1
|
Portilla Llerena JP, Kiyota E, dos Santos FRC, Garcia JC, de Lima RF, Mayer JLS, dos Santos Brito M, Mazzafera P, Creste S, Nobile PM. ShF5H1 overexpression increases syringyl lignin and improves saccharification in sugarcane leaves. GM CROPS & FOOD 2024; 15:67-84. [PMID: 38507337 PMCID: PMC10956634 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2024.2325181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The agricultural sugarcane residues, bagasse and straws, can be used for second-generation ethanol (2GE) production by the cellulose conversion into glucose (saccharification). However, the lignin content negatively impacts the saccharification process. This polymer is mainly composed of guaiacyl (G), hydroxyphenyl (H), and syringyl (S) units, the latter formed in the ferulate 5-hydroxylase (F5H) branch of the lignin biosynthesis pathway. We have generated transgenic lines overexpressing ShF5H1 under the control of the C4H (cinnamate 4-hydroxylase) rice promoter, which led to a significant increase of up to 160% in the S/G ratio and 63% in the saccharification efficiency in leaves. Nevertheless, the content of lignin was unchanged in this organ. In culms, neither the S/G ratio nor sucrose accumulation was altered, suggesting that ShF5H1 overexpression would not affect first-generation ethanol production. Interestingly, the bagasse showed a significantly higher fiber content. Our results indicate that the tissue-specific manipulation of the biosynthetic branch leading to S unit formation is industrially advantageous and has established a foundation for further studies aiming at refining lignin modifications. Thus, the ShF5H1 overexpression in sugarcane emerges as an efficient strategy to improve 2GE production from straw.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Portilla Llerena
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Academic Department of Biology, Professional and Academic School of Biology, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Perú
| | - Eduardo Kiyota
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Julio C. Garcia
- Centro de Cana, Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | - Michael dos Santos Brito
- Centro de Cana, Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Paulo Mazzafera
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Silvana Creste
- Centro de Cana, Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang YL, Wang WK, Wu QC, Zhang F, Li WJ, Li SL, Wang W, Cao ZJ, Yang HJ. In Situ Rumen Degradation Characteristics and Bacterial Colonization of Corn Silages Differing in Ferulic and p-Coumaric Acid Contents. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2269. [PMID: 36422339 PMCID: PMC9695934 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In plant cell wall, ferulic acid (FA) and p-coumaric acid (pCA) are commonly linked with arabinoxylans and lignin through ester and ether bonds. These linkages were deemed to hinder the access of rumen microbes to cell wall polysaccharides. The attachment of rumen microbes to plant cell wall was believed to have profound effects on the rate and the extent of forage digestion in rumen. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of bound phenolic acid content and their composition in corn silages on the nutrient degradability, and the composition of the attached bacteria. Following an in situ rumen degradation method, eight representative corn silages with different FA and pCA contents were placed into nylon bags and incubated in the rumens of three matured lactating Holstein cows for 0, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Corn silage digestibility was assessed by in situ degradation methods. As a result, the effective degradability of dry matter, neutral detergent fibre, and acid detergent fibre were negatively related to the ether-linked FA and pCA, and their ratio in corn silages, suggesting that not only the content and but also the composition of phenolic acids significantly affected the degradation characteristics of corn silages. After 24 h rumen fermentation, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidota were observed as the dominant phyla in the bacterial communities attached to the corn silages. After 72 h rumen fermentation, the rumen degradation of ester-linked FA was much greater than that of ester-linked pCA. The correlation analysis noted that Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-002, Olsenella, Ruminococcus_gauvreauii_group, Acetitomaculum, and Bifidobacterium were negatively related to the initial ether-linked FA content while Prevotella was positively related to the ether-linked FA content and the ratio of pCA to FA. In summary, the present results suggested that the content of ether-linked phenolic acids in plant cell walls exhibited a more profound effect on the pattern of microbial colonization than the fibre content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hong-Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The Effect of Different Lactic Acid Bacteria Inoculants on Silage Quality, Phenolic Acid Profiles, Bacterial Community and In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Characteristic of Whole Corn Silage. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8060285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Corn silage is an important source of forage, but whether or not bacterial inoculants should be applied is somewhat controversial in ruminant feeding practice. In the present study, chopped whole corn plants treated with a single inoculant of Lactobacillus buchneri (LB), Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), Pediococcus pentosaceus (PP) served as either homofermentation (e.g., lactate only) or heterofermentation (e.g., lactate and acetate) controls and compared with those treated with either a mixture of the lactic acid bacteria (QA: 60% LP, 10%PP, 30% LB) or a mixture of the lactic acid bacteria (QB: 60% LP, 15% PP, 25% LB), to investigate their effects on the fermentation quality, ester-linked phenolic acids, and in vitro digestibility. After 60 day ensiling, the addition of QA exhibited the lowest pH (3.51) with greater lactic acid (LA) production. The ester-linked ferulic acid (FAest) and p-coumaric acid (pCAest) concentrations were significantly decreased during 60 days ensiling. And among all these groups, the LB and QA treated group showed a lower concentration of FAest and pCAest than other groups. After 60 days ensiling, Lactobacillus was the dominant genus in all LAB treated groups. Meanwhile, negative correlations of Bacillus, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Blautia, Prevotella, Ruminococcus, and Roseburia with FAest content after 60 days ensiling occurred in the present study. Komagataeibacter was mainly found in LB and PP addition silages, and presented a significant negative effect with the level of acid detergent fiber (ADF). To explore whether the addition of LABs can improve digestibility of whole corn silage, an in vitro rumen fermentation was conducted using the 60 day ensiled whole corn silages as substrates. The QA addition group exhibited a greater 48 h and 96 h in vitro dry matter and ADF disappearance, greater 48 h gas production and less methane emissions. Even though there were the same neutral NDF levels in corn silages treated with LB and QA after 60 days ensiling, the QA treated silages with lower FAest and pCAest presented higher IVDMD after 96 h and 48 h in vitro fermentation. In brief, the addition of mixed inoculants of 60% LB,10% PP, 30% LB compared with the addition of whichever single HoLAB or HeLAB inoculants, facilitated the release of ester-linked phenolic acids (e.g., ferulic and p-coumaric acids) and remarkably, improved silage quality in terms of sharp pH decline and greater lactate production. Taken together with the improvement in rumen microbial fermentation, the results obtained in the present study provided concrete evidence for the role of mixed LAB application in corn silage preparation for ruminant feeding practices.
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang YL, Wang WK, Wu QC, Yang HJ. The release and catabolism of ferulic acid in plant cell wall by rumen microbes: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 9:335-344. [PMID: 35600541 PMCID: PMC9108465 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ferulic acid (FA) is one of the most abundant hydroxycinnamic acids in the plant world, especially in the cell wall of grain bran, in comparison with forage and crop residues. Previous studies noted that FA was mainly linked with arabinoxylans and lignin in plant cell walls in ester and ether covalent forms. After forages were ingested by ruminant animals or encountered rumen microbial fermentation in vitro, these cross-linkages form physical and chemical barriers to protect cell-wall carbohydrates from microbial attack and enzymatic hydrolysis. Additionally, increasing studies noted that FA presented some toxic effect on microbial growth in the rumen. In recent decades, many studies have addressed the relationships of ester and/or ether-linked FA with rumen nutrient digestibility, and there is still some controversy whether these linkages could be used as a predicator of forage digestibility in ruminants. The authors in this review summarized the possible relationships between ester and/or ether-linked FA and fiber digestion in ruminants. Rumen microbes, especially bacteria and fungi, were found capable of breaking down the ester linkages within plant cell walls by secreting feruloyl and p-coumaroyl esterase, resulting in the release of free FA and improvement of cell wall digestibility. The increasing evidence noted that these esterases secreted by rumen microbes presented synergistic effects with xylanase and cellulase to effectively hydrolyze forage cell walls. Some released FA were absorbed through the rumen wall directly and entered into blood circulation and presented antioxidant effects on host animals. The others were partially catabolized into volatile fatty acids by rumen microbes, and the possible catabolic pathways discussed. To better understand plant cell wall degradation in the rumen, the metabolic fate of FA along with lignin decomposition mechanisms are needed to be explored via future microbial isolation and incubation studies with aims to maximize dietary fiber intake and enhance fiber digestion in ruminant animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei-Kang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qi-Chao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hong-Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Carrillo-Díaz MI, Miranda-Romero LA, Chávez-Aguilar G, Zepeda-Batista JL, González-Reyes M, García-Casillas AC, Tirado-González DN, Tirado-Estrada G. Improvement of Ruminal Neutral Detergent Fiber Degradability by Obtaining and Using Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes from White-Rot Fungi. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070843. [PMID: 35405833 PMCID: PMC8997131 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review examines the factors and variables that should be considered to obtain, design, and evaluate EFEs that might enhance ruminal NDF degradability. Different combinations of words were introduced in Google Scholar, then scientific articles were examined and included if the reported factors and variables addressed the objective of this review. One-hundred-and-sixteen articles were included. The fungal strains and culture media used to grow white-rot fungi induced the production of specific isoforms of cellulases and xylanases; therefore, EFE products for ruminant feed applications should be obtained in cultures that include the high-fibrous forages used in the diets of those animals. Additionally, the temperature, pH, osmolarity conditions, and EFE synergisms and interactions with ruminal microbiota and endogenous fibrolytic enzymes should be considered. More consistent results have been observed in studies that correlate the cellulase-to-xylanase ratio with ruminant productive behavior. EFE protection (immobilization) allows researchers to obtain enzymatic products that may act under ruminal pH and temperature conditions. It is possible to generate multi-enzyme cocktails that act at different times, re-associate enzymes, and simulate natural protective structures such as cellulosomes. Some EFEs could consistently improve ruminal NDF degradability if we consider fungal cultures and ruminal environmental conditions variables, and include biotechnological tools that might be useful to design novel enzymatic products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Carrillo-Díaz
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Colima, Tecomán 8930, Colima, Mexico; (M.I.C.-D.); (J.L.Z.-B.); (A.C.G.-C.)
