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Adekoya AA, Adeola O. Evaluation of the utilisation of energy and phosphorus in field peas fed to broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2023; 64:726-732. [PMID: 37565478 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2023.2246119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
1. The regression method was used to estimate the utilisation of energy (Experiment 1) and phosphorus (Experiments 2 and 3) in two field peas (FP) cultivars fed to broiler chickens.2. On d 17 post hatching, 240 birds were assigned to one of five experimental diets in a randomised complete block design with body weight (BW) as a blocking factor in Experiment 1. Whereas, 192 birds were allotted to one of three experimental diets on d 19 post-hatching in Experiments 2 and 3. There were eight replicate cages per diet, with six birds per cage in Experiment 1 and eight birds per cage in Experiments 2 and 3.3. Field pea cultivars Hampton (FPH) or 4010 (FP4) was incorporated at either 150 or 300 g/kg into a maize-soybean meal-based reference diet in Experiment 1. Using semi-purified diets, FPH was included at 200, 400, or 600 g/kg in Experiment 2, whereas FP4 was included at 215, 430 or 645 g/kg in Experiment 3.4. In Experiment 1 a linear decrease (P < 0.01) was observed in metabolisable energy (ME) and nitrogen-corrected ME (MEn) with inclusion of FPH in the diets, whereas both linear and quadratic effects (P < 0.05) were observed with inclusion of FP4. The regression-determined ileal digestible energy, ME and MEn were 13.70, 12.69 and 11.93 MJ/kg DM in FPH and 12.63, 13.20 and 12.52 MJ/kg DM in FP4, respectively. The ileal digestible and retainable P intakes were linearly increased (P < 0.01) with higher inclusion of FPH and FP4 in Experiments 2 and 3, respectively. The respective true ileal digestibility and true total tract utilisation of P in FPH were 74.6% and 68.3% and for FP4 were 74.3% and 61.7%, respectively. In conclusion, the estimated energy and P utilisation values could be used in diet formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Adekoya
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - O Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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2
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Amat T, Assifaoui A, Schmitt C, Saurel R. Importance of binary and ternary complex formation on the functional and nutritional properties of legume proteins in presence of phytic acid and calcium. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:12036-12058. [PMID: 35852135 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2098247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, legumes are considered as a good source of plant-based proteins to replace animal ones. They are more favorable regarding environmental aspects and health benefits, therefore many people consider moving toward a greener diet. Interestingly, recent consumer trends are promoting pea and faba bean as alternatives to soybean. Both are rich in protein and a good source of essential nutrients and minerals (calcium). However, these advantages can be partially impaired due to their high phytic acid content. This natural polyphosphate is a major antinutrient in plant-based foods, as it can bind minerals (particularly calcium) and proteins, thereby reducing their digestibility and subsequent bioavailability. Indeed, complexes formed are insoluble and limiting the absorption of nutrients, thus lowering the nutritional value of pulses. To understand and overcome these issues, the present review will refine specific mechanisms involved in assemblies between these three essential compounds in legumes as soluble/insoluble binary or ternary complexes. Molecular interactions are influenced by the environmental medium including pH, ionic strength and molar concentrations modulating the stability of these complexes during protein extraction. Protein/phytic acid/calcium complexes stability is of high relevance for food processing affecting not only structure but also functional and nutritional properties of proteins in legume-based foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Amat
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), L'Institut Agro Dijon, UMR PAM A 02.102, Dijon, France
| | - Ali Assifaoui
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), L'Institut Agro Dijon, UMR PAM A 02.102, Dijon, France
| | - Christophe Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry, Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Material Sciences, Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Rémi Saurel
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), L'Institut Agro Dijon, UMR PAM A 02.102, Dijon, France
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Pirgozliev V, Mansbridge SC, Abdulla JM, Whiting IM, Mirza MW, Yang Z, Rose SP. Refining the metabolisable energy value of field beans for turkeys. Br Poult Sci 2023; 64:491-496. [PMID: 36930955 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2023.2192337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
