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Reliable and Accessible Method for Trichothecenes Type B Determination in Oat Products. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pinheiro M, Iwase CHT, Bertozzi BG, Caramês ETS, Carnielli-Queiroz L, Langaro NC, Furlong EB, Correa B, Rocha LO. Survey of Freshly Harvested Oat Grains from Southern Brazil Reveals High Incidence of Type B Trichothecenes and Associated Fusarium Species. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:855. [PMID: 34941693 PMCID: PMC8706650 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the fungal diversity in freshly harvested oat samples from the two largest production regions in Brazil, Paraná (PR) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS), focusing primarily on the Fusarium genus and the presence of type B trichothecenes. The majority of the isolates belonged to the Fusarium sambucinum species complex, and were identified as F. graminearum sensu stricto (s.s.), F. meridionale, and F. poae. In the RS region, F. poae was the most frequent fungus, while F. graminearum s.s. was the most frequent in the PR region. The F. graminearum s.s. isolates were 15-ADON genotype, while F. meridionale and F. poae were NIV genotype. Mycotoxin analysis revealed that 92% and 100% of the samples from PR and RS were contaminated with type B trichothecenes, respectively. Oat grains from PR were predominantly contaminated with DON, whereas NIV was predominant in oats from RS. Twenty-four percent of the samples were contaminated with DON at levels higher than Brazilian regulations. Co-contamination of DON, its derivatives, and NIV was observed in 84% and 57.7% of the samples from PR and RS, respectively. The results provide new information on Fusarium contamination in Brazilian oats, highlighting the importance of further studies on mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pinheiro
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Engineering Faculty, State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil; (M.P.); (C.H.T.I.); (B.G.B.); (E.T.S.C.)
| | - Caio H. T. Iwase
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Engineering Faculty, State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil; (M.P.); (C.H.T.I.); (B.G.B.); (E.T.S.C.)
| | - Bruno G. Bertozzi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Engineering Faculty, State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil; (M.P.); (C.H.T.I.); (B.G.B.); (E.T.S.C.)
| | - Elem T. S. Caramês
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Engineering Faculty, State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil; (M.P.); (C.H.T.I.); (B.G.B.); (E.T.S.C.)
| | - Lorena Carnielli-Queiroz
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (L.C.-Q.); (B.C.)
| | - Nádia C. Langaro
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo 99042-800, Brazil;
| | - Eliana B. Furlong
- School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96203-900, Brazil;
| | - Benedito Correa
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (L.C.-Q.); (B.C.)
| | - Liliana O. Rocha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Engineering Faculty, State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil; (M.P.); (C.H.T.I.); (B.G.B.); (E.T.S.C.)
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Schlemmer SN, Fratzke AP, Ploeg RJ, Whitfield-Cargile C, Arnold C, Rodrigues-Hoffmann A, Older CE, Jeffery U. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 258:379-382. [PMID: 33539213 DOI: 10.2460/javma.258.4.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Císarová M, Hleba L, Medo J, Tančinová D, Mašková Z, Čuboň J, Kováčik A, Foltinová D, Božik M, Klouček P. The in vitro and in situ effect of selected essential oils in vapour phase against bread spoilage toxicogenic aspergilli. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Bhat R, Reddy KRN. Challenges and issues concerning mycotoxins contamination in oil seeds and their edible oils: Updates from last decade. Food Chem 2016; 215:425-37. [PMID: 27542495 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Safety concerns pertaining towards fungal occurrence and mycotoxins contamination in agri-food commodities has been an issue of high apprehension. With the increase in evidence based research knowledge on health effects posed by ingestion of mycotoxins-contaminated food and feed by humans and livestock, concerns have been raised towards providing more insights on screening of agri-food commodities to benefit consumers. Available reports indicate majority of edible oil-yielding seeds to be contaminated by various fungi, capable of producing mycotoxins. These mycotoxins can enter human food chain via use of edible oils or via animals fed with contaminated oil cake residues. In this review, we have decisively evaluated available data (from the past decade) pertaining towards fungal occurrence and level of mycotoxins in various oil seeds and their edible oils. This review can be of practical use to justify the prevailing gaps, especially relevant to the research on presence of mycotoxins in edible plant based oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Bhat
- Food Science Department, College of Engineering, Science and Technology (CEST), School of Sciences, Nabua Campus, Fiji National University, Fiji Islands.