| | - Luis Alberto Miranda-Romero
- Posgrado en Producción Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco 56230, Edo. México, Mexico;
| | - Griselda Chávez-Aguilar
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria Agricultura Familiar (CENID AF), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Ojuelos de Jalisco 47540, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - José Luis Zepeda-Batista
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Colima, Tecomán 8930, Colima, Mexico; (M.I.C.-D.); (J.L.Z.-B.); (A.C.G.-C.)
| | - Mónica González-Reyes
- División de Estudios de Posgrado (DEPI), Tecnológico Nacional de México Aguascalientes (TecNM)/Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes (ITEL), El Llano 20330, Aguascalientes, Mexico;
| | - Arturo César García-Casillas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Colima, Tecomán 8930, Colima, Mexico; (M.I.C.-D.); (J.L.Z.-B.); (A.C.G.-C.)
| | - Deli Nazmín Tirado-González
- Departamento de Ingenierías, Tecnológico Nacional de México Aguascalientes (TecNM)/Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes (ITEL), El Llano 20330, Aguascalientes, Mexico
- Correspondence: (D.N.T.-G.); (G.T.-E.)
| | - Gustavo Tirado-Estrada
- División de Estudios de Posgrado (DEPI), Tecnológico Nacional de México Aguascalientes (TecNM)/Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes (ITEL), El Llano 20330, Aguascalientes, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (D.N.T.-G.); (G.T.-E.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen C, Zhao X, Wang X, Wang B, Li H, Feng J, Wu A. Mutagenesis of UDP-xylose epimerase and xylan arabinosyl-transferase decreases arabinose content and improves saccharification of rice straw. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:863-865. [PMID: 33471384 PMCID: PMC8131053 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant GermplasmCollege of Forestry and Landscape ArchitecturesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xianhai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant GermplasmCollege of Forestry and Landscape ArchitecturesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xuchuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant GermplasmCollege of Forestry and Landscape ArchitecturesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Bo Wang
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Huiling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant GermplasmCollege of Forestry and Landscape ArchitecturesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiaxun Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesGuangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering TechnologyCollege of Life Science and TechnologyGuangxi UniversityNanningChina
| | - Aimin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant GermplasmCollege of Forestry and Landscape ArchitecturesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Phenolic compounds from ‘Hass’ avocado peel are retained in the indigestible fraction after an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00794-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
8
|
Nyamukanza CC, Sebata A. Effect of leaf type on browse selection by free-ranging goats in a southern African savanna. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242231. [PMID: 33175912 PMCID: PMC7657486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Broad- and fine-leaved woody species respond to seasonal changes from wet to dry season differently. For example, broad-leaved species shed their leaves earlier, while fine-leaved species, especially acacias retain green foliage well into the dry season. These differences are expected to result in variation in selection of broad- and fine-leaved woody species as browse by free-ranging goats. We tested the hypothesis that free-ranging goats select broad-leaved woody species more than fine-leaved species during wet (growth) season and fine-leaved woody species more than broad-leaved species during dry season. In addition, we tested if broad- and fine-leaved woody species had different foliar dry matter digestibility and chemical composition (crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, total phenolics and condensed tannins concentration). Free-ranging goats were observed foraging on broad- and fine-leaved woody species over a two-year period (2014 and 2015) during three seasons: early wet (October/November), late wet (February/March) and dry (May/June). Ivlev's selectivity or Jacob's index (Ei) was calculated for five woody species (two broad-leaved and three fine-leaved) browsed by goats during wet and dry season. Jacob's selectivity index was higher for broad-leaved (Ziziphus mucronata and Searsia (Rhus) tenuinervis) than fine-leaved woody species (Acacia nilotica, Acacia karroo and Dichrostachys cinerea) during wet season. However, the trend was reversed during dry season with fine-leaved species having higher Jacob's selectivity index than broad-leaved species. Leaf dry matter digestibility and chemical composition was similar between broad- and fine-leaved woody species throughout the year. We conclude that goats selected broad-leaved woody species during wet season when browse was plentiful and then switched to fine-leaved species which retained leaves during dry season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casper C Nyamukanza
- Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - Allan Sebata
- Department of Forest Resources and Wildlife Management, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Miranda-Romero LA, Tirado-González DN, Tirado-Estrada G, Améndola-Massiotti R, Sandoval-González L, Ramírez-Valverde R, Salem AZ. Quantifying non-fibrous carbohydrates, acid detergent fiber and cellulose of forage through an in vitro gas production technique. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:3099-3110. [PMID: 32083322 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The in vitro gas production (GP) technique has been useful for evaluating the potential degradability of feedstuffs in ruminal environments; GP is related to the components of feedstuff ingredients. RESULTS Linear models were generated and validated as alternatives of quantifying neutral detergent-soluble fiber, starch (St)/hemicellulose (Hem) and cellulose (Cel) through GP. Residuals of models obtained from the peaks of GP [0-8 h (GP-8), > 8-24 h (GP-24), > 24-48 h (GP-48) and > 24-81 h (GP-81)] of 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.12 and 0.20 g of glucose (Glu), St and Cel respectively. The incubations were analyzed in mixtures of Glu, St and Cel. The best fitting models (r2 from 0.709 to 0.935) were tested on corn stover (CS) to quantify rapid fermentation fractions (RF; equivalent to Glu), medium fermentation fractions (MF; equivalent to St) and low fermentation fractions (LF48; equivalent to Cel); in CS, RF, MF and LF models had standardized residuals < 0.09. The analysis with Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala Lam. de Wit) and star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst) consider high-protein ingredients. CONCLUSION The in vitro GP of RF, MF and LF48 fractions equivalent to Glu, St and Cel are affected by maturity and harvest time even when the chemical composition remains similar, and so RF, MF and LF48 should be considered during the design of ruminant diets. In vitro GP could be used to quantify the components of some forages, although further studies are necessary. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Miranda-Romero
- Posgrado en Producción Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (UACh), Chapingo, México
| | - Deli Nazmín Tirado-González
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación (DEPI), Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP)/Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Agricultura Familiar (CENID-AF), Ojuelos, Jalisco, México
| | - Gustavo Tirado-Estrada
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación (DEPI), Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Ricardo Améndola-Massiotti
- Posgrado en Producción Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (UACh), Chapingo, México
| | - Laura Sandoval-González
- Posgrado en Producción Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (UACh), Chapingo, México
| | - Rodolfo Ramírez-Valverde
- Posgrado en Producción Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (UACh), Chapingo, México
| | - Abdelfattah Zm Salem
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Edo. de México, México
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
de Souza WR, Martins PK, Freeman J, Pellny TK, Michaelson LV, Sampaio BL, Vinecky F, Ribeiro AP, da Cunha BADB, Kobayashi AK, de Oliveira PA, Campanha RB, Pacheco TF, Martarello DCI, Marchiosi R, Ferrarese‐Filho O, dos Santos WD, Tramontina R, Squina FM, Centeno DC, Gaspar M, Braga MR, Tiné MAS, Ralph J, Mitchell RAC, Molinari HBC. Suppression of a single BAHD gene in Setaria viridis causes large, stable decreases in cell wall feruloylation and increases biomass digestibility. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:81-93. [PMID: 29315591 PMCID: PMC5873385 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Feruloylation of arabinoxylan (AX) in grass cell walls is a key determinant of recalcitrance to enzyme attack, making it a target for improvement of grass crops, and of interest in grass evolution. Definitive evidence on the genes responsible is lacking so we studied a candidate gene that we identified within the BAHD acyl-CoA transferase family. We used RNA interference (RNAi) silencing of orthologs in the model grasses Setaria viridis (SvBAHD01) and Brachypodium distachyon (BdBAHD01) and determined effects on AX feruloylation. Silencing of SvBAHD01 in Setaria resulted in a c. 60% decrease in AX feruloylation in stems consistently across four generations. Silencing of BdBAHD01 in Brachypodium stems decreased feruloylation much less, possibly due to higher expression of functionally redundant genes. Setaria SvBAHD01 RNAi plants showed: no decrease in total lignin, approximately doubled arabinose acylated by p-coumarate, changes in two-dimensional NMR spectra of unfractionated cell walls consistent with biochemical estimates, no effect on total biomass production and an increase in biomass saccharification efficiency of 40-60%. We provide the first strong evidence for a key role of the BAHD01 gene in AX feruloylation and demonstrate that it is a promising target for improvement of grass crops for biofuel, biorefining and animal nutrition applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jackie Freeman
- Plant SciencesRothamsted ResearchHarpenden, HertfordshireAL5 2JQUK
| | - Till K. Pellny