1. This study examined the feeding value of ten UK grown field bean (Vicia faba L. var. minor) cultivar samples from the same harvest year on nitrogen corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn) and nutrient retention coefficients when fed to young female turkeys.2. A balancer feed (BF) was formulated to contain 12.39 MJ/kg ME and 269 g/kg crude protein. Ten nutritionally complete, mash diets were prepared by mixing 200 g/kg of each ground field bean cultivar with 800 g/kg of the BF, totalling eleven diets. Diets were fed to female BUT Premium turkeys from 40 to 50 d of age. Each diet was fed to eight raised floor pens, housing two birds, following randomisation. The AMEn was determined by the total collection technique over the last 4 d of the study. Relationships were examined between AMEn, chemical composition and quality variables of the field bean samples.3. The overall determined AMEn value of the beans ranged from 7.72 MJ/kg DM to 9.87 MJ/kg DM, giving an average AMEn of 8.80 MJ/kg DM (P < 0.05). The soluble non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) content of the beans negatively correlated with their determined AMEn (r = -0.730; P < 0.05). Bean flour lightness-darkness degree (L*) correlated positively with the AMEn (r = -0.643; P < 0.05)4. A positive correlation was observed between the degree of yellowness-blueness of bean flour and condensed tannins content (r = 0.696; P < 0.05). Step-wise regression indicated that soluble NSP + L* of field beans provided explanatory variables suitable for estimating the AMEn value for turkeys (r2 = 0.737; P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pirgozliev
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, UK
| | - S C Mansbridge
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, UK
| | - J M Abdulla
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, UK
- Department of Biology, Soran University, Soran, Iraq
| | - I M Whiting
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, UK
| | - M W Mirza
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, UK
| | - Z Yang
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, UK
- Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - S P Rose
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, UK
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Stødkilde L, Mogensen L, Bache JK, Ambye-Jensen M, Vinther J, Jensen SK. Local protein sources for growing-finishing pigs and their effects on pig performance, sensory quality and climate impact of the produced pork. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Siegert W, Ibrahim A, Link W, Lux G, Schmidtke K, Hartung J, Nautscher N, Rodehutscord M. Amino acid digestibility and metabolisable energy of spring and winter faba beans grown on two sites and effects of dehulling in caecectomised laying hens. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:920-930. [PMID: 34235756 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The variation in amino acid (AA) digestibility and metabolisable energy (MEN ) in four spring and four winter faba bean genotypes differing in vicine/convicine (V/C) concentrations grown on two sites was investigated in caecectomised LSL-Classic laying hens. Effects of dehulling one faba bean genotype were also examined. Diets containing one out of 17 faba bean variants each and a basal diet were fed to ten caecectomised laying hens in a row-column design to achieve five replicates per diet. RESULTS Ranges and levels of digestibility of the hulled variants differed widely among AA with the lowest and highest range determined for Arg (90-93%) and Cys (-12-65%), respectively. MEN ranged between 10.3 and 12.3 MJ kg-1 dry matter. Lower MEN and digestibility of Cys, Glx, Phe, Pro, Tyr, and Val (P < 0.050) was determined for the winter genotypes grown in Nimtitz compared to the other variants. Digestibility of Ser was lower for the spring than for the winter genotypes (P < 0.050). Negative correlations with AA digestibility were determined for phytate, but not for tannin and V/C concentrations (P < 0.050). Negative correlations between tannin fractions and MEN were weak (P = 0.082-0.099). Dehulling increased MEN by 1.8 MJ kg-1 dry matter and raised the digestibility of Pro, His, and Glx (P < 0.050). CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that the digestible AA and MEN supply of laying hens was increased by using low phytate faba beans while breeding for low V/C genotypes did not affect AA digestibility or MEN . Dehulling increased MEN and the digestibility of some AA. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Siegert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ahmad Ibrahim
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Link
- Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Guido Lux
- Faculty of Environment, Agriculture, Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Knut Schmidtke
- Faculty of Environment, Agriculture, Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Hartung
- Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nadine Nautscher
