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Gormley A, Jang KB, Garavito-Duarte Y, Deng Z, Kim SW. Impacts of Maternal Nutrition on Sow Performance and Potential Positive Effects on Piglet Performance. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1858. [PMID: 38997970 PMCID: PMC11240334 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this review are to identify the nutritional challenges faced by modern sows and present potential solutions to mitigate excessive maternal tissue loss and reproductive failure as it relates to recent genetic improvements. Current feeding programs have limitations to support the rapid genetic improvements in reproductive performance for modern sows. Since 2012, both litter size at birth and fetal weight have increased by 2.26 pigs per litter and 0.22 kg per piglet, respectively, thereby increasing the nutrient needs for sows during gestation and lactation. Prediction models generated in this review predict that modern sows would need 31% more lysine during gestation when compared with current feeding programs. Physiological challenges facing modern sows are also addressed in this review. High oxidative stress, pelvic organ prolapse, and lameness can directly affect the sow, whereas these physiological challenges can have negative impacts on colostrum and milk quality. In response, there is growing interest in investigating the functional roles of select bioactive compounds as feed additives to mitigate the severity of these challenges. Selenium sources, catechins, and select plant extracts have been utilized to reduce oxidative stress, calcium chloride and phytase have been used to mitigate pelvic organ prolapse and lameness, algae and yeast derivatives have been used to improve colostrum and milk quality, and fiber sources and probiotics have been commonly utilized to improve sow intestinal health. Collectively, this review demonstrates the unique challenges associated with managing the feeding programs for modern sows and the opportunities for revision of the amino acid requirements as well as the use of select bioactive compounds to improve reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (A.G.); (K.B.J.); (Y.G.-D.); (Z.D.)
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Ssc-miR-92b-3p Regulates Porcine Trophoblast Cell Proliferation and Migration via the PFKM Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416138. [PMID: 36555776 PMCID: PMC9784024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryo implantation, the pivotal stage of gestation, is fundamentally dependent on synchronous embryonic development and uterine receptivity. In the early gestation period, the uterus and conceptus secrete growth factors, cytokines, and hormones to promote implantation. Circulating exosomal miRNAs are potential indicators of normal or complicated gestation. Our previous study revealed that pregnant sows' serum exosomes had upregulated miR-92b-3p expression compared to non-pregnant sows, and that the expression level progressively increased during early gestation. The present study's findings indicate that, compared to the ninth day of the estrous cycle (C9), pregnant sows had upregulated miR-92b-3p expression in the endometrium and embryos during the implantation stage ranging from day 9 to day 15 of gestation. Additionally, our results demonstrate that miR-92b-3p promotes the proliferation and migration of Porcine Trophoblast Cells (PTr2). Dual-Luciferase Reporter (DLR) gene assay, real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and Western blotting (WB) confirmed the bioinformatics prediction that phosphofructokinase-M (PFKM) serves as a target gene of miR-92b-3p. Notably, interference of PFKM gene expression markedly promoted PTr2 proliferation and migration. Furthermore, mice with downregulated uterine miR-92b-3p expression had smaller rates of successful embryo implantation. In summary, miR-92b-3p putatively modulates embryo implantation by promoting PTr2 proliferation and migration via its target gene PFKM.
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Identification of Candidate Salivary, Urinary and Serum Metabolic Biomarkers for High Litter Size Potential in Sows (Sus scrofa). Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12111045. [DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The selection of sows that are reproductively fit and produce large litters of piglets is imperative for success in the pork industry. Currently, low heritability of reproductive and litter-related traits and unfavourable genetic correlations are slowing the improvement of pig selection efficiency. The integration of biomarkers as a supplement or alternative to the use of genetic markers may permit the optimization and increase of selection protocol efficiency. Metabolite biomarkers are an advantageous class of biomarkers that can facilitate the identification of cellular processes implicated in reproductive condition. Metabolism and metabolic biomarkers have been previously implicated in studies of female mammalian fertility, however a systematic analysis across multiple biofluids in infertile and high reproductive potential phenotypes has not been explored. In the current study, the serum, urinary and salivary metabolomes of infertile (INF) sows and high reproductive potential (HRP) sows with a live litter size ≥ 13 piglets were examined using LC-MS/MS techniques, and a data pipeline was used to highlight possible metabolite reproductive biomarkers discriminating the reproductive groups. The metabolomes of HRP and INF sows were distinct, including significant alterations in amino acid, fatty acid, membrane lipid and steroid hormone metabolism. Carnitines and fatty acid related metabolites were most discriminatory in separating and classifying the HRP and INF sows based on their biofluid metabolome. It appears that urine is a superior biofluid than saliva and serum for potentially predicting the reproductive potential level of a given female pig based on the performance of the resultant biomarker models. This study lays the groundwork for improving gilt and sow selection protocols using metabolomics as a tool for the prediction of reproductive potential.
