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Reddy GBM, Mounica PS, Sudeep N, Vikram R, Garam GB, Lalzampuia H, Ragulraj S, Pal S, Khate K, Bijalwan S, Girish PS, Gulati BR. First evidence of lumpy skin disease in mithun (Bos frontalis) in India. Arch Virol 2024; 169:65. [PMID: 38451344 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-05996-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a disease of cattle that is also known to cause mild infection in buffaloes. To date, there have been no reports of LSD in mithun (Bos frontalis), a bovine species distributed in Northeast India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and parts of China. In the present study, the presence of typical clinical signs, virus isolation, PCR amplification, sequence analysis, and the demonstration of antibodies in serum by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and serum neutralization test, confirmed the occurrence of LSD in mithun for the first time in India. Phylogenetic analysis based on the full-length RPO30 and P32 genes of LSD virus from mithun and cattle revealed 100% sequence identity, indicating circulation of the same strain in both species in India and the possibility of spillover between species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pabbineedi Sai Mounica
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Nagaraj Sudeep
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Ramesh Vikram
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Chumukedima, Nagaland, 797106, India
| | - Gyamnya Baki Garam
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Veterinary & Dairy Development, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, 791109, India
| | - Hlawndo Lalzampuia
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Chumukedima, Nagaland, 797106, India
| | - Selvaraj Ragulraj
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Chumukedima, Nagaland, 797106, India
| | - Suchismita Pal
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Chumukedima, Nagaland, 797106, India
| | - Kobu Khate
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Chumukedima, Nagaland, 797106, India
| | - Shraddha Bijalwan
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | | | - Baldev Raj Gulati
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, 560064, India
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Lyngdoh D, Sharma S, Roy B, Tandon V, Zas P. Secondary Structure Analysis of Fasciola from Semi-wild Ruminants of Northeast India. Acta Parasitol 2024:10.1007/s11686-023-00777-9. [PMID: 38261242 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00777-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study is to study the secondary structure analysis of Fasciola flukes from a rare mithun host from Manipur. Fascioliasis, a neglected tropical trematodiasis, is poorly studied in India and is widely believed to be predominantly caused by F. gigantica. Through this study, we want to assess the flukes from the rare semi-wild ruminants of Northeast India. This study is important as the mithun population is semi-wild and its population is declining in Manipur. METHODS Sample collected from the difficult and challenging terrain of Northeast India. The sample was collected from mithun and observed under the microscope. DNA was isolated, sequenced, and analyzed using various bioinformatics tools. The secondary structure analysis of the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) region was also performed. RESULTS The secondary structure species tree corroborated the Bayesian inference and, hence, strengthened the phylogeny reconstructed. The annotated ITS2 sequence and RNA secondary of the Manipur isolate displayed the typical four-helix or four-domain model. Helix III reveals the presence of the UGGU motif with other deviations like UGG and GGU. CONCLUSION This is an in-depth analysis of the secondary structure of Fasciola species. The present study has demonstrated the usefulness of ITS2 and its secondary structures for characterizing parasites. The information on fascioliasis in the mithun's population presents itself useful with regards to their conservation strategy as their populations in both Manipur and Nagaland are dwindling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damanbha Lyngdoh
- Department of Zoology, St. Anthony's College, Shillong, 793001, Meghalaya, India.