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Itani K, Hansen JØ, Kierończyk B, Benzertiha A, Kurk AE, Ånestad RM, Schüller RB, Mydland LT, Svihus B, Øverland M. Air-classified faba bean protein fraction as a substitute to soybean meal in pelleted and extruded broiler diets. Br Poult Sci 2022; 63:62-72. [PMID: 34380337 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1960949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
1. The hypothesis that air-classified faba bean protein fraction (FBP) can replace soybean meal (SBM) in pelleted or extruded broiler diets without adverse effect on performance or nutrient digestibility was tested.2. At 17 d of age, male broilers were randomly distriibuted among four dietary treatments consisting of either SBM or FBP (main dietary protein source) and pelleting or extrusion as processing methods. Treatments had 10 replicate pens containing five birds each.3. Compared to SBM, birds fed FBP had significantly lower feed intake, less weight gain and had poorer feed conversion.4. Pellet durability was high (above 92%) for all diets. In pelleted diets, FBP was harder than SBM whereas extruded diets had similar hardness. Pelleting increased water stability compared to extrusion. FBP diets were more water stable than the SBM diets.5. Gizzard content weight was 2.2-fold higher (P = 0.002) for birds given FBP compared to those fed SBM. The weight of the jejunum and ileum with contents was 1.4-fold lower for the FBP diets, and this effect was larger (P < 0.05) for the extruded FBP diet.6. Birds fed FBP diets had significantly higher nitrogen digestibility in the lower jejunum and ileum compared to those given SBM diets, while the starch digestibility coefficient was above 0.980 in all treatments.7. The high nutrient digestibility of FBP diets indicates that the poor performance of the FBP group was due to lower feed intake which was not explained by the differences in pellet durability or hardness. The reduced palatability of the FBP and the longer retention of the FBP diets in the upper gut are more likely to have depressed feed intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Itani
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - J Ø Hansen
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - B Kierończyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - A Benzertiha
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - A E Kurk
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - R M Ånestad
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - R B Schüller
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - L T Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - B Svihus
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - M Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Effect of Raw and Extruded Propionic Acid-Treated Field Beans on Energy and Crude Protein Digestibility ( In-Vitro and In-Vivo), Growth and Carcass Quality in Grow-Finisher Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113080. [PMID: 34827810 PMCID: PMC8614251 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary European pig meat production is highly dependent on imported soybean meal (SBM). The area of field beans produced in the EU has increased greatly in recent years. There is renewed interest in field beans as an energy and protein source. Extrusion of raw ingredients can increase their nutritional value. It was hypothesized that propionic acid-treated field beans can be used to replace SBM in finisher diets and that extrusion of field beans will improve their nutritional value. Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of extrusion of field beans on energy and crude protein digestibility (in-vitro and in-vivo), growth and carcass quality of grow-finisher pigs. Field beans are a good energy and protein source and can be fed at up to 37% inclusion in pig diets. Extrusion of field beans increased the digestible energy (DE) value, decreased the digestible crude protein (dCP) value of field beans, and had no effect on pig growth. Abstract The in-vitro ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and crude protein (CP) of field beans treated with propionic acid (trFB) and extruded trFB (exFB) was determined in experiment 1. The DE and dCP values of trFB and exFB were determined using the difference method in experiment 2. The effect of replacing SBM with trFB and exFB in grow-finisher diets on growth, carcass quality, apparent ileal digestibility (AiD), and total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM, OM, gross energy (GE), and CP were investigated in experiment 3. In exp. 1, in-vitro digestibility of exFB compared to trFB was unchanged for DM (p = 0.12), increased for OM (p < 0.05), and increased for CP (p < 0.05). In exp. 2, the DE value of trFB and exFB was 14.38 and 15.75 MJ/kg respectively; and the dCP value was 21.35% and 21.42% respectively (on DM basis). In exp. 3, ADFI was higher for pigs fed trFB and exFB compared to the control diet (CON; p < 0.05), while ADG, FCR and carcass quality parameters of pigs did not differ among treatments (p > 0.05).