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Plant-derived polyphenols in sow nutrition: An update. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 12:96-107. [PMID: 36632620 PMCID: PMC9823128 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a potentially critical factor that affects productive performance in gestating and lactating sows. Polyphenols are a large class of plant secondary metabolites that possess robust antioxidant capacity. All polyphenols are structurally characterized by aromatic rings with multiple hydrogen hydroxyl groups; those make polyphenols perfect hydrogen atoms and electron donors to neutralize free radicals and other reactive oxygen species. In the past decade, increasing attention has been paid to polyphenols as functional feed additives for sows. Polyphenols have been found to alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress in sows, boost their reproductivity, and promote offspring growth and development. In this review, we provided a systematical summary of the latest research advances in plant-derived polyphenols in sow nutrition, and mainly focused on the effects of polyphenols on the (1) antioxidant and immune functions of sows, (2) placental functions and the growth and development of fetal piglets, (3) mammary gland functions and the growth and development of suckling piglets, and (4) the long-term growth and development of progeny pigs. The output of this review provides an important foundation, from more than 8,000 identified plant phenols, to screen potential polyphenols (or polyphenol-enriched plants) as functional feed additives suitable for gestating and lactating sows.
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Salivary Gland Adaptation to Dietary Inclusion of Hydrolysable Tannins in Boars. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172171. [PMID: 36077892 PMCID: PMC9454789 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tannins have traditionally been avoided in animal nutrition due to their anti-nutritive effects. However, recent studies reported hydrolysable tannins as beneficial additives that have antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, antidiarrheal, and antiulcerogenic effects on animals. In a study testing the inclusion of hydrolysable tannins as a potential nutritive factor to reduce boar taint in entire males, significant enlargement of the parotid glands (parotidomegaly) was observed. In this study, we aimed to determine the morphological and immunohistochemical basis for the observed parotidomegaly. We discovered that enlargement of glandular lobules and acinar area, an increased ratio between the nucleus and cytoplasm of serous cells, and increased excretion of proline-rich proteins (PRPs) were characteristic of the experimental group that received the highest dietary tannin intake. The mandibular salivary gland, on the other hand, did not show significant morphological changes among the experimental groups. This suggests increased functional activity of the parotid salivary glands as the first and most important line of defense against high dietary tannin and its potential negative effects. Abstract The ingestion of hydrolysable tannins as a potential nutrient to reduce boar odor in entire males results in the significant enlargement of parotid glands (parotidomegaly). The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of different levels of hydrolysable tannins in the diet of fattening boars (n = 24) on salivary gland morphology and proline-rich protein (PRP) expression at the histological level. Four treatment groups of pigs (n = 6 per group) were fed either a control (T0) or experimental diet, where the T0 diet was supplemented with 1% (T1), 2% (T2), or 3% (T3) of the hydrolysable tannin-rich extract Farmatan®. After slaughter, the parotid and mandibular glands of the experimental pigs were harvested and dissected for staining using Goldner’s Trichrome method, and immunohistochemical studies with antibodies against PRPs. Morphometric analysis was performed on microtome sections of both salivary glands, to measure the acinar area, the lobular area, the area of the secretory ductal cells, and the sizes of glandular cells and their nuclei. Histological assessment revealed that significant parotidomegaly was only present in the T3 group, based on the presence of larger glandular lobules, acinar areas, and their higher nucleus to cytoplasm ratio. The immunohistochemical method, supported by color intensity measurements, indicated significant increases in basic PRPs (PRB2) in the T3 and acidic PRPs (PRH1/2) in the T1 groups. Tannin supplementation did not affect the histo-morphological properties of the mandibular gland. This study confirms that pigs can adapt to a tannin-rich diet by making structural changes in their parotid salivary gland, indicating its higher functional activity.