| | - Sunil Sharma
- Biotech Hub, St. Edmund's College, Shillong, 793003, Meghalaya, India
| | - Bishnupada Roy
- Department of Zoology, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - Veena Tandon
- NASI Senior Scientist Platinum Jubilee Fellow, Mahanagar, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, 226006, India
| | - Philayung Zas
- Department of Zoology, William Carey University, Shillong, 793019, Meghalaya, India
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Chamuah JK, Jacob SS, Ezung L, Awomi L, Aier I, Kumar H, Goswami P, Lalzampuia H, Khate K, Vupru K, Singh M, Hanah SS, Shivanagowda GP. First report of Ikeda genotype of Theileria orientalis in Mithun (Bos frontalis) from northeastern hilly region of India. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:36. [PMID: 38086995 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Oriental theileriosis caused by Theileria orientalis, previously considered a benign disease, is posing a significant threat to the livestock industry across the globe. To elucidate the prevalence of Theileria orientalis in ticks and their host, the Mithun, a comprehensive study was undertaken in the two northeastern states of India, viz. Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh. A total of 340 of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks and 25 Ambylomma sp. ticks were screened for the presence of Theileria orientalis through PCR. Among the R. microplus ticks examined, 25 of them tested positive for T. orientalis infection whereas none of the Amblyomma ticks was positive. Additionally, a total of 275 blood samples were collected from Mithun from Arunachal and Nagaland and 31 animals were found to be positive for T. orientalis infection. Notably, six positive cases were identified in Porba (Phek district), six in Tening, and one in Bamsiakilwa village (Peren district) of Nagaland. Moreover, out of the 41 animals examined at Medziphema farms, Nagaland, 18 were found to be positive for T. orientalis infection. Moreover, the phylogenetic investigation has unveiled the presence of the highly pathogenic Type 2 (Ikeda) T. orientalis genotype in Mithun, supported by a strong bootstrap value of 100%. This study marks the initial documentation of oriental theileriosis in mithun. It underscores the need for vigilant monitoring and active surveillance of mithun populations in the northeastern states of India. Timely treatment of infected animals is imperative to avert economic losses for the farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siju Susan Jacob
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Investigation, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Livika Awomi
- ICAR-NRC On Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797106, India
| | | | - Harshit Kumar
- ICAR-NRC On Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797106, India
| | | | | | - Kobu Khate
- ICAR-NRC On Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797106, India
| | | | - Mahak Singh
- ICAR-Research Complex for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre, Dipamur, India
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Dorji T, Wangdi J, Shaoliang Y, Chettri N, Wangchuk K. Mithun (Bos frontalis): the neglected cattle species and their significance to ethnic communities in the Eastern Himalaya - A review. Anim Biosci 2021; 34:1727-1738. [PMID: 33902178 PMCID: PMC8563247 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This review consolidates the available information on the socio-economic and ecological significance of Mithun in the lives of ethnic communities in the Eastern Himalaya. Methods Standard guidelines were followed for the review and data collection was carried out at three stages; literature search, literature screening, and literature review and analysis. Results Records indicate a long association of Mithun with the ethnic groups. Mithun serves as a symbol of pride and local currency for barter trade in the ethnic society. Its utilities range from being used as a bride price to settling legal disputes. Several cultural festivals and local ceremonies are celebrated around this bovine. Due to its semi-wild nature, this animal also has an ecological role to conserve broad leaf sub-tropical forests. However, it remains neglected and has not received policy attention, leading to a stagnated growth. The institutions for Mithun research and development are also weak. Furthermore, the species is under threat from new diseases and habitat alteration triggered by climate change. Conclusion Founded on the current state of knowledge, there is a need for institutional development, strengthening institutional linkages, and promoting regional cooperation among Mithun rearing countries for further research and development of this unique cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tashi Dorji
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, GPO Box: 326, Katmandu, Nepal
| | - Jigme Wangdi
- Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forest, GPO Box: 11001, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Yi Shaoliang
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, GPO Box: 326, Katmandu, Nepal
| | - Nakul Chettri
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, GPO Box: 326, Katmandu, Nepal
| | - Kesang Wangchuk
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, GPO Box: 326, Katmandu, Nepal