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Smit MN, Ketelaar RF, He L, Beltranena E. Ileal digestibility of energy and amino acids in three faba bean cultivars (Vicia faba L.) planted and harvested early or late in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101332. [PMID: 34284179 PMCID: PMC8313592 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A concern of both pulse growers and poultry producers is how the timing of planting and harvesting affect the nutritional quality of faba bean for broiler chickens. To investigate, half of the seed of 2 zero-tannin cultivars (Snowbird and Snowdrop) and 1 low vicine and convicine cultivar (Fabelle) were planted at a single site either in early May and harvested in late September (EARLY) or planted in late May and harvested in late October (LATE). Diets of the 3 EARLY or LATE cultivars (95% inclusion) were fed to 756 broiler chickens (Ross 708) from d 15. Chickens were housed in 56 floor pens (13-14 birds/pen) in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (7 pens/diet). A nitrogen-free diet to correct for endogenous amino acid (AA) losses was fed to broilers in 14 pens from d 20. Ileal digesta was collected after euthanizing birds on day 23 or 24. Planting and harvesting LATE vs. EARLY increased the proportion of immature beans from 5 to 64% for Snowbird, 7 to 79% for Snowdrop, and 22 to 80% for Fabelle. Planting and harvesting LATE vs. EARLY increased the proportion of frost-damaged beans from 20 to 83% for Snowbird, 36 to 88% for Snowdrop, and 5 to 29% for Fabelle. Planting and harvesting LATE vs. EARLY increased (P < 0.001) apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of gross energy (GE) by 45% and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP by 13%. Planting and harvesting LATE vs. EARLY increased (P < 0.001) SID of AA by 11% except Cys. Snowbird and Snowdrop had greater (P < 0.05) SID of AA by 4.5% except Thr and Trp compared with Fabelle. Fabelle had 13% greater (P < 0.001) SID of Trp compared with Snowbird or Snowdrop. Results indicate that planting and harvesting LATE vs. EARLY increased GE, CP, and AA digestibility possibly by frost interrupting bean ripening on the field. Hull tannin content may have reduced the AA digestibility of Fabelle compared with Snowbird or Snowdrop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda N Smit
- Livestock and Crops Research Division, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 5T6
| | - Robin F Ketelaar
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 WD, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Liangfei He
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Eduardo Beltranena
- Livestock and Crops Research Division, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 5T6; Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5.
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Guevara Oquendo VH, Rodriguez Espinosa ME, Yu P. Research progress on faba bean and faba forage in food and feed types, physiochemical, nutritional, and molecular structural characteristics with molecular spectroscopy. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:8675-8685. [PMID: 34184947 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1931805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This article aims to review recent research progress and update on faba bean seeds and plant in food and feed type, physiochemical, nutritional, and molecular structural characteristics with molecular spectroscopy with chemometrics (both univariate and multivariate techniques). The review focused on chemical and nutritional characterization of faba bean and faba forage and feeding strategies to improve its utilization. The molecular spectroscopic techniques for faba research and the association between molecular structure and nutrient availability and utilization in ruminant system were reviewed. The future research direction in faba research was also provided. The study provides an insight and a potential approach using molecular spectroscopy to study molecular chemistry and molecular structure and molecular nutrition interaction in faba bean seeds and plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor H Guevara Oquendo
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Maria E Rodriguez Espinosa