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Li Q, Yang S, Chen F, Guan W, Zhang S. Nutritional strategies to alleviate oxidative stress in sows. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 9:60-73. [PMID: 35949982 PMCID: PMC9344312 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The performance of high-yielding sows is directly related to the productivity of pig farming. Fetal development mainly occurs during the last month of pregnancy, and the aggressive metabolic burden of sows during this stage eventually leads to systemic oxidative stress. When affected by oxidative stress, sows exhibit adverse symptoms such as reduced feed intake, hindered fetal development, and even abortion. In addition, milk synthesis during the lactation period causes a severe metabolic burden. The biological response to oxidative stress during this period is associated with a decrease in milk production, which further affects the growth of piglets. Understanding the nutritional strategies to alleviate oxidative stress in sows is crucial to maintain their reproduction and lactation performance. Recently, advances have been made in the field of nutrition to relieve oxidative stress in sows during late pregnancy and lactation. This review highlights the nutritional strategies to relieve oxidative stress in sows reported within the last 20 years.
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Melatonin Alleviates Oxidative Stress Induced by H2O2 in Porcine Trophectodern Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061047. [PMID: 35739944 PMCID: PMC9219737 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Placental oxidative stress has been implicated as a main risk factor for placental dysfunction. Alleviation of oxidative stress and enhancement of antioxidant capacity of porcine trophectoderm (PTr2) cells are effective means to maintaining normal placental function. The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of melatonin (MT) on H2O2-induced oxidative damage in PTr2 cells. Our data revealed that pretreatment with MT could significantly improve the decrease in cell viability induced by H2O2, and reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and the ratio of apoptotic cells. Here, we compared the transcriptomes of untreated versus melatonin-treated PTr2 cells by RNA-seq analysis and found that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were highly enriched in the Wnt signaling, TGF-beta signaling and mTOR signaling pathways. Moreover, pretreatment with MT upregulated the antioxidant-related genes such as early growth response3 (EGR3), WAP four-disulfide core domain1 (WFDC1), heme oxygenase1 (HMOX1) and vimentin (VIM). These findings reveal that melatonin protects PTr2 cells from H2O2-induced oxidative stress damage.
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Xu X, Wei Y, Hua H, Jing X, Zhu H, Xiao K, Zhao J, Liu Y. Polyphenols Sourced from Ilex latifolia Thunb. Relieve Intestinal Injury via Modulating Ferroptosis in Weanling Piglets under Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050966. [PMID: 35624829 PMCID: PMC9137833 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols sourced from Ilex latifolia Thunb. (PIT) contain high levels of phenolic acids, tannic acids, triterpenoids and so on, which play important roles in antioxidant function. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of PIT against intestinal injury in piglets under oxidative stress. Thirty-two weanling piglets were arranged by a 2 × 2 factorial experiment with diets (basal diet vs. PIT diet) and oxidative stress (saline vs. diquat). All piglets were injected with saline or diquat on d 21, respectively. After 7 days, all pigs were slaughtered and intestinal samples were collected. PIT enhanced jejunal villus heights and crypt depth in the piglets under oxidative stress. PIT increased the activities of intestinal mucosal lactase, sucrase and maltase in the challenged piglets. PIT also increased the jejunal ratio of protein to DNA and ileal protein content. PIT increased the jejunal activities of GSH-PX and GSH content and reduced the ileal MDA amounts. Furthermore, PIT regulated the expression of ferroptosis mediators, such as TFR1, HSPB1, SLC7A11 and GPX4. These results indicate that dietary PIT supplementation enhances the histological structure and function of the intestinal mucosa, which is involved in modulating antioxidant capacity and ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (X.X.); (Y.W.); (H.H.); (X.J.); (H.Z.); (K.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yu Wei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (X.X.); (Y.W.); (H.H.); (X.J.); (H.Z.); (K.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Hongwei Hua
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (X.X.); (Y.W.); (H.H.); (X.J.); (H.Z.); (K.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Xiaoqing Jing
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (X.X.); (Y.W.); (H.H.); (X.J.); (H.Z.); (K.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Huiling Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (X.X.); (Y.W.); (H.H.); (X.J.); (H.Z.); (K.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Kan Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (X.X.); (Y.W.); (H.H.); (X.J.); (H.Z.); (K.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jiangchao Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (X.X.); (Y.W.); (H.H.); (X.J.); (H.Z.); (K.X.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, NC 72701, USA
| | - Yulan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (X.X.); (Y.W.); (H.H.); (X.J.); (H.Z.); (K.X.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-8395-6175