- Plant SciencesRothamsted ResearchHarpenden, HertfordshireAL5 2JQUK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rogério Marchiosi
- Department of BiochemistryState University of MaringáMaringá, Paraná87020‐900Brazil
| | | | | | - Robson Tramontina
- Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology LaboratoryBrazilian Center for Research in Energy and MaterialsCampinas, Sao Paulo13083‐100Brazil
| | - Fabio M. Squina
- Programa de Processos Tecnológicos e AmbientaisUniversidade de Sorocaba (UNISO)Sorocaba18060‐000Brazil
| | - Danilo C. Centeno
- Centre of Natural Sciences and HumanitiesFederal University of ABCSão Bernardo do CampoSP09606‐045Brazil
| | - Marília Gaspar
- Department of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryInstitute of BotanySao Paulo04301‐012, 04301‐902Brazil
| | - Marcia R. Braga
- Department of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryInstitute of BotanySao Paulo04301‐012, 04301‐902Brazil
| | - Marco A. S. Tiné
- Department of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryInstitute of BotanySao Paulo04301‐012, 04301‐902Brazil
| | - John Ralph
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWI537USA
- Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterWisconsin Energy InstituteUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWI537USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
He Y, Mouthier TMB, Kabel MA, Dijkstra J, Hendriks WH, Struik PC, Cone JW. Lignin composition is more important than content for maize stem cell wall degradation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:384-390. [PMID: 28833149 PMCID: PMC5725715 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between the chemical and molecular properties - in particular the (acid detergent) lignin (ADL) content and composition expressed as the ratio between syringyl and guaiacyl compounds (S:G ratio) - of maize stems and in vitro gas production was studied in order to determine which is more important in the degradability of maize stem cell walls in the rumen of ruminants. Different internodes from two contrasting maize cultivars (Ambrosini and Aastar) were harvested during the growing season. RESULTS The ADL content decreased with greater internode number within the stem, whereas the ADL content fluctuated during the season for both cultivars. The S:G ratio was lower in younger tissue (greater internode number or earlier harvest date) in both cultivars. For the gas produced between 3 and 20 h, representing the fermentation of cell walls in rumen fluid, a stronger correlation (R2 = 0.80) was found with the S:G ratio than with the ADL content (R2 = 0.68). The relationship between ADL content or S:G ratio and 72-h gas production, representing total organic matter degradation, was weaker than that with gas produced between 3 and 20 h. CONCLUSION The S:G ratio plays a more dominant role than ADL content in maize stem cell wall degradation. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan He
- Animal Nutrition GroupWageningen University & Research, 6700 AH Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Thibaut MB Mouthier
- Food ChemistryWageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Food ChemistryWageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Jan Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition GroupWageningen University & Research, 6700 AH Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition GroupWageningen University & Research, 6700 AH Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen University & Research, 6700 AK Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - John W Cone
- Animal Nutrition GroupWageningen University & Research, 6700 AH Wageningenthe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Legland D, El-Hage F, Méchin V, Reymond M. Histological quantification of maize stem sections from FASGA-stained images. PLANT METHODS 2017; 13:84. [PMID: 29118822 PMCID: PMC5664815 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-017-0225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crop species are of increasing interest both for cattle feeding and for bioethanol production. The degradability of the plant material largely depends on the lignification of the tissues, but it also depends on histological features such as the cellular morphology or the relative amount of each tissue fraction. There is therefore a need for high-throughput phenotyping systems that quantify the histology of plant sections. RESULTS We developed custom image processing and an analysis procedure for quantifying the histology of maize stem sections coloured with FASGA staining and digitalised with whole microscopy slide scanners. The procedure results in an automated segmentation of the input images into distinct tissue regions. The size and the fraction area of each tissue region can be quantified, as well as the average coloration within each region. The measured features can discriminate contrasted genotypes and identify changes in histology induced by environmental factors such as water deficit. CONCLUSIONS The simplicity and the availability of the software will facilitate the elucidation of the relationships between the chemical composition of the tissues and changes in plant histology. The tool is expected to be useful for the study of large genetic populations, and to better understand the impact of environmental factors on plant histology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Legland
- UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Fadi El-Hage
- UMR 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA-AgroParisTech, CNRS, Universite Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Valérie Méchin
- UMR 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA-AgroParisTech, CNRS, Universite Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Matthieu Reymond
- UMR 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA-AgroParisTech, CNRS, Universite Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Raffrenato E, Fievisohn R, Cotanch KW, Grant RJ, Chase LE, Van Amburgh ME. Effect of lignin linkages with other plant cell wall components on in vitro and in vivo neutral detergent fiber digestibility and rate of digestion of grass forages. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8119-8131. [PMID: 28780096 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to correlate in vitro and in vivo neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility (NDFD) with the chemical composition of forages and specific chemical linkages, primarily ester- and ether-linked para-coumaric (pCA) and ferulic acids (FA) in forages fed to dairy cattle. The content of acid detergent lignin (ADL) and its relationship with NDF does not fully explain the observed variability in NDFD. The ferulic and p-coumaric acid linkages between ADL and cell wall polysaccharides, rather than the amount of ADL, might be a better predictor of NDFD. Twenty-three forages, including conventional and brown midrib corn silages and grasses at various stages of maturity were incubated in vitro for measurement of 24-h and 96-h NDFD. Undigested and digested residues were analyzed for NDF, acid detergent fiber (ADF), ADL, and Klason lignin (KL); ester- and ether-linked pCA and FA were determined in these fractions. To determine whether in vitro observations of ester- and ether-linked pCA and FA and digestibility were similar to in vivo observations, 3 corn silages selected for digestibility were fed to 6 ruminally fistulated cows for 3 wk in 3 iso-NDF diets. Intact samples and NDF and ADF residues of diet, rumen, and feces were analyzed for ester- and ether-linked pCA and FA. From the in vitro study, the phenolic acid content (total pCA and FA) was highest for corn silages, and overall the content of ester- and ether-linked pCA and FA in both NDF and ADF residues were correlated with NDF digestibility parameters, reflecting the competitive effect of these linkages on digestibility. Also, Klason lignin and ADL were negatively correlated with ether-linked ferulic acid on an NDF basis. Overall, esterified FA and esterified pCA were negatively correlated with all of the measured fiber fractions on both a dry matter and an NDF basis. The lignin content of the plant residues and chemical linkages explained most of the variation in both rate and extent of NDF digestion but not uniformly among forages, ranging from 56 to 99%. The results from the in vivo study were similar to the in vitro data, demonstrating the highest total-tract aNDF digestibility (70%; NDF analysis conducted with α-amylase and sodium sulfite) for cows fed the corn silage with the lowest ester- and ether-linked pCA content in the NDF fraction. In this study, digestibility of forage fiber was influenced by the linkages among lignin and the carbohydrate moieties, which vary by hybrid and species and most likely vary by the agronomic conditions under which the plant was grown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Raffrenato
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa 7600
| | - R Fievisohn
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | - K W Cotanch
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | - R J Grant
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | - L E Chase
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M E Van Amburgh
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hirano K, Masuda R, Takase W, Morinaka Y, Kawamura M, Takeuchi Y, Takagi H, Yaegashi H, Natsume S, Terauchi R, Kotake T, Matsushita Y, Sazuka T. Screening of rice mutants with improved saccharification efficiency results in the identification of CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 and GOLD HULL AND INTERNODE 1. PLANTA 2017; 246:61-74. [PMID: 28357539 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The screening of rice mutants with improved cellulose to glucose saccharification efficiency (SE) identifies reduced xylan and/or ferulic acid, and a qualitative change of lignin to impact SE. To ensure the availability of sustainable energy, considerable effort is underway to utilize lignocellulosic plant biomass as feedstock for the production of biofuels. However, the high cost of degrading plant cell wall components to fermentable sugars (saccharification) has been problematic. One way to overcome this barrier is to develop plants possessing cell walls that are amenable to saccharification. In this study, we aimed to identify new molecular factors that influence saccharification efficiency (SE) in rice. By screening 22 rice mutants, we identified two lines, 122 and 108, with improved SE. Reduced xylan and ferulic acid within the cell wall of line 122 were probable reasons of improved SE. Line 108 showed reduced levels of thioglycolic-released lignin; however, the amount of Klason lignin was comparable to the wild-type, indicating that structural changes had occurred in the 108 lignin polymer which resulted in improved SE. Positional cloning revealed that the genes responsible for improved SE in 122 and 108 were rice CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (OsCOP1) and GOLD HULL AND INTERNODE 1 (GH1), respectively, which have not been previously reported to influence SE. The screening of mutants for improved SE is an efficient approach to identify novel genes that affect SE, which is relevant in the development of crops as biofuel sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ko Hirano
