Using video recordings from a population of wild spotted bowerbirds, Ptilonorhynchus maculatus, we performed a quantitative analysis on motor courtship components across males, and on their social interactions on display arenas to investigate the nature of male-male partnerships. Our results showed that motor courtship performance in subordinate visitors is not suggestive of an early ontogenetic stage, as previously speculated. Moreover, though bower 'owners' and subordinate males do not coordinate their behaviour during courtship or bower building, male-male partnerships may qualify as a rudimentary or incipient form of courtship coalitions. Subordinate males are tolerated at bowers, the magnitude of subordinate attendance correlates with owner males' mating success, and repeated interactions between individuals reveal consistent partner associations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00265-022-03200-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Spezie
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leonida Fusani
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Should I stay or should I go now: dispersal decisions and reproductive success in male white-faced capuchins (Cebus imitator). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
13
|
Xia W, Wang F, Wang D, Zeng X, Yang C, Krzton A, Ren B, Li D. Dispersal patterns in Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys. Curr Zool 2022; 68:265-273. [PMID: 35592348 PMCID: PMC9113269 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoab067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-biased dispersal is common in group-living animals. Due to differences in local demographic and environmental factors, sex-biased dispersal presents many irregular patterns. In this study, a habituated, individually identified Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti group was observed over 9 years; 192 dispersal events, including 97 male dispersal events (25 natal dispersal and 72 secondary dispersal) and 95 female dispersal events (34 natal dispersal and 61 secondary dispersal) were observed. Males and females showed different dispersal paths, dispersal ages, and dispersal patterns. Females had 2 dispersal paths, whereas males had 4 paths. In terms of age of dispersal, the male age of natal dispersal was younger than for females. Males prefer single dispersal, whereas females prefer parallel dispersal. Our study indicates that the dispersal pattern of R. bieti should be classified as a bisexual dispersal pattern. The differences in dispersal path, average age at dispersal, and dispersal path pattern indicate that Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys may still retain a loose matrilineal social system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wancai Xia
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong City, Sichuan 637009, China
- Institute of Rare Animals and Plants, China West Normal University, Nanchong City, Sichuan 637009, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong City, Sichuan 637009, China
- Institute of Rare Animals and Plants, China West Normal University, Nanchong City, Sichuan 637009, China
| | - Dali Wang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong City, Sichuan 637009, China
- Institute of Rare Animals and Plants, China West Normal University, Nanchong City, Sichuan 637009, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong City, Sichuan 637009, China
- Institute of Rare Animals and Plants, China West Normal University, Nanchong City, Sichuan 637009, China
| | - Chan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong City, Sichuan 637009, China
- Institute of Rare Animals and Plants, China West Normal University, Nanchong City, Sichuan 637009, China
| | - Ali Krzton
- Auburn University Libraries, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Baoping Ren
- Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands (Ministry of Education), Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571158, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571158, China
| | - Dayong Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong City, Sichuan 637009, China
- Institute of Rare Animals and Plants, China West Normal University, Nanchong City, Sichuan 637009, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim S, Hooten MB, Darden TL, Kanno Y. Linking male reproductive success to effort within and among nests in a co‐breeding stream fish. Ethology 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seoghyun Kim
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
| | - Mevin B. Hooten
- Department of Statistics and Data Sciences The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
| | - Tanya L. Darden
- Hollings Marine Laboratory South Carolina Department of Natural Resources Charleston South Carolina USA
| | - Yoichiro Kanno
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gerber L, Connor RC, Allen SJ, Horlacher K, King SL, Sherwin WB, Willems EP, Wittwer S, Krützen M. Social integration influences fitness in allied male dolphins. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1664-1669.e3. [PMID: 35334228 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding determinants of differential reproductive success is at the core of evolutionary biology because of its connection to fitness. Early work has linked variation in reproductive success to differences in age,1 rank,2 or size,3,4 as well as habitat characteristics.5 More recently, studies in group-living taxa have revealed that social relationships also have measurable effects on fitness.6-8 The influence of social bonds on fitness is particularly interesting in males who compete over reproductive opportunities. In Shark Bay, Western Australia, groups of 4-14 unrelated male bottlenose dolphins cooperate in second-order alliances to compete with rival alliances over access to females.9-12 Nested within second-order alliances, pairs or trios of males, which can vary in composition, form first-order alliances to herd estrus females. Using 30 years of behavioral data, we examined how individual social factors, such as first-order alliance stability, social connectivity, and variation in social bond strength within second-order alliances, affect male fitness. Analyzing the reproductive careers of 85 males belonging to 10 second-order alliances, we found that the number of paternities a male achieved was positively correlated with his cumulative social bond strength but negatively correlated with his variation in bond strength. Thus, well-integrated males with more homogeneous social bonds to second-order allies obtained most paternities. Our findings provide novel insights into the fitness benefits of polyadic cooperation among unrelated males and highlight the adaptive value of social bonds in this context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livia Gerber
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Richard C Connor
- Biology Department, UMASS Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Simon J Allen
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Kay Horlacher
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie L King
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - William B Sherwin
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Erik P Willems
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Wittwer