| | - Kasa Ravindra Nadha Reddy
- Research and Development Center, Sri. Biotech Laboratories, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, Telangana, India
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Chen AJ, Jiao X, Hu Y, Lu X, Gao W. Mycobiota and Mycotoxins in Traditional Medicinal Seeds from China. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:3858-75. [PMID: 26404373 PMCID: PMC4626707 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7103858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The multi-mycotoxin occurrence for internal and superficial fungi contamination were comprehensively assessed in medicinal seeds used as food or beverage. Based on a polyphasic approach using morphological characters, β-tubulin and ITS gene blast, a total of 27 species belonging to 12 genera were identified from surface-sterilized seeds. Chaetomium globosporum was most predominant (23%), followed by Microascus trigonosporus (12%) and Alternaria alternata (9%). With respect to superficial mycobiota, thirty-four species belonging to 17 genera were detected. Aspergillus niger and Penicillium polonicum were predominant (12% and 15%, respectively). Medicinal seed samples and potential toxigenic fungi were tested for ochratoxin A (OTA) and aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2) using UPLC-MS/MS. Platycladi seeds were contaminated with AFB1 (52.0 µg/kg) and tangerine seed was contaminated with OTA (92.3 µg/kg). Subsequent analysis indicated that one A. flavus strain isolated from platycladi seed was able to synthesize AFB1 (102.0 µg/kg) and AFB2 (15.3 µg/kg). Two P. polonicum strains isolated from tangerine and lychee seeds were able to synthesize OTA (4.1 µg/kg and 14.8 µg/kg, respectively). These results identify potential sources of OTA and aflatoxins in medicinal seeds and allude to the need to establish permitted limits for these mycotoxins in these seeds that are commonly consumed by humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Juan Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiaolin Jiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yongjian Hu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiaohong Lu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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Kocasari FS, Mor F, Oguz MN, Oguz FK. Occurrence of mycotoxins in feed samples in Burdur Province, Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:4943-4949. [PMID: 23054279 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2915-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of total aflatoxin (AF), ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), and fumonisin (FB) in dairy cattle, beef cattle, and lamb-calf feeds. A total of 180 dairy cattle, beef cattle, and lamb-calf feeds (60 samples each) were randomly collected from farms, feed mills, and villages in Burdur province, between September 2006 and August 2007. All samples were analyzed by the competitive Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA). The most frequent mycotoxin detected was total AF, which was found in 108 samples (60 %) in concentrations ranging from 3.82 to 116.83 μg kg(-1), followed by DON that was detected in 87 samples (48.3 %), in concentrations ranging from 18.50 to 500 μg kg(-1). Ochratoxin A (OTA), T-2 toxin, ZEA, and FB were found in 84 (46.7 %), 85 (47.2 %), 57 (31.7 %), and 19 (10.6 %) samples, respectively, in concentrations of 1.01 to 15.85 μg kg(-1) for OTA, 3.85 to 52.36 μg kg(-1) for T-2 toxin, 2.10 to 29.30 μg kg(-1) for ZEA, and 2.69 to 4.96 mg kg(-1) for FB. It was concluded that feed samples in Burdur province were contaminated by mycotoxins, and the levels of total aflatoxin in the samples were considered a risk to animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Sahindokuyucu Kocasari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mehmet Akif Ersoy, 15030 Burdur, Turkey.