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Rupner RN, VinodhKumar OR, Karthikeyan R, Sinha DK, Singh KP, Dubal ZB, Tamta S, Gupta VK, Singh BR, Malik YS, Dhama K. Bluetongue in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis with emphasis on diagnosis and seroprevalence. Vet Q 2021; 40:229-242. [PMID: 32886028 PMCID: PMC7534259 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1810356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious viral disease which affects a wide range of ruminants and was first reported in India in 1964. In view of the absence of comprehensive information on the BT status in India, this study presents the seroprevalence on BT in farm animals of India based-on a systematic review and meta-analysis. A systematic review was conducted to identify the published articles (2001–2018) reporting the seroprevalence of BT in sheep, goats, cattle, buffalo, camels, and Mithun (Bos frontalis) from India. From 409 research articles, 71 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and meta-analysis for proportions was carried out targeting the eligible studies. From these, 144 strata level data were extracted with a sample size of 14048 sheep, 14696 goats, 5218 cattle, 2653 buffaloes, 2062 camels, and 222 Mithun. Overall, the analyses showed that the BT seroprevalence of 43% (95% CI: 38–49%) in goats, 39% (95% CI: 33–46%) in sheep, 38% (95% CI: 25–45%) in cattle, 34% (95% CI: 20–51%) in buffaloes, 16% (95% CI: 10–22%) in camels, and 66% (95% CI: 17–95%) in Mithun. Furthermore, the meta-regression analysis suggested that serological tests, geographical region, and sample size were the prime moderators. Meta-analytic study indicates the BT seropositivity in 25.35 million sheep (95% CI: 21.5–29.9), 58 million goats (95% CI: 51.3–66.2), 66.8 million cattle (95% CI: 47.7–86), 37.0 million buffaloes (95% CI: 21.7–55.4), 0.06 million camels (95% CI: 0.04–0.09), and 0.19 million Mithun (95% CI: 0.05–0.28). The findings highlight the variation of BT seropositivity in different geographical regions of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar N Rupner
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - O R VinodhKumar
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - R Karthikeyan
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - D K Sinha
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - K P Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Z B Dubal
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Shikha Tamta
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - V K Gupta
- CADRAD, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - B R Singh
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Y S Malik
- Division of Biological Standardisation, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - K Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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Perumal P, De AK, Alyethodi RR, Savino N, Khate K, Vupru K, Khan MH. Daily and seasonal rhythmic secretary pattern of endocrinological profiles in mithun bull. Theriogenology 2021; 166:46-54. [PMID: 33684782 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mithun (Bos frontalis) is a unique domestic free-range bovine species available in North Eastern hilly (NEH) regions of India and is reared for its protein rich meat. Mithun suffers severe non-cyclical population fluctuations; however, it is not yet declared as endangered species. Mithun follows some sort of seasonality based on the calving trend and semen production, although it is a perennial breeder. However, there is need to study the rhythmic changes of endocrine profiles to understand the hormone flow pattern in mithun to select the suitable time for blood collection to assess the exact endocrine profiles and to select the suitable time for natural breeding or semen collection by artificial methods for further research, conservation and propagation of its germplasm. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the reproductive as well as metabolic endocrinological profiles in 24:00 h in intact adult mithun bulls during different seasons (winter, spring, summer and autumn) to know the rhythmic changes and flow pattern of the endocrinological profiles to improve its reproductive efficiency. Experimental mithun bulls (n = 6; age: 5-6 years; body condition score: 5-6 out of 10, classified as good) were selected for the study. Endocrinological profiles, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone/interstitial cell stimulating hormone (LH/ICSH), testosterone, cortisol, thyroxine (T4), insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), prolactin and melatonin (MT) were estimated at 04:00 h interval for one whole day in four seasons. The analysis was completed in two different ways as different times of collection (08:00, 12:00, 16:00, 20:00, 24:00 and 04:00 h) and day (08:00 to 16:00 h) & night time (20:00 to 04:00 h) collections. Repeated measures ANOVA analysis revealed that the bulls in winter and spring had significantly (p < 0.05) higher FSH, LH, testosterone, T4, IGF-1 and MT than those in summer whereas the bulls in summer had significantly higher cortisol and prolactin than those in winter and spring seasons. Similarly FSH, LH, testosterone, T4, IGF-1 and MT were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in night than in day time collections whereas cortisol and prolactin were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in day than in night time collections in different seasons. Correlation analysis revealed that FSH, LH, testosterone, T4, IGF-1 and MT had significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation with each other whereas these had significant (p < 0.05) negative correlation with cortisol and prolactin. The study concludes that season and time of blood collection had significant effect on the endocrinological profiles in mithun bulls. Estimation of FSH, LH, testosterone, T4, IGF-1 and MT during night time and cortisol and prolactin during day time was more appropriate to get correct value of the endocrinological profiles. Spring and winter have significantly greater beneficial effects than summer on reproduction and artificial breeding programs in mithun species in the semi-intensive management in the present location.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Perumal
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797 106, India; ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, 744 105, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.