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Krützen
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Marquez‐Rosado A, Garcia‐Co C, Londoño‐Nieto C, Carazo P. No evidence that relatedness or familiarity modulates male harm in
Drosophila melanogaster
flies from a wild population. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8803. [PMID: 35432938 PMCID: PMC8995922 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual selection frequently promotes the evolution of aggressive behaviors that help males compete against their rivals, but which may harm females and hamper their fitness. Kin selection theory predicts that optimal male–male competition levels can be reduced when competitors are more genetically related to each other than to the population average, contributing to resolve this sexual conflict. Work in Drosophila melanogaster has spearheaded empirical tests of this idea, but studies so far have been conducted in laboratory‐adapted populations in homogeneous rearing environments that may hamper kin recognition, and used highly skewed sex ratios that may fail to reflect average natural conditions. Here, we performed a fully factorial design with the aim of exploring how rearing environment (i.e., familiarity) and relatedness affect male–male aggression, male harassment, and overall male harm levels in flies from a wild population of Drosophila melanogaster, under more natural conditions. Namely, we (a) manipulated relatedness and familiarity so that larvae reared apart were raised in different environments, as is common in the wild, and (b) studied the effects of relatedness and familiarity under average levels of male–male competition in the field. We show that, contrary to previous findings, groups of unrelated‐unfamiliar males were as likely to fight with each other and harass females than related‐familiar males and that overall levels of male harm to females were similar across treatments. Our results suggest that the role of kin selection in modulating sexual conflict is yet unclear in Drosophila melanogaster, and call for further studies that focus on natural populations and realistic socio‐sexual and ecological environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marquez‐Rosado
- Ethology Lab Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology University of Valencia Valencia Spain
| | - Clara Garcia‐Co
- Ethology Lab Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology University of Valencia Valencia Spain
| | - Claudia Londoño‐Nieto
- Ethology Lab Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology University of Valencia Valencia Spain
| | - Pau Carazo
- Ethology Lab Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology University of Valencia Valencia Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shadmany J, Taylor PW, Yeap HL, Lee SF. Multi-locus genotyping of stored sperm reveals female remating rates in wild populations of the Queensland fruit fly. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 2:100040. [PMID: 36003266 PMCID: PMC9387433 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2022.100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Stored sperm in female Queensland fruit flies genotyped for 10 genetic markers Remating detected in 26 of 48 (54.2 %) ovipositing females in the wild Significant difference in remating rate between 2 collections (80.0 vs 26.1%) First evidence for polyandry in wild female Queensland fruit flies
Female insects commonly have more than one mate during a breeding period (‘polyandry’), storing and using sperm from multiple males. In addition to its evolutionary significance, insect polyandry has practical implications for pest management that relies on the sterile insect technique (SIT). The Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), is a major horticultural pest in Australia, and outbreaks are managed by SIT in some regions. The present study provides the first evidence for polyandry in female B. tryoni from field populations from New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland (QLD) through multi-locus genotyping (ten microsatellite markers in four fluorescent multiplexes) of the stored sperm in ovipositing females. Polyandry level was significantly higher in the NSW collection (80.0 %) than the QLD collection (26.1 %), suggesting substantial regional and/or temporal variation. These findings have important implications for the use of SIT to suppress B. tryoni populations and to eradicate outbreaks.
Collapse
|
18
|
Crowley PH, Tentelier C. Polyandry as a Male Strategy? A Game Between Aggressive and Tolerant Males, Arbitrated by Females. Am Nat 2021; 199:345-361. [DOI: 10.1086/718028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
19
|
Fresneau N, Lee YF, Lee WC, Kosztolányi A, Székely T, Liker A. Sex Role Reversal and High Frequency of Social Polyandry in the Pheasant-Tailed Jacana (Hydrophasianus chirurgus). Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.742588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a few species, males invest more than females in parental care while the females invest in mating competition and producing multiple broods for several mates. Species in the family Jacanidae are commonly used for studying this type of breeding system (called sex-role reversal), and previous studies found discrepancies and variation between species in the expected characteristics of reversed sex roles. Yet, a better understanding of sex role differences in breeding behavior in such species is crucial for disentangling possible evolutionary mechanisms leading to this peculiar breeding system. Sex-role reversal in the pheasant-tailed jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus has been documented long time ago. Since the very early observation of this species, however, there was no attempt to provide a comprehensive and quantitative description of their breeding. This study aims to fill these knowledge gaps by investigating the sex role differences in the breeding behavior of pheasant-tailed jacanas, by observing and monitoring a breeding population in Taiwan. We focused on three main characteristics of sex-role reversal: (1) competition between females for access to males, such as agonistic and courtship behaviors, (2) polyandrous mating, and (3) male-only care. As expected, we found that females provide most of the territory defense toward conspecifics. Males also participated in agonistic behaviors, although less frequently than females. Furthermore, contrary to what was expected, we found that males spent more time than females on courtship behavior. Polyandrous females performed mating and laying sequentially with different mates but maintained the pair bonds simultaneously with multiple males. For the first time for the species, we could estimate that the average number of mates per female (i.e., degree of polyandry) was 2.4 and that at least 81.8% of the females in the population were polyandrous. Finally, our observations corroborated that brood care is predominantly provided by males, nevertheless females were also participating to some degree in brood attendance but never in direct care (i.e., brooding). This study highlights that some aspects of polyandrous breeding might deviate from stereotyped view on sex-role reversal, and stress the importance of further within species and comparative studies in order to fully understand the mechanisms leading to sex-role reversal.
