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Ravetto Enri S, Probo M, Renna M, Caro E, Lussiana C, Battaglini LM, Lombardi G, Lonati M. Temporal variations in leaf traits, chemical composition and in vitro true digestibility of four temperate fodder tree species. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an18771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
Many tree and shrub species are underestimated fodder resources due to insufficient knowledge about their potential feeding value, especially for goats.
Aims
The present work aimed at assessing productive and nutritional attributes of the foliage of the following four temperate tree species widespread in Europe: Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior, Salix caprea and Sorbus aucuparia.
Methods
Leaf length and biomass, proximate composition, fatty acid profile, phenolic composition and in vitro true dry matter digestibility were determined along the vegetative season.
Key results
The leaf length of the four species was significantly related to leaf biomass and can be considered as a proficient proxy for estimating leaf biomass. The differences found among the species were remarkable, although weakly related to temporal changes, especially when considering fatty acid and phenolic compositions. Fraxinus excelsior sprouts were the most productive, with a mean biomass of 13.2 g dry matter (DM) per sprout at the end of the growing season. Its foliage showed also the lowest phenolic concentrations (average total extractable phenols of 11.25 g/kg DM), resulting in the highest digestibility values (average in vitro true dry matter digestibility of 56.5 g/kg DM). Digestibility of S. aucuparia was similar, but its lower polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration (average value of 62.13 g/kg DM) could reduce the interest for this species as a feeding resource for goat dairy products with healthy properties. The lower digestibility found for A. pseudoplatanus and S. caprea (average values of 43.3 and 46.2 g/kg DM, respectively) may be related to their higher phenolic concentrations (average total extractable phenols of 45.9 and 47.3 g/kg DM, respectively).
Conclusions
The four species could represent an appealing feedstuff for goat nutrition, due to the valuable and complementary nutritional characteristics of their foliage.
Implications
The use of the studied species as fodder resource may be particularly relevant during drought periods and in the late summer when herbage quality decreases, especially in terms of crude protein and fatty acid profile.
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Mukherjee S, Cai Z, Mukherjee A, Longkumer I, Mech M, Vupru K, Khate K, Rajkhowa C, Mitra A, Guldbrandtsen B, Lund MS, Sahana G. Whole genome sequence and de novo assembly revealed genomic architecture of Indian Mithun (Bos frontalis). BMC Genomics 2019; 20:617. [PMID: 31357931 PMCID: PMC6664528 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5980-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mithun (Bos frontalis), also called gayal, is an endangered bovine species, under the tribe bovini with 2n = 58 XX chromosome complements and reared under the tropical rain forests region of India, China, Myanmar, Bhutan and Bangladesh. However, the origin of this species is still disputed and information on its genomic architecture is scanty so far. We trust that availability of its whole genome sequence data and assembly will greatly solve this problem and help to generate many information including phylogenetic status of mithun. Recently, the first genome assembly of gayal, mithun of Chinese origin, was published. However, an improved reference genome assembly would still benefit in understanding genetic variation in mithun populations reared under diverse geographical locations and for building a superior consensus assembly. We, therefore, performed deep sequencing of the genome of an adult female mithun from India, assembled and annotated its genome and performed extensive bioinformatic analyses to produce a superior de novo genome assembly of mithun. RESULTS We generated ≈300 Gigabyte (Gb) raw reads from whole-genome deep sequencing platforms and assembled the sequence data using a hybrid assembly strategy to create a high quality de novo assembly of mithun with 96% recovered as per BUSCO analysis. The final genome assembly has a total length of 3.0 Gb, contains 5,015 scaffolds with an N50 value of 1 Mb. Repeat sequences constitute around 43.66% of the assembly. The genomic alignments between mithun to cattle showed that their genomes, as expected, are highly conserved. Gene annotation identified 28,044 protein-coding genes presented in mithun genome. The gene orthologous groups of mithun showed a high degree of similarity in comparison with other species, while fewer mithun specific coding sequences were found compared to those in cattle. CONCLUSION Here we presented the first de novo draft genome assembly of Indian mithun having better coverage, less fragmented, better annotated, and constitutes a reasonably complete assembly compared to the previously published gayal genome. This comprehensive assembly unravelled the genomic architecture of mithun to a great extent and will provide a reference genome assembly to research community to elucidate the evolutionary history of mithun across its distinct geographical locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Mukherjee
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Lab., ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland 797106 India
| | - Zexi Cai
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Anupama Mukherjee
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Lab., ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland 797106 India
- Present address: Dairy Cattle Breeding Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - Imsusosang Longkumer
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Lab., ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland 797106 India
| | - Moonmoon Mech
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Lab., ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland 797106 India
| | - Kezhavituo Vupru
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Lab., ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland 797106 India
| | - Kobu Khate
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Lab., ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland 797106 India
| | - Chandan Rajkhowa
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Lab., ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland 797106 India
| | - Abhijit Mitra
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Lab., ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland 797106 India
| | - Bernt Guldbrandtsen