| | - A K De
- ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, 744 105, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - R R Alyethodi
- ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, 744 105, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - N Savino
- NU-School of Agricultural Science and Rural Development, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797 106, India
| | - K Khate
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797 106, India
| | - K Vupru
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797 106, India
| | - M H Khan
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797 106, India
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Geng Y, Ranjitkar S, Yan Q, He Z, Su B, Gao S, Niu J, Bu D, Xu J. Nutrient value of wild fodder species and the implications for improving the diet of mithun ( Bos frontalis) in Dulongjiang area, Yunnan Province, China. Plant Divers 2020; 42:455-463. [PMID: 33733013 PMCID: PMC7936111 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Wild fodder plants are valuable because they provide an important livestock feed resource globally, especially for smallholder farmers, and have important roles in natural resource management. In-depth knowledge of wild forage plants can motivate local people for feed resource and habitat conservation of threatened herbivores such as Mithun (Bos frontalis). Mithun occur in small patches in the mountains of Dulongjiang, nearby villagers domesticated this animal but left animal to freely graze in the mountains. Many fodder plants occur in these mountains, however, little is known about their nutritional value. We conducted an ethnobotanical survey to document important wild fodder plants consumed by mithun in the Dulongjiang Township. The nutritional content of 21 highly mentioned wild fodder plants in an ethnobotanical survey was examined. Laboratory analysis showed that Fagopyrum dibotrys were the fodder species with the highest crude protein (CP) content (26.89%), followed by Polygonum molle (21.88%) and Hydrangea longipes (21.12%). Synthesis of relative feed value index and grey relational grade, P. molle, H. longipes and Tetrastigma obtectum were ranked the top three nutritional fodders. There was a significant difference between 21 species on their in vitro digestibility and the most highly digestible fodder species was Elatostema hookerianum. Linear model analysis on relationship between frequency of citation of 21 wild forage plants by local farmers and their nutrient composition showed that the frequency was significantly positively correlated with the nutritional value of the feed (R2 = 0.28, P < 0.05). We concluded that these species have high nutritional values to improve mithun production in integrated crop-livestock systems. Fodder species or mixtures of species with useful nutritional characters could be cultivated to improve livestock productivity, habitat conservation including that of mithun and wild forage resource management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Geng
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- CAAS-ICRAF Joint Lab on Agroforestry and Sustainable Animal Husbandry, World Agroforestry, East and Central Asia, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sailesh Ranjitkar
- CAAS-ICRAF Joint Lab on Agroforestry and Sustainable Animal Husbandry, World Agroforestry, East and Central Asia, Beijing 100193, China
- NGene, Solutions of Natural Innovation, Kathmandu, GPO 44614, Nepal
- Mid-Western University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, Naya Bato, Lalitpur 44600, Nepal
| | - Qiaoshun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zhijun He
- Agriculture Bureau of Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County, Nujiang 673500, China
| | - Baqi Su
- Agriculture Bureau of Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County, Nujiang 673500, China
| | - Shengtao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junli Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Dengpan Bu
- CAAS-ICRAF Joint Lab on Agroforestry and Sustainable Animal Husbandry, World Agroforestry, East and Central Asia, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, CICAPS, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jianchu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- CAAS-ICRAF Joint Lab on Agroforestry and Sustainable Animal Husbandry, World Agroforestry, East and Central Asia, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- World Agroforestry, East and Central Asia, Kunming 650201, China