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Reiko Masuda
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Wakana Takase
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoichi Morinaka
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
- Zensho Holdings Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayuko Kawamura
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Takeuchi
- Rice Breeding Research Team, NARO Institute of Crop Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takagi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
- Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Matsushita
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takashi Sazuka
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Caslera MD, Jung HJG. Lignin and Etherified Ferulates Affect Digestibility and Structural Composition of Three Temperate Perennial Grasses. CROP SCIENCE 2017; 57:1010-1019. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2016.05.0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Caslera
- USDA-ARS; US Dairy Forage Research Center; 1925 Linden Dr. West Madison WI 53706-1108
| | - Hans-Joachim G. Jung
- USDA-ARS; Dep. of Agronomy and Plant Genetics; 1991 Upper Buford Circle St. Paul MN 55108-0010
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cao BB, Wang R, Bo YK, Bai S, Yang HJ. In situ rumen digestibility of ester-linked ferulic and p -coumaric acids in crop stover or straws in comparison with alfalfa and Chinese wild ryegrass hays. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
17
|
Li M, Heckwolf M, Crowe JD, Williams DL, Magee TD, Kaeppler SM, de Leon N, Hodge DB. Cell-wall properties contributing to improved deconstruction by alkaline pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis in diverse maize (Zea mays L.) lines. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4305-15. [PMID: 25871649 PMCID: PMC4493778 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A maize (Zea mays L. subsp. mays) diversity panel consisting of 26 maize lines exhibiting a wide range of cell-wall properties and responses to hydrolysis by cellulolytic enzymes was employed to investigate the relationship between cell-wall properties, cell-wall responses to mild NaOH pre-treatment, and enzymatic hydrolysis yields. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose in the untreated maize was found to be positively correlated with the water retention value, which is a measure of cell-wall susceptibility to swelling. It was also positively correlated with the lignin syringyl/guaiacyl ratio and negatively correlated with the initial cell-wall lignin, xylan, acetate, and p-coumaric acid (pCA) content, as well as pCA released from the cell wall by pre-treatment. The hydrolysis yield following pre-treatment exhibited statistically significant negative correlations to the lignin content after pre-treatment and positive correlations to the solubilized ferulic acid and pCA. Several unanticipated results were observed, including a positive correlation between initial lignin and acetate content, lack of correlation between acetate content and initial xylan content, and negative correlation between each of these three variables to the hydrolysis yields for untreated maize. Another surprising result was that pCA release was negatively correlated with hydrolysis yields for untreated maize and, along with ferulic acid release, was positively correlated with the pre-treated maize hydrolysis yields. This indicates that these properties that may negatively contribute to the recalcitrance in untreated cell walls may positively contribute to their deconstruction by alkaline pre-treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muyang Li
- Department of Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, 1552 University Ave., Madison, WI 53703, USA
| | - Marlies Heckwolf
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, 1552 University Ave., Madison, WI 53703, USA
| | - Jacob D Crowe
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Daniel L Williams
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, 1552 University Ave., Madison, WI 53703, USA Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Timothy D Magee
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Shawn M Kaeppler
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, 1552 University Ave., Madison, WI 53703, USA Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1597, USA
| | - Natalia de Leon
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, 1552 University Ave., Madison, WI 53703, USA Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1597, USA
| | - David B Hodge
- Department of Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, 1552 University Ave., Madison, WI 53703, USA Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden 97187
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hernández-Orduño G, Torres-Acosta JFJ, Sandoval-Castro CA, Capetillo-Leal CM, Aguilar-Caballero AJ, Alonso-Díaz MA. A tannin-blocking agent does not modify the preference of sheep towards tannin-containing plants. Physiol Behav 2015; 145:106-11. [PMID: 25843904 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sheep have been suggested to use their senses to perceive plant properties and associate their intake with consequences after ingestion. However, sheep with browsing experience do not seem to select against tannin-rich browsing materials in cafeteria trials. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between the chemical composition, selectivity index (SI), preference and intake rate (IR) of tannin-containing forage trees offered to sheep in cafeteria experiments. Four trees were selected for their condensed tannin content and their varying biological activities. Havardia albicans (high biological activity), Leucaena leucocephala (medium biological activity), Acacia gaumeri (low biological activity) and Brosimum alicastrum (very low biological activity) were used in this study. Ten hair sheep (23.7kg±1.43LW) with eight months of browsing experience in native vegetation were used in this study. Polyethylene glycol (PEG 3600MW) was administered to five sheep during all experiments. In experiment 1, fresh foliage from all trees was offered ad libitum for 4h. In experiment 2, B. alicastrum was withdrawn and the preference was determined again. The forage preference in experiment 1 was A. gaumeri (14.77gDM/kgLW)>B. alicastrum (11.77gDM/kgLW)>H. albicans (3.71gDM/kgLW)=L. leucocephala (1.87gDM/kgLW) (P<0.05). The preference in experiment 2 was A. gaumeri>H. albicans=L. leucocephala. PEG administration had no effect on the preference or IR. The intake rate seemed to have been affected by the plant density. Moreover, fiber compounds were found to be better predictors of DM intake than polyphenolic compounds at levels typically found in the evaluated forages. It was concluded that tannins and PEG did not modify the preferences of sheep in cafeteria trials. Thus, tannins are not involved in the preference regulation of animals with browsing experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Hernández-Orduño
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Apdo, 4-116 Itzimná, 97100, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - J F J Torres-Acosta
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Apdo, 4-116 Itzimná, 97100, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - C A Sandoval-Castro
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Apdo, 4-116 Itzimná, 97100, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - C M Capetillo-Leal
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Apdo, 4-116 Itzimná, 97100, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - A J Aguilar-Caballero
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Apdo, 4-116 Itzimná, 97100, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - M A Alonso-Díaz
- Centro de Enseñanza Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, C.P. 93600 Veracruz, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gaytán L, Salem AFZM, Rodríguez A, García JE, Arévalo JR, Mellado M. Age and season effects on quality of diets selected by Criollo crossbred goats on rangeland. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of age of goats (4-week old, 6.2 ± 0.7 kg vs mature, 46.9 ± 5.6 kg) and season (rainy vs dry) on nutrient content of diets selected by Criollo crossbred female goats on an overgrazed Chihuahuan desert rangeland. Two groups of goats, 10 goat kids and 10 non-lactating pluriparous goats from a commercial goat herd were used. Diet quality and dry matter (DM) intake was assessed via repeated collections (3-h periods) of forage from the mouth of goats, which were momentarily restrained using a light short permanent rope tightened to their neck while grazing. Feed intake was assessed by 24-h fecal collection with canvas fecal-collection bags. Mature animals ate more (P < 0.01, 23 g DM/kg bodyweight ± 7 s.d.) than goat kids (19.5 g DM/kg bodyweight ± 6 s.d.) across grazing seasons, but DM digestibility of selected diet was greater (P < 0.01) in goat kids than in mature goats (58.5 ± 4.0% vs 55.3 ± 3.5%, respectively) across seasons. Ash (100 ± 16 vs 79 ± 13 g/kg DM), phosphorus (1.36 ± 0.41 vs 1.13 ± 0.36% DM) and crude protein (94.5 ± 4 vs 88.5 ± 5 g/kg DM) contents were greater (P < 0.01) in diets selected by goat kids compared with mature goats. Dietary protein was greater in rainy than in the dry season. Across grazing seasons, herbage selected by goat kids had a lower (P < 0.01) concentration of neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre than did that selected by mature goats. There was an age by grazing season interaction (P < 0.05) for most chemical components of forages selected by goats. In conclusion, both age and season affected diet quality of goats on rangeland, as goat kids ingested a diet richer in nutrients than that of mature goats. This supports the theory that herbage selection is shaped by physiological effort and, consequently, nutrient consumption is driven by higher nutrient requirements for growth, although incomplete development of rumen function and small body mass limited feed intake in preweaning goat kids.