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Mogens Sandø Lund
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Goutam Sahana
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Geng Y, Hu G, Ranjitkar S, Wang Y, Bu D, Pei S, Ou X, Lu Y, Ma X, Xu J. Prioritizing fodder species based on traditional knowledge: a case study of mithun (Bos frontalis) in Dulongjiang area, Yunnan Province, Southwest China. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2017; 13:24. [PMID: 28472968 PMCID: PMC5418811 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-017-0153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Livestock rearing is one of the oldest and most important types of smallholder farming worldwide. The sustainability of livestock production depends on the efficient utilization of locally available resources. Some traditional methods of raising livestock may offer valuable lessons in this regard. This study documented and evaluated local knowledge of wild forage plants in the Dulongjiang area in Southwest China in the context of rearing mithun (Bos frontalis) in order to provide a sound evidence base for tree fodder selection and the establishment of integrated tree-crop-livestock systems. METHODS The snowball technique was used to identify key informants with specific knowledge about the topic. Free listing and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 58 households. Participatory investigation and transit walks were used to investigate potential fodder species. Ethnobotanical information was collected, documented and organized. RESULTS Overall, 142 wild forage plants from 58 families and 117 genera were identified. Species of the Poaceae, Rosaceae and Urticaceae families were most abundant, with 16, 14 and 11 species respectively identified as fodder plants. Our results indicated that tree/shrub forage plays a major role in the diet of mithun, unlike that of other ruminants. Mithun prefers to browse and move around the forest in search of food, particularly rough and even barbed leaves. Tree species like Debregeasia orientalis, Saurauia polyneura and Rubus species were identified as being important fodder sources. Farmers in this area have traditionally relied on common property resources such as community-managed forests and grasslands to feed their livestock. Farmers have strong incentive to raise mithuns rather than other livestock species due to Dulong people's cultural preferences. CONCLUSIONS The wide variety of plants cited by the informants demonstrate the importance of traditional knowledge in gathering information about forage resources. This diversity also offers the prospect of identifying promising species which could be used as fodder plants. Identifying such species and tree fodder species in particular could help smallholder farmers to integrate trees, livestock and crops as part of a sustainable farming system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Geng
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 China
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- CAAS-ICRAF Joint Lab on Agroforestry and Sustainable Animal Husbandry, World Agroforestry Centre East and Central Asia, Beijing, 100193 China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Guoxiong Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025 China
| | - Sailesh Ranjitkar
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
- CAAS-ICRAF Joint Lab on Agroforestry and Sustainable Animal Husbandry, World Agroforestry Centre East and Central Asia, Beijing, 100193 China
- World Agroforestry Centre East and Central Asia, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Dengpan Bu
- CAAS-ICRAF Joint Lab on Agroforestry and Sustainable Animal Husbandry, World Agroforestry Centre East and Central Asia, Beijing, 100193 China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, CICAPS, Changsha, 410128 China
| | - Shengji Pei
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Xiaokun Ou
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 China
| | - Yang Lu
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 China
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xuelan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jianchu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
- World Agroforestry Centre East and Central Asia, Kunming, 650201 China
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Prakash B, Saha SK, Khate K, Agarwal N, Katole S, Haque N, Rajkhowa C. Rumen microbial variation and nutrient utilisation in mithun (Bos frontalis) under different feeding regimes. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2012; 97:297-304. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance in Mithun (Bos frontalis) offered urea-treated paddy straw based feed blocks. Trop Anim Health Prod 2010; 43:383-7. [PMID: 20938740 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-010-9703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of feeding feed blocks containing varying proportion of urea-treated paddy straw (UTPS) on dry matter (DM) intake (DMI), nutrient utilization and N balance in Mithun. For the purpose, four adult male Mithun (279.5 ± 8.2 kg) were selected and offered four experimental rations viz. R(1) (Napier fodder + concentrate at 60:40), R(2) (UTPS + concentrate at 50:50), R(3) (UTPS + concentrate at 60:40) and R(4) (UTPS + concentrate at 70:30) in 4 × 4 Latin square design. The DMI % of body weight was 2.59, 2.96, 2.85 and 2.77 and the DMI g kg(-1) W(0.75) was 107, 123, 118 and 115 in Mithun fed R(1), R(2), R(3) and R(4), respectively. The mean DMI was (P < 0.01) higher in animals fed R(2) and R(3) than R(1) and R(4), whereas the water intake was (P < 0.01) higher in Mithun fed R(2), R(3) and R(4) than R(1). The digestibility of DM, organic matter, crude protein, crude fibre, neutral detergent fibre and cellulose were (P < 0.05) higher in animals fed R(2), R(3) and R(4) than R(1). A positive N balance was observed in all the experimental animals, with higher (P < 0.05) values among the animals offered R(2), R(3) and R(4) than R(1). The digestible crude protein and total digestible nutrient intakes were higher (P < 0.05) in Mithun fed R(2) and R(3) than R(1) and R(4). It is concluded that the UTPS can be incorporated up to 70% to formulate the complete feed/feed block and can be used for feeding of Mithun under complete confinement system.
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Comparative nutrient utilization, growth, and rumen enzyme profile of mithun (Bos frontalis) and Tho-tho cattle (Bos indicus) fed on tree-leaves-based ration. Trop Anim Health Prod 2010; 43:209-14. [PMID: 20706785 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-010-9676-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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