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Mukherjee S, Cai Z, Mukherjee A, Longkumer I, Mech M, Vupru K, Khate K, Rajkhowa C, Mitra A, Guldbrandtsen B, Lund MS, Sahana G. Whole genome sequence and de novo assembly revealed genomic architecture of Indian Mithun (Bos frontalis). BMC Genomics 2019; 20:617. [PMID: 31357931 PMCID: PMC6664528 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5980-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mithun (Bos frontalis), also called gayal, is an endangered bovine species, under the tribe bovini with 2n = 58 XX chromosome complements and reared under the tropical rain forests region of India, China, Myanmar, Bhutan and Bangladesh. However, the origin of this species is still disputed and information on its genomic architecture is scanty so far. We trust that availability of its whole genome sequence data and assembly will greatly solve this problem and help to generate many information including phylogenetic status of mithun. Recently, the first genome assembly of gayal, mithun of Chinese origin, was published. However, an improved reference genome assembly would still benefit in understanding genetic variation in mithun populations reared under diverse geographical locations and for building a superior consensus assembly. We, therefore, performed deep sequencing of the genome of an adult female mithun from India, assembled and annotated its genome and performed extensive bioinformatic analyses to produce a superior de novo genome assembly of mithun. RESULTS We generated ≈300 Gigabyte (Gb) raw reads from whole-genome deep sequencing platforms and assembled the sequence data using a hybrid assembly strategy to create a high quality de novo assembly of mithun with 96% recovered as per BUSCO analysis. The final genome assembly has a total length of 3.0 Gb, contains 5,015 scaffolds with an N50 value of 1 Mb. Repeat sequences constitute around 43.66% of the assembly. The genomic alignments between mithun to cattle showed that their genomes, as expected, are highly conserved. Gene annotation identified 28,044 protein-coding genes presented in mithun genome. The gene orthologous groups of mithun showed a high degree of similarity in comparison with other species, while fewer mithun specific coding sequences were found compared to those in cattle. CONCLUSION Here we presented the first de novo draft genome assembly of Indian mithun having better coverage, less fragmented, better annotated, and constitutes a reasonably complete assembly compared to the previously published gayal genome. This comprehensive assembly unravelled the genomic architecture of mithun to a great extent and will provide a reference genome assembly to research community to elucidate the evolutionary history of mithun across its distinct geographical locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Mukherjee
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Lab., ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland 797106 India
| | - Zexi Cai
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Anupama Mukherjee
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Lab., ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland 797106 India
- Present address: Dairy Cattle Breeding Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - Imsusosang Longkumer
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Lab., ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland 797106 India
| | - Moonmoon Mech
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Lab., ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland 797106 India
| | - Kezhavituo Vupru
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Lab., ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland 797106 India
| | - Kobu Khate
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Lab., ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland 797106 India
| | - Chandan Rajkhowa
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Lab., ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland 797106 India
| | - Abhijit Mitra
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Lab., ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland 797106 India
| | - Bernt Guldbrandtsen
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Mogens Sandø Lund
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Goutam Sahana
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Prabhu VR, Arjun MS, Bhavana K, Kamalakkannan R, Nagarajan M. Complete mitochondrial genome of Indian mithun, Bos frontalis and its phylogenetic implications. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:2561-2566. [PMID: 30762166 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mithun (Bos frontalis) is an endangered domestic bovine species native to the hilly areas of China, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Bhutan and India. It is believed to have been domesticated from gaur around 8000 years ago. However, a few studies suggest that mithun is either an independent species or a hybrid descendant of gaur and cattle. Therefore, to understand the evolutionary history of mithun, the complete mitochondrial genome of Indian mithun was sequenced and compared with the mitochondrial genome of closely related Bos species. The mitochondrial genome of mithun was 16,346 bp long and consisted of 22 tRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, and a control region. The phylogenetic assessments of Indian mithun along with other Bos species showed a very close genetic relationship of Indian mithun with gaur suggesting that Indian mithun might have evolved from gaur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana R Prabhu
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Moolamkudy Suresh Arjun
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Karippadakam Bhavana
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Ranganathan Kamalakkannan
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Muniyandi Nagarajan
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India.