Collapse
|
20
|
Alonzo SH, Stiver KA, Kindsvater HK, Marsh-Rollo SE, Nugent B, Kazancıoğlu E. Ejaculate Allocation and Sperm Characteristics Differ among Alternative Male Types in a Species of Fish with Cooperation and Competition among Unrelated Males. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102612. [PMID: 34685591 PMCID: PMC8533787 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual selection arising from sperm competition has driven the evolution of immense variation in ejaculate allocation and sperm characteristics not only among species, but also among males within a species. One question that has received little attention is how cooperation among males affects these patterns. Here we ask how male alternative reproductive types differ in testes size, ejaculate production, and sperm morphology in the ocellated wrasse, a marine fish in which unrelated males cooperate and compete during reproduction. Nesting males build nests, court females and provide care. Sneaker males only “sneak” spawn, while satellite males sneak, but also help by chasing away sneakers. We found that satellite males have larger absolute testes than either sneakers or nesting males, despite their cooperative role. Nesting males invested relatively less in testes than either sneakers or satellites. Though sneakers produced smaller ejaculates than either satellite or nesting males, we found no difference among male types in either sperm cell concentration or sperm number, implying sneakers may produce less seminal fluid. Sperm tail length did not differ significantly among male types, but sneaker sperm cells had significantly larger heads than either satellite or nesting male sperm, consistent with past research showing sneakers produce slower sperm. Our results highlight that social interactions among males can influence sperm and ejaculate production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne H. Alonzo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-831-502-7706
| | - Kelly A. Stiver
- Department of Psychology, Southern Connecticut State University, 501 Crescent Street, New Haven, CT 06515, USA;
| | - Holly K. Kindsvater
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Susan E. Marsh-Rollo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Bridget Nugent
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06515, USA;
| | - Erem Kazancıoğlu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06515, USA;
- Protenus, Inc., 1629 Thames St., Baltimore, MD 21231, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Schweinfurth MK. Cooperative intentions and their implications on reciprocal cooperation in Norway rats. Ethology 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manon K. Schweinfurth
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience University of St Andrews St Andrews Scotland
- Department of Behavioural Ecology University of Bern Hinterkappelen Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Barve S, Riehl C, Walters EL, Haydock J, Dugdale HL, Koenig WD. Lifetime reproductive benefits of cooperative polygamy vary for males and females in the acorn woodpecker ( Melanerpes formicivorus). Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210579. [PMID: 34403633 PMCID: PMC8370801 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooperative breeding strategies lead to short-term direct fitness losses when individuals forfeit or share reproduction. The direct fitness benefits of cooperative strategies are often delayed and difficult to quantify, requiring data on lifetime reproduction. Here, we use a longitudinal dataset to examine the lifetime reproductive success of cooperative polygamy in acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus), which nest as lone pairs or share reproduction with same-sex cobreeders. We found that males and females produced fewer young per successful nesting attempt when sharing reproduction. However, males nesting in duos and trios had longer reproductive lifespans, more lifetime nesting attempts and higher lifetime reproductive success than those breeding alone. For females, cobreeding in duos increased reproductive lifespan so the lifetime reproductive success of females nesting in duos was comparable to those nesting alone and higher than those nesting in trios. These results suggest that for male duos and trios, reproductive success alone may provide sufficient fitness benefits to explain the presence of cooperative polygamy, and the benefits of cobreeding as a duo in females are higher than previously assumed. Lifetime individual fitness data are crucial to reveal the full costs and benefits of cooperative polygamy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahas Barve
- Division of Birds, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, 10th Street and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Christina Riehl
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Eric L. Walters
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Joseph Haydock
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA 99258, USA
| | - Hannah L. Dugdale
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Walter D. Koenig
- Hastings Reservation, University of California Berkeley, 38601 E. Carmel Valley Rd., Carmel Valley, CA 93924, USA
- Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd., Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Alfonso C, Jones BC, Vernasco BJ, Moore IT. Integrative Studies of Sexual Selection in Manakins, a Clade of Charismatic Tropical Birds. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1267-1280. [PMID: 34251421 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neotropical manakins (family Pipridae) provide a great opportunity for integrative studies of sexual selection as nearly all of the 51 species are lek-breeding, an extreme form of polygyny, and highly sexually dimorphic both in appearance and behavior. Male courtship displays are often elaborate and include auditory cues, both vocal and mechanical, as well as visual elements. In addition, the displays are often extremely rapid, highly acrobatic, and, in some species, multiple males perform coordinated displays that form the basis of long-term coalitions. Male manakins also exhibit unique neuroendocrine, physiological, and anatomical adaptations to support the performance of these complex displays and the maintenance of their intricate social systems. The Manakin Genomics Research Coordination Network (Manakin RCN, https://www.manakinsrcn.org) has brought together researchers (many in this symposium and this issue) from across disciplines to address the implications of sexual selection on evolution, ecology, behavior, and physiology in manakins. The objective of this paper is to present some of the most pertinent and integrative manakin research as well as introducing the papers presented in this issue. The results discussed at the manakin symposium, part of the 2021 Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology Conference, highlight the remarkable genomic, behavioral, and physiological adaptations as well as the evolutionary causes and consequences of strong sexual selection pressures that are evident in manakins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Alfonso
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Blake C Jones
- Science and Mathematics, Bennington College, 1 College Dr., Bennington, VT 05201, USA
| | - Ben J Vernasco
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Ignacio T Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Martin JS, Jaeggi AV. Social animal models for quantifying plasticity, assortment, and selection on interacting phenotypes. J Evol Biol 2021; 35:520-538. [PMID: 34233047 PMCID: PMC9292565 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Both assortment and plasticity can facilitate social evolution, as each may generate heritable associations between the phenotypes and fitness of individuals and their social partners. However, it currently remains difficult to empirically disentangle these distinct mechanisms in the wild, particularly for complex and environmentally responsive phenotypes subject to measurement error. To address this challenge, we extend the widely used animal model to facilitate unbiased estimation of plasticity, assortment and selection on social traits, for both phenotypic and quantitative genetic (QG) analysis. Our social animal models (SAMs) estimate key evolutionary parameters for the latent reaction norms underlying repeatable patterns of phenotypic interaction across social environments. As a consequence of this approach, SAMs avoid inferential biases caused by various forms of measurement error in the raw phenotypic associations between social partners. We conducted a simulation study to demonstrate the application of SAMs and investigate their performance for both phenotypic and QG analyses. With sufficient repeated measurements, we found desirably high power, low bias and low uncertainty across model parameters using modest sample and effect sizes, leading to robust predictions of selection and adaptation. Our results suggest that SAMs will readily enhance social evolutionary research on a variety of phenotypes in the wild. We provide detailed coding tutorials and worked examples for implementing SAMs in the Stan statistical programming language.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Martin