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Abdulla JM, Rose SP, Mackenzie AM, Pirgozliev V. Variability of amino acid digestibility in different field bean cultivars for broilers. Br Poult Sci 2021; 62:596-600. [PMID: 33602002 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1891525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
1. The amino acid composition of 10 different UK-grown field bean cultivar samples from the same harvest year were determined.2. Diets included each bean sample at a level of 200 g/kg feed compared against a control diet formulated with only soyabean sources, whereby the beans replaced the soyabean meal, and were used to compare ileal amino acid digestibility. The amino acid digestibility coefficients for the bean samples were obtained via substitution method.3. The data showed that one field bean sample, cultivar Sultan, had a lower amino acid digestibility (P < 0.05) than that of the other nine . This sample had a higher tannin content that may have affected amino acid digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Abdulla
- Department of Agriculture and Environment, NIPH, Harper Adams University, Newport, UK.,Department of Biology, Soran University, Soran, Iraq
| | - S P Rose
- Department of Biology, Soran University, Soran, Iraq
| | - A M Mackenzie
- Department of Biology, Soran University, Soran, Iraq
| | - V Pirgozliev
- Department of Biology, Soran University, Soran, Iraq
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Szczurek W, Świątkiewicz S. Standardised Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility in Field Pea Seeds of Two Cultivars Differing in Flower Colour for Broiler Chickens: Effects of Bird Age and Microbial Protease. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112099. [PMID: 33198118 PMCID: PMC7697707 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The extent to which field peas can replace soybean meal in diets for broiler chickens is limited, and one of the reasons for this may be a lack of careful consideration given to the age-related amino acid availability differences in feed formulations. As the digestibility of amino acids in feeds for poultry is a sensitive gauge of their bioavailability, this study has determined and compared standardised ileal amino acid digestibility estimates for whole (raw) seeds of white- and coloured-flowered pea cultivars fed to young and older chickens (14 or 28 days old) in the presence or absence of exogenous protease in their diet. The results demonstrate that when a digestible amino acid system is used, the coefficients of essential amino acids determined at 14 days of age in low-tannin white-flowered peas are not applicable to the formulation of grower-type feed mixtures containing seeds of coloured-flowered cultivars. The increased digestibility of nutritionally essential amino acids in white-flowered pea fed to bids at both ages and in coloured-flowered pea fed to chickens aged 28 days can be expected from protease supplementation. These results contribute to improved use of peas as an alternative to soybean meal vegetable protein sources in diets for broiler chickens. Abstract This study aimed to determine and compare standardised ileal digestibility (SID) coefficients of amino acids (AA) in raw seeds of the white-(WF) and the coloured-flowered (CF) field pea cultivar as sole sources of AA in the diets fed to broiler chickens aged 14 or 28 days. An additional purpose was to check the influence of exogenous protease added to pea-based assay diets on AA SID in birds at both ages. Each assay diet was offered to six replicate pens. On both sampling days, the contents from the lower half of the ileum were collected for determination of the apparent digestibility values. The SID coefficients were calculated using ileal endogenous AA losses determined from birds fed an N-free diet. Results indicated a substantial advantage of WF pea over CF pea as a source of digestible Lys, Met, Cys, His, Ile, Leu, Phe, Val, Asp and Glu for 14-day-old chickens. With the exception of methionine and cysteine, there was no significant difference between these two cultivars in the SID values of AA in 28-day-old birds. The protease increased SID of nutritionally essential AA from WF pea-based diet at both ages, and from CF pea-based diet in chickens aged 28 days. In conclusion, the SID coefficients of indispensable AA determined at 14 days of age in low-tannin WF peas are not applicable to the formulation of grower-type feeds containing seeds of CF cultivars.