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Chamuah JK, Dutta B, Borkotoky D. Pathological studies on helminth parasitic infection in mithun ( Bos frontalis). J Parasit Dis 2017; 41:929-932. [PMID: 29114121 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-017-0913-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A pathological study was carried out in different helminth parasite infection organs in 110 animals during the period from 2010 to 2016. Histopathological examination of hydatid cysts in the liver, showed extensive fibrous connective tissue proliferation with eosinophilic and lymphocytic infiltration, in lung, parenchyma showed severe emphysema with infiltration of alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes infiltration. In Toxocara infection, polymorphonuclear infiltration in the sub-mucosa with hyper activity of goblet cells leading to occlusion of the gland was noted in the tissue sections. In amphistomiasis, intestinal mucosa showed diffuse hyperemia, thickening and ulceration. Petechiae were observed in the anterior part of the duodenum and jejunum. Presence of parasites in the abomasum revealed petechial haemorrhages on the mucousa. In Trichuris infection, the rectum showed hypertrophy, hyperplasia and hyperactivity of the goblet cells. In some places there is focal aggregation of mononuclear cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Chamuah
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland 797106 India
| | - B Dutta
- College of Veterinary Science, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam 781022 India
| | - D Borkotoky
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland 797106 India
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Chamuah JK, Raina OK, Sakhrie A, Gama N. Molecular identification of Mecistocirrus digitatus and Toxocara vitulorum in the mithun ( Bos frontalis) from north-east India. J Parasit Dis 2017; 41:734-738. [PMID: 28848270 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-017-0879-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mecistocirrus digitatus and Toxocara vitulorum are common pathogenic nematode parasites of mithun (Bos frontalis). Species identification by morphological features was confirmed by molecular identification of M. digitatus and T. vitulorum. The internal transcribed spacer-2 (ITS-2) region and beta tubulin gene of M. digitatus were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified and sequenced. ITS-2 sequence analysis showed 100% homology with other isolates of M. digitatus and 83% identity with Haemonchus contortus and H. placei, respectively. Likewise, ITS-1 and ITS-2 sequences of T. vitulorum were PCR amplified and sequenced. Sequence analysis of these internal transcribed spacers from five worms of the parasite from mithun showed no intraspecific variations with T. vitulorum isolates from domestic ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - O K Raina
- Divison of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, 243122 India
| | - A Sakhrie
- National Research Centre on Mithun (ICAR), Jharnapani, Nagaland 797106 India
| | - N Gama
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Papumpare, Arunachal Pradesh India
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Singh V, Mishra N, Kalaiyarasu S, Khetan RK, Hemadri D, Singh RK, Rajukumar K, Chamuah J, Suresh KP, Patil SS, Singh VP. First report on serological evidence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in farmed and free ranging mithuns (Bos frontalis). Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:1149-56. [PMID: 28504301 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1310-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite reports of BVDV infection in several domestic and wild ruminants, no information exists for mithun (Bos frontalis) species. Hence, this study was undertaken to determine prevalence of BVDV infection in mithuns, which contribute significantly to local economy in the North Eastern region of India. Blood and serum samples were collected between 2013 and 2016 from mithuns (n = 466) belonging to the states of Nagaland, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh. Serum samples were tested for BVDV antibodies by a commercial ELISA and leukocytes were tested for BVDV by real-time RT-PCR. The overall true seroprevalence rate was 13.1% (95% confidence interval, CI: 6.9-17.8%) with higher prevalence in mithuns reared under semi-intensive system (27.5%) than in free-ranging mithuns (7.6%). Among the three states, seroprevalence (16.2%) was highest in Nagaland, while prevalence rates varied markedly among geographical locations. Age-wise data showed highest seroprevalence rate in >6-year-old animals (20.6%) than 2-6 years old (16.9%), 6 months-2 years old (8.5%), and <6-month-old animals (11.3%). The seroprevalence was higher in males (20.9%) than in females (12.1%). Among the four mithun strains, higher prevalence was evident in Manipur (30.3%) than Arunachal (21.3%), Nagaland (11.7%), and Mizoram strain (10.2%). However, no BVDV genomic RNA could be detected. The results provide first serological evidence of BVDV infection in mithun species and extend the knowledge on BVDV host range. The baseline data will help further investigations on epidemiology of BVD in mithun and its impact on mithun production.