- Human Ecology Group, Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adrian V Jaeggi
- Human Ecology Group, Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shogren EH, Boyle WA. Spread the word: male manakins advertise the presence of display sites with neighbouring competitors. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
26
|
Areja‐Gavina MKD, Torres MC, Gamilla GB, Sakaguchi T, Ito H, Rabajante JF, Tubay JM, Yoshimura J, Morita S. Exaggerated evolution of male armaments via male-male competition. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:6977-6992. [PMID: 34141269 PMCID: PMC8207152 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Males usually compete to gain access to prospective mates. Through this male-male competition, superior males have a higher chance of passing on their traits to the next generation of male offspring. One category of male traits is armaments, which are weapons used during competition, for example, the chelae of fiddler crabs and the antlers of deer. One consequence of intrasexual selection is the exaggerated evolution of armaments, which can be limited by trade-offs, such as trade-offs with male body size. Here, we formulate a game-theoretic sexual selection model to explore the exaggerated evolution of armaments through male-male competition. The model is used to determine how competition affects the evolution of an armament that is subject to trade-offs. Our simulation can be used to support the exaggerated evolution hypothesis, that is, male-male competition escalates the rate of evolution of armaments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maica Krizna D. Areja‐Gavina
- Mathematics DivisionInstitute of Mathematical Sciences and PhysicsUniversity of the Philippines Los BañosCollegePhilippines
| | - Monica C. Torres
- Mathematics DivisionInstitute of Mathematical Sciences and PhysicsUniversity of the Philippines Los BañosCollegePhilippines
| | - Gimelle B. Gamilla
- Mathematics DivisionInstitute of Mathematical Sciences and PhysicsUniversity of the Philippines Los BañosCollegePhilippines
| | - Tomohiko Sakaguchi
- Department of Mathematical and Systems EngineeringShizuoka UniversityHamamatsuJapan
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Graduate School of Science and TechnologyShizuoka UniversityHamamatsuJapan
- Department of International HealthInstitute of Tropical MedicineNagasaki UniversityNagasakiJapan
- Department of General Systems StudiesUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Jomar F. Rabajante
- Mathematics DivisionInstitute of Mathematical Sciences and PhysicsUniversity of the Philippines Los BañosCollegePhilippines
- Faculty of EducationUniversity of the Philippines Open UniversityCollege LagunaPhilippines
| | - Jerrold M. Tubay
- Mathematics DivisionInstitute of Mathematical Sciences and PhysicsUniversity of the Philippines Los BañosCollegePhilippines
| | - Jin Yoshimura
- Department of Mathematical and Systems EngineeringShizuoka UniversityHamamatsuJapan
- Graduate School of Science and TechnologyShizuoka UniversityHamamatsuJapan
- Marine Biosystems Research CenterChiba UniversityUchiuraJapan
- Department of Environmental and Forest BiologyState University of New York College of Environmental Science and ForestrySyracuseNYUSA
| | - Satoru Morita
- Department of Mathematical and Systems EngineeringShizuoka UniversityHamamatsuJapan
- Graduate School of Science and TechnologyShizuoka UniversityHamamatsuJapan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gerber L, Wittwer S, Allen SJ, Holmes KG, King SL, Sherwin WB, Wild S, Willems EP, Connor RC, Krützen M. Cooperative partner choice in multi-level male dolphin alliances. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6901. [PMID: 33767258 PMCID: PMC7994371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85583-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations into cooperative partner choice should consider both potential and realised partners, allowing for the comparison of traits across all those available. Male bottlenose dolphins form persisting multi-level alliances. Second-order alliances of 4–14 males are the core social unit, within which 2–3 males form first-order alliances to sequester females during consortships. We compared social bond strength, relatedness and age similarity of potential and realised partners of individual males in two age periods: (i) adolescence, when second-order alliances are formed from all available associates, and (ii) adulthood, when first-order allies are selected from within second-order alliances. Social bond strength during adolescence predicted second-order alliance membership in adulthood. Moreover, males preferred same-aged or older males as second-order allies. Within second-order alliances, non-mating season social bond strength predicted first-order partner preferences during mating season consortships. Relatedness did not influence partner choice on either alliance level. There is thus a striking resemblance between male dolphins, chimpanzees and humans, where closely bonded non-relatives engage in higher-level, polyadic cooperative acts. To that end, our study extends the scope of taxa in which social bonds rather than kinship explain cooperation, providing the first evidence that such traits might have evolved independently in marine and terrestrial realms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livia Gerber
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Samuel Wittwer
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon J Allen
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK.,School of Biological Sciences and Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Kathryn G Holmes
- School of Biological Sciences and Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Stephanie L King
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK.,School of Biological Sciences and Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - William B Sherwin
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Sonja Wild
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany.,Cognitive and Cultural Ecology Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315, Radolfzell, Germany
| | - Erik P Willems
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Richard C Connor
- Biology Department, UMASS Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA, 02747, USA
| | - Michael Krützen
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
de Oliveira Terceiro FE, Arruda MDF, van Schaik CP, Araújo A, Burkart JM. Higher social tolerance in wild versus captive common marmosets: the role of interdependence. Sci Rep 2021; 11:825. [PMID: 33436898 PMCID: PMC7804027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Social tolerance in a group reflects the balance between within-group competition and interdependence: whereas increased competition leads to a reduction in social tolerance, increased interdependence increases it. Captivity reduces both feeding competition and interdependence and can therefore affect social tolerance. In independently breeding primates, social tolerance has been shown to be higher in captivity, indicating a strong effect of food abundance. It is not known, however, how social tolerance in cooperative breeders, with their much higher interdependence, responds to captivity. Here, we therefore compared social tolerance between free-ranging and captive groups in the cooperatively breeding common marmoset and found higher social tolerance (measured as proximity near food, co-feeding, and food sharing) in the wild. Most likely, social tolerance in the wild is higher because interdependence is particularly high in the wild, especially because infant care is more costly there than in captivity. These results indicate that the high social tolerance of these cooperative breeders in captivity is not an artefact, and that captive data may even have underestimated it. They may also imply that the cooperative breeding and foraging of our hominin ancestors, which relied on strong interdependence at multiple levels, was associated with high social tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Edvaldo de Oliveira Terceiro
- Department of Physiology and Behaviour, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Sen. Salgado Filho, 3000 - Candelária, Natal, RN, 59064-741, Brazil.