Collapse
|
20
|
Khan NA, Hussain S, Ahmad N, Alam S, Bezabhi M, Hendriks WH, Yu P, Cone JW. Improving the feeding value of straws with Pleurotus ostreatus. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an14184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The high content of lignin in cell walls is the major limiting factor in the digestion and utilisation of cereal crop residues by ruminants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the white rot fungus, Pleurotus ostreatus (P. ostreatus), to degrade lignin and to enhance the rumen degradability of maize stover, rice straw, wheat straw and their mixture in equal proportion on a dry-matter (DM) basis. Four samples of each substrate were incubated aerobically in triplicate with P. ostreatus for 0 (Control), 21, 28 and 35 days under solid-state conditions (temperature, 24°C; humidity, 70 ± 5%). The changes in chemical composition, DM and nutrient losses, and rumen fermentation characteristics using in vitro DM digestibility (DMD) and the in vitro gas-production (GP) technique were measured. The results showed that incubation with P. ostreatus decreased (P < 0.001) the contents of neutral detergent fibre and lignin with a concomitant increase (P < 0.001) in the contents of ash and crude protein. The losses of nutrients differed (P < 0.001) among the straw types, with rice straw and maize stover showing the largest (P < 0.05) lignin degradation compared to wheat and mixed straws. The DMD and 72-h cumulative GP increased (P < 0.001) consistently with increasing fungal incubation period and for all substrates the highest values of DMD and GP were measured after 35 days of incubation with P. ostreatus. The lignin degradation was strongly associated with hemicellulose degradation (r = 0.71) across the various straws. Results of the present study demonstrated that incubation of low-quality crop residues with P. ostreatus under solid-state conditions upgrades their feeding value by reducing the content of lignin and increasing the content of crude protein and ruminal degradation.
Collapse
|
21
|
Oraby HF, Ramadan MF. Impact of suppressing the caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene on lignin, fiber, and seed oil composition in Brassica napus transgenic plants. Eur Food Res Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-014-2397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
22
|
Statistical mapping of maize bundle intensity at the stem scale using spatial normalisation of replicated images. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90673. [PMID: 24622152 PMCID: PMC3951278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular structure of plant tissues is a key parameter for determining their properties. While the morphology of cells can easily be described, few studies focus on the spatial distribution of different types of tissues within an organ. As plants have various shapes and sizes, the integration of several individuals for statistical analysis of tissues distribution is a difficult problem. The aim of this study is to propose a method that quantifies the average spatial organisation of vascular bundles within maize stems, by integrating information from replicated images. In order to compare observations made on stems of different sizes and shapes, a spatial normalisation strategy was used. A model of average stem contour was computed from the digitisation of several stem slab images. Point patterns obtained from individual stem slices were projected onto the average stem to normalise them. Group-wise analysis of the spatial distribution of vascular bundles was applied on normalised data through the construction of average intensity maps. A quantitative description of average bundle organisation was obtained, via a 3D model of bundle distribution within a typical maize internode. The proposed method is generic and could easily be extended to other plant organs or organisms.
Collapse
|
23
|
Sarath G, Baird LM, Mitchell RB. Senescence, dormancy and tillering in perennial C4 grasses. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 217-218:140-51. [PMID: 24467906 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Perennial, temperate, C4 grasses, such as switchgrass and miscanthus have been tabbed as sources of herbaceous biomass for the production of green fuels and chemicals based on a number of positive agronomic traits. Although there is important literature on the management of these species for biomass production on marginal lands, numerous aspects of their biology are as yet unexplored at the molecular level. Perenniality, a key agronomic trait, is a function of plant dormancy and winter survival of the below-ground parts of the plants. These include the crowns, rhizomes and meristems that will produce tillers. Maintaining meristem viability is critical for the continued survival of the plants. Plant tillers emerge from the dormant crown and rhizome meristems at the start of the growing period in the spring, progress through a phase of vegetative growth, followed by flowering and eventually undergo senescence. There is nutrient mobilization from the aerial portions of the plant to the crowns and rhizomes during tiller senescence. Signals arising from the shoots and from the environment can be expected to be integrated as the plants enter into dormancy. Plant senescence and dormancy have been well studied in several dicot species and offer a potential framework to understand these processes in temperate C4 perennial grasses. The availability of latitudinally adapted populations for switchgrass presents an opportunity to dissect molecular mechanisms that can impact senescence, dormancy and winter survival. Given the large increase in genomic and other resources for switchgrass, it is anticipated that projected molecular studies with switchgrass will have a broader impact on related species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Sarath
- USDA-ARS Grain, Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937, United States; Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States.
| | - Lisa M Baird
- Biology Department, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, United States.
| | - Robert B Mitchell
- USDA-ARS Grain, Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937, United States; Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Frei M. Lignin: characterization of a multifaceted crop component. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:436517. [PMID: 24348159 PMCID: PMC3848262 DOI: 10.1155/2013/436517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is a plant component with important implications for various agricultural disciplines. It confers rigidity to cell walls, and is therefore associated with tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses and the mechanical stability of plants. In animal nutrition, lignin is considered an antinutritive component of forages as it cannot be readily fermented by rumen microbes. In terms of energy yield from biomass, the role of lignin depends on the conversion process. It contains more gross energy than other cell wall components and therefore confers enhanced heat value in thermochemical processes such as direct combustion. Conversely, it negatively affects biological energy conversion processes such as bioethanol or biogas production, as it inhibits microbial fermentation of the cell wall. Lignin from crop residues plays an important role in the soil organic carbon cycling, as it constitutes a recalcitrant carbon pool affecting nutrient mineralization and carbon sequestration. Due to the significance of lignin in several agricultural disciplines, the modification of lignin content and composition by breeding is becoming increasingly important. Both mapping of quantitative trait loci and transgenic approaches have been adopted to modify lignin in crops. However, breeding goals must be defined considering the conflicting role of lignin in different agricultural disciplines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Frei
- Division of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crops, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten Straße 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ortega-S JA, Ibarra-Flores FA, Melgoza A, Gonzalez-Valenzuela EA, Martin-Rivera MH, Ávila-Curiel JM, Ayala-Alvares F, Pinedo C, Rivero O. Exotic grasses and wildlife in northern Mexico. WILDLIFE SOC B 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Alfonso Ortega-S
- Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Texas A&M University-Kingsville; Kingsville; TX; 78363; USA
| | - Fernando A. Ibarra-Flores
- División de Ciencias Administrativas, Contables y Agropecuaria, Unidad Regional Norte Campus Santa Ana; Universidad de Sonora; Santa Ana; Sonora; 84600; Mexico
| | - Alicia Melgoza
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología; Universidad de Chihuahua; Chihuahua; Chihuahua; 31031; Mexico
| | - Eduardo A. Gonzalez-Valenzuela
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia; Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas; Ciudad Victoria; Tamaulipas; 87000; Mexico
| | - Martha H. Martin-Rivera
- División de Ciencias Administrativas, Contables y Agropecuaria, Unidad Regional Norte Campus Santa Ana; Universidad de Sonora; Santa Ana; Sonora; 84600; Mexico
| | - J. Miguel Ávila-Curiel
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental las Huastecas; Cuauhtémoc; Tamaulipas; 89601; Mexico
| | - Felix Ayala-Alvares
- División de Ciencias Administrativas, Contables y Agropecuaria, Unidad Regional Norte Campus Santa Ana; Universidad de Sonora; Santa Ana; Sonora; 84600; Mexico
| | - Carmelo Pinedo
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología; Universidad de Chihuahua; Chihuahua; Chihuahua; 31031; Mexico
| | - Otilia Rivero
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología; Universidad de Chihuahua; Chihuahua; Chihuahua; 31031; Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bartley LE, Peck ML, Kim SR, Ebert B, Manisseri C, Chiniquy DM, Sykes R, Gao L, Rautengarten C, Vega-Sánchez ME, Benke PI, Canlas PE, Cao P, Brewer S, Lin F, Smith WL, Zhang X, Keasling JD, Jentoff RE, Foster SB, Zhou J, Ziebell A, An G, Scheller HV, Ronald PC. Overexpression of a BAHD acyltransferase, OsAt10, alters rice cell wall hydroxycinnamic acid content and saccharification. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:1615-33. [PMID: 23391577 PMCID: PMC3613443 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.208694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Grass cell wall properties influence food, feed, and biofuel feedstock usage efficiency. The glucuronoarabinoxylan of grass cell walls is esterified with the phenylpropanoid-derived hydroxycinnamic acids ferulic acid (FA) and para-coumaric acid (p-CA). Feruloyl esters undergo oxidative coupling with neighboring phenylpropanoids on glucuronoarabinoxylan and lignin. Examination of rice (Oryza sativa) mutants in a grass-expanded and -diverged clade of BAHD acyl-coenzyme A-utilizing transferases identified four mutants with altered cell wall FA or p-CA contents. Here, we report on the effects of overexpressing one of these genes, OsAt10 (LOC_Os06g39390), in rice. An activation-tagged line, OsAT10-D1, shows a 60% reduction in matrix polysaccharide-bound FA and an approximately 300% increase in p-CA in young leaf tissue but no discernible phenotypic alterations in vegetative development, lignin content, or lignin composition. Two additional independent OsAt10 overexpression lines show similar changes in FA and p-CA content. Cell wall fractionation and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry experiments isolate the cell wall alterations in the mutant to ester conjugates of a five-carbon sugar with p-CA and FA. These results suggest that OsAT10 is a p-coumaroyl coenzyme A transferase involved in glucuronoarabinoxylan modification. Biomass from OsAT10-D1 exhibits a 20% to 40% increase in saccharification yield depending on the assay. Thus, OsAt10 is an attractive target for improving grass cell wall quality for fuel and animal feed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Bartley