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Li D, Dang DX, Xu S, Tian Y, Wu D, Su Y. Soy isoflavones supplementation improves reproductive performance and serum antioxidant status of sows and the growth performance of their offspring. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 106:1268-1276. [PMID: 34862676 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A total of 60 sows (Landrace × Yorkshire, average parity was 1.39) were used to evaluate the effects of soy isoflavones (ISO) supplementation on reproductive performance, serum antioxidant enzyme parameters, and milk compositions of sows, and the growth performance of offspring. Sows were randomly assigned to 4 groups based on the parity. There were 15 replicates per treatment. Dietary treatments were based on a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet and supplemented with 0, 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg ISO. With the increase of the ISO dosage, average daily feed intake of sows increased linearly; oestrus interval decreased linearly and quadratically. In addition, on day 10 of lactation, linear increases in serum superoxide dismutase levels, linear and quadratic increases in serum total antioxidant capacity, and linear decreases in serum malondialdehyde levels were observed in increasing ISO dosage in the diet of sows. The body weight on day 10 and 21 and the average daily gain during days 3-10 and 3-21 of offspring increased linearly at graduated doses of ISO increased. Therefore, feeding sows with graded levels of ISO containing diet during late-gestation and lactation periods improved the reproductive performance of sows and the growth performance of their offspring in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desheng Li
- College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - De Xin Dang
- College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China.,Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yumin Tian
- College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhong Su
- College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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Fan Q, Chen F, Zhang W, Du E, Zhao N, Huang S, Guo W, Yan X, Chen M, Wei J. Maternal magnolol supplementation alters placental morphology, promotes placental angiogenesis during mid-gestation and improves offspring growth in a pregnant mouse model. Reprod Biol 2021; 21:100567. [PMID: 34653815 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2021.100567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The placenta is the organ that determines the growth of the fetus and the outcome of pregnancy. Magnolol is a multifunctional polyphenol with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and neuroprotective functions. However, there is less knowledge of the effects or complications in the placenta and the mechanism underlying the effect of magnolol when used during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of maternal magnolol supplementation on pregnancy outcomes and placental alterations in a pregnant mouse model. A total of 128 pregnant mice were randomly divided into 4 groups supplemented with 0, 40, 80 and 160 μM magnolol from gestational day 0 (GD0) to delivery. Our results revealed that the number of large-for-gestation-age fetuses on GD13 and the weaning weight of offspring were increased in the magnolol treatment groups. Moreover, maternal magnolol supplementation increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) in maternal serum, and promoted the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the placenta. Furthermore, magnolol significantly increased the area of the junctional zone and decidua in the placentas and increased the expression of interferon-γ (INF-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), chemokine (CC Motif) Ligand 3 (CCL3), chemokine (CXC motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and T-box transcription factor 21 (T-bet) in the placenta during GD13 in pregnant mice, while suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) was reduced. Moreover, the ratio of blood space in the labyrinth area, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were all increased in the magnolol treatment groups on GD13. Taken together, these results indicate that magnolol can improve the growth of offspring, which might be due to the alteration of placental morphology and the promotion of placental angiogenesis during mid-gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430064, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Wuhan, 430064, Hubei, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430064, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Wuhan, 430064, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430064, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Wuhan, 430064, Hubei, China
| | - Encun Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430064, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Wuhan, 430064, Hubei, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430064, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Wuhan, 430064, Hubei, China
| | - Shaowen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430064, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Wuhan, 430064, Hubei, China
| | - Wanzheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430064, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Wuhan, 430064, Hubei, China
| | - Xianghua Yan
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Mingxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430064, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Wuhan, 430064, Hubei, China.
| | - Jintao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430064, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Wuhan, 430064, Hubei, China.