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Abdulla JM, Rose SP, Mackenzie AM, Pirgozliev VR. Variation in the chemical composition and the nutritive quality of different field bean UK-grown cultivar samples for broiler chicks. Br Poult Sci 2020; 62:219-226. [PMID: 33026241 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1834074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. The chemical composition and physical characteristics of 10 different UK-grown field bean cultivar samples from the same harvest year were determined.2. Diets included each bean sample at a level of 200 g/kg, and were used to compare broiler growth performance and determine N-corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn) and nutrient utilisation. The AMEn and nutrient retention coefficients for the bean samples were obtained via the slope-ratio method. The relationships were examined between variation in nutritive value for broilers and the laboratory analysis of the bean samples.3. The data showed significant differences (P < 0.05) among the bean cultivar samples for feed conversion ratio, AMEn and dry matter retention (DMR) coefficients. Further analysis showed that the feeding quality of different field bean cultivar samples, measured as AMEn, was highly correlated to crude protein (CP) (P < 0.05) and colour (P < 0.001) of the samples. Thus, beans with higher CP and pale colour had superior feeding value for broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Abdulla
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport, UK.,Department of Biology, Soran University, The Kurdistan Region of Iraq
| | - S P Rose
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport, UK
| | - A M Mackenzie
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport, UK
| | - V R Pirgozliev
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport, UK
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Olukosi OA, Walker RL, Houdijk JGM. Evaluation of the nutritive value of legume alternatives to soybean meal for broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5778-5788. [PMID: 31250016 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Five experiments were conducted to investigate the nutritional value of various legumes and a faba beans processing co-product for broilers. In Expt. 1 and 3, metabolizable energy (AME) content was evaluated for 2 batches of bean starch concentrate (BSC) that differed in physical and chemical characteristics. Standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) was determined for BSC in Expt. 2, and for corn, soybean meal (SBM), organic and conventional faba beans, and quinoa (Expt. 4). The growth performance response of broiler chickens to partial replacement of wheat and SBM with various legumes was investigated in Expt. 5. The AME of the BSC assayed in Expt. 1 was lower (P < 0.01) than that of the BSC assayed in Expt. 3. The SIAAD was generally high for BSC in Expt. 2 although the content and digestibility of sulfur amino acids were low. In Expt. 4, there was no difference in SIAAD of Arg, Phe, Asp, and Gly among the different feedstuffs assayed. SIAAD was largely similar for both conventional and organic faba bean. The SIAADs of Met, Thr, Ser, and Tyr were lower (P < 0.05) for quinoa compared with SBM or corn. In Expt. 5, FCR was greater (P < 0.05) for broiler chickens receiving faba beans+barley mix or lupins compared with the wheat-SBM control diet. Amino acid digestibility was greater (P < 0.01) for the diets containing lupins compared with the other diets except for Lys, Met, Thr, Ala, Asp, and Ser. On the other hand, amino acid digestibility in diet with faba beans+barley mix was lower (P < 0.05) compared with all the other diets, except for Arg, Asp, Lys, and Thr. It was concluded from the current studies that there is scope for using the assayed legumes, co-products, and quinoa in broiler chickens to partly replace SBM as protein feedstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluyinka A Olukosi
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK.,Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Robin L Walker
- Crop and Soil Systems, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Jos G M Houdijk
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
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Proximate composition and anti-nutritional factors of fava-bean (Vicia faba), green-pea and yellow-pea (Pisum sativum) flour. J Food Compost Anal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2019.103233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Dough properties and baking characteristics of white bread, as affected by addition of raw, germinated and toasted pea flour. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2019.102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Witten S, Grashorn MA, Aulrich K. Precaecal digestibility of crude protein and amino acids of a field bean ( Vicia faba L.) and a field pea ( Pisum sativum L.) variety for broilers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Ivarsson E, Wall H. Effects of toasting, inclusion levels and different enzyme supplementations of faba beans on growth performance of broiler chickens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2017. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfx016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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18