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Akbari P, Malekinejad H, Rahmani F, Rezabakhsh A, Fink-Gremmels J. Cyclopiazonic acid attenuates the divalent cations and augments the mRNA level of iNOS in the liver and kidneys of chickens. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2012. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2011.1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An investigation was carried out into the occurrence of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) producing fungi, the level of CPA contamination in chickens' diet, CPA effects on serum levels of divalent cations, on nitric oxide (NO) content and mRNA level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the liver and kidney of chickens, as well as the cellular and molecular pathways of CPA toxicity. Mycological and HPLC analyses were used to determine the mycobiota and CPA level, respectively. The mycological studies revealed that 34.46 and 23.07% of the isolated fungi were Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium cyclopium, respectively. HPLC analyses showed the highest (0.95±0.35 μg/g) and lowest (0.08±0.03 μg/g) levels of CPA in maize and mix diet, respectively. For toxicological studies, male chickens (Ross 308) were assigned to the control and test groups (n=8), which received normal saline and 10, 25 and/or 50 μg/kg CPA for 28 days. The effects of CPA on NO content of the liver and kidneys were determined using the Griess reaction, and the effects on the serum level of divalent cations were established using commercially available kits. The effects of CPA on the mRNA level of iNOS were investigated using RT-PCR. CPA lowered the serum level of divalent cations, while NO contents were enhanced significantly (P<0.05). The mRNA level of iNOS in birds of the CPA test groups showed a reverse relationship with NO increase. These data suggest that CPA producing fungi along with CPA contamination in chickens' diet result in hepatic and renal disorders. Moreover, CPA induced disorders might contribute to the biochemical alterations such as NO increase that is reversely associated with mRNA level of iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Akbari
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, P.O. Box 1177, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80152, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands;
| | - H. Malekinejad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, P.O. Box 1177, Urmia, Iran
| | - F. Rahmani
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - A. Rezabakhsh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, P.O. Box 1177, Urmia, Iran
| | - J. Fink-Gremmels
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80152, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands;
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Scott P. Recent research on fumonisins: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:242-8. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.546000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Reddy KRN, Farhana NI, Salleh B. Occurrence of Aspergillus spp. and aflatoxin B1 in Malaysian foods used for human consumption. J Food Sci 2011; 76:T99-104. [PMID: 22417376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Malaysian population widely consumes the cereal-based foods, oilseeds, nuts, and spices in their daily diet. Mycotoxigenic fungi are well known to invade food products under storage conditions and produce mycotoxins that have threat to human and animal health. Therefore, determining toxigenic fungi and aflatoxin B(1) (AFB1) in foods used for human consumption is of prime importance to develop suitable management strategies and to minimize risk. Ninety-five food products marketed in Penang, Malaysia were randomly collected from different supermarkets and were analyzed for presence of Aspergillus spp. by agar plate assay and AFB1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A. flavus was the dominant fungi in all foods followed by A. niger. Fifty-five A. flavus strains were tested for their ability to produce aflatoxins on rice grain substrate. Thirty-six (65.4%) strains out of 55 produced AFB1 ranging from 1700 to 4400 μg/kg and 17 strains (31%) produced AFB2 ranging from 620 to 1670 μg/kg. Natural occurrence of AFB1 could be detected in 72.6% food products ranging from 0.54 to 15.33 μg/kg with a mean of 1.95 μg/kg. Maximum AFB1 levels were detected in peanut products ranging from 1.47 to 15.33 μg/kg. AFB1 levels detected in all food products were below the Malaysian permissible limits (<35 μg/kg). Aspergillus spp. and AFB1 was not detected in any cookies tested. Although this survey was not comprehensive, it provides valuable information on aflatoxin levels in foods marketed in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasa R N Reddy
- Plant Pathology and Mycology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Univ. Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia.
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Caloni F, Cortinovis C. Toxicological effects of aflatoxins in horses. Vet J 2010; 188:270-3. [PMID: 20619706 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are a group of mycotoxins principally produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, which are both natural contaminants of food and feedstuff. Aflatoxin B(1) is the most prevalent member of this group that is normally detected and is the most powerful hepatocarcinogen known. Few naturally occurring episodes of aflatoxicosis in horses have been reported in the literature. Indeed, the published information about aflatoxin exposure, metabolism and the effects on horses is limited and controversial, possibly indicating a lack of awareness rather than the rarity of the occurrence. The target organ in horses, as in other animal species, is the liver and horses suffering from aflatoxicosis show signs of inappetence, depression, fever, tremor, ataxia and cough. Necropsy findings include a yellow-brown liver with centrilobular necrosis, icterus, haemorrhage, tracheal exudates and brown urine. A possible link between aflatoxin exposure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has been hypothesised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Caloni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Technologies for Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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