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Sureshkumar S, Liu YJ, Chen NB, Kim IH. Dietary inclusion of glucose oxidase supplementation to corn-wheat-based diet enhance growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile of lactating sows. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:778-789. [PMID: 34447955 PMCID: PMC8367401 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of dietary glucose
oxidase (GOx) supplementation on the reproductive performance, litter
performance, total tract digestibility, and blood profile of lactating sows fed
corn-wheat-based diet. A total of twenty multiparous sows (Landrace ×
Yorkshire) were allocated into one of four treatments with five replicates per
treatment. The dietary treatments were as follows: CON (Basal diet), GO1 (basal
diet + 200 U GOx/kg), GO2 (basal diet + 300 U GOx/kg), GO3 (basal diet + 400 U
Gox/kg). Dietary GOx supplementation did not affect lactating sow’s
reproduction performance as well as body weight, backfat thickness, and body
condition score during pre and post farrowing, and at weaning
(p > 0.05). However, after farrowing to weaning
period lactating sow’s fed GOx supplement has linearly
(p = 0.0196) decreased the bodyweight loss. While, there
were no effects (p > 0.05) observed on sows backfat
thickness loss, average daily feed intake, and estrus interval among treatment
groups. Dietary supplementation of GOx has linearly improved the body weight
gain (p = 0.049) and average daily gain (p =
0.040) of suckling piglets. The total tract digestibility of dry matter and
nitrogen was linearly increased with the graded level of GOx supplement. Also, a
linear effect was observed on the glucose and superoxide dismutase of blood
profile with the dietary inclusion of GOx. In summary, our finding indicates
that the dietary inclusion of GOx supplement with corn-wheat-based diet had a
beneficial effect on the nutrient digestibility and blood profile of lactating
sows and improved the growth performance of suckling piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Jie Liu
- Jinan Bestzyme-Bio Engineering, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Ning Bo Chen
- Jinan Bestzyme-Bio Engineering, Jinan 250000, China
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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High Frequency of Intravenous Injection of Human Adipose Stem Cell Conditioned Medium Improved Embryo Development of Mice in Advanced Maternal Age through Antioxidant Effects. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10060978. [PMID: 32512813 PMCID: PMC7341498 DOI: 10.3390/ani10060978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this study, we examined the anti-oxidative effect of human adipose stem cell conditioned medium (ASC-CM) on the ovary and uterus of mice in advanced maternal age (AMA) and the optimal conditions of intravenous injection for ASC-CM administration. Human ASC-CM upregulated expression of antioxidant genes, restored the quality of oocytes derived from aged ovaries and resulted in improved in vitro and in vivo embryo development. The anti-oxidative effect human ASC-CM was optimized with high frequency of administration. Comprehensively, our study successfully introduced the potential of ASC-CM as an antioxidant intervention against age-related infertility in AMA. Abstract Advanced maternal age (AMA) has become prevalent globally. With aging, weakened antioxidant defense causes loss of normal function in the ovary and uterus due to oxidative stress. Here, we aimed to improve embryo development in AMA mice by intravenous injection (IV) of human adipose stem cell conditioned medium (ASC-CM) at various frequencies and intervals as an antioxidant intervention. Four- and six-month-old female ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice were randomly divided into groups IV treated with human ASC-CM under different conditions, and in vitro and in vivo embryo development were evaluated. Consequently, compared to the control group, blastocyst formation rate of parthenotes was significantly promoted in 4-month-old mice and the mean number of implanted fetuses after natural mating was significantly increased by approximately two-fold in 6-month-old mice. Through gene analysis, the anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative effects of human ASC-CMs were confirmed in the ovaries and uterus of pregnant mice at both ages. In particular, ovarian expression of gpx1 and catalase drastically increased in 6-month-old mice. Furthermore, the levels of gpx1 and catalase were further increased, with a high frequency of injection regardless of age. Thus, we demonstrated for the first time the anti-oxidative effect of human ASC-CM administration against ovarian aging and the optimal injection condition.