- Department of Anthropology, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Maria de Fátima Arruda
- Department of Physiology and Behaviour, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Sen. Salgado Filho, 3000 - Candelária, Natal, RN, 59064-741, Brazil
| | - Carel P van Schaik
- Department of Anthropology, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Arrilton Araújo
- Department of Physiology and Behaviour, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Sen. Salgado Filho, 3000 - Candelária, Natal, RN, 59064-741, Brazil
| | - Judith Maria Burkart
- Department of Anthropology, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Vernasco BJ, Dakin R, Majer AD, Haussmann MF, Brandt Ryder T, Moore IT. Longitudinal dynamics and behavioural correlates of telomeres in male wire‐tailed manakins. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben J. Vernasco
- Department of Biological Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA USA
| | - Roslyn Dakin
- Migratory Bird Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Washington DC USA
| | | | | | - T. Brandt Ryder
- Migratory Bird Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Washington DC USA
| | - Ignacio T. Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kim S, Pregler KC, Cushman EL, Darden TL, Kanno Y. Behavior outweighs body size in mediating male reproductive success in a nest-building fish, bluehead chub. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-02933-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
31
|
Dakin R, Moore IT, Horton BM, Vernasco BJ, Ryder TB. Testosterone-mediated behaviour shapes the emergent properties of social networks. J Anim Ecol 2020; 90:131-142. [PMID: 32745255 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Social networks can vary in their organization and dynamics, with implications for ecological and evolutionary processes. Understanding the mechanisms that drive social network dynamics requires integrating individual-level biology with comparisons across multiple social networks. Testosterone is a key mediator of vertebrate social behaviour and can influence how individuals interact with social partners. Although the effects of testosterone on individual behaviour are well established, no study has examined whether hormone-mediated behaviour can scale up to shape the emergent properties of social networks. We investigated the relationship between testosterone and social network dynamics in the wire-tailed manakin, a lekking bird species in which male-male social interactions form complex social networks. We used an automated proximity system to longitudinally monitor several leks and we quantified the social network structure at each lek. Our analysis examines three emergent properties of the networks-social specialization (the extent to which a network is partitioned into exclusive partnerships), network stability (the overall persistence of partnerships through time) and behavioural assortment (the tendency for like to associate with like). All three properties are expected to promote the evolution of cooperation. As the predictor, we analysed the collective testosterone of males within each social network. Social networks that were composed of high-testosterone dominant males were less specialized, less stable and had more negative behavioural assortment, after accounting for other factors. These results support our main hypothesis that individual-level hormone physiology can predict group-level network dynamics. We also observed that larger leks with more interacting individuals had more positive behavioural assortment, suggesting that small groups may constrain the processes of homophily and behaviour-matching. Overall, these results provide evidence that hormone-mediated behaviour can shape the broader architecture of social groups. Groups with high average testosterone exhibit social network properties that are predicted to impede the evolution of cooperation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roslyn Dakin
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ignacio T Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Brent M Horton
- Department of Biology, Millersville University, Millersville, PA, USA
| | - Ben J Vernasco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - T Brandt Ryder
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA.,Bird Conservancy of the Rockies, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Vernasco BJ, Moore IT. Testosterone as a mediator of the tradeoff between cooperation and competition in the context of cooperative reproductive behaviors. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 288:113369. [PMID: 31857075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral tradeoffs occur when the expression of one behavior detracts from the expression of another. Understanding the proximate mediators of behavioral tradeoffs is important as these tradeoffs can act as potential constraints on evolutionary responses to selection. Here, we describe the tradeoff between cooperation and competition faced by species that exhibit cooperative reproductive behaviors and propose that testosterone is a key hormonal mediator of the tradeoff. Cooperative reproductive behaviors occur when multiple individuals coordinate their efforts to gain a reproductive advantage over other individuals and/or those individuals attempting to reproduce in absence of cooperation. We propose that testosterone, a sex steroid known to mediate a number of physiological and behavioral actions associated with reproductive competition, is involved in mediating the tradeoff between cooperation and competition. To support this proposition, we first describe the importance of individual variation in behavior to the evolution of cooperative behaviors. We then describe how proximate mechanisms represent a prominent source of individual variation in social behaviors and highlight evidence suggesting testosterone mediates variation in cooperative behaviors. Two case studies in which the relationship between testosterone and cooperative behaviors have been investigated in detail are then summarized. Throughout we highlight the importance of studying individual variation to understand the mechanistic basis of behaviors, behavioral tradeoffs, and the evolution of cooperative reproductive behaviors more broadly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Vernasco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Ignacio T Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gerber L, Connor RC, King SL, Allen SJ, Wittwer S, Bizzozzero MR, Friedman WR, Kalberer S, Sherwin WB, Wild S, Willems EP, Krützen M. Affiliation history and age similarity predict alliance formation in adult male bottlenose dolphins. Behav Ecol 2020; 31:361-370. [PMID: 32210525 PMCID: PMC7083095 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Male alliances are an intriguing phenomenon in the context of reproduction since, in most taxa, males compete over an indivisible resource, female fertilization. Adult male bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in Shark Bay, Western Australia, form long-term, multilevel alliances to sequester estrus females. These alliances are therefore critical to male reproductive success. Yet, the long-term processes leading to the formation of such complex social bonds are still poorly understood. To identify the criteria by which male dolphins form social bonds with other males, we adopted a long-term approach by investigating the ontogeny of alliance formation. We followed the individual careers of 59 males for 14 years while they transitioned from adolescence (8-14 years of age) to adulthood (15-21 years old). Analyzing their genetic relationships and social associations in both age groups, we found that the vast majority of social bonds present in adolescence persisted through time. Male associations in early life predict alliance partners as adults. Kinship patterns explained associations during adolescence but not during adulthood. Instead, adult males associated with males of similar age. Our findings suggest that social bonds among peers, rather than kinship, play a central role in the development of adult male polyadic cooperation in dolphins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livia Gerber
- Department of Anthropology, Evolutionary Genetics Group, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephanie L King
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Biological Sciences and Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simon J Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Biological Sciences and Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Samuel Wittwer