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Kasprzak M, Houdijk J, Olukosi O, Appleyard H, Kightley S, Carre P, Wiseman J. The influence of oil extraction process of different rapeseed varieties on the ileal digestibility of crude protein and amino acids in broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Abdulla JM, Rose SP, Mackenzie AM, Pirgozliev VR. Feeding value of field beans (Vicia faba L. var. minor) with and without enzyme containing tannase, pectinase and xylanase activities for broilers. Arch Anim Nutr 2017; 71:150-164. [PMID: 28201934 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2017.1283823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Effects of field beans with various tannin content and exogenous enzyme mixture containing tannase, pectinase and xylanase activities on N-corrected dietary apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn), coefficients of dry matter (DMR) and nitrogen retention (NR), fat digestibility, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development, jejunal villus morphometry, ileal digesta viscosity and sialic acid were examined. Birds' growth performance and energy conversion ratio (ECR) were also measured. Birds were fed one of eight mash diets. The Control diet contained as major ingredients wheat (400 g/kg) and soybean meal (SBM) (127 g/kg and 221 g crude protein/kg and 12.83 MJ AMEn/kg. To reduce nutrient density, the Control diet also contained washed sand at 119 g/kg. Another three diets containing 300 g/kg of each of three experimental field bean cultivar samples in replacement for SBM and sand were also mixed. Each diet was fed to nine pens with two male Ross 308 broilers. Diets high in tannin had low AMEn, ECR, DMR and NR (p < 0.001). Feeding field beans increased (p < 0.001) the weights of the pancreas and the proventriculus and gizzard (PG) of the birds. Supplementing diets with the enzyme mixture improved (p < 0.001) feed conversion efficiency, AMEn and all nutrient utilisation coefficients despite the tannins in diets. The enzyme mixture reduced ileal digesta viscosity (p < 0.001) and the weight of pancreas, total GIT and PG (p < 0.05) of the birds. It can be concluded that the feeding value of field beans with different tannin contents may vary when fed to broilers. The supplementation of the enzyme mixture improved the feeding value of diets for broilers. The beneficial effect of the addition of the enzyme mixture seems to be mediated through reduced ileal digesta viscosity and improved nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalil Mahmwd Abdulla
- a Department of Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Sciences , Harper Adams University , Newport , UK.,b National Institute of Poultry Husbandry , Harper Adams University , Newport , Shropshire , UK
| | - Stephen Paul Rose
- a Department of Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Sciences , Harper Adams University , Newport , UK.,b National Institute of Poultry Husbandry , Harper Adams University , Newport , Shropshire , UK
| | - Alexander Mackay Mackenzie
- a Department of Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Sciences , Harper Adams University , Newport , UK
| | - Vasil Radoslavov Pirgozliev
- a Department of Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Sciences , Harper Adams University , Newport , UK.,b National Institute of Poultry Husbandry , Harper Adams University , Newport , Shropshire , UK
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Tuśnio A, Taciak M, Barszcz M, Święch E, Bachanek I, Skomiał J. Effect of Replacing Soybean Meal by Raw or Extruded Pea Seeds on Growth Performance and Selected Physiological Parameters of the Ileum and Distal Colon of Pigs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169467. [PMID: 28060879 PMCID: PMC5218572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of pea seeds is limited due to the content of antinutritional factors that may affect gut physiology. Heat treatment such as extrusion may reduce heat-labile antinutritional factors and improve the nutritional value of pea seeds. This study determined the effect of partial replacement of soybean meal in pig diets by raw or extruded pea seeds on growth performance, nitrogen balance and physiology of the ileum and distal colon. The experiment was carried out in 18 castrated male piglets of initial body weight of 11 kg, divided into three groups. The animals were fed cereal-based diets with soybean meal (C), which was partly replaced by raw (PR) or extruded pea (PE) seeds. Nitrogen balance was measured at about 15 kg body weight. After 26 days of feeding, tissue samples were taken from the ileum and distal colon for histological measurements, and colonic digesta samples for analyses of microbial activity indices. The animals fed the PE diet had a significantly greater average daily gain than those fed the C diet and better apparent protein digestibility than those on the PR diet. Pigs fed the PR diet had a significantly greater butyric acid concentration and lower pH in the colon than pigs fed PE and C diets. There was no significant effect of the diet on other indices of microbial activity or morphological parameters. In conclusion, feeding a diet with extruded pea seeds improved growth performance of pigs, did not affect intestinal morphology and had a negligible effect on microbial activity in the distal colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tuśnio
- Department of Monogastric Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Marcin Taciak
- Department of Monogastric Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Marcin Barszcz
- Department of Monogastric Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Ewa Święch
- Department of Monogastric Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Ilona Bachanek
- Department of Monogastric Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Jacek Skomiał
- Department of Monogastric Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