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Ward SA, Kirkwood RN, Plush KJ. Are Larger Litters a Concern for Piglet Survival or an Effectively Manageable Trait? Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E309. [PMID: 32079160 PMCID: PMC7070372 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As sows continue to be selected for greater prolificacy, it is important to review problems that arise in larger litters, and whether these issues can be appropriately managed. Although a proportion of piglets in larger litters can be born underweight, proper supervision around farrowing and adequate colostrum intake has the potential to improve the survival of low-birth-weight piglets and their ongoing growth to weaning. As larger litters can impart greater stress and discomfort on sows, implementing a low-stress environment leading up to parturition may improve sow performance and subsequent survival of piglets. Additionally, treating sows with anti-inflammatory compounds, either dietary or pharmacologically, shows some promise for alleviating sow discomfort and improving piglet survival in larger litters. Understanding that selecting sows for larger litters not only affects piglet survival but the well-being of the sow, the decision to continue selecting for larger litters, regardless of management strategies, remains a topic of ethical concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia A. Ward
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia;
| | - Roy N. Kirkwood
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia;
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Wang X, Jiang G, Kebreab E, Yu Q, Li J, Zhang X, He H, Fang R, Dai Q. Effects of dietary grape seed polyphenols supplementation during late gestation and lactation on antioxidant status in serum and immunoglobulin content in colostrum of multiparous sows1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:2515-2523. [PMID: 31004130 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary grape seed polyphenols (GSP) supplementation during the late gestation and lactation period on reproductive performance, antioxidative status in serum, nutrient composition, and Ig content in colostrum of multiparous sows. On day 80 of gestation, a total of 64 sows with similar body condition were allocated to a completely randomized block design with 4 dietary treatments (n = 16 sows per treatment): 1) basal diet (CON, control group); 2) basal diet supplemented with 200 IU/kg vitamin E (200VE, positive control group); 3) basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg GSP (200GSP); and 4) basal diet supplemented with 300 mg/kg GSP (300GSP). The trial lasted 56 d until the piglets were weaned on day 21 of lactation. Reproductive performance, parameters of antioxidative status, and levels of progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2) in serum, nutrient composition, and Ig content in colostrum of sows were determined. The number of dead fetuses was reduced, and farrowing survival was significantly improved in the litters from 300GSP-fed (P < 0.05). Preweaning survivability significantly increased in the litters from sows fed 200GSP and 200VE (P < 0.05). The activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the serum was significantly increased in sows fed 200GSP and 300GSP (P < 0.05). The activity of GSH-Px in the serum also significantly increased in sows fed 200VE (P < 0.05). Sows fed 300GSP had the greatest levels of P4 and E2 in the serum, which was significantly greater than sows fed 200VE and CON (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found among treatments for the content of solids-not-fat, fat, protein, and lactose in colostrum (P > 0.05). However, sows fed GSP had greater IgM and IgG content in colostrum compared with sows fed 200VE and CON (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary GSP supplementation during late gestation and lactation improved the farrowing survival and preweaning survivability, enhanced the antioxidant status and hormone levels in serum, and increased the IgM and IgG content in colostrum of sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Wang
- Hunan Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Changsha, China.,Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety (CICAPS), Changsha, China
| | - Guitao Jiang
- Hunan Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety (CICAPS), Changsha, China
| | - Ermias Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Qifang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinghui Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Xu Zhang
- Hunan Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety (CICAPS), Changsha, China
| | - He He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Rejun Fang
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety (CICAPS), Changsha, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiuzhong Dai
- Hunan Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety (CICAPS), Changsha, China
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15