- Department of Anthropology, Evolutionary Genetics Group, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuela R Bizzozzero
- Department of Anthropology, Evolutionary Genetics Group, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Whitney R Friedman
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - William B Sherwin
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonja Wild
- Center for the Advanced Study of Collective Behavior, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Cognitive and Cultural Ecology Lab, Max Planck Institute for Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
| | - Erik P Willems
- Department of Anthropology, Evolutionary Genetics Group, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Krützen
- Department of Anthropology, Evolutionary Genetics Group, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ferreira SM, Beukes BO, Haas TC, Radloff FGT. Lion (
Panthera leo
) demographics in the south‐western Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Afr J Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - B. Otto Beukes
- Department of Conservation and Marine Sciences Cape Peninsula University of Technology Cape Town South Africa
| | - Tim C. Haas
- Lubar School of Business University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee Milwaukee Wisconsin
| | - Frans G. T. Radloff
- Department of Conservation and Marine Sciences Cape Peninsula University of Technology Cape Town South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ryder TB, Dakin R, Vernasco BJ, Evans BS, Horton BM, Moore IT. Testosterone Modulates Status-Specific Patterns of Cooperation in a Social Network. Am Nat 2020; 195:82-94. [DOI: 10.1086/706236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
36
|
Hellmann JK, Stiver KA, Marsh-Rollo S, Alonzo SH. Defense against outside competition is linked to cooperation in male–male partnerships. Behav Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Male–male competition is a well-known driver of reproductive success and sexually selected traits in many species. However, in some species, males work together to court females or defend territories against male competitors. Dominant (nesting) males sire most offspring, but subordinate (satellite) males are better able to obtain fertilizations relative to unpartnered males. Because satellites only gain reproductive success by sneaking, there has been much interest in identifying the mechanisms enforcing satellite cooperation (defense) and reducing satellite sneaking. One such potential mechanism is outside competition: unpartnered satellites can destabilize established male partnerships and may force partnered satellites to restrain from cheating to prevent the dominant male from replacing them with an unpartnered satellite. Here, we manipulated perceived competition in the Mediterranean fish Symphodus ocellatus by presenting an “intruding” satellite male to established nesting and satellite male pairs. Focal satellite aggression to the intruder was higher when focal satellites were less cooperative, suggesting that satellites increase aggression to outside competitors when their social position is less stable. In contrast, nesting male aggression to the intruder satellite increased as spawning activity increased, suggesting that nesting males increase their defense toward outside competitors when their current relationship is productive. We found no evidence of altered spawning activity or nesting/satellite male interactions before and after the presentation. These results collectively suggest that response to outside competition is directly linked to behavioral dynamics between unrelated male partners and may be linked to conflict and cooperation in ways that are similar to group-living species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Hellmann
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - Kelly A Stiver
- Psychology Department, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, USA
| | - Susan Marsh-Rollo
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, USA
| | - Suzanne H Alonzo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Vernasco BJ, Horton BM, Moore IT, Ryder TB. Reduced cooperative behavior as a cost of high testosterone in a lekking passerine bird. Behav Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Many studies have identified the reproductive benefits of cooperative behaviors, yet few have identified the mechanisms that underlie these behaviors. Mechanistic studies can inform our understanding of why some individuals are more or less cooperative, as well as identify the physiological constraints imposed upon the evolution of reproductive traits. Male wire-tailed manakins (Pipra filicauda) exhibit cooperative courtship behaviors and more cooperative territory holders have been shown to exhibit higher reproductive success. To begin to understand the proximate basis of cooperative display behaviors, we conducted both an observational study and an experimental study. Because coordinated courtship displays underlie this form of cooperation, our study also examined both the hormonal and social drivers of individual variation in courtship behavior more broadly (e.g., courtship display rates). Our observational study revealed that males with higher testosterone levels performed fewer cooperative display bouts. In addition, our experimental study demonstrated that the proportion of a male’s courtship displays that were cooperative decreased after being administered a testosterone-filled hormone implant. We found no relationship between an individual’s courtship display effort (i.e., display rate and time spent performing courtship displays) and circulating testosterone in either study. However, more cooperative males spent a greater proportion of time performing courtship displays than did less cooperative males, suggesting that testosterone may indirectly mediate courtship display behaviors by influencing a territory holder’s cooperative behavior. Overall, both our observational and experimental results suggest that reduced cooperative behavior is a cost of maintaining high levels of testosterone for territory-holding males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Vernasco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Brent M Horton
- Department of Biology, Millersville University, Millersville, PA, USA
| | - Ignacio T Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - T Brandt Ryder
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute,, Washington DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Schweinfurth MK, Call J. Reciprocity: Different behavioural strategies, cognitive mechanisms and psychological processes. Learn Behav 2019; 47:284-301. [PMID: 31676946 PMCID: PMC6877494 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-019-00394-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Reciprocity is probably one of the most debated theories in evolutionary research. After more than 40 years of research, some scientists conclude that reciprocity is an almost uniquely human trait mainly because it is cognitively demanding. Others, however, conclude that reciprocity is widespread and of great importance to many species. Yet, it is unclear how these species reciprocate, given its apparent cognitive complexity. Therefore, our aim was to unravel the psychological processes underlying reciprocity. By bringing together findings from studies investigating different aspects of reciprocity, we show that reciprocity is a rich concept with different behavioural strategies and cognitive mechanisms that require very different psychological processes. We reviewed evidence from three textbook examples, i.e. the Norway rat, common vampire bat and brown capuchin monkey, and show that the species use different strategies and mechanisms to reciprocate. We continue by examining the psychological processes of reciprocity. We show that the cognitive load varies between different forms of reciprocity. Several factors can lower the memory demands of reciprocity such as distinctiveness of encounters, memory of details and network size. Furthermore, there are different information operation systems in place, which also vary in their cognitive load due to assessing the number of encounters and the quality and quantity of help. We conclude that many species possess the psychological processes to show some form of reciprocity. Hence, reciprocity might be a widespread phenomenon that varies in terms of strategies and mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manon K Schweinfurth
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Mary's Quad, KY16 9JP, St Andrews, Scotland.