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Barros-Rios J, Malvar RA, Jung HJG, Bunzel M, Santiago R. Divergent selection for ester-linked diferulates in maize pith stalk tissues. Effects on cell wall composition and degradability. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 83:43-50. [PMID: 22938993 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cross-linking of grass cell wall components through diferulates (DFAs) has a marked impact on cell wall properties. However, results of genetic selection for DFA concentration have not been reported for any grass species. We report here the results of direct selection for ester-linked DFA concentration in maize stalk pith tissues and the associated changes in cell wall composition and biodegradability. After two cycles of divergent selection, maize populations selected for higher total DFA (DFAT) content (CHs) had 16% higher DFAT concentrations than populations selected for lower DFAT content (CLs). These significant DFA concentration gains suggest that DFA deposition in maize pith parenchyma cell walls is a highly heritable trait that is genetically regulated and can be modified trough conventional breeding. Maize populations selected for higher DFAT had 13% less glucose and 10% lower total cell wall concentration than CLs, suggesting that increased cross-linking of feruloylated arabinoxylans results in repacking of the matrix and possibly in thinner and firmer cell walls. Divergent selection affected esterified DFAT and monomeric ferulate ether cross link concentrations differently, supporting the hypothesis that the biosynthesis of these cell wall components are separately regulated. As expected, a more higher DFA ester cross-coupled arabinoxylan network had an effect on rumen cell wall degradability (CLs showed 12% higher 24-h total polysaccharide degradability than CHs). Interestingly, 8-8-coupled DFAs, previously associated with cell wall strength, were the best predictors of pith cell wall degradability (negative impact). Thus, further research on the involvement of these specific DFA regioisomers in limiting cell wall biodegradability is encouraged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Barros-Rios
- CSIC-Misión Biológica de Galicia, Grupo de Genética y Mejora de Maíz, Apartado 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hernández-Orduño G, Torres-Acosta J, Sandoval-Castro C, Aguilar-Caballero A, Capetillo-Leal C, Alonso-Díaz M. In cafeteria trials with tannin rich plants, tannins do not modify foliage preference of goats with browsing experience. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2012.683453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
29
|
Chen Y, Liu H, Ali F, Scott MP, Ji Q, Frei UK, Lübberstedt T. Genetic and physical fine mapping of the novel brown midrib gene bm6 in maize (Zea mays L.) to a 180 kb region on chromosome 2. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2012; 125:1223-1235. [PMID: 22714805 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-012-1908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Brown midrib mutants in maize are known to be associated with reduced lignin content and increased cell wall digestibility, which leads to better forage quality and higher efficiency of cellulosic biomass conversion into ethanol. Four well known brown midrib (bm) mutants, named bm1-4, were identified several decades ago. Additional recessive brown midrib mutants have been identified by allelism tests and designated as bm5 and bm6. In this study, we determined that bm6 increases cell wall digestibility and decreases plant height. bm6 was confirmed onto the short arm of chromosome 2 by a small mapping set with 181 plants from a F(2) segregating population, derived from crossing B73 and a bm6 mutant line. Subsequently, 960 brown midrib individuals were selected from the same but larger F(2) population for genetic and physical mapping. With newly developed markers in the target region, the bm6 gene was assigned to a 180 kb interval flanked by markers SSR_308337 and SSR_488638. In this region, ten gene models are predicted in the maize B73 sequence. Analysis of these ten genes as well as genes in the syntenic rice region revealed that four of them are promising candidate genes for bm6. Our study will facilitate isolation of the underlying gene of bm6 and advance our understanding of brown midrib gene functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Chen
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Méndez-Ortíz FA, Sandoval-Castro CA, Torres-Acosta JFDJ. Short term consumption of Havardia albicans tannin rich fodder by sheep: Effects on feed intake, diet digestibility and excretion of Haemonchus contortus eggs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
31
|
Jung HJG, Samac DA, Sarath G. Modifying crops to increase cell wall digestibility. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 185-186:65-77. [PMID: 22325867 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Improving digestibility of roughage cell walls will improve ruminant animal performance and reduce loss of nutrients to the environment. The main digestibility impediment for dicotyledonous plants is highly lignified secondary cell walls, notably in stem secondary xylem, which become almost non-digestible. Digestibility of grasses is slowed severely by lignification of most tissues, but these cell walls remain largely digestible. Cell wall lignification creates an access barrier to potentially digestible wall material by rumen bacteria if cells have not been physically ruptured. Traditional breeding has focused on increasing total dry matter digestibility rather than cell wall digestibility, which has resulted in minimal reductions in cell wall lignification. Brown midrib mutants in some annual grasses exhibit small reductions in lignin concentration and improved cell wall digestibility. Similarly, transgenic approaches down-regulating genes in monolignol synthesis have produced plants with reduced lignin content and improved cell wall digestibility. While major reductions in lignin concentration have been associated with poor plant fitness, smaller reductions in lignin provided measurable improvements in digestibility without significantly impacting agronomic fitness. Additional targets for genetic modification to enhance digestibility and improve roughages for use as biofuel feedstocks are discussed; including manipulating cell wall polysaccharide composition, novel lignin structures, reduced lignin/polysaccharide cross-linking, smaller lignin polymers, enhanced development of non-lignified tissues, and targeting specific cell types. Greater tissue specificity of transgene expression will be needed to maximize benefits while avoiding negative impacts on plant fitness.cauliflower mosiac virus (CaMV) 35S promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim G Jung
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sarath G, Dien B, Saathoff AJ, Vogel KP, Mitchell RB, Chen H. Ethanol yields and cell wall properties in divergently bred switchgrass genotypes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:9579-85. [PMID: 21856152 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic modification of herbaceous plant cell walls to increase biofuels yields is a primary bioenergy research goal. Using two switchgrass populations developed by divergent breeding for ruminant digestibility, the contributions of several wall-related factors to ethanol yields was evaluated. Field grown low lignin plants significantly out yielded high lignin plants for conversion to ethanol by 39.1% and extraction of xylans by 12%. However, across all plants analyzed, greater than 50% of the variation in ethanol yields was attributable to changes in tissue and cell wall architecture, and responses of stem biomass to dilute-acid pretreatment. Although lignin levels were lower in the most efficiently converted genotypes, no apparent correlation were seen in the lignin monomer G/S ratios. Plants with higher ethanol yields were associated with an apparent decrease in the lignification of the cortical sclerenchyma, and a marked decrease in the granularity of the cell walls following dilute-acid pretreatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Sarath
- USDA Central-East Regional Biomass Center, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937, USA. Gautam.Sarath@ ars.usda.gov
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhang Y, Culhaoglu T, Pollet B, Melin C, Denoue D, Barrière Y, Baumberger S, Méchin V. Impact of lignin structure and cell wall reticulation on maize cell wall degradability. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:10129-35. [PMID: 21827204 DOI: 10.1021/jf2028279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, eight maize recombinant inbred lines were selected to assess both the impact of lignin structure and the impact of cell wall reticulation by p-hydroxycinnamic acids on cell wall degradability independently of the main "lignin content" factor. These recombinant lines and their parents were analyzed for in vitro degradability, cell wall residue content, esterified and etherified p-hydroxycinnamic acid content, and lignin content and structure. Lignin structure and esterified p-coumaric acid content showed significantly high correlation with in vitro degradability (r=-0.82 and r=-0.72, respectively). A multiple regression analysis showed that more than 80% of cell wall degradability variations within these 10 lines (eight recombinant inbred lines and their two parents) were explained by a regression model including two main explanatory factors: lignin content and estimated proportion of syringyl lignin units esterified by p-coumaric acid. This study revealed new biochemical parameters of interest to improve cell wall degradability and promote lignocellulose valorization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318 INRA/AgroParisTech, Pôle SCSM, 78000 Versailles, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sills DL, Gossett JM. Using FTIR to predict saccharification from enzymatic hydrolysis of alkali-pretreated biomasses. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 109:353-62. [PMID: 21898366 DOI: 10.1002/bit.23314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared, attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy combined with partial least squares (PLS) regression accurately predicted 72-h glucose and xylose conversions (g sugars/100 g potential sugars) and yields (g sugars/100 g dry solids) from cellulase-mediated hydrolysis of alkali-pretreated lignocellulose. Six plant biomasses that represent a variety of potential biofuel feedstocks--two switchgrass cultivars, big bluestem grass, a low-impact, high-diversity mixture of 32 species of prairie biomasses, mixed hardwood, and corn stover--were subjected to four levels of low-temperature NaOH pretreatment to produce 24 samples with a wide range of potential digestibility. PLS models were constructed by correlating FTIR spectra of pretreated samples to measured values of gluose and xylose conversions and yields. Variable selection, based on 90% confidence intervals of regression-coefficient matrices, improved the predictive ability of the models, while simplifying them considerably. Final models predicted sugar conversions with coefficient of determination for cross-validation (Q(2)) values of 0.90 for glucose and 0.89 for xylose, and sugar yields with Q(2) values of 0.92 for glucose and 0.91 for xylose. The sugar-yield models are noteworthy for their ability to predict enzymatic saccharification per mass dry solids without a priori knowledge of the composition of the solids. All peaks retained in the final regression coefficient matrices were previously assigned to chemical bonds and functional groups in lignocellulose, demonstrating that the models were based on real chemical information. This study demonstrates that FTIR spectroscopy combined with PLS regression can be used to rapidly estimate sugar conversions and yields from enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated plant biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Sills