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Gao L, Lin X, Xie C, Zhang T, Wu X, Yin Y. The time of Calcium Feeding Affects the Productive Performance of Sows. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9060337. [PMID: 31185632 PMCID: PMC6617234 DOI: 10.3390/ani9060337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Calcium (Ca) is an important factor that affects the reproductive and lactation performance of sows. Circadian clocks and nutrient metabolism interact. We found that maternal feeding of Ca, varying with feeding time, improved the profile of some mineral elements in umbilical serum and milk, which contribute toward improving the productive performance of sows. This study confirmed that the absorption and metabolism of Ca in mammals also have circadian rhythms. Abstract This study aims to investigate the effect of Calcium (Ca) feeding time on a sow’s productive performance and the profiles of serum mineral elements during late pregnancy and lactation. A total of 75 pregnant sows were assigned to three groups: The control (C), earlier-later (E-L), and later-earlier (L-E) groups. During late pregnancy, the C group was fed an extra 4.5 g Ca (in the form of CaCO3) at both 06:00 and 15:00, the E-L group was fed an extra 9 g Ca at 06:00, and the L-E group was fed an extra 9 g Ca at 15:00. Similar treatments with double the amount of Ca were applied during lactation. The results show that, compared with the C group, L-E feeding decreased the number of stillbirths and the duration of farrowing and placenta expulsion (FARPLA) and increased the average daily weight gain (ADG) of piglets. Similarly, E-L feeding increased the ADG of piglets (p < 0.05). Furthermore, both E-L and L-E feeding increased the Ca levels in sow serum and umbilical serum, and the Fe levels in umbilical serum, but decreased the Ca levels in the placenta and colostrum (p < 0.05). Experiments on the genes involved in mineral element transport showed that E-L feeding activated the mRNA expression of TRPV5, S100G, SLC30A7, SLC39A4, and Ferroportin1, while it inhibited the mRNA expression of ATP7A in the placenta (p < 0.05). Moreover, L-E feeding up-regulated the mRNA expression of ATP2B and IREB2, while it down-regulated the mRNA expression of ATP7B in the placenta (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that maternal Ca feeding at 15:00 h during late pregnancy and lactation decreased FARPLA and stillbirths and improved the growth performance of suckling piglets by altering the mineral element of the metabolism in the umbilical serum and milk, compared to conventional feeding regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Technology; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Xue Lin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Technology; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Chunyan Xie
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Technology; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Tianyong Zhang
- Henan Guang'an Biology Technology Co. Ltd., Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Technology; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Technology; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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Lipiński K, Antoszkiewicz Z, Mazur-Kuśnirek M, Korniewicz D, Kotlarczyk S. The effect of polyphenols on the performance and antioxidant status of sows and piglets. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2018.1503043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Lipiński
- Katedra Żywienia Zwierząt i Paszoznawstwa, University of Warmia and Mazury in, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Zofia Antoszkiewicz
- Katedra Żywienia Zwierząt i Paszoznawstwa, University of Warmia and Mazury in, Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | | | - Sylwia Kotlarczyk
- Katedra Żywienia Zwierząt i Paszoznawstwa, University of Warmia and Mazury in, Olsztyn, Poland
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Li H, Zhou X, Wu M, Deng M, Wang C, Hou J, Mou P. The cytotoxicity and protective effects of Astragalus membranaceus extracts and butylated hydroxyanisole on hydroxyl radical-induced apoptosis in fish erythrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:376-382. [PMID: 29767041 PMCID: PMC5941053 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocytes play an essential role in transporting O2 and CO2 for respiration in fish. However, erythrocytes continuously suffer from reactive oxygen species (ROS) -induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. Thus, it is essential to expand our knowledge of how to protect erythrocytes against ROS-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in fish. In this study, we explored the cytotoxicity and the effects of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), ethyl ether extracts, ethyl acetate extracts, acetone extracts (AE), ethanol extracts, and aqueous extracts of Astragalus membranaceus (EAm) on hydroxyl radical (•OH)-induced apoptosis in carp erythrocytes. The rat hepatocytes and carp erythrocytes were incubated with different concentrations of BHA or EAm(0.125 to 1 mg/mL). The toxicity in rat hepatocytes and carp erythrocytes was then measured using a 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and a haemolysis assay, respectively. The carp erythrocytes were treated with BHA or EAm in the presence of 40 μmol/L FeSO4 and 20 μmol/L H2O2 at 37 °C, except for the control group. Oxidative stress and apoptosis parameters in the carp erythrocytes were then evaluated using the commercial kit. The results indicated that at high concentrations, BHA and EAm could induce toxicity in rat hepatocytes and fish erythrocytes. However, BHA was more toxic than EAm at the same concentrations. Moreover, the toxicity order of BHA and EAm in the fish erythrocytes approximately agreed with that for the rat hepatocytes. Butylated hydroxyanisole and EAm suppressed the •OH-induced phosphatidylserine exposure and DNA fragmentation (the biomarkers of apoptosis) by decreasing the generation of ROS, inhibiting the oxidation of cellular components, and restoring the activities of antioxidants in carp erythrocytes. Of all of the examined EAm, the AE showed the strongest effects. The effects of AE on superoxide anion, H2O2, met-haemoglobin and reduced glutathione levels, as well as glutathione reductase activity and apoptosis were equivalent to or stronger than those of BHA. These results revealed that the AE of Astragalus membranaceus could be used as a potential natural antioxidant or apoptosis inhibitor in fish erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huatao Li