| | - Josep Call
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Mary's Quad, KY16 9JP, St Andrews, Scotland
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ferguson E, Quigley E, Powell G, Stewart L, Harrison F, Tallentire H. To help or punish in the face of unfairness: men and women prefer mutually-beneficial strategies over punishment in a sexual selection context. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181441. [PMID: 31598271 PMCID: PMC6774947 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Consistent with a sexual selection account of cooperation, based on female choice, men, in romantic contexts, in general display mutually-beneficial behaviour and women choose men who do so. This evidence is based on a two-choice-architecture (cooperate or not). Here we extend this to include punishment options using a four-choice-architecture ('punishing a transgressor', 'compensating a victim', 'both punishing and compensating' or 'doing nothing'). Both compensation (a self-serving mutually-beneficial behaviour) and self-serving punishment, are associated with positive mate qualities. We test which is preferred by males and chosen by female undergraduates. We further explore effects of trait empathy and political ideology on these preferences. In a series of three studies using a third-party punishment and compensation (3PPC) game we show (Study One), that romantically-primed undergraduate males, express a preference to either 'compensate' or 'both compensate and punish', and undergraduate women find males who 'compensate' or 'compensate and punish' the most attractive (Studies Two and Three). Compensating men are perceived as compassionate, fair and strong by undergraduate women (Study Three). High trait empathy (Studies One and Three) and a left-wing political ideology (Study Three) are associated with a preference for compensation. Thus, self-serving mutually-beneficial behaviour can be preferred over self-serving punishment as a signal of mate quality in undergraduates. Implications for the evolution of cooperation are discussed with respect to sexual selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Schweinfurth MK, Call J. Revisiting the possibility of reciprocal help in non-human primates. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 104:73-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
41
|
King SL, Allen SJ, Krützen M, Connor RC. Vocal behaviour of allied male dolphins during cooperative mate guarding. Anim Cogn 2019; 22:991-1000. [PMID: 31317352 PMCID: PMC6834747 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-019-01290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Coercive mate guarding, where males use aggression to control female movements, is a form of sexual coercion which functions to constrain female mate choice. Non-human primates, for example, herd females to keep them away from competing males, but male bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) also herd females to keep them close to their alliance partners. Indeed, pairs and trios of male dolphins work together to sequester single estrus females and defend them from competing alliances. Yet how males facilitate such coordination remains unknown. Here, we investigate the vocal behaviour of allied male bottlenose dolphins during the herding of individual females, examining how the production of whistles and ‘pops’ (a threat vocalisation) varied with behavioural state and inter-animal distances. Allied males produced both whistles and pops significantly more often and at higher rates during social interactions, though they differed in function. Whistle rates increased significantly when new individuals joined the consorting group, consistent with previous work showing that whistles are part of a greeting sequence for this species. Whistle matching also appeared to play a role in within-alliance coordination. Pop vocalisations increased significantly when the nearest male to the female changed, likely inducing the female to remain close as the males coordinate a guard switch. Building upon prior research examining female movements in response to pops, we show that males approach the female and current guard whilst popping, leading to a guard switch. Our results provide new insights into the use of vocal signals during cooperative mate guarding between allied male dolphins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L King
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Simon J Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Michael Krützen
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, CH, Switzerland
| | - Richard C Connor
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA, 02747, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Schweinfurth MK, Aeschbacher J, Santi M, Taborsky M. Male Norway rats cooperate according to direct but not generalized reciprocity rules. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
43
|
Whittaker DJ, Kuzel M, Burrell MJ, Soini HA, Novotny MV, DuVal EH. Chemical profiles reflect heterozygosity and seasonality in a tropical lekking passerine bird. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
44
|
Bose APH, Henshaw JM, Zimmermann H, Fritzsche K, Sefc KM. Inclusive fitness benefits mitigate costs of cuckoldry to socially paired males. BMC Biol 2019; 17:2. [PMID: 30700283 PMCID: PMC6354359 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0620-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In socially monogamous species, reproduction is not always confined to paired males and females. Extra-pair males commonly also reproduce with paired females, which is traditionally thought to be costly to the females’ social partners. However, we suggest that when the relatedness between reproducing individuals is considered, cuckolded males can suffer lower fitness losses than otherwise expected, especially when the rate of cuckoldry is high. We combine theoretical modeling with a detailed genetic study on a socially monogamous wild fish, Variabilichromis moorii, which displays biparental care despite exceptionally high rates of extra-pair paternity. Results We measured the relatedness between all parties involved in V. moorii spawning events (i.e. between males and females in social pairs, females and their extra-pair partners, and paired males and their cuckolders), and we reveal that males are on average more related to their cuckolders than expected by chance. Queller–Goodnight estimates of relatedness between males and their cuckolders are on average r = 0.038 but can range up to r = 0.64. This also increases the relatedness between males and the extra-pair offspring under their care. These intriguing results are consistent with the predictions of our mathematical model, which shows that elevated relatedness between paired males and their cuckolders can be adaptive for both parties when competition for fertilizations is strong. Conclusions Our results show how cuckoldry by relatives can offset males’ direct fitness losses with inclusive fitness gains, which can be substantial in systems where males face almost certain paternity losses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12915-018-0620-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aneesh P H Bose
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Jonathan M Henshaw
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Holger Zimmermann
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Karoline Fritzsche