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 220 Hollister Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Siqueira G, Milagres AMF, Carvalho W, Koch G, Ferraz A. Topochemical distribution of lignin and hydroxycinnamic acids in sugar-cane cell walls and its correlation with the enzymatic hydrolysis of polysaccharides. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2011; 4:7. [PMID: 21410971 PMCID: PMC3068087 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-4-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignin and hemicelluloses are the major components limiting enzyme infiltration into cell walls. Determination of the topochemical distribution of lignin and aromatics in sugar cane might provide important data on the recalcitrance of specific cells. We used cellular ultraviolet (UV) microspectrophotometry (UMSP) to topochemically detect lignin and hydroxycinnamic acids in individual fiber, vessel and parenchyma cell walls of untreated and chlorite-treated sugar cane. Internodes, presenting typical vascular bundles and sucrose-storing parenchyma cells, were divided into rind and pith fractions. RESULTS Vascular bundles were more abundant in the rind, whereas parenchyma cells predominated in the pith region. UV measurements of untreated fiber cell walls gave absorbance spectra typical of grass lignin, with a band at 278 nm and a pronounced shoulder at 315 nm, assigned to the presence of hydroxycinnamic acids linked to lignin and/or to arabino-methylglucurono-xylans. The cell walls of vessels had the highest level of lignification, followed by those of fibers and parenchyma. Pith parenchyma cell walls were characterized by very low absorbance values at 278 nm; however, a distinct peak at 315 nm indicated that pith parenchyma cells are not extensively lignified, but contain significant amounts of hydroxycinnamic acids. Cellular UV image profiles scanned with an absorbance intensity maximum of 278 nm identified the pattern of lignin distribution in the individual cell walls, with the highest concentration occurring in the middle lamella and cell corners. Chlorite treatment caused a rapid removal of hydroxycinnamic acids from parenchyma cell walls, whereas the thicker fiber cell walls were delignified only after a long treatment duration (4 hours). Untreated pith samples were promptly hydrolyzed by cellulases, reaching 63% of cellulose conversion after 72 hours of hydrolysis, whereas untreated rind samples achieved only 20% hydrolyzation. CONCLUSION The low recalcitrance of pith cells correlated with the low UV-absorbance values seen in parenchyma cells. Chlorite treatment of pith cells did not enhance cellulose conversion. By contrast, application of the same treatment to rind cells led to significant removal of hydroxycinnamic acids and lignin, resulting in marked enhancement of cellulose conversion by cellulases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Germano Siqueira
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 116, 12602-810 Lorena, SP, Brasil
| | - Adriane MF Milagres
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 116, 12602-810 Lorena, SP, Brasil
| | - Walter Carvalho
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 116, 12602-810 Lorena, SP, Brasil
| | - Gerald Koch
- Institute of Wood Technology and Wood Biology, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, D-21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - André Ferraz
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 116, 12602-810 Lorena, SP, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Du L, Yu P. Relationship of physicochemical characteristics and hydrolyzed hydroxycinnamic acid profile of barley varieties and nutrient availability in ruminants. J Cereal Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
37
|
Santos MDR, Vitor ADP, Carneiro JDC, Paciullo DSC, Matos RC, Matos MAC. Use of Ultrasound Bath in the Extraction and Quantification of Ester-Linked Phenolic Acids in Tropical Forages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2011.23042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
38
|
Abstract
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a warm-season grass that is native to the prairies of North America that is being developed into a biomass energy crop. It has been used in the Great Plains and Midwest USA as a forage and pasture grass for over 50 years and since the early 1990s research has been conducted on it for bioenergy because of several principal attributes. Switchgrass can be grown on marginal land that is not suitable for intensive cultivation on which it can produce high biomass yields with good management. It is a long lived perennial that has low establishment and production costs and it can harvested and handled with conventional forage equipment. There is substantial potential for genetic improvement of switchgrass for biomass energy production by increasing biomass yield and altering cell wall composition to increase liquid energy yields in biorefineries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth P. Vogel
- Grain, Forage, and Bioenergy Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service U. S. Department of Agriculture Keim Hall Rm 317 P.O. Box 830937 University of Nebraska Lincoln NE 68583 USA
| | - Gautam Sarath
- Grain, Forage, and Bioenergy Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service U. S. Department of Agriculture Keim Hall Rm 317 P.O. Box 830937 University of Nebraska Lincoln NE 68583 USA
| | - Aaron J. Saathoff
- Grain, Forage, and Bioenergy Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service U. S. Department of Agriculture Keim Hall Rm 317 P.O. Box 830937 University of Nebraska Lincoln NE 68583 USA
| | - Robert B. Mitchell
- Grain, Forage, and Bioenergy Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service U. S. Department of Agriculture Keim Hall Rm 317 P.O. Box 830937 University of Nebraska Lincoln NE 68583 USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Camacho L, Rojo R, Salem A, Mendoza G, López D, Tinoco J, Albarrán B, Montañez-Valdez O. In vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics and energy utilization of three Mexican tree fodder species during the rainy and dry period. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
40
|
Chawade A, Sikora P, Bräutigam M, Larsson M, Vivekanand V, Nakash MA, Chen T, Olsson O. Development and characterization of an oat TILLING-population and identification of mutations in lignin and beta-glucan biosynthesis genes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:86. [PMID: 20459868 PMCID: PMC3017761 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oat, Avena sativa is the sixth most important cereal in the world. Presently oat is mostly used as feed for animals. However, oat also has special properties that make it beneficial for human consumption and has seen a growing importance as a food crop in recent decades. Increased demand for novel oat products has also put pressure on oat breeders to produce new oat varieties with specific properties such as increased or improved beta-glucan-, antioxidant- and omega-3 fatty acid levels, as well as modified starch and protein content. To facilitate this development we have produced a TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) population of the spring oat cultivar SW Belinda. RESULTS Here a population of 2600 mutagenised M2 lines, producing 2550 M3 seed lots were obtained. The M2 population was initially evaluated by visual inspection and a number of different phenotypes were seen ranging from dwarfs to giants, early flowering to late flowering, leaf morphology and chlorosis. Phloroglucinol/HCl staining of M3 seeds, obtained from 1824 different M2 lines, revealed a number of potential lignin mutants. These were later confirmed by quantitative analysis. Genomic DNA was prepared from the M2 population and the mutation frequency was determined. The estimated mutation frequency was one mutation per 20 kb by RAPD-PCR fingerprinting, one mutation per 38 kb by MALDI-TOF analysis and one mutation per 22.4 kb by DNA sequencing. Thus, the overall mutation frequency in the population is estimated to be one mutation per 20-40 kb, depending on if the method used addressed the whole genome or specific genes. During the investigation, 6 different mutations in the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (AsPAL1) gene and 10 different mutations in the cellulose synthase-like (AsCslF6) beta-glucan biosynthesis gene were identified. CONCLUSION The oat TILLING population produced in this work carries, on average, hundreds of mutations in every individual gene in the genome. It will therefore be an important resource in the development of oat with specific characters. The population (M5) will be available for academic research via Nordgen http://www.nordgen.org as soon as enough seeds are obtained.[Genbank accession number for the cloned AsPAL1 is GQ373155 and GQ379900 for AsCslF6].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aakash Chawade
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Göteborg University, S-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Göteborg University, S-40530, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Per Sikora
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Göteborg University, S-40530, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Bräutigam
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Göteborg University, S-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
- CropTailorAB, Erik Dahlbergsgatan 11A, SE41126 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Larsson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, S-41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Vivekanand Vivekanand
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Göteborg University, S-40530, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Tingsu Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Göteborg University, S-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
- Current Address: Microbiology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Olof Olsson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Göteborg University, S-40530, Göteborg, Sweden
- CropTailorAB, Erik Dahlbergsgatan 11A, SE41126 Göteborg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sun X, Waghorn G, Clark H. Cultivar and age of regrowth effects on physical, chemical and in sacco degradation kinetics of vegetative perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