- College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China.,Conservation and Utilization of Fishes Resources in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Min Wu
- Archives, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Mengling Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China.,Conservation and Utilization of Fishes Resources in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China.,Conservation and Utilization of Fishes Resources in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Jingjing Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China.,Conservation and Utilization of Fishes Resources in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Pengju Mou
- College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China.,Conservation and Utilization of Fishes Resources in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
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18
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Li H, Zhou X, Gao P, Li Q, Li H, Huang R, Wu M. Inhibition of lipid oxidation in foods and feeds and hydroxyl radical-treated fish erythrocytes: A comparative study of Ginkgo biloba leaves extracts and synthetic antioxidants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:234-241. [PMID: 29767013 PMCID: PMC5941021 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the effects of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and ethoxyquin (EQ) and ethyl ether extracts, ethyl acetate extracts (EAE), acetone extracts, ethanol extracts and aqueous extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves (EGbs) on lipid oxidation in a linoleic acid emulsion, fish flesh and fish feed and in hydroxyl radical (·OH)-treated carp erythrocytes. The linoleic acid, fish flesh and fish feed were incubated with BHT, EQ and EGbs at 45°C for 8 d, respectively, except for the control group. The lipid oxidation in the linoleic acid emulsion, fish flesh and fish feed was then measured by the ferric thiocyanate method or thiobarbituric acid method. The carp erythrocytes were treated with BHT, EQ or EGbs in the presence of 40 μmol/L FeSO4 and 20 μmol/L H2O2 at 37°C for 6 h, except for the control group. Oxidative stress and apoptosis parameters in carp erythrocytes were then evaluated by the commercial kit. The results showed that BHT, EQ and EGbs inhibited lipid oxidation in the linoleic acid emulsion, fish flesh and fish feed and ·OH-induced phosphatidylserine exposure and DNA fragmentation (the biomarkers of apoptosis) in carp erythrocytes. Furthermore, BHT, EQ and EGbs decreased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibited the oxidation of cellular components and restored the activities of enzymatic antioxidants in ·OH-treated carp erythrocytes. Of all examined EGbs, EAE showed the strongest effects. The effects of EAE on lipid oxidation in the linoleic acid emulsion and on superoxide anion and malonaldehyde levels, catalase activity and apoptosis in ·OH-treated carp erythrocytes were equivalent to or stronger than those of BHT. Moreover, these results indicated that the inhibition order of EGbs on the generation of ROS and oxidation of cellular components in fish erythrocytes approximately agreed with that for the food and feed materials tested above. And, the antioxidative and anti-apoptotic effects of EGbs were positively correlated with their flavonoid content. Taken together, these results revealed that the fish erythrocyte system can be used as an experimental model to evaluate lipid oxidation in food and feed ingredients. The EAE can be used as a potential natural antioxidant or apoptosis inhibitor. The inhibition effects of EGbs on lipid oxidation and apoptosis may be due to the presence of flavonoid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huatao Li
- College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China.,Conservation and Utilization of Fishes Resources in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ping Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qiuyue Li
- College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China.,Conservation and Utilization of Fishes Resources in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Hansi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China.,Conservation and Utilization of Fishes Resources in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Rong Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China.,Conservation and Utilization of Fishes Resources in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Min Wu
- Archives, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
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