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Domínguez-Perles R, Machado N, Abraão AS, Carnide V, Ferreira L, Rodrigues M, Rosa EA, Barros AI. Chemometric analysis on free amino acids and proximate compositional data for selecting cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) diversity. J Food Compost Anal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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23
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Koivunen E, Partanen K, Perttilä S, Palander S, Tuunainen P, Valaja J. Digestibility and energy value of pea (Pisum sativum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and blue lupin (narrow-leaf) (Lupinus angustifolius) seeds in broilers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abdulla J, Rose S, Mackenzie A, Mirza W, Pirgozliev V. Exogenous tannase improves feeding value of a diet containing field beans (Vicia faba)when fed to broilers. Br Poult Sci 2016; 57:246-50. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1143551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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White G, Smith L, Houdijk J, Homer D, Kyriazakis I, Wiseman J. Replacement of soya bean meal with peas and faba beans in growing/finishing pig diets: Effect on performance, carcass composition and nutrient excretion. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Lizarazo CI, Lampi AM, Liu J, Sontag-Strohm T, Piironen V, Stoddard FL. Nutritive quality and protein production from grain legumes in a boreal climate. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:2053-64. [PMID: 25242296 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Boreal cropping systems are heavily focused on the production of small-grain cereals; to improve their resilience to climate change and to achieve food and feed security, diversification is needed. This study investigated the potential of faba bean, narrow-leafed lupin and lentil as protein crops in southern Finland, where faba bean is traditional but the other two are novel. RESULTS Early cultivars of narrow-leafed lupin and lentil matured adequately. Protein concentration in faba bean was, at 32%, higher than the world average of 29%, while those of narrow-leafed lupin and lentil were close to their world averages. Protein yields decreased in the order faba bean > narrow-leafed lupin > lentil. Lipid content of faba bean and lentil was about 1.2% and that of narrow-leafed lupin about 5.5%, and fatty acid composition was largely oleic and linoleic in all three species. CONCLUSION Both lentil and narrow-leafed lupin can be added to the range of feed and food crops produced at high latitudes in Europe. While faba bean produces the greatest protein yield and lysine concentration, the higher sulfur amino acid concentration in lupin, its oil content and its adaptation to acid, sandy soils not suitable for faba bean make it an attractive alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara I Lizarazo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Maija Lampi
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Sontag-Strohm
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vieno Piironen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frederick L Stoddard
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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Smith LA, Houdijk JGM, Homer D, Kyriazakis I. Effects of dietary inclusion of pea and faba bean as a replacement for soybean meal on grower and finisher pig performance and carcass quality. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:3733-41. [PMID: 23658359 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-6157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce reliance on imported soybean meal (SBM) in temperate environments, pea and faba bean may be alternative protein sources for pig diets. We assessed the effects of dietary pea and faba bean inclusion on grower and finisher pig performance and carcass quality. There were 9 dietary treatments tested on both grower (30 to 60 kg) and finisher (60 to 100 kg) pigs in a dose response feeding trial. The control diet included SBM at 14 and 12% for grower and finisher pigs, respectively, whereas in the test diets, pea or faba bean were included at 7.5, 15, 22.5, and 30%, gradually and completely replacing SBM. Diets were formulated to be isoenergetic for NE and with the same standard ileal digestible Lys content. After a 1-wk adaptation period, each diet was available on an ad libitum basis to 4 pens of pigs with 4 pigs per pen (2 entire males and 2 females) for 4 wk. Weekly BW for individual pigs, and pen intakes were recorded to assess ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Finisher pigs were then slaughtered at a commercial slaughter house to record carcass quality and assess skatole and indole concentration in the backfat. There were no effects (P > 0.10) on grower ADG, ADFI, and G:F, but pulse inclusion reduced finisher ADG (P = 0.04), with a quadratic effect of pulse inclusion (P = 0.03), as ADG tended to be reduced over initial inclusion levels only. There were no associated effects (P > 0.10) on ADFI or G:F, and pea and faba bean diets resulted in similar finisher performance. Increasing pulse inclusion linearly increased fecal DM content both in grower pigs (P = 0.02) and finisher pigs (P < 0.01). There were no effects on carcass quality or backfat skatole concentrations, but indole concentration was linearly reduced with increasing pulse inclusion (P = 0.05). It is concluded that pea and faba bean may be a viable alternative to SBM in grower and finisher pig diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Smith
- SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
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