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Geng Y, Hu G, Ranjitkar S, Wang Y, Bu D, Pei S, Ou X, Lu Y, Ma X, Xu J. Prioritizing fodder species based on traditional knowledge: a case study of mithun (Bos frontalis) in Dulongjiang area, Yunnan Province, Southwest China. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2017; 13:24. [PMID: 28472968 PMCID: PMC5418811 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-017-0153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Livestock rearing is one of the oldest and most important types of smallholder farming worldwide. The sustainability of livestock production depends on the efficient utilization of locally available resources. Some traditional methods of raising livestock may offer valuable lessons in this regard. This study documented and evaluated local knowledge of wild forage plants in the Dulongjiang area in Southwest China in the context of rearing mithun (Bos frontalis) in order to provide a sound evidence base for tree fodder selection and the establishment of integrated tree-crop-livestock systems. METHODS The snowball technique was used to identify key informants with specific knowledge about the topic. Free listing and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 58 households. Participatory investigation and transit walks were used to investigate potential fodder species. Ethnobotanical information was collected, documented and organized. RESULTS Overall, 142 wild forage plants from 58 families and 117 genera were identified. Species of the Poaceae, Rosaceae and Urticaceae families were most abundant, with 16, 14 and 11 species respectively identified as fodder plants. Our results indicated that tree/shrub forage plays a major role in the diet of mithun, unlike that of other ruminants. Mithun prefers to browse and move around the forest in search of food, particularly rough and even barbed leaves. Tree species like Debregeasia orientalis, Saurauia polyneura and Rubus species were identified as being important fodder sources. Farmers in this area have traditionally relied on common property resources such as community-managed forests and grasslands to feed their livestock. Farmers have strong incentive to raise mithuns rather than other livestock species due to Dulong people's cultural preferences. CONCLUSIONS The wide variety of plants cited by the informants demonstrate the importance of traditional knowledge in gathering information about forage resources. This diversity also offers the prospect of identifying promising species which could be used as fodder plants. Identifying such species and tree fodder species in particular could help smallholder farmers to integrate trees, livestock and crops as part of a sustainable farming system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Geng
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 China
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- CAAS-ICRAF Joint Lab on Agroforestry and Sustainable Animal Husbandry, World Agroforestry Centre East and Central Asia, Beijing, 100193 China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Guoxiong Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025 China
| | - Sailesh Ranjitkar
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
- CAAS-ICRAF Joint Lab on Agroforestry and Sustainable Animal Husbandry, World Agroforestry Centre East and Central Asia, Beijing, 100193 China
- World Agroforestry Centre East and Central Asia, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Dengpan Bu
- CAAS-ICRAF Joint Lab on Agroforestry and Sustainable Animal Husbandry, World Agroforestry Centre East and Central Asia, Beijing, 100193 China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, CICAPS, Changsha, 410128 China
| | - Shengji Pei
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Xiaokun Ou
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 China
| | - Yang Lu
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 China
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xuelan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jianchu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
- World Agroforestry Centre East and Central Asia, Kunming, 650201 China