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Kristina M Sefc
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhu P, Grueter CC, Garber PA, Li D, Xiang Z, Ren B, Li M. Seasonal changes in social cohesion among males in a same-sex primate group. Am J Primatol 2018; 80:e22914. [PMID: 30307631 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Male-male interactions in mixed-sex groups of social mammals are typically characterized by a mix of hostility and affiliation, as a result of inherent conflicts over mating opportunities, and the costs and benefits of social alliances, co-operative behaviors, and coalitionary defense. In species of nonhuman primates that form all-male groups, it is still unclear how the tradeoffs between the benefits of forming an all-male group and the cost of male-male competition in seeking mating opportunities with females in bisexual groups influence social cohesion in different seasons. Here, we used social network analysis to quantify the impact of reproductive seasonality on social cohesion and clique size of bachelor males residing in an all-male unit (AMU) in wild black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti). These primates are strict seasonal breeders and live in a modular social system composed of a number of one-male units (OMUs) and an associated peripheral AMU. We found that the AMU social network had a significantly lower density, centralization, clustering coefficient, and smaller clique size during the mating season compared to the non-mating period. However, aggression among AMU males during both mating and non-mating periods was low. Our results suggest that network structure topology in male same-sex social units is modulated by seasonal changes. Bachelor males engage in two types of competition to gain reproductive success: first, which is analogous to contest competition, in which bachelor males act aggressively and challenge OMU leader males in an attempt to take over an OMU; and second, which is more analogous to scramble competition, in which bachelor males avoid aggressive interactions and instead engage in sneaky copulations with fertile females. Our work adds to an understanding of the maintenance of all-male groups in species that form a multilevel society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pingfen Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cyril C Grueter
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Australia.,Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Australia
| | - Paul A Garber
- Department of Anthropology and Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Dayong Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation [Ministry of Education], China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Zuofu Xiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Baoping Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
|
47
|
|
48
|
Le Page S, Sepil I, Flintham E, Pizzari T, Carazo P, Wigby S. Male relatedness and familiarity are required to modulate male-induced harm to females in Drosophila. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.0441. [PMID: 28794215 PMCID: PMC5563793 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Males compete over mating and fertilization, and often harm females in the process. Inclusive fitness theory predicts that increasing relatedness within groups of males may relax competition and discourage male harm of females as males gain indirect benefits. Recent studies in Drosophila melanogaster are consistent with these predictions, and have found that within-group male relatedness increases female fitness, though others have found no effects. Importantly, these studies did not fully disentangle male genetic relatedness from larval familiarity, so the extent to which modulation of harm to females is explained by male familiarity remains unclear. Here we performed a fully factorial design, isolating the effects of male relatedness and larval familiarity on female harm. While we found no differences in male courtship or aggression, there was a significant interaction between male genetic relatedness and familiarity on female reproduction and survival. Relatedness among males increased female lifespan, reproductive lifespan and overall reproductive success, but only when males were familiar. By showing that both male relatedness and larval familiarity are required to modulate female harm, these findings reconcile previous studies, shedding light on the potential role of indirect fitness effects on sexual conflict and the mechanisms underpinning kin recognition in fly populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally Le Page
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Irem Sepil
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ewan Flintham
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tommaso Pizzari
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pau Carazo
- Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution group, Instituto Cavanilles of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Stuart Wigby
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lappan S, Andayani N, Kinnaird MF, Morino L, Nurcahyo A, O'Brien TG. Social polyandry among siamangs: the role of habitat quality. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
50
|
Allen SJ, King SL, Krützen M, Brown AM. Multi-modal sexual displays in Australian humpback dolphins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13644. [PMID: 29057901 PMCID: PMC5651929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13898-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual displays enriched by object carrying serve to increase individual male fitness, yet are uncommon phenomena in the animal kingdom. While they have been documented in a variety of taxa, primarily birds, they are rare outside non-human mammals. Here, we document marine sponge presenting associated with visual and acoustic posturing found in several, geographically widespread populations of Australian humpback dolphins (Sousa sahulensis) over ten years of observation. Only adult males presented marine sponges, typically doing so in the presence of sexually mature females, although social groups predominantly consisted of mixed age and sex classes. Male humpback dolphins appear to be using sponges for signalling purposes in multi-modal sexual displays. Further, based on limited behavioural and genetic data, we hypothesise that pairs of adult male Sousa form at least temporary coalitions or alliances. The use of objects in sexual displays by non-human mammals is rare and, moreover, cooperation between males in the pursuit of an indivisible resource is an evolutionary hurdle relatively few species have overcome. These findings suggest a hitherto unrecognised level of social complexity in humpback dolphins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Allen
- School of Biological Sciences and Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia. .,Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Cetacean Research Unit, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.
| | - S L King
- School of Biological Sciences and Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - M Krützen
- Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A M Brown
- Cetacean Research Unit, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.,Hartley Anderson Ltd, 36 Regent Quay, Aberdeen, AB11 5BE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|