42
|
Jung HG, Phillips RL. Putative Seedling Ferulate Ester ( sfe) Maize Mutant: Morphology, Biomass Yield, and Stover Cell Wall Composition and Rumen Degradability. CROP SCIENCE 2010; 50:403-418. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2009.04.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H. G. Jung
- USDA-ARS Plant Science Res. Unit and U.S. Dairy Forage Res. Center Cluster and Univ. of Minnesota; Dep. of Agronomy and Plant Genetics; 411 Borlaug Hall 1991 Upper Buford Cir. St. Paul MN 55108
- Univ. of Minnesota; Dep. of Agronomy and Plant Genetics; 411 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Cir. St. Paul MN 55108
| | - R. L. Phillips
- USDA-ARS Plant Science Res. Unit and U.S. Dairy Forage Res. Center Cluster and Univ. of Minnesota; Dep. of Agronomy and Plant Genetics; 411 Borlaug Hall 1991 Upper Buford Cir. St. Paul MN 55108
- Univ. of Minnesota; Dep. of Agronomy and Plant Genetics; 411 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Cir. St. Paul MN 55108
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Seasonal variations in the chemical composition and dry matter degradability of exclosure forages in the semi-arid region of northern Ethiopia. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
44
|
Palmer NA, Sattler SE, Saathoff AJ, Funnell D, Pedersen JF, Sarath G. Genetic background impacts soluble and cell wall-bound aromatics in brown midrib mutants of sorghum. PLANTA 2008; 229:115-27. [PMID: 18795321 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0814-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.). Moench) BMR-6 and BMR-12 encode cinnamylalcohol dehydrogenase and caffeic acid-O-methyltransferase, respectively. We have evaluated the impact of two bmr alleles, bmr-6 and bmr-12, respectively, on soluble and wall-bound aromatics in near isogenic, wild-type (WT), bmr-6, bmr-12 and double-mutant (DM; bmr-6 and bmr-12) plants in two genetic backgrounds, RTx430 and Wheatland. Immunoblots confirmed that COMT protein was essentially absent in bmr-12 and DM plants, but was present in bmr-6 and WT plants. In contrast, although CAD activity was not detected in bmr-6 and DM plants, proteins crossreacting to anti-CAD sera were found in stem extracts from all genotypes. In both sorghum backgrounds, WT plants had lowest amounts of free aromatics, higher levels of cell wall-bound pCA and FA esters and guaiacyl (G), syringyl (S), and p-hydroxyphenyl (H) lignins. Soluble aromatics and cell wall phenolic ester content in Wheatland DM plants resembled that of Wheatland bmr-6 plants, whereas in the RTx430 background, levels of these components in the DM plants more closely resembled those observed in bmr-12 plants. In both backgrounds, bmr-6 plants exhibited reduced levels of G, S, and H lignins relative to WT, and increased incorporation of G-indene into lignin. In bmr-12 plants, there was greater incorporation of G- and 5-hydroxyguaiacyl (5-OHG) lignin into cell walls. Histochemical staining of internode sections from Wheatland plants indicated that apparent lignification of cortical sclerenchyma and vascular bundle fibers was greatest and most uniform in WT plants. Relative staining intensity of these tissues was decreased in bmr-6, followed by bmr-12 plants. DM plants exhibited poor staining of cortical sclerenchyma and vascular bundle fibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Palmer
- Grain, Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, USDA-ARS, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, East Campus, 314 Biochemistry Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583-0737, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sarath G, Akin DE, Mitchell RB, Vogel KP. Cell-wall composition and accessibility to hydrolytic enzymes is differentially altered in divergently bred switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) genotypes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 150:1-14. [PMID: 18427744 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to understand the genotypic variability in cell-wall composition and cell-wall accessibility to enzymes in select switchgrass plants obtained from two different populations derived from a base population of octaploid cultivars. Population C+3 was developed by three breeding generations for high digestibility and population C-1 developed by one generation of breeding for low digestibility. Above-ground biomass from 12 selected genotypes, three each with high or low digestibility within each population, was analyzed for their cell-wall aromatics and polysaccharides. The ratio of p-coumaric acid/ferulic acid was greater (P < or = 0.05) for the high-lignin C-1 population over the low-lignin C+3 population, although the amounts of these two phenolics did not differ between populations. Combined values of guaiacyl + syringyl-lignin were consistently higher in genotypes from the C-1 population as compared to the genotypes from the C+3 population. Overall, p-coumaric acid was released by enzymes in greater amounts than ferulic acid in all these genotypes. Genotypes in the C-1 population exhibited lower dry weight loss as compared to the genotypes in the C+3 population after enzymatic digestion, suggesting changes in cell-wall architecture. Overall, our data highlight the phenotypic plasticity coded by the switchgrass genome and suggest that combining dry matter digestibility with other more specific cell-wall traits could result in genotypes with greater utility as bioenergy feedstocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Sarath
- Grain, Forage, and Bioenergy Research Unit, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, East Campus, Lincoln, NE 68583-0737, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sarath G, Mitchell RB, Sattler SE, Funnell D, Pedersen JF, Graybosch RA, Vogel KP. Opportunities and roadblocks in utilizing forages and small grains for liquid fuels. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:343-354. [PMID: 18205019 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-007-0296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Sarath
- Grain, Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 314 Biochemistry Hall, University of Nebraska, East Campus, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0737, USA.
| | - Robert B Mitchell
- Grain, Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 314 Biochemistry Hall, University of Nebraska, East Campus, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0737, USA
| | - Scott E Sattler
- Grain, Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 314 Biochemistry Hall, University of Nebraska, East Campus, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0737, USA
| | - Deanna Funnell
- Grain, Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 314 Biochemistry Hall, University of Nebraska, East Campus, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0737, USA
| | - Jeffery F Pedersen
- Grain, Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 314 Biochemistry Hall, University of Nebraska, East Campus, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0737, USA
| | - Robert A Graybosch
- Grain, Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 314 Biochemistry Hall, University of Nebraska, East Campus, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0737, USA
| | - Kenneth P Vogel
- Grain, Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 314 Biochemistry Hall, University of Nebraska, East Campus, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0737, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Anderson WF, Akin DE. Structural and chemical properties of grass lignocelluloses related to conversion for biofuels. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:355-366. [PMID: 18188624 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-007-0291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Grass lignocelluloses, such as those in corn and switchgrass, are a major resource in the emerging cellulose-to-ethanol strategy for biofuels. The potential bioconversion of carbohydrates in this potential resource, however, is limited by the associated aromatic constituents within the grass fiber. These aromatics include both lignins, which are phenylpropanoid units of various types, and low-molecular weight phenolic acids. Structural and chemical studies over the years have identified the location and limitation to fiber degradation imposed by a variety of these aromatic barriers. For example, coniferyl lignin appears to be the most effective limitation to biodegradation, existing in xylem cells of vascular tissues. On the other hand, cell walls with syringyl lignin, e.g., leaf sclerenchyma, are often less recalcitrant. Ferulic and p-coumaric acids that are esterified to hemicellulosic sugars constitute a major limitation to biodegradation in non-lignified cell walls in grass fibers, especially warm season species. Non-chemical methods to improve bioconversion of the lignocelluloses through modification of aromatics include: (1) use of lignin-degrading white rot fungi, (2) pretreatment with phenolic acid esterases, and (3) plant breeding to modify cell wall aromatics. In addition to increased availability of carbohydrates for fermentation, separation and collection of aromatics could provide value-added co-products to improve the economics of bioconversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Danny E Akin
- Russell Research Center, ARS-USDA, Athens, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Salem A, Robinson P, El-Adawy M, Hassan A. In vitro fermentation and microbial protein synthesis of some browse tree leaves with or without addition of polyethylene glycol. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
49
|
Rodrigues M, Guedes C, Cone J, van Gelder A, Ferreira L, Sequeira C. Effects of phenolic acid structures on meadow hay digestibility. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
50
|
Casler MD, Hatfield RD. Cell wall composition of smooth bromegrass plants selected for divergent fiber concentration. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:8206-11. [PMID: 17032030 DOI: 10.1021/jf060319o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is considered the single best laboratory predictor of voluntary intake by ruminant livestock, creating interest in using NDF as a selection criterion in forage breeding programs. Because genetic reductions in NDF lead to increases in dry matter digestibility but not to changes in digestibility of the NDF fraction, we postulated that low-NDF plants do not have altered compositions of their cell walls. We tested this hypothesis using clones of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) with divergent NDF concentrations. High-NDF and low-NDF plants did not differ in cell wall concentrations or in the concentrations of any cell wall component (fucose, arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, uronic acids, and lignin). Instead, low-NDF plants had a cell wall that was more susceptible to solubilization in neutral detergent solution, suggesting that their cell walls were less well-developed as compared to high-NDF plants. NDF should not be used as a substitute for cell wall concentration in forage plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D Casler
- U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1925 Linden Drive West, Madison, WI 53706-1108, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|