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Chamuah JK, Pegu SR, Raina OK, Siju SJ, Sakhrie A, Deka A, Rajkhowa C. Pimply gut condition in mithun (Bos frontalis) calves. J Parasit Dis 2016; 40:252-4. [PMID: 27413288 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present observation was recorded at National Research Centre on Mithun, Jharnapani from May 2010 to September 2012. A total of 15 mithun calves, which died in and around Jharnapani, were attended and detailed post-mortem examination was carried out. Out of these, five calves (33.33 %) aging between 1 and 1.5 years exhibiting the condition of chronic wasting and diarrhoea were found positive for pimply gut condition based on gross and microscopic examination. Post-mortem examination revealed extensive nodule formation on the wall of the rectum; however, the entire lumen did not reveal any of adult parasites. In all the cases, there were congestion in the mucous layer and thickening of the intestinal wall. Histopathological examination revealed chronic enteritis with mononuclear cell infiltration comprising mostly of macrophages, lymphocytes and eosinophils. In the muscularis mucosae, encysted larvae were found along with fibrous tissue proliferation. These lesions gave the intestine a nodular appearance as they thickened the wall and projected from the serosal surface. These extensive numbers of nodules in the intestine might have interfered with peristalsis and intestinal absorption which led to chronic wasting and diarrhoea in the calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Chamuah
- Veterinary Parasitology, National Research Centre on Mithun (ICAR), Jharnapani, 797106 Nagaland India
| | - S R Pegu
- College of Veterinary Science, Khanapara, Guwahati, 781022 India
| | - O K Raina
- Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 India
| | - S J Siju
- Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 India
| | - A Sakhrie
- Veterinary Parasitology, National Research Centre on Mithun (ICAR), Jharnapani, 797106 Nagaland India
| | - Anil Deka
- College of Veterinary Science, Khanapara, Guwahati, 781022 India
| | - C Rajkhowa
- Veterinary Parasitology, National Research Centre on Mithun (ICAR), Jharnapani, 797106 Nagaland India
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Chamuah JK, Sakhrie A, Perumal P, Khate K, Vupru K, Rajkhowa C. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in mithun (Bos frontalis) from north eastern hilly region of India. J Parasit Dis 2015; 39:560-2. [PMID: 26345071 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-013-0396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mithun (Bos frontalis) is mostly utilized for meat purpose by the local tribal people of north eastern hilly region of India. Meat born diseases are very important issues for the people of these areas from the public health point of view. In order to realize the issues, the serological prevalence of Toxoplasmosis was carried out as per ELISA kit (CHEKIT* TOXOTEST, IDEXX Laboratory, USA) to find out Toxoplasma gondii antibody. As a whole, out of 195 animals examined, only 8 (4.10 %) animals were found to be suspected and one (0.51 %) animal was found to be positive in this precious animal of the north eastern region.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Chamuah
- Veterinary Parasitology, National Research Centre on Mithun (ICAR), Jharnapani, 797106 Nagaland India
| | - A Sakhrie
- National Research Centre on Mithun (ICAR), Jharnapani, 797106 Nagaland India
| | - P Perumal
- National Research Centre on Mithun (ICAR), Jharnapani, 797106 Nagaland India
| | - K Khate
- National Research Centre on Mithun (ICAR), Jharnapani, 797106 Nagaland India
| | - K Vupru
- National Research Centre on Mithun (ICAR), Jharnapani, 797106 Nagaland India
| | - C Rajkhowa
- National Research Centre on Mithun (ICAR), Jharnapani, 797106 Nagaland India
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Chamuah JK, Bhattacharjee K, Sarmah PC, Raina OK, Mukherjee S, Rajkhowa C. Report of Amblyomma testudinarium in mithuns ( Bos frontalis) from eastern Mizoram (India). J Parasit Dis 2016; 40:1217-20. [PMID: 27876918 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-015-0654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical examination of semi-domesticated, free ranging mithuns (Bos frontalis) during an animal health check-up and treatment camp organized at Khuwangleng village in the Champhai district of Mizoram, India and adjacent to Myanmar Border revealed presence of unusually large blood engorged ticks attaching to the dewlap and inner aspects of thighs. On the basis of morphological study, the ticks were found indistinguishable from female Amblyomma testudinarium. Prevalence rate of the tick species in mithuns living in the forests was 9.09 % which was recorded as the highest of all reports made earlier from the North Eastern region of India. Medical and veterinary significance of the tick is discussed in the light of